2022 Global Priority Species of Economically Importance Bamboo

INBAR Technical Report 44
Global Priority Species

of Economically
Important Bamboo
Editors: Trinh Thang Long, Li Yanxia, Durai Jayaraman
Leading authors:
Muralidharan Enarth Maviton, Vidya R. Sankar
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©The International Bamboo and Rattan Organization 2022
This publication is licensed for use under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
Unported Licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0). To view this licence visit: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-
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About the International Bamboo and Rattan Organization

The International Bamboo and Rattan Organization (INBAR) is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated
to the promotion of bamboo and rattan for sustainable development. For more information, please visit www.
inbar.int.
About this Technical Paper

This research was carried out by the International Bamboo and Rattan Organization (INBAR) as part of the
CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA). FTA is the world’s largest research for
development programme for enhancing the role of forests, trees and agroforestry in sustainable development
and food security and addressing climate change. The Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) leads
the FTA in partnership with Bioversity International, the Tropical Agroforestry Research and Higher Education
Center (CATIE), Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement
(CIRAD), INBAR, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), and Tropenbos International. The FTA’s work is supported by the
CGIAR Trust Fund: http://www.cgiar/org/ funders.
International Bamboo and Rattan Organization

P.O. Box 100102-86, Beijing 100102, China ISBN: 978-92-95123-99-1
Tel: +86 10 64706161; Fax: +86 10 6470 2166 © 2022 International Bamboo and Rattan Organization
Email: info@inbar.int (INBAR)
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
The contributions of the following experts to species selection and in providing valuable datasheet information is
gratefully acknowledged: Ratan Lal Banik (India), Emmanuel Ebanyenle (Ghana), Lai Guanghui (China), Yuan Jinling
(China), STS Lepcha (India), Ximena Londoño (Colombia), Michael Malinga (Uganda), Yigardu Mulatu (Ethiopia),
Arun Jyothi Nath (India), Nellie Oduor (Kenya), Jean-Yves Razafindrakoto (Madagascar), Wan Tarmeze Wan Ariffin
(Malaysia), Pundarakshudu Tetali (India), Ajay Thakur (India), Trieu Dang Thinh (Viet Nam), David Trujillo (Colombia,
UK), Paul Osei Tutu (Ghana), Elizabeth A. Widjaja (Indonesia), Eduardo Ruiz-Sanchez (Mexico), Marilyn Rojas Vargas
(Costa Rica) and Ding Yulong (China).
Photographs of the species used in this book have been provided courtesy of the following people whose
contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
Daniel Rothilsberger (page 170, Guadua paraguayana);
Ding Yu Long (page 57, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis [culms sheath], page 160, Chimonobambusa
tumidissinoda [culm and branching]);
Durai Jayaraman (page 43, Bambusa spinosa [B. blumeana], page 94, Gigantochloa apus);
Eduordo Ruiz Sanchez (page 102, Guadua aculeata, page 120, Otatea acuminate, page 172, Guadua
amplexifolia);
Elizabeth A. Widjaja (page 148, Schizostachyum zollingeri, page 166, Gigantochloa atter, page 168,
Gigantochloa levis);
Juan Carlos Salazar (page 105, Guadua angustifolia [new shoot]);
Khoon Meng Wong (page 100, Gigantochloa scortechinii, page 159, Bambusa chungii);
Lai Guanghui (page 126, Phyllostachys aurea, page 130, Phyllostachys edulis, page 133, Phyllostachys nigra, Page
136, Phyllostachys violascens [P. praecox], page 139, Phyllostachys vivax, page 176, Phyllostachys glauca, page
178, Phyllostachys nidularia, page 180, Phyllostachys propinqua);
Muralidharan Enarth Maviton (page 19, Bambusa balcooa, page 23, Bambusa bambos, page 27, Bambusa
multiplex [habitat, new shoot], page 30, Bambusa nutans, page 36, Bambusa polymorpha, page 50, Bambusa
tulda, page 54, Bambusa vulgaris, page 63, Dendrocalamus asper, page 69, Dendrocalamus brandisii, page 72,
Dendrocalamus giganteus, page 75, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, page 81, Dendrocalamus longispathus, page 84,
Dendrocalamus membranaceus, page 87, Dendrocalamus sikkimensis, page 91, Dendrocalamus strictus, page
97, Gigantochloa atroviolacea, page 105, Guadua angustifolia [culm sheath] page 111, Melocanna baccifera,
page 114, Ochlandra travancorica, page 142, Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii, page 145, Schizostachyum pergracile,
page 151, Thyrsostachys oliveri, page 155, Thyrsostachys siamensis, page 158, Bambusa cacharensis [culms and
branches], page 184, Schizostachyum dullooa [new shoot, culm sheath]);
Rajesh Kaushal (page 162, Dendrocalamus somdevae);
Reuben Ranglong (page 184, Schizostachyum dullooa [Habit, Branches and culm]);
Sathyam Bordoloi (page 158, Bambusa cacharensis [habit]);
Stephanie Hill Michelini (page 60, Chusquea culeou);
Tan Ruqiang (page 33, Bambusa oldhamii, page 39, Bambusa rigida, page 46, Bambusa textilis, page 57,
Chimonobambusa quadrangularis [habit, culm and branching and new shoot], page 78, Dendrocalamus
i
latiflorus, page 160, Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda [habit, new shoot], page 161 Chimonobambusa utilis,
page 164, Dendrocalamus farinosus);
Tetali Pundarakshudu (page 158, Bambusa cacharensis [new shoot, sheath], page 182, Pseudoxytenanthera
madhavii);
Trieu Dang Thinh (page 66, Dendrocalamus barbatus);
Ximena Londoño (page 105, Guadua angustifolia [habitat], page 108, Guadua chacoensis, page 174, Guadua
trinii);
Yuan Jinling (page 27, Bambusa multiplex [culm and branching, culm sheath]);
Yigardu Mulatu (page 117, Oldeania alpina, page 123, Oxytenanthera abyssinica).
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support to the INBAR and FTA programme. Thanks go to Trinh
Thang Long, GABAR Coordinator of INBAR, Li Yanxia, Senior Programme Officer of INBAR, Durai Jayaraman,
Programme Director of INBAR for their guidance and valuable inputs for the report’s concept development
and writing, and coordination of experts’ consultancy workshops. The authors acknowledge peer reviewers for
insightful comments. Thanks are due to colleagues from the INBAR communication team and Lucy Binfield for their
support in proofreading and language edits.
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................1
Earlier efforts at priority species selection............................................................................................................1
Need for revision of priority species ........................................................................................................................2
Criteria for selection of priority species..................................................................................................................2
Layout of datasheets for priority bamboo species................................................................................................4
Updated priority list of economically important bamboo species by category.................................5
List of priority species by region........................................................................................................................................6
Action needs for priority species .....................................................................................................................................7
1. Survey, collection, and conservation of germplasm.................................................................................7
2. Genetic improvement..................................................................................................................................................7
3. Production of quality planting material ...........................................................................................................8
4. Propagation .......................................................................................................................................................................8
5. Genetic transformation...............................................................................................................................................9
6. International collaboration.......................................................................................................................................9
Emerging industrial uses of bamboo .........................................................................................................................11
Research and information requirements..................................................................................................................12
1. Physicochemical characterisation.....................................................................................................................12
2. Germplasm characterisation.................................................................................................................................13
3. Soil preferences.............................................................................................................................................................14
4. Climatic preferences...................................................................................................................................................14
5. Carbon sequestration................................................................................................................................................14
Datasheets on global priority bamboo species....................................................................................................15
Additional list of economically important bamboo species......................................................................156
References.................................................................................................................................................................................185
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Introduction
Bamboo has come of age in recent times. For thousands of years, it has been the mainstay of many rural
economies with a long and widespread tradition of use for buildings, household and farm implements and as food.
It is now recognised as a valuable industrial raw material that can be converted to value-added products. The
distinct advantage of bamboo lies in the fast growth and rapidly renewing lignocellulosic biomass. Bamboo fibre is
now used in a range of products and processes representing sustainable alternatives to conventional materials like
timber, steel, and plastic.
More than 1642 species of bamboo have been recorded (Vorontsova et al., 2016). The species are distributed
mainly across Asia, Africa and South and Central America. Fewer than one hundred are cultivated in significant
quantities. Historically, bamboo has mainly been extracted on a small scale from forests and homesteads with no
attempt at scientific resource management or large-scale cultivation. Except for a few species, most bamboos have
no history of domestication. Consequently, there has been little effort expended to develop optimal cultivation
procedures, propagation methods or genetic improvement. Nevertheless, the importance of bamboo for rural
economies has been widely recognised even as natural resources continued to be exploited.
Earlier efforts at priority species selection

The INBAR-IBPGR Consultative Meeting on the Selection of Priority Species of Bamboo and Rattan in 1993
marked the beginning of efforts to select species based on the economic importance and potential for large-
scale cultivation. The publication that resulted, “Priority species of bamboo and rattan” (Williams and Rao, 1994)
listed 19 priority species of bamboo and an additional list of 18 other important species that required attention
at an international level for utilisation and conservation of genetic resources. In 1998, IPGRI and INBAR brought
out a second edition of Priority Species of Bamboo and Rattan (Rao et al., 1998) in which new information was
incorporated, including recommendation by national programmes. At the time, INBAR membership comprised
only 11 countries, and bamboo research and development were still in its infancy in many parts of the world. For
this reason, emphasis was placed on the Asian region for both these efforts, where many INBAR Member States
were situated.
The priority species of bamboo selected by the experts in the 1998 report included the following 20 species and an
additional 18 of secondary importance (Rao et al., 1998). This publication builds on and extends this previous work
to give an updated list (Chapter 4) of 44 priority species, 18 additional species, and specific regional lists of priority
species for Africa, Asia (South and Southeast Asia, China), and Latin America.
Priority species
1. Bambusa balcooa 11. Dendrocalamus latiflorus
2. Bambusa bambos 12. Dendrocalamus strictus
3. Bambusa blumeana 13. Gigantochloa apus
4. Bambusa polymorpha 14. Gigantochloa levis
5. Bambusa textilis 15. Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea
6. Bambusa tulda 16. Guadua angustifolia
7. Bambusa vulgaris 17. Melocanna baccifera
8. Schizostachyum pergracile 18. Ochlandra spp.
9. Dendrocalamus asper 19. Phyllostachys pubescens
10. Dendrocalamus giganteus 20. Thyrsostachys siamensis
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Introduction
Additional species
1. Arundinaria sp 10. Dendrocalamus hookerii
2. Bambusa atra 11. Dendrocalamus membranaceus
3. Bambusa heterostachya 12. Gigantochloa albociliata
4. Bambusa nutans 13. Gigantochloa atroviolacea
5. Bambusa oldhamii 14. Gigantochloa balui
6. Bambusa pervariabilis 15. Gigantochloa hasskarliana
7. Lingnania chungii 16. Oxytenanthera spp.
8. Dendrocalamus brandisii 17. Phyllostachys glauca
9. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii 18. Schizostachyum spp.
Need for revision of priority species

The potential for use of bamboo for economic and environmental development is tremendous given its fast,
renewable nature and ability to conserve soil, water and rapidly sequester carbon. While there are several bamboo
species that are used in significant quantities, it is no longer sustainable to collect it from forests without large-
scale degradation of ecosystems and degradation of genetic resources. Cultivation in plantations, agroforestry
systems and homesteads is the only solution to ensure sustained supply of bamboo for these emerging industrial
uses. Given the diversity of available species and the range of agroclimatic conditions in which they can be
cultivated in different regions of the world, it is feasible to increase the area of bamboo available globally. This
includes in areas where bamboo does not grow natively, but where climatic and other factors are conducive to its
growth.
Within this context, a revision of the list of priority species of bamboo is attempted here. Earlier efforts described
above, although commendable, were focussed primarily on Asian species. The prospects of the American
and African species were not explored. This report takes a fresh look at bamboo species biodiversity from the
perspective of the wider range of products and applications for bamboo available today. The purview is thus
extended to include other regions that was omitted earlier (notably Africa and the Latin American countries). The
emphasis is on the potential for large-scale cultivation of bamboo in different climatic and soil conditions to meet
the requirements for all major uses.
Criteria for selection of priority species

There have been 1642 species of bamboo documented worldwide (Vorontsova et al., 2016). In order to identify the
most useful, a set of criteria for selection must first be defined. Principle among these is the potential for largescale
cultivation. This in turn is based on potential for utilisation of the species for various products and processes that
would create a demand for raw material. Bamboo has a wide range of uses around the world and has traditionally
been used for household and agricultural purposes and as edible shoots in rural areas. These traditional uses are
important, but modern industrial uses will require significantly more volume of raw material. Current industrial
uses of bamboo include engineered bamboo products like laminates, particle boards and bamboo scrimber/
lumber; feedstock for bioenergy applications like charcoal, syngas, bioethanol; and as a biorefinery for producing
a host of industrial chemicals. While biomass from any bamboo is adequate for some of the uses, for many others
the culm dimensions and the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties are important. These properties differ
widely across species.
For the present revision, the species were first selected based on existing uses in different defined product
categories. Then, priority species were further refined based on the potential for profitable, largescale cultivation,
given the different agroclimatic factors prevalent in potential bamboo-growing areas. Over the last two decades,
there has been a rapid increase in information and research on bamboo available in scientific journals, technical
reports, and books. The availability of data on important morphological, climatic and physicochemical parameters
2
also contributed to the process of selection of priority species, with preference given to species on which a large
amount of good quality data is available.
To avoid regional bias and to overcome the skewed distribution of publications across the different continents, at
least 10 species of importance to each of the three main bamboo-growing regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas
were selected. A significant extent of temperate leptomorph (running) bamboo, both in species diversity as well
as in distribution and area under cultivation, occurs in China, along with several important sympodial species. We
have therefore dealt with China as a separate region from rest of Asia, which includes South and Southeast Asia.
Likewise, in the American continent, since the diversity of species and area under cultivation occurs predominantly
in countries referred to as Latin America, we refer to Latin America as one of the regions. Consultation with
bamboo experts in the respective regions was carried out to broaden the perspective and to avoid any bias that
information from publications alone would bring.
Emphasis was given to native species of the respective regions that had potential for largescale cultivation in
plantations. It was assumed that these species are better adapted to local climate and soil conditions, and that
suitable propagation methods have already been standardised, so planting material in adequate quantities can be
made available.
The selected bamboo species have been grouped into two categories:
Category I: Widely cultivated species already used in significant quantities. These species are therefore prime
candidates to be promoted as global priority species. In most cases, the information available on various
parameters for these species is adequate.
Category II: Additional species which have enormous potential for plantation but are currently limited in
distribution/cultivation to a single region. In many cases, adequate information on many of the key parameters is
not available for these species.
It is recognised that there are several important species for local communities and economies that nevertheless
do not have a high potential for cultivation in other parts of the world. Local efforts to promote plantations,
conservation of germplasm, standardisation of cultivation practices and development of value chains for utilisation
are justified and valuable. However, such species do not fall in the purview of the present priority list.
3
Layout of datasheets for priority bamboo species
Layout of datasheets for

priority bamboo species
Datasheets are structured according to the key information and parameters described above. This report uses
the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions to describe the geographic distribution of the
priority bamboo species. This classification system is not designed to specifically match politically recognised
regions, but instead to accurately describe geographical distributions based on convenience, botanical tradition
or phytogeography. Level 2 (Region) is first given, then more specific Level 3 classifications (Botanical Country) are
listed after the Level 3 designation. If no more specific information is known, then only the Level 2 classification
is given. If known, Level 4 regions are given in square brackets. If available, a brief narrative description of the
distribution of the species is given before the region and country codes.
Where information is missing, the datasheets are left empty or “none reported” or "no data available" is mentioned.
4
Updated priority list of economically
important bamboo species by category
Category I (Global priority list of bamboo species)
1. Bambusa balcooa 23. Dendrocalamus strictus

2. Bambusa bambos 24. Gigantochloa apus
3. Bambusa multiplex 25. Gigantochloa atroviolacea
4. Bambusa nutans 26. Gigantochloa scortechinii
5. Bambusa oldhamii 27. Guadua aculeata
6. Bambusa polymorpha 28. Guadua angustifolia
7. Bambusa rigida 29. Guadua chacoensis
8. Bambusa spinosa (B. blumeana) 30. Melocanna baccifera
9. Bambusa textilis 31. Ochlandra travancorica
10. Bambusa tulda 32. Oldeania alpina
11. Bambusa vulgaris 33. Otatea acuminata
12. Chimonobambusa quadrangularis 34. Oxytenanthera abyssinica
13. Chusquea culeou 35. Phyllostachys aurea
14. Dendrocalamus asper 36. Phyllostachys edulis
15. Dendrocalamus barbatus 37. Phyllostachys nigra
16. Dendrocalamus brandisii 38. Phyllostachys violascens (P. praecox)
17. Dendrocalamus giganteus 39. Phyllostachys vivax
18. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii 40. Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii
19. Dendrocalamus latiflorus 41. Schizostachyum pergracile
20. Dendrocalamus longispathus 42. Schizostachyum zollingeri
21. Dendrocalamus membranaceus 43. Thyrsostachys oliveri
22. Dendrocalamus sikkimensis 44. Thyrsostachys siamensis
Category II (Additional list of bamboo species)
1. Bambusa cacharensis 9. Guadua paraguayana

2. Bambusa chungii 10. Guadua amplexifolia
3. Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda 11. Guadua trinii
4. Chimonobambusa utilis 12. Phyllostachys glauca
5. Dendrocalamus somdevae 13. Phyllostachys nidularia
6. Dendrocalamus farinosus 14. Phyllostachys propinqua
7. Gigantochloa atter 15. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii
8. Gigantochloa levis 16. Schizostachyum dullooa
5
List of priority species by region
List of priority species by region

A. Africa 31. Phyllostachys edulis
1. Bambusa balcooa 32. Phyllostachys edulis var bambusoides
2. Bambusa multiplex 33. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii
3. Bambusa vulgaris 34. Pseudoxyteneanthera ritcheyi
4. Dendrocalamus asper 35. Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii
5. Dendrocalamus giganteus 36. Schizostachyum dullooa
6. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii 37. Schizostachyum pergracile
7. Dendrocalamus membranaceus 38. Schizostachyum zollingeri
8. Dendrocalamus strictus 39. Thyrsostachys oliveri
9. Guadua angustifolia 40. Thyrsostachys siamensis
10. Oldeania alpina
11. Oxytenanthera abyssinica C. Asia: China
12. Phyllostachys aurea 1. Bambusa intermedia
13. Phyllostachys edulis 2. Bambusa rigida
3. Bambusa vulgaris
B. Asia: South and Southeast Asia 4. Chimonobambusa quadrangularis
1. Bambusa balcooa 5. Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda
2. Bambusa bambos 6. Chimonobambusa utilis
3. Bambusa cacharensis 7. Dendrocalamus giganteus
4. Bambusa multiplex 8. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii
5. Bambusa nutans 9. Dendrocalamus latiflorus
6. Bambusa oldhamii 10. Dendrocalamus membranaceus
7. Bambusa polymorpha 11. Phyllostachys aurea (P. bambusoides)
8. Bambusa spinosa (B. blumeana) 12. Phyllostachys edulis (P. pubescens)
9. Bambusa textilis 13. Phyllostachys violascens
10. Bambusa tulda 14. Phyllostachys nidularia
11. Bambusa vulgaris 15. Phyllostachys glauca
12. Dendrocalamus asper 16. Schizostachyum pergracile
13. Dendrocalamus barbatus 17. Schizostachyum funghomii
14. Dendrocalamus brandisii 18. Schizostachyum zollingeri
15. Dendrocalamus giganteus
16. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii D. Latin America
17. Dendrocalamus latiflorus 1. Bambusa multiplex
18. Dendrocalamus longispathus 2. Bambusa oldhamii
19. Dendrocalamus membranaceus 3. Bambusa vulgaris
20. Dendrocalamus sikkimensis 4. Chusquea culeou
21. Dendrocalamus somdevae 5. Dendrocalamus asper
22. Dendrocalamus strictus 6. Guadua aculeata
23. Gigantochloa apus 7. Guadua amplexifolia
24. Gigantochloa atroviolacea 8. Guadua angustifolia
25. Gigantochloa scortechinii 9. Guadua chacoensis
26. Melocanna baccifera 10. Guadua paraguayana
27. Ochlandra scriptoria 11. Guadua trinii
28. Ochlandra setigera 12. Otatea acuminata
29. Ochlandra travancorica 13. Phyllostachys aurea
30. Phyllostachys violascens (P. praecox) 14. Phyllostachys edulis
6
Action needs for priority species
Selection of economically important priority species is important because it allows research and development
to be focussed on species that will produce dividends. This section highlights priority action needs for bamboo
species that are further detailed in the datasheets in this report. The current state of work is first summarised in
each subsection, and recommendations are then given for next steps in these fields.
1. Survey, collection, and conservation of germplasm

Collecting information pertaining to different bamboo species for this book presented a significant challenge. This
brought to the fore that despite the vast areas of bamboo present in the world’s forests and in many cases under
cultivation, not much work has been undertaken to study, acquire and conserve genetic diversity of bamboo
species. Descriptions of the morphological characteristics of bamboo are found in taxonomic reports, which are
insufficient for providing data on parameters of silvicultural importance. For example, parameters such as clump
form (open/compact, bushy/tall, nature of branches, presence of thorns, etc.) and culm character (diameter and
wall thickness from base to top, prominence of the node, internode length, smoothness of culm wood, etc.) are
particularly important for selecting species for profitable utilisation and developing clump management schedules.
This information is not always found in taxonomic reports.
Generating a database of specific species for different agroclimatic zones is also necessary. The extent of
genetic variability occurring in wild populations is not known for many of the important species. This means
that the bamboo community is not able to fully profit from this variability to select for desirable traits. There is
also a prevalent risk of genetic resources being lost forever due to degradation or loss of habitat from human
development and climate change.
As emphasised by Rao et al. (1998), conservation of bamboo genetic resources is of paramount importance. This
is particularly so because many economically important species occur outside primary forests and are subject to
threat of habitat loss and genetic erosion. There have been few comprehensive programmes to survey and study
wild populations of bamboo species and to conserve the germplasm, whether in situ in nature reserves or ex situ
in live collections. Unlike with important forestry species, no specific efforts aimed at conservation of bamboo
genetic resources in their natural habitat have been initiated. Some work has been done to survey and collect
germplasm for ex situ germplasm banks and bambuseta, and some exchange of species as planting material for
plantations has been carried out between countries. However, these efforts are made in a fragmented manner and
leave open a huge gap in conservation for most species. Establishment of bambuseta, with a collection of a few
individuals of each species, serves the purpose of increasing awareness and enabling research, but it does little to
conserve genetic variability within the species.
Only a comprehensive survey, collection of accessions from throughout the native and cultivated range of each
species, and establishment of ex situ live germplasm collections will allow genetic resource availability to be
conserved. National level programmes for comprehensive surveys across the full range of the natural habitat and
collection of sufficient accessions representing the major populations need to be carried out for at least the top
priority species. National agencies responsible for the bamboo sector will do well to incorporate this into their
respective strategies.
2. Genetic improvement
Genetic improvement of economically important bamboo using conventional approaches is severely limited by the
unique semelparous (monocarpic) flowering behaviour. This behaviour is characterised by long inter-mast periods
and simultaneous gregarious flowering followed by death of the entire flowering cohort in most species. The long
flowering cycles and its unpredictable nature imposes a hurdle in planning any breeding programme. Except for a
few species, bamboo has not been domesticated long enough for us to understand the genetic structure and the
7
distribution of variability in wild populations. Bamboos are predominantly outcrossing species. Seeds therefore
do not breed true. Use of seeds to generate planting stock will result in a genetically heterogenous population.
Selection of superior individuals will be possible only after 3–5 years, when clumps have matured, although
juvenile (seedling) selection based on seedling vigour is also practiced (Banik, 1997). The use of molecular
methods is sure to hasten and improve our understanding of genetics and enable early selection, but for the
present this practice is still under development. Meanwhile, bamboo genetic improvement will have to depend on
an alternative trialling and clonal propagation strategy, summarised below:
i. Survey and assessment of genetic variability available in natural populations or in farmers’ fields of the
economically important bamboo species.
ii. Collection of accessions within each species representing the intra-specific genetic variability and their
conservation as part of in situ and ex situ germplasm collections.
iii. Characterisation of the accessions at the morphological, physicochemical, and genetic levels based on
parameters relevant to important applications.
iv. Selection of superior accessions in economically important species that match current requirements for
traditional and industrial applications and emerging ones.
v. Field testing of selected accessions in multilocational field trials to assess performance and to enable
site-species and site-clone matching.
vi. Mass clonal propagation of the selections to enable their use in multilocational testing.
vii. Make the high performing clones available for operational planting in commercial bamboo plantations.
Farmers have a long tradition of having carried out selections of clumps with traits of economic or silvicultural
interest. This process must be hastened by researchers through systematic research to bring the full benefit of
improved planting material in newly established plantations around the world.
3. Production of quality planting material

Much of the planting of bamboo in plantations is still done with bulk seed material obtained from gregarious
flowering events and the seedlings derived from those seeds. While this helps maintain some genetic variability in
bamboo plantations, it does little to improve productivity.
There is an urgent need to identify and select quality mother clumps (known as candidate plus clumps, CPC)
of useful bamboo species to serve as the source of vegetative material for clonal propagation. This material,
including rhizomes, offsets, branches, culm segments, and buds, can be used to produce quality planting material.
The clumps must be selected at an adult stage, usually 6–8 years old, so that the phenotype (morphological and
physicochemical characteristics) is adequately expressed. The selected clumps should be of desirable form, free of
diseases and pests, and high yielding with a high annual culm production rate or total biomass/hectare. Selection,
when carried out from populations across the natural range of the species, provides for a larger number of CPCs
for a wider genetic base in plantations of the future.
4. Propagation
Seeds are the natural means of propagation of a vast majority of bamboo species, except for the few which are
known to be sterile. While seeds are available in great quantities at the end of the gregarious flowering cycle, due
to the relatively short period of viability, plant production through germination is limited to about a year, even
under the best storage conditions.
Despite this limitation, mass propagation methods have been standardised for several species and many of them
are being commercially produced in significant numbers, contributing to the ease of availability of quality planting
material. Several types of vegetative propagation methods have been the mainstay of bamboo propagation in
species which are naturally sterile, these methods are the only means of propagation.
8
The simple method of macroproliferation (Banik, 1987; Kumar and Pal, 1994) is an elegant way of overcoming the
limitation of short seed viability. Due to the propensity of germinated seeds of bamboo to form a new rhizome
during every growing season, it is feasible to separate the tillers in such a manner that at least one rhizome is
retained with each shoot. Proliferation can be carried out for successive generations of the rhizomes and the
size of the culms kept to a manageable size for handling in nursery beds. Macroproliferation is a cloning method,
but no genetic improvement by traditional selection is feasible since, in this case, seedlings have undergone no
selection. Juvenile selection for some traits has been reported to be successful (Banik, 1997). Through clonal
propagation of vegetative material from mature clumps that have been tested for higher productivity or other
quality traits, genetic improvement is possible.
Another common method is the use of rhizome offsets, which consists of removing the rhizome along with a
part of the culm consisting of a few nodes with viable axillary buds. This is almost exclusively the method used by
farmers for most species due to its simplicity and high rate of success when carried out in the right season. Rooting
of culm or branch cuttings is another method which is successful to varying degrees depending on species, age
and position on the culm from which the cutting is taken. Often it is the two or three node cuttings taken from 1-
to 2-year-old culms and the lowermost nodes on the culm that give the best results. In recent times, treatment of
cuttings with plant hormones like naphthalene acetic acid or indole-3-butyric acid have improved the success rates
of obtaining rooted cuttings. Air layering with whole culms or branches and use of pre-rooted branches have been
used for some, bamboo species but not as a largescale procedure. The limitation of all these vegetative methods
is the slow multiplication rate and the restriction imposed by the quantity of vegetative material that can be
collected from each bamboo clump.
Plant tissue culture of bamboo has also become standardised in several important species since the 1980s.
Beginning with procedures for propagation from germinated seeds, it has now been successfully standardised for
tissues collected from mature clumps (Muralidharan, 2002; Sandhu, 2018). While many major commercial species
have been successfully micropropagated on a large scale, there are several important species for which procedures
are currently limited to laboratory-scale procedures. Tissues taken from field-grown bamboo of these species
show high levels of microbial contamination, low multiplication rates and inadequate rooting. These issues present
major constraints to scaling up the practice. In other species, bushy vegetative growth, precocious flowering, and
high mortality of plants derived through micropropagation remain problems that need solutions.
Improved efficiency of micropropagation and reduction of cost of production are areas of research that will
contribute to wider application of micropropagation to mass production of quality planting material. Contemporary
trends like photoautotrophic micropropagation and use of automated systems like bioreactors hold great promise
but have not been tested in the case of bamboo.
5. Genetic transformation
Given several decades of in vitro culture research on bamboo, it is surprising that procedures for in vitro culture
amenable to genetic transformation have not been widely adopted. Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis
have both been successful in several bamboo species yet reports of genetic transformation are few. To keep
pace with the developments in other crops, including forest trees, it is of strategic importance to develop
efficient in vitro systems that can support genetic engineering of bamboo. Genetic transformation could facilitate
achievement of many promising objectives, including increased productivity, the ability to engineer lignin and
cellulose pathways to achieve desirable proportions, control of gregarious flowering behaviour, and increased
tolerance to environmental stresses.
6. International collaboration
Throughout the history of agriculture, horticulture, and forestry, numerous plant species have travelled across
continents and become naturalised and well established as important crops in their new habitats. This has been
the case with bamboo species such as B. vulgaris, D. strictus, G. angustifolia, and P. edulis. Exchange of specific
germplasm accessions between countries so that bamboo could be cultivated successfully in regions with similar
9
agroclimatic conditions is an important goal. Limitations to the free exchange of germplasm are the biodiversity
and quarantine laws of the nations involved as donors and recipients. Potential dangers including the introduction
of invasive species and transfer of pest and diseases are serious enough to exercise extreme caution when seeds
or vegetative material are exchanged. The use of tissue cultures as a means of exchange is of great advantage,
since the material transferred is maintained in a sterile condition and free of potential pest and diseases.
Micropropagated plants, if maintained under phytosanitary conditions, represent the next best means of transfer
of germplasm. As with any plant variety, the question of intellectual property rights (IPR) and protection of plant
varieties apply to bamboo species. This is especially true of varieties that have been in cultivation for long in some
communities and developing a protocol for protection of their IPR and right to benefit sharing would be ideal.
Multidisciplinary approach to find solutions for common problems would require a platform for bringing together
researchers in disciplines. INBAR can provide such a forum either through the current Task Forces or constituting a
special one on each major theme. Organisations that foster international collaboration in forestry such as CGIAR,
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Tropical Timber Organisation,
International Fund for Agricultural Development and the International Union of Forest Research Organizations also
could play a role in such interactions.
10
Emerging industrial uses of bamboo
Bamboo forests and plantations bring multiple benefits in terms of livelihood and ecosystem services. Bamboo
forests have influenced the livelihood of rural people in a substantial manner for centuries and continues to
play an important role in the economy of many countries. In addition to traditional uses, newer applications and
products are emerging as improved technologies permit innovative uses and applications of bamboo. This report
identifies priority species for many of these emerging and established uses. This section summarises the uses and
applications considered central during the species selection process. These uses require in-depth knowledge of the
anatomical and mechanical properties of the specific bamboo used. Not all applications are suitable for all species.
In brief, bamboo biomass is used in the form of whole culm, splits, strips and total biomass for building, furniture,
engineered bamboo and for second generation biofuel and paper/pulp feedstock. Growing bamboo is one of
the fastest means of producing wood lignocellulosic biomass available to us. Due to this potential as a rapidly
renewing, sustainable source of biomass, there is increasing interest in the use of bamboo for applications that
replace conventional materials like plastics, steel, or cement. Early industrial applications in which bamboo was
used included paper making and viscose (rayon). Other well-known uses of bamboo are as a building material in its
round pole form and in the form of engineered bamboo products like matboards, laminates and bamboo lumber. It
is also a raw material for second-generation biofuels and a host of valuable chemical by-products that are formed
when it acts as a biorefinery (He et al., 2014).
Bamboo plantations sequester carbon both in aboveground biomass (AGB) component consisting of the culms,
branches, and litter and in the below ground rhizomes, roots, and soil. Through judicious conversion to long
lasting products, bamboo can be a carbon sink. Bamboo has been used as a tool for forest landscape restoration
(Donfack, 2020; FAO and INBAR, 2018) and it has been widely used to improve soil properties and stabilise slopes,
riverbanks, and areas prone to soil erosion (Sujatha et al., 2002; Kaushal et al., 2021). Bamboo has also shown
potential for commercial wastewater treatment using the root zone treatment technology where aerobic bacteria
residing in the profuse root system of bamboo help in the oxidisation (Fuke et al., 2021).
Species datasheets for priority economic bamboo species contain references to traditional uses, industrial uses,
and potential uses, reflecting the dynamic state of the field.
11
Research and information requirements

While many uses of bamboo are derived from similar uses of timber and agricultural residue, further research
is required to characterise the structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of different bamboo
species to assess the potential and select the most suitable species for each application. This includes lesser-
known species, which could find additional markets based on such a physicochemical characterisation. This section
summarises the current state of research and data availability in several key fields relating to priority bamboo
species and makes recommendations for further research.
1. Physicochemical characterisation
The various uses of bamboo lignocellulosic biomass described in the previous section require raw material to
be standardised to enable efficient utilisation. Use of appropriate species and part of biomass matched to the
specific application will encourage plantations of specific species in the region and optimise performance, enable
mechanisation and reduce wastage. This requires an understanding of the anatomical, physical, and mechanical
properties of the bamboo species.
Understanding the extent of the variability in characteristics between species, within species and in different parts
of the plant is important when considering different applications and uses. Properties may vary under different
growing conditions, within the culm from base to top and in the radial direction from outer to the inner layer.
Mechanical properties vary across species and depend on the environmental conditions in which it is grown
(Hidalgo, 2003). Studies show that some mechanical and physical properties of bamboo species (B. bambos,
B. nutans, B. tulda etc.) collected from different zones (populations) of India vary significantly (Tewari, 1992).
Properties also vary with the anatomy of the culm part, such as the node and the internode. It was demonstrated
in the early part of the 20th century that the middle part of culm is stronger in tensile strength and the top part is
stronger in compressive strength (Uno, 1932) and that the tensile and bending strength of the outer layer of the
culm is much higher than that of the inner layer (Baumann, 1912).
The properties of bamboo are often measured in the green state and in the air- and oven-dried state. The air-dried
sample generally matches the state in which bamboo is most used. Other key parameters include the density,
or Specific gravity, which has a bearing on the use of bamboo for laminates, ply, and composites as well as in
feedstock for biofuels and biorefinery. The dimensions and properties of the fibre itself are relevant to the paper,
pulp, and natural fibre textile industries and to their use as reinforcement for composites.
The chemical composition of the bamboo biomass is also an important factor than influences the choice of species
for industrial applications. The cellulose and lignin levels in bamboo are important for the paper and viscose
industry. Silica content is mainly found in the outer layer of the culm and gives protection from mechanical stress
and insect damage but contributes to wear and tear of machinery and fouls up walls of kilns used for pyrolysis.
The ash content in bamboo adversely affects the chemical recovery of alkaline pulping liquor (Yuan et al. 2017).
Chemical composition also helps predict the pyrolysis products. Wang et al. (2015) studied the variation in
chemical composition within the bamboo culm and paved the way for the use of bamboo biomass in a more
appropriate and efficient manner and with less wastage. The availability of high throughput methods such as
Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy enable rapid assessment of many of these chemical parameters.
To bring uniformity in data generation and to encourage comprehensive testing for all important parameters,
it is desirable to introduce a standardised protocol for physicochemical characterisation. The parameters cover
the range of anatomical, chemical, and mechanical properties that are pertinent to the important applications.
Datasheets report as many of the below properties as can be identified by the authors of this report:
a. Specific gravity or density (specify whether in air-dried, oven-dried, green condition)

b. Bulk density
12
c. Cellulose content % Holocellulose, α-cellulose, Hemicellulose
d. Lignin % Acid soluble, Klason lignin (acid insoluble)
e. Silica content %
f. Ash content %
g. Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)
h. Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
i. Compression or shear strength parallel to grain
j. Fibre length
k. Fibre diameter
l. Kappa value
m. Runkel ratio
n. Starch content
o. Extractives (pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)
While many of the parameters are measured for bamboo as they are for wood, there are a few notable differences.
Bamboo’s usually hollow culms, the presence of nodes, the variation in longitudinal and radial planes and the
presence of the hard, dense silica rich outer layer are all unique. The ISO standard ISO 22157 (ISO, 2019) describes
the testing methods for determination of the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo culms.
There are some important points to note. For engineered bamboo, it is standard practice to carry out tests with
the finished product rather than to ascertain bulk density and specific gravity with the compressed product. This
is relevant when measurements are taken to determine a product’s characteristic for its use as biomass converted
into pellets and briquettes, and for strength when used as structural elements. Measurements taken with air-
dried bamboo are applicable to most uses, but standardisation would also involve measurements with oven-
dried samples for consistency. Lastly, an important goal for research is to test all parameters with samples from
representative locations in different agroclimatic zones where the species is cultivated in significant quantities.
This will allow areas to be identified where bamboo of specific species with optimal characteristics for different
applications could be cultivated.
2. Germplasm characterisation
As in any species of economic importance, the genetic variation existing in nature is a valuable resource from
which useful traits can be selected for crop improvement. Conserving genetic variation is therefore an important
goal. This requires an understanding of the populations of each species across its natural habitat and necessitates
extensive surveys and collection of representative accessions. Besides in situ conservation in their natural habitat,
the germplasm is typically assembled in ex situ collections. The presence of landraces among some bamboo
species that have been cultivated for a long period is apparent in their specific uses based on morphological
features or mechanical properties.
Characterisation of germplasm accessions to understand the diversity of morphological, anatomical and

physicochemical variation is an urgent research need that should follow on from the survey and collection of these
accessions described in Section 8.1 of this report. While mean values for many of the parameters like height,
diameter and internode length is available for many species, data availability is often insufficient to be able to
match the various parts of the culm to different uses. The variation in diameter and wall thickness, for example,
varies significantly from base to top of the culms and these parts are utilised for totally different types of products.
Variation in parameters like cellulose, lignin, silica, and starch content with culm age can also be expected.
Molecular methods have advanced to a stage where a range of molecular markers are available for rapid and
inexpensive genetic variability assessments. Such methods can assess the interspecific and intraspecific variation
to enable precise identification of species and characterise clones or proprietary germplasm. DNA barcoding
markers have been described for some regions, but a universal barcode for all bamboo is has not yet been
13
generated (Dev et al., 2020a). DNA fingerprinting, on the other hand, is well established. Bamboos are amenable
to be fingerprinted to confirm homogeneity in clonally propagated plants and prevent stock mixups in the nursery.
3. Soil preferences
The relevance of soil preferences of bamboo species has been noted by Williams and Rao (1994). The adaptability
of some bamboo species, like B. vulgaris, B. balcooa and D. strictus, has been shown by its cultivation across a
wide range of climates and terrains. However, it remains unproven how other species will perform in soils different
from their Native habitat. Along with the soil type or texture, the pH and nutritional status of the soil is relevant,
since productivity in terms of quality and quantity will eventually decide preferences for the large-scale cultivation
of a particular bamboo species against competing land uses. Information is not available for these parameters for
many of the species in our list and research into experimental plantations around the world would do well to focus
on generating this data.
4. Climatic preferences
Historically, bamboo has been collected from wild populations and from the few clumps that were domesticated
in the vicinity of human habitations and in homesteads. With increasing industrial use, some bamboo species have
been planted outside their Native habitats in plantations. A few species have even been taken to other continents
and successfully cultivated there. Such species have demonstrated that many bamboos can adapt well to a wide
range of climatic conditions. However, there are many other species that are well adapted to narrow ecological
conditions and are apparently limited by altitude, temperature, and moisture requirements. Species that are
adapted to very arid climates or areas prone to flooding or salinity may find use for plantations in other parts of
the world where such conditions exist and are a limitation for native species. Only trials conducted in multiple
agroclimatic zones will demonstrate the adaptability and performance of such species. Increased demand for
bamboo around the world demands that bamboo cultivation be undertaken on a variety of landscapes, often
on degraded lands. An evaluation of the climatic factors influencing performance of different bamboo species is
therefore of great relevance.
5. Carbon sequestration
Data pertaining to biomass production and carbon storage in bamboo are available for several bamboo species.
While some excellent examples of thorough studies are available (Isagi et al., 1997; Nfornkah et al., 2021), most
other studies carried out do not conform to a standard protocol. Data on annual productivity of biomass on a unit
area basis are more appropriate to compare species and for calculations of carbon sequestration. Many studies
focus only on aboveground biomass (AGB) while there is the need to look at the belowground biomass and litter
and soil carbon to evaluate the potential for bamboo plantations to be used in carbon trading. With cultivated
bamboo being utilised for an increasing diversity of products that vary in their life cycle and their role as carbon
sinks or otherwise, data pertaining to bamboo’s different post-harvest value should be studied and generated.
14
Datasheets on global priority
bamboo species
15
Datasheets on global priority bamboo species
1. Bambusa balcooa Roxb.

Subspecies/variety/clone: C585, RFRI/BBL/03 RFRI/BBL/04 RFRI/BBL/14, RFRI/BBL/21 (India)
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Arundarbor balcooa (Roxb.) Kuntze; Bambusa capensis Rupr.; Bambusa
vulgaris Nees.; Dendrocalamus balcooa Voigt.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Baluka, Sil borua (Assam, India); Balku bans (Bengal, India); Boro
bans (Duars, India); Wamnah, Beru (Garo, India); Barak (Tripura, India), trelồ ô (Viet Nam).
Description: This evergreen, densely tufted bamboo has short-necked pachymorph rhizomes and culms reaching
height of 15 to 31 m with arching top (Banik, 2016). The diameter of mature culms ranges from 8–15 cm with wall
thickness of 2.7–3.2 mm (base), 1.2–2.0 mm (middle), 0.3–0.7 mm (top) (Banik, 2016). Length of internodes varies
between 15.5–35 cm (base), 38.0–41.0 cm (middle), 30.0–36.0 cm (top) (Banik, 2016). This sturdy species has
prominent nodes and strong branching with thornlike branchlets at lower nodes.
Distribution
a. Native range: Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Assam.
Indo-China: Laos, Myanmar, Viet Nam.
b. In cultivation/naturalised in:
Indian Subcontinent: Eastern Himalaya.
West-Central Tropical Africa: Gulf of Guinea Islands.
Southern Africa: Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Provinces.
Climatic parameters: B. balcooa tolerates a temperature range of -5–20.3 °C but can survive up to 30.5 °C (Nath
and Das, 2012; Banik, 2016) and precipitation in the range of 2500–5000 mm. This species commonly grows at
altitudes from 1000–1250 m but is also successfully cultivated at lower elevation and even at sea level (Banik,
2016).
Soil: B. balcooa prefers heavy textured soil with good drainage such as alluvial clay, sandy loam, deep, loose and
fertile sandy loam (Banik, 2016) and sandy clay loam (Nath, 2008). Soil organic carbon in this area ranges between
0.87–1.39 % with a pH of 5.11–7.5 (Nath, 2008; Banik, 2016).
Native habitat: This species grows abundantly on flat lands and valleys in moderate to high rainfall zones (Banik,
2016).
Propagation
a. Natural: The flowering cycle of this species is reported as 30–45 (Kumari and Singh, 2014) and 40 ± 5, 90
± 5 and 130 ± 5 years (Banik and Alam, 1987; Banik, 2000). It only produces sterile flowers.
b. Clonal propagation: Banik (2016) reported a 70 % success rate with rhizome offsets. Banik (2016)
reported a 70–75 % success rate with two-node cuttings taken from 1- to 2-year-old culms while
Seethalakshmi et al. (1988) used 2- to 3-year-old culm cuttings with hormone treatment. Pre-rooted
branch cuttings gave a success of 65–70 % (Banik, 2016) and Seethalakshmi et al. (1988) obtained a 40 %
success with branch cuttings. Ground layering was also successful with 1- to 2-year-old culms (40–50 %)
(Banik, 2016).
c. Tissue culture: Plantlet production through axillary bud proliferation (Mudoi and Borthakur, 2009; Rajput
et al. 2020; Das and Pal, 2005; Islam and Rahman, 2005; Sharma and Sharma, 2011) as well as somatic
embryogenesis (Gillis et al., 2007; Muralidharan et al., 2008) has been reported.
16
Cultivation
a. Plantation: This species is grown in block plantations, high density plantations, agroforestry plantations
and strip plantation (Banik, 2016).
b. Spacing: The species is usually grown in 4x4 m spacing in low rainfall areas but 5x5 m spacing in high
rainfall areas (Banik, 2016) but for intercropping, a wider spacing (7x7 m, 9x9 m) is usually adopted (Banik,
2016).
c. Other potential species for mixed plantation: Agroforestry with horticultural tree crops like mango,
cashew, jackfruit, Garcinia indica, rubber (Malik and Raj, 2014); Upland paddy, peanut, cowpea, okra,
pigeon pea, turmeric, maize, and yam (Baruah and Borah, 2019); Aegle marmelos, Citrus, Artocarpus
heterophyllus, moringa, neem, and silk cotton tree (Banik et al., 2008).
d. Years to maturation for harvesting: 3−5 (Banik, 2016).
e. Shooting season: May–November (Banik, 2016).
Productivity
a. Culm production : Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar (1998) reported a production of 1200-
1600 culms/ha from Bangladesh whereas 7–19 culms/clump/yr was observed
by Banik (2016). An average of 7799 culms/ha. was reported at plantation age
of 7 years by Jijeesh (2014).
b. AGB : Estimates of 21.36 Mg/ha/yr (Nath and Das, 2012) and 18.57 Mg/ha during
the sixth to seventh year (Jijeesh, 2014) have been reported.
c. Allometric equations :
India 1 (Nath et al., 2009) log Biomass=2.476+0.997*(log(DBH))

log Biomass=2.368+2.214*(log(DBH))
log Biomass=2.085+2.432*(log(DBH))
India 2 (Nath et al., 2009)
log Biomass=1.868+2.716*(log((DBH)^(1)) (Globallome Equation No.
39249 )
Viet Nam 1 (Hung et al., 2012) Biomass=0.0164*((DBH)^(1.7734))
AGB = 0.1006×D2.2220 (Bamboo forest)
Viet Nam 2 (Hung et al., 2012)
AGB = 0.0644×D1.9696H0.3426 (Bamboo forest)
Mechanical properties
a. Specific gravity : 0.79−0.85 oven-dried from base to top (Kabir et al., 1991);
0.79 (base), 0.84 (middle), 0.85 (top) (Sattar et al., 1991) oven-dried.
b. Basic density : Krishnakumar et al. (2017) reported a value of 0.46 oven-dried.

c. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose (54.6 %); lignin (25.2 %) (Vena et al., 2013).
d. Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) : 9.3–12.7 kN/mm 2 (air-dried) (Kabir et al., 1991); 93 (base), 108
(middle), 127 (top) 1000kg/cm2 (air-dried) (Sattar et al., 1991).
e. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) : 92.6–69.6 N/mm2 (air-dried) (Kabir et al., 1991); 926 (base), 787 (mid),
696 (top) kg/cm 2 (air-dried) (Sattar et al., 1991).
f. Fibre length : 2.8 mm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998), 2.9 mm (Vena et
al., 2013).
17
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Clumps with compact, strong, straight, thick-walled culms with swollen
and elevated nodes and higher number of leafless thorn-like branches at the lower nodes of the culms (Shil barua/
Sil barak/Hil barua or Hil barak) have been identified in Upper Assam, India (Banik, 1994). Another form (Nol
barak/Teli barua) with thin-walled culms and branches and longer internodes also have been identified (Banik,
2016).
Germplasm collections, selection and multilocational trials have been carried out by the Indian Council of Forestry
Research and Education (ICFRE). Some of the promising selections are C585, RFRI/BBL/03, RFRI/BBL/04, RFRI/
BBL/14, RFRI/BBL/21) (Ginwal, 2021).
B. balcooa, produced on large-scale through micropropagation by M/s Growmore Biotech, India has been
popularised among farmers as ‘Bheema bamboo” especially for biofuel plantations.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicrafts, whole culms in construction (Kumari and Singh, 2014), edible shoots, fodder,
agricultural implements (Kumari and Singh, 2014), incense sticks, soil erosion control and flood control
(Banik, 2016).
b. Industrial: Strand woven lumber, paper pulp (Banik, 2016; Das and Pal, 2005); laminated bamboo (Biswas
et al., 2011).
c. Potential: Commercial plantations for fibre, biofuel, biorefinery and charcoal.
Key ecosystem service values: This species is grown in many countries across the world and due to its ease of
propagation has enormous potential for large-scale plantations for water conservation, erosion control etc. The
species has the added advantage of being a sterile species and therefore without risk of gregarious flowering and
death of entire population. Since the biomass productivity is high in suitable locations, the potential for carbon
trading is also promising.
Research gaps: Precise and extensive information on the extent of genetic variability is not available in the species.
Survey, characterisation, and selection of useful and superior traits can be done from all areas of its current
cultivation, to widen the genetic base.
Information Gaps: Additional data on many mechanical and chemical parameters is needed to explore other
potential applications, especially for its use as biorefinery.
18
Habit Culm and branching pattern
New shoot Culm sheath
19
2. Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss

Subspecies/variety/clone: Bambusa bambos var. spinosa Camus (Banik, 2016)
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Arundo bambos L., Bambos arundo J.F. Gmel., Arundo excelsa Salisb.,
Bambusa indica André, Arundarbor bambos (L.) Kuntze, Bambusa bambusa Huth, Bambos bambos (L.) W.F. Wright,
Arundo arborea Mill., Bambos arundinacea Retz., Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd., Bambos quinqueflora
Stokes, Nastus arundinaceus (Retz.) Sm., Arundarbor arundinacea (Retz.) Kuntze, Arundo agrestis Lour., Bambos
agrestis (Lour.) Poir., Bambusa agrestis (Lour.) Steud., Arundarbor agrestis (Lour.) Kuntze, Arundo bambu Lour.,
Arundo indica Noronha, Arundo maxima Lour., Bambos maxima Poir., Bambusa maxima (Poir.) Steud., Gigantochloa
maxima (Poir.) Kurz, Arundarbor maxima (Poir.) Kuntze, Bambusa orientalis Nees, Ischurochloa arundinacea var.
orientalis (Nees) Buse, Arundarbor orientalis (Nees) Kuntze, Bambusa arundinacea var. orientalis (Nees) Gamble,
Bambusa arundo Wight ex Steud., Bambusa neesiana Arn. ex Munro, Bambusa arundinacea var. gigantea Bahadur,
Bambusa bambos var. gigantea (Bahadur) Benn. & R.C. Gaur, Bambusa bambos f. gigantea (Bahadur) S.S. Jain & S.
Biswas.
Common names (language/area in parenthesis):Thorny bamboo (English), Kotoha bah (Assam-India); Wakynta
(Garo-India); Kanta bauns (Orissa-India); Illi , Mula , Pattill (Kerala-India); Bidduru , Gatte (Karnataka-India);
Toncur (Gujarat- India); Bongu veduru , Mulla veduru (Andhra Pradesh-India); Mungil (Tamil Nadu- India); Nal
bans (Punjab-India); Kanta bans , Behor bans (West Bengal-India), Kanta bans (Bangladesh); Kante bans (Nepal);
Katu Una (Sri Lanka); Cha - kat - wa , Kyakat - wa (Burmese); Phai Paak , Phai Namm (Thailand); Rai - sai (Khmer);
May Phaipa , Phaix pa (Lao PDR); Russei khlei , Russei prei (Cambodia); Tre Ng, Tre Gai (Viet Nam); Bambu duriori
(Indonesia); Pring ori (Java - Indonesia ); Indian bamboo (Philippines); Spiny bamboo, Bambú espinoso (Cuba);
Banbu cafi a de indios (Spain); Bambus , Dorniger (Germany); Bambou épineux (French).
Description: A large clumping evergreen bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes and tall, erect, or
gently arching culms that reach a height of 6–10 m (Banik, 2016). Culm diameter is 5–8 cm (Seethalakshmi
and Muktesh Kumar, 1998), wall thickness 1–1.5 mm and the internode length 20–40 cm. The culms have stout
thorny branches all over and nodes are prominent (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
Distribution
a. Native range: Indian Subcontinent to Southeast Asia.
Indian Subcontinent: Assam, Bangladesh, India [Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka,
Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu], Sri Lanka.
Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam.
Western Indian Ocean: Seychelles.
Indian Subcontinent: Maldives, India (Naithani, 2007).
Malesia: Java, Malaya, Molucca, Philippines.
Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
Caribbean: Cuba, Windward Islands.
Climatic parameters: B. bambos is found distributed from sea level to up to elevations of 1200 m (Rao et al.,1998;
Banik, 2016) receiving nearly 2000–2500 mm annual rainfall. Mean maximum temperature is 28.5–36.7 °C.
Soil: This bamboo grows well in laterite, red-to-brown coloured and sandy loam soil with pH 7.4–7.8.
Native habitat: This species is native to humid tropical climate and grows best along riverbanks, in river valleys and
in other moist sites (Banik, 2016). It is found in moist and dry deciduous forests, degraded forests associated with
many tree species.
20
Propagation
a. Natural: A flowering cycle of 30–49 years has been estimated for the species. The species flowers
gregariously and different flowering populations often overlap in India. Seed are therefore always
available. Seed weight is estimated as 99 seeds/gram (Banik, 2016). 50–80 % germination is obtained.
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation is practiced widely (Kumar and Pal, 1994). Rhizome
offsets taken from 1- to 2-year-old culms lead to 65–75 % establishment (Banik, 2016). Culm cuttings
with hormone treatment gives a success rate of 50–60 % rooting (Banik, 2016). Branch cuttings with
hormone treatment gives 45–65 % success (Banik, 2016). Air layering is also possible (Banik, 2016) but
not commonly practiced.
c. Tissue culture: Plant regeneration is reported in the species through both axillary bud proliferation (Arya
et al., 2002) and somatic embryogenesis (Mehta et al., 1982).
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantation, live fencing (Banik, 2016).
b. Spacing: 5x5 m, 6x6 m; 3–4 rows at close spacing for live fencing.
c. Possible species mixed: teak.
d. Years to maturation: 3–5.
e. Shooting season: June–September.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 16 culms/clump at six years after planting (Shanmughavel and Francis,
1996).
b. AGB : 17.5 kg to 70.1 kg between two and six years after planting
(Shanmughavel and Francis, 1996); 8527 kg/ha. in three years (Rao et
al., 1991).
c. Annual C sequestered : 76.5 Mg/ha (Yuen et al., 2017); 83.3-103.8 Mg/ha (Das and Chaturvedi,
2006).
d. Allometric equations :
India (Kumar et al., 2005) Y = -3225.8+1730.4 DBH (R2 = 0.83; n=8; p<0.001)
ln Y = 4.298 + 2.647 ln DBH (R2 = 0.82; n=8; p<0.001)
Y = -12.23+37.281 DBH (R2 = 0.80; n=106; p<0.0001)
(Biomass in kg.)
a. Specific gravity : 0/641–0.664 (Tewari, 1992).

b. Density : 0.48–0.75 (Kaur et al., 2016).
c. C e l l u l o s e / l i g n i n /s i l i c a : Lignin (24.2 %); Lignocellulose (4.77–5.05 %); lignin (21.5–26.5 %) (Kaur
content et al., 2016).
d. MOE : 31.6–134.5 (Tewari, 1992).
e. MOR : 482–975 (Tewari, 1992).
f. Fibre length : 0.7–4.2 mm (Pande, 2009); 2.7 mm (Liese, 1980).
g. Fibre diameter : 6–18 µm (Pande, 2009).
21
h. Other : Lumen diameter 7.44 µm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998);

Wall thickness 5.37 µm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998);
Kappa No.27.4. (Guha and Bhola, 1976).
i. Starch : 2 % (Kaur et al., 2016).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Survey and collection of germplasm has been carried out in India
and selections made by ICFRE. Thornless and straight culm varieties have been selected (Ginwal, 2021). Several
phenotypes are available in nature with variations in stature, branchiness, hollowness, etc. The potential for
selection is high. Grassy, grassy erect, erect and very erect types of seedlings are found with the last two types
being more vigorous (Kondas, 1982).
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, weaving, round culm construction, edible shoots, thorny branches for fencing,
clumps for live fencing (Banik, 2016), medicinal amorphous siliceous deposits (Tabashir) (Banik, 2016).
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo, strand woven, paper pulp, refinery, charcoal.
c. Potential: Biorefinery, bioenergy and ecological restoration.
Key ecosystem service values: Water and soil conservation, food for wildlife (elephants).
Research gaps: Genetic variability within and between populations, physicochemical characterisation.
22
23
3. Bambusa multiplex (Lour.)

Raeusch. ex Schult.f.
Subspecies/variety/clone: Fern leaf; Alphonse- Karr; B. multiplex var multiplex (xiao shun zhu or yuan bian zhong),
Bambusa multiplex var. incana B. M. Yang (mao feng huang zhu), Bambusa multiplex var. riviereorum Maire (guan
yin zhu), Bambusa multiplex var. shimadae (Hayata) Sasaki (shi jiao zhu).
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Arundo multiplex Lour., Bambusa glaucescens f. variegata (E.G. Camus)
Muroi & Sugim., Arundarbor multiplex (Lour.) Kuntze, Bambusa argentea Nehrl., Bambusa multiplex var. normalis
Sasaki, Bambusa argentea var. vittata Nehrl., Leleba multiplex (Lour.) Nakai, Bambusa dolichomerithalla Hayata,
Ludolfia glaucescens Willd., Leleba dolichomerithalla (Hayata) Nakai, Arundinaria glaucescens (Willd.) P. Beauv.,
Bambusa liukiuensis Hayata, Bambusa glaucescens (Willd.) Merr, Leleba liukiuensis (Hayata) Nakai, Bambusa nana
Roxb., Bambusa nana f. viridistriata Makino ex I. Tsuboi, Arundarbor nana (Roxb.) Kuntze, Bambusa floribunda
f. viridistriata (Makino ex I. Tsuboi) Nakai, Bambusa nana var. normalis Makino & Shiras, Leleba floribunda f.
viridistriata (Makino ex I. Tsuboi) Nakai, Bambusa nana var. typica Makino ex I.Tsuboi , Bambusa multiplex f.
viridistriata (Makino ex I.Tsuboi) Muroi, Bambusa multiplex var. nana (Roxb.) Keng f., Bambusa glaucescens f.
viridistriata (Makino ex I. Tsuboi) Muroi & Sugim., Ischurochloa floribunda Buse in F.A.W.Miquel, Bambusa nana
f. vittateargentea Makino ex I.Tsuboi, Leleba floribunda (Buse) Nakai , Bambusa shimadae Hayata, Bambusa
glaucescens var. floribunda (Buse) Hatus., Bambusa multiplex var. shimadae (Hayata) Sasaki, Bambusa aurea
Siebold, Leleba shimadae (Hayata) Nakai, Arundarbor aurea Kuntze,, Bambusa glaucescens var. shimadae (Hayata)
L.C.Chia & P.P.H.But, Bambusa sterilis Kurz ex Miq., Leleba amakusensis Nakai, Bambusa caesia Siebold & Zucc. ex
Munro, Leleba elegans Koidz., Triglossum arundinaceum Gamble, Bambusa multiplex var. elegans (Koidz.) Muroi,
Bambusa alphonse-karrii Mitford ex Satow, Bambusa glaucescens f. elegans (Koidz.) Muroi & Sugim., Bambusa
nana f. alphonse-karrii (Mitford ex Satow) Kawam., Bambusa multiplex var. riviereorum Maire, Bambusa nana var.
alphonse-karrii (Mitford ex Satow) Kawam., Bambusa glaucescens var. riviereorum (Maire) L.C. Chia & H.L. Fung,
Bambusa multiplex f. alphonse-karrii (Mitford ex Satow) Nakai., Bambusa multiplex f. solida Muroi & Maruy. in J.
Sugimoto, Bambusa glaucescens f. alphonso-karrii (Mitford ex Satow) Hatus., Bambusa glaucescens f. solida (Muroi
& Maruy.) Muroi & Sugim., Bambusa nana f. albovariegata Makino, Bambusa glaucescens f. albostriata Muroi
& Sugim., Bambusa glaucescens f. albovariegata (Makino) Muroi & Sugim., Bambusa glaucescens f. fu-komachi
Muroi & Sugim., Bambusa multiplex f. albovariegata (Makino) Muroi,, Bambusa glaucescens f. midori Muroi &
Sugim,, Bambusa nana var. gracillima E.G.Camus, Bambusa glaucescens f. gimmei Muroi & Kasahara, Bambusa
multiplex var. gracillima (E.G.Camus) Sad.Suzuki, Bambusa glaucescens f. kimmei-suhou Muroi & Kasahara,
Bambusa nana var. variegata E.G.Camus, Bambusa glaucescens f. midori-beni Muroi & H.Hamada,Leleba multiplex f.
variegata (E.G.Camus) Nakai, Bambusa glaucescens f. shirosuji Muroi & H.Okamura, Bambusa multiplex f. variegate
(E.G.Camus) Hatus., Bambusa glaucescens f. tukushi-komachi Muroi & Yu.Tanaka.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): xiao shun zhu (China), Chinese dwarf bamboo, hedge bamboo,
Oriental bamboo.
Description: Densely clumped bamboo with pachymorph short-necked rhizome and arching tips. The height of the
culm reaches to 2.98–8.27 m with culm diameter of 1–2.9 cm. The internodes are 28.95–46.15 cm long and the
wall thickness is 0.3–0.8 mm. Nodes are slightly prominent with branching throughout the culm.
Distribution
a. Native range: China: China South Central, Hainan, China Southeast.
Eastern Asia: Taiwan.
India Subcontinent: East Himalaya, Nepal.
Indo-China: Laos, Myanmar, Viet Nam.
24
Western Indian Ocean: Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles.
Western Asia: Iraq.
Eastern Asia: Nansei-shoto.
Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.
Indo-China: Cambodia.
Malesia: Malaya.
Papuasia: Bismarck Archipelago.
New Zealand: New Zealand North.
Southeastern U.S.A: Florida.
Mexico: Mexico Southeast.
Caribbean: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Windward Islands.
Western South America: Colombia, Ecuador.
Brazil: Brazil Southeast.
Climatic parameters: B. multiplex grows at a wide range of temperatures from -10–42 °C, in areas with annual
rainfall of 800–2500 mm and at elevations of 5–1000 m.
Soil: The species prefers medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) and well-drained soils. Soil organic carbon of 0.80–1.50 %
and pH 4.3–7.1 is preferred.
Native habitat: The species is found wild and under cultivation in low hills, mountains, fields, and riversides.
Propagation
a. Natural: The species is rarely in flower and has not been reported to set seeds.
b. Clonal propagation: Rhizome offsets, culm and branch cuttings are widely used propagation methods for
this species.
c. Tissue culture: Ara et al. (2020) describe procedures for multiplication using shoot meristems and
through somatic embryogenesis (Yuan et al., 2010) but commercial methods are not known.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Live fencing, strip plantation, block plantations, Agroforestry, high density plantation.
b. Spacing: 1x1 m (fencing), 4x4 m, 5x5 m.
c. Years to maturation: 3.
d. Shooting season: June-August.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 2500−3000 culms/ha (Yuan et al., 2010).

b. AGB : 15-20 t/ha/yr. (Yuan et al., 2010).
India 1 (Kumar et al., 2005) Y = -3225.8+1730.4 DBH (R2 = 0.83; n=8; p<0.001)
ln Y = 4.298 + 2.647 ln DBH (R2 = 0.82; n=8; p<0.001)
Y = -12.23+37.281 DBH (R2 = 0.80; n=106; p<0.0001)
(Biomass in kg.)
India 2 (Agarwal and Purwar, 2010) Y=(-0.16)+(0.07)b1+(4.41)b2+(-2.54)b3 (Fresh wt.)

Y=(0.055)+(-0.035)b1+(-0.20)b2+(3.27)b3 (Dry wt.)
(Biomass in kg)
25
a. Density : 897–938 kg/m3 (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
b. MOE : 49.0–62.0 N/mm2 (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
c. MOR : 57.0–71.0 N/mm2 (with nodes), 78.0–98.3 N/mm2 (without nodes) (Dransfield
and Widjaja, 1995).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: The wide distribution of the species indicates adaptability to a wide
range of climatic conditions. The genetic variability within the species is seen in the number of varieties that are
cultivated as ornamentals. No systematic study on physicochemical properties of all the varieties is known.
Uses
a. Traditional: Live fencing, soil erosion control and flood control, handicrafts.
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo, paper pulp; horticulture; drinking straws.
c. Potential: Soil stabilisation and erosion control, ornamental, composite fibre, charcoal.
Key ecosystem service values: Due to the manageable size and dense nature of the clump it is useful for planting
as live fences and as a barrier to noise and dust pollution along roads and for erosion control in riverbanks and
water bodies.
Research gaps: Studies of genetic variability of populations is required to avoid narrow genetic base of plantations
established through clonal methods. The species is difficult to propagate by vegetative and tissue culture methods
and research into improved methods are need.
26
27
4. Bambusa nutans Wall. ex Munro

Subspecies/variety/clone: Bambusa nutans Wallich ex Munro subspecies nutans Bambusa nutans subspecies
cupulata.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Arundarbor nutans (Wall. ex Munro) Kuntze; Bambusa crinita Thomson ex
Munro; Bambusa falconeri Munro.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Tharu bans (Kathmandu, Nepal), Sate bans (Pokhara, Nepal).
Description: A large erect bamboo species with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. Culms reach a height of
10−20 m (Banik, 2016). The culms are solid at the base in most locations and hollow at the higher internodes. The
internode length can vary from 25−45 cm (Banik, 2016). The culms are much branched at the higher nodes and
have slightly raised nodes.
Distribution
a. Native range: Himalaya to Indo-China.
Indian Subcontinent: Nepal, West Himalaya [Himachal Pradesh], India [Uttar Pradesh].
East Himalaya: Sikkim, Bhutan (Banik, 2016).
Climatic parameters: The species is found growing well in areas with a precipitation of 700−4500 mm and at
elevations from sea level to 1700 m (Adhikari and Shrestha, 2008) although it prefers 700−1500 m (Banik, 2016).
The species grows at 10–32 °C.
Soil: Well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soils with pH of 6–7 is preferred (Banik, 2016). Soil organic carbon of
plots with B. nutans is estimated at 57.28 t /ha (Tariyal, 2014).
Native habitat: The species is found in the lower hills to plains and is associated often with teak forests (Banik,
2016). It prefers well-drained moist site with moderate shade (TIS, 2004; Stapleton, 1994).
Propagation
a. Natural: Propagation in nature is through seeds which form in part flowering of clumps that occurs from
30–65 years of age (Banik, 2016). Seed weight is 133.3 seeds/gram (Banik, 2016). Germination of 56 % is
obtained in 3-7 days and seeds remain viable for 45 days (Banik, 2016).
b. Clonal propagation: Banik (2016) reports success with a variety of clonal methods. Seedling
macroproliferation is possible with seedlings after 6 months of growth in nursery. Rhizome offsets taken
from 1- to 2-year-old culms give 40–65 % success and two-node culm cutting (40–55 %) and branch
cuttings taken during May–June (40–45%) are also possible with addition of hormones.
c. Tissue culture: Plant production through axillary bud proliferation (Negi and Saxena, 2011; Chaudhary et
al., 2016) and through somatic embryogenesis (Mehta et al., 2011) has been successful.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations, boundary planting.
b. Spacing: 5x5 m is ideal, 3x3 m is also adopted (Ranga Plantations, Jabalpur, India).
c. Possible species mixed: teak, shorea, gmelina.
d. Years to maturation: 3-5.
e. Shooting season: May-August.
28
Productivity
a. Culm production : 3–7 culms/year;15–40 culms at full growth (Banik, 2016).
b. AGB : 171.76–281.71 t/ha (Tariyal, 2014).
c. Annual C sequestered : 24.2 t /ha. (Choudhury et al., 2015).
Nepal (Oli and Kandel, 2015) W = 1.426 + 0.0091 * (D2 L).

“W” is the weight, kg, “D” is the diameter at 15 cm, “L” is the veritical
length of the culm.
r2=90%
a. Specific gravity : 0.673–0.758 (Tewari, 1992).
b. Density : 0.2 (Kaur et al., 2016).
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Lignocellulose (51.6 %); Lignin 26.2 % (Kaur et al., 2016).
d. MOE : 62.8 to 124.4 (1000 kg/cm2) (Tewari, 1992).
e. MOR : 524 to 869 (kg/cm2) (Tewari, 1992).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Adhikari and Shrestha (2008) studied the intraspecific variation of
Bambusa nutans subspecies nutans among populations in Central Nepal and found variation in the phenotypic
traits characters which were significantly correlated with each other.
Uses
a. Traditional: weaving, whole culms in construction, furniture (Banik, 2016), fodder (Bhandari et al., 2015).
b. Industrial: paper, pulp, shelter for tea plantations (Banik, 2016), charcoal.
c. Potential: bioenergy, biorefinery and engineered bamboo.
Key ecosystem service values: The species adapts well to drier areas and therefore has potential for use in
ecological restoration projects.
Research gaps: Physicochemical characterisation needed to explore the scope for utilisation. Germplasm collection
and selection of superior selection are needed to improve the plant stock.
29
30
5. Bambusa oldhamii Munro
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Arundarbor oldhamii (Munro) Kuntze, Leleba oldhamii (Munro) Nakai,
Sinocalamus oldhamii (Munro) McClure, Dendrocalamopsis oldhamii (Munro) Keng f., Bambusa atrovirens
T.H.Wen, Dendrocalamopsis atrovirens (T.H.Wen) Keng f. ex W.T.Lin, Bambusa oldhamii f. revoluta W.T.Lin & J.Y.Lin,
Dendrocalamopsis oldhamii f. revoluta (W.T.Lin & J.Y.Lin) W.T.Lin,Neosinocalamus revolutus (W.T.Lin & J.Y.Lin) T.H.Wen,
Sinocalamus oldhamii f. revolutus (W.T.Lin & J.Y.Lin) W.T.Lin,, Bambusa revoluta (W.T.Lin & J.Y.Lin) N.H.Xia, R.H.Wang
& R.S.Lin.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Giant timber bamboo, Oldham’s bamboo, green bamboo (English),
lü zhu (China); Ryoku-Chiku (China).
Description: B. oldhamii is a densely clumped bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. The erect culms
grow up to 10–16 m tall. Culm diameter ranges from 3–9 cm with wall thickness of 4–12 mm. The thin-walled
internodes are 17–20 cm long. The nodes are flat and with dendroid branches (Flora of China, 2006).
Distribution
a. Native range: Southeast China to Hainan.
China: Hainan, China Southeast.
Caribbean: Puerto Rico.
Central America: Honduras.
Eastern Asia: Nansei-shoto, Taiwan.
Mexico: Mexico Southeast.
Western South America: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
Climatic parameters: The species tolerates temperatures down to -7 °C and thrives at an annual mean temperature
of 19 °C. The species comes up in areas with an elevation of about 1600 m and with average rainfall of 2350 mm/year.
Soil: The species prefers highly porous, dark-coloured soils known as andosol soils.
Propagation:
a. Natural: Flowering has not been reported in the species.
b. Clonal propagation: Culm cuttings including the basal first to fifth nodes taken from 1-year-old culms in
March was found to be optimal (Sirikulyanon et al., 1997).
c. Tissue culture: Propagation through axillary bud proliferation (Lin et al., 2007a) and somatic
embryogenesis (Yeh and Chang, 1986) have been reported.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantation.
b. Spacing: 4.5x6 m.
c. Years to maturation: 3–5.
d. Shooting season: May–November.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 10.0−11.7 t ha/yr (Maoyi, 2007); 15.82 g ha/yr (Castaneda-Mendoza et al.,
2012).
b. AGB : 103.9 Mg from seven-year-old plantation (Castaneda-Mendoza et al., 2005).
31
c. Annual C sequestered : 51.98 Mg/ha (Castañeda-Mendoza et al., 2005); 27.53 Mg/ha (Rojas et al.,
2013); 46.91 Mg/ha (Elizondo- Briceño et al., 2016).
Mexico (Castañeda-Mendoza et al., ln Y ln (6.85)+1.24 (1st yr.)

2005) ln Y ln (5.75)+1.84 (2nd yr.)
ln Y ln (5.07)+2.23(3rd yr.)
ln Y ln (6.02)+1.64 (4th yr.) (Biomass in Mg)
a. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Holocellulose 71.1 %; Lignin 23 % (Cao et al., 2014).
b. Fibre length : 2.39 mm (Cao et al., 2014).
c. Fibre diameter : 12.31 µm (Cao et al., 2014).
d. Runkel ratio : 2.37 (Cao et al., 2014).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: The species has been introduced into several regions where it grows
well. The genetic diversity of the populations and conservation of land races is to be studied.
Uses
a. Traditional: edible shoots, furniture.
b. Industrial: paper pulp.
c. Potential: bioenergy, biorefinery, engineered bamboo.
Key ecosystem service values: This species is already introduced to Africa which indicates the potential of this
bamboo to grow in a wide range of climates. Therefore, this species can be used for restoration programmes to
meet various United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Research gaps: Being thin-walled, the scope of the species for use in matboard manufacture can be explored.
Information Gaps: Information on type of plantations and other associated species with this bamboo is not
available. Information on flowering cycle as well as data on seed germination is not available.
32
New shoots Culm sheath
33
6. Bambusa polymorpha Munro

Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Arundarbor polymorpha (Munro) Kuntze; Bambusa cyanostachya Kurz ex
Gamble.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Hui gan zhu (China); Jama betwa (Assam-India); Faura (Tripura-
India), Wakobor (ADC Dukli, DebBarma-Tripura); Kyanthung - wa (Myanmar); Pharua (Sylhet, Bangladesh),
Mascumba, Burma, Rangoon bans (Chittagong, Bangladesh); Pai Hom (Thailand).
Description: Large evergreen densely tufted bamboo species having pachymorph rhizomes with very short neck.
The erect culms reach a height of 10–25 m (Kumari and Singh, 2014; Banik, 2016) and have a diameter of 5–15
cm (Banik, 2016; Kumari and Singh, 2014). Culms have a wall thickness of 1.5–2 mm (Kumari and Singh, 2014); 0.2
-0.3 mm (top), 0.6 -0.9 mm (mid) and 1.6 - 2.2 mm (base) (Banik, 2016); Branching in the species is from mid-culm
upwards. Nodes are slightly prominent.
Distribution
a. Native range: Bangladesh to Yunnan and Southeast Asia.
China: China South-Central.
Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh.
Indo-China: Laos, Myanmar, Thailand.
Malesia: Jawa.
Indian Subcontinent: Assam, Eastern Himalaya, Sri Lanka. India [Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and
Karnataka] (Kumari and Singh, 2014).
Caribbean: Cuba, Puerto Rico.
Western South America: Ecuador.
Climatic parameters: B. polymorpha grows between the temperature range of 3−35 °C (Banik, 2016) but tolerates
down to −3 °C and up to 53 °C (Durai and Long, 2019). The species grows well in areas with a precipitation of
3000–6000 mm (Banik, 2016) and at elevations of 300−500 m (Kumari and Singh, 2014).
Soil: B. polymorpha prefers deep, rich well-drained fertile loam soils (Banik, 2016).
Native habitat: The species is found at the borders of mixed subtropical evergreen forests and prefers a moist
shady habitat (Kumari and Singh, 2014). Found particularly on the lower slopes and in well-drained valleys.
Associated with teak in moist mixed deciduous forests, prefers tall trees (Banik, 2016). Often associated with
Cephalostachyum pergracile in the moist soils.
Propagation
a. Natural: The species has a flowering cycle of 35−60 years (Kumari and Singh, 2014). Seed weight is 0.038
seeds/gram and gives a germination rate of 40 % (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation is feasible with seedlings after 6 months of germination
in nursery beds. Rhizome offsets with two-year-old culms give 100 % success (Dransfield and Widjaja,
1995; Benton, 2015). Culm cuttings are the best method for clonal propagation in this species (Banik,
2008). Branch cuttings also gives 90 % success (Benton, 2015). Air layering has been reported to give 80 %
success (Benton, 2015; Durai and Long, 2019).
c. Tissue culture: Detailed procedures for tissue culture are not available but the species is listed among
species that are commercially propagated.
34
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Homestead cultivation (Banik, 2004).
b. Spacing: 4x4 m (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
c. Possible species mixed: Teak.
e. Shooting season: June–September (Banik, 2016).
Productivity
a. Culm production : 22 t/ha of air-dried culms in a three-year rotation.
b. AGB : 15.3 Mg C/ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
Myanmar 1- Total Aboveground Biomass (Chan et 0.189*(DBH)^1.956 (Globallome Equation No. 55249)
al.,2013)
Myanmar 2- Leaf Biomass (Chan et al., 2013) 0.038*(DBH)^1.452 (Globallome Equation No. 56297)
Myanmar 3- Culm Biomass (Chan et al., 2013) 0.111*(DBH)^2.147 (Globallome Equation No.56308)
Myanmar 4- Branch biomass (Chan et al., 2013) 0.0312*((DBH)^1.6) (Globallome Equation No.56363)
Myanmar 5- Culm biomass (Fukushima et al., 2007) 0.0522*((DBH)^2.58) (Globallome Equation No.56364)
Myanmar 6- Branch biomass (Chan et al., 2013) 0.028*(DBH)^1.551 (Globallome Equation No.58742)
Myanmar 7- Leaf biomass (Fukushima et al., 2007) 0.0363*((DBH)^1.36) (Globallome Equation No.58806)
a. Density : 659 kg/m3 (air-dried bamboo) (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
b. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose 54–62 %; lignin (21-22 %); Silica 0.3 % (Dransfield and
Widjaja, 1995); Holocellulose 64.10−66.70 %, 23.46−27.08 %; ash
1.62−2.84 % (Thirunirai Selvan, 2017).
c. MOE : 4315 N/mm2 (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
d. MOR : 34.8 N/mm2 (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
e. Fibre length : 4.19 mm (Qing et al., 2008); 2.4−2.5 mm (Dransfield and Widjaja,
1995).
f. Fibre diameter : 16–23μm (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: No germplasm collections exist.
Uses
a. Traditional: whole culms in construction, edible shoots, agricultural implements, landscaping, stick based
products (Durai and Long, 2019).
b. Industrial: paper pulp, incense sticks, edible shoots.
c. Potential: engineered bamboo.
Key ecosystem service value: The species is ideal for agroforestry systems and can serve as windbreak and protect
against soil erosion.
Research gaps: No conservation efforts for the species are known. The scope of the species in agroforestry
systems is to be studied.
35
36
7. Bambusa rigida Keng & Keng f.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa stipitata W.T. Lin.
Common names (language/area in parenthesis): ying tou huang zhu (China).
Description: A medium sized bamboo with a short-necked pachymorph rhizome, erect culms arched apically
attaining a height of 5–12 m culm, and a diameter of 2–6 cm. The culms have a wall thickness of 1–1.5 mm and
internodal length of 30–40 cm (Flora of China, 2006). The species branches from base upwards and culms are with
prominent nodes (Flora of China, 2006).
Distribution
a. Native range: China: China South-Central [Sichuan].
b. In cultivation/naturalised in: No data.
Climatic parameters: No data.
Soil: No data.
Native habitat: Cultivated along riversides and around villages (Flora of China, 2006).
Propagation
a. Natural: No reports of seed formation have been found (Flora of China, 2006).
b. Clonal propagation: Rhizome offsets: No reports known but feasible as with similar species by use of 1-
to 3-year-old culms with rhizomes, culm/branch cuttings with or without hormone treatment.
c. No reports of propagation by tissue culture are available.
Cultivation
Cultivated along riversides and around villages (Flora of China, 2006).
a. Plantation type: No data available.
b. Spacing: No data available.
c. Possible species mixed: No data available.
d. Years to maturation: No data available.
Productivity
a. Culm production : No data available.
b. AGB : No data available.
c. Annual C sequestered : No data available.
d. Allometric equations : No data available.
e. Density : Basic density 542–808 kg/m3(Huang et al., 2018).
f. MOE : 11.46–18.35 Gpa (1.168−1.871 Kg/cm2) (base to top) (Huang et al.,
2018).
g. MOR : 153.26–221.13 Mpa (1562.2 to 2254.89 (base to top) (Huang et al.,
2018).
37
h. Fibre length : 1362–1848 mm (Huang et al., 2018).

i. Fibre diameter : Not reported.
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Not known.
Uses
a. Traditional: handicrafts (Huang et al., 2018), whole culm in construction, agricultural implements (Huang
et al., 2018).
b. Industrial: strand woven lumber (Huang et al., 2018).
Key ecosystem service values: Not known.
Research gaps: Data on cultivation and productivity still to be generated.
Information Gaps: Data on several parameters to be collected.
38
39
8. Bambusa spinosa Roxb.

Subspecies/variety/clone: Bambusa blumeana Schult.f.; Bambusa blumeana var. luzonensis Hack.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Arundo spinosa (Roxb.) Oken; Ischurochloa spinosa (Roxb.) Buse; Arundarbor
spinosa (Roxb.) Kuntze; Bambusa arundinacea var. spinosa (Roxb.) E.G. Camus; Bambusa bambos var. spinosa (Roxb.)
S.S. Jain & S. Biswas; Bambusa spinosa Blume ex Nees; Bambusa blumeana Schult.f.; Schizostachyum durie Rupr.;
Arundarbor blumeana (Schult.f.) Kuntze; Bambusa pungens Blanco; Arundarbor pungens (Blanco) Kuntze; Bambusa
teba Miq.; Arundarbor teba (Miq.) Kuntze; Bambusa stenostachya Hack.; Ischurochloa stenostachya (Hack.) Nakai;
Bambusa blumeana var. luzonensis Hack.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): spiny bamboo or thorny bamboo (English); buluh duri , buluh
sikai (Malaysia); anoo, batakan, baugin, dugian, baugin cana espina, kauayan, kauayan ng bayog, kauayan totoo,
kauayan gid, kauayan potog, kabugauan, kauyang siitan, kawayang tinik , lamnuan, marurugi , pasingan, paua
, rugian, cana espina (The Philippines); Tre gai, tre lá ngắn (Viet Nam); Bamboo duri, haur cucuk, pring gesing
(Indonesia ); Russei rollick (Cambodia); Phaix ban: nz (Lao PDR); Phai see suk, Waa me bo (Thailand); Wei-fang Lin
(Taiwan); le zhu (China).
Description: A densely tufted erect bamboo with spiny branches and short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. Culms
grow to a height of 15−25 m (Mohmod et al., 1993). The culm diameter is 7.3–8.7 cm (Mohmod et al., 1993);
7.8–10.3 cm (base), 8.13-9.65 cm(mid), 7.06–7.6 cm(top) (Salzer et al., 2018). Internodes are 18–60 cm long and
wall thickness is 0.7–1.5 cm (Mohmod et al., 1993; Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995). Branching starts from the base
upwards, forming a thick interlacing thicket. Nodes are prominent (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Distribution
a. Native range: Jawa to Maluku.
Malesia: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, Philippines.
China: China South-Central, China Southeast.
Eastern Asia: Nansei-Shoto, Taiwan.
Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam.
Malesia: Malaya.
Climatic parameters: The species grows at 18–32 °C but can tolerate 8–37 °C. It prefers a mean annual rainfall of
1500–4000 mm but tolerates 1000–5000 mm (Ecocorp, 2021). Grows at elevations up to 1000 m.
Soil: Grows on heavy soils and on marginal land. Optimum pH is 5-6.5. The species does not tolerate salinity
(Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Native habitat: Mixed moist deciduous forest, and not less commonly in mixed dry deciduous forest and semi-
evergreen forest. Grows well along riverbanks, hill slopes and freshwater creeks. The species tolerates flooding
Propagation
a. Natural: A flowering cycle of 20–30 years and sporadic flowering is reported but without any seed set
b. Clonal propagation: 2-3 noded culm cuttings taken from the middle portion of 1-2-year-old culms and
3-noded-cuttings from branches, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, from 1-2-year-old culms with hormone
treatment is reported to be successful (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
40
c. Tissue culture: No reports of micropropagation procedure.
Cultivation
b. Spacing: 8x8m or 10x10m (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
d. Shooting season: During rains.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 8 culms/year (800–1200/ha) in managed plantations, 5 (500–750/ha)
in unmanaged plantations; 960–1600 culms/ha/year in natural stands
b. AGB : Standing crop production (dry weight) is estimated at 143 t/ha (120 t for
culms, 18 t for branches, 5 t for leaves) (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995);
143 Mg (Uchimura, 1978); 9 t/ha/yr of paper pulp (Dransfield and Widjaja,
1995).
c. Annual C sequestered : 72 Mg C/ha (Uchimura, 1978); 93.0 Mg C/ha (Philippines) (Yuen et al.,
2017).
North Malaysia - Perlis & Kedah (Mohamed et al., 1991) 15469.6+(466.1177*W)
a. Density : 500 kg/m3 (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
b. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Holocellulose 67.4 %; lignin 20.4 %; ash 4.8 %; silica 3.4 %
(PROSEA, 1995); Holocellulose 81.6 %; lignin 27.2 %; ash 4.7 %
(Ratanophat, 2004).
c. MOE : Green: 2.83−5.8x1000 MPa (Mohmod et al., 1993).
d. MOR : 4.68–10 x10 MPa (Mohmod et al., 1993).
e. Compression strength parallel to : 19.8–28.85 MPa (Mohmod et al., 1993).
grain
f. Shear strength : 3.99–4.96 MPa (Mohmod et al., 1993).
g. Fibre length : 2.02–2.47 mm (1-3 years) (Mohmod et al., 1993); Green: 1.99
mm (base), 2.00 mm (mid), 1.85 mm (top), 1.95 mm (mean)
(Mohmod et al., 1990); 1.95–2.56 mm (Dransfield and Widjaja,
1995).
h. Fibre diameter : 15–20 μm (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995); Green: 21 μm (base),
17 μm (mid), 21 μm (top), 20 μm (mean) (Mohmod et al., 1990).
i. Runkel ratio : 1.52 (Nordhalia et al., 2019).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Germplasm collection of B. spinosa (B. blumeana has been established
in Lampung (Sumatra) and the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry. Selection of superior genotypes will allow
improvement of the species, which does not produce seeds.
41
Uses
a. Traditional: Weaving, whole culms in construction, household implements, edible shoots (preferred),
windbreaks and live fences (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo, paper pulp, chopsticks, furniture, flooring tiles (Dransfield and Widjaja,
1995; Tesoro and Espiloy, 1988).
c. Potential: Bioenergy, biorefinery, engineered bamboo.
Key ecosystem service values: The species is planted along riverbanks for control of soil erosion.
Research gaps: Optimal techniques for cultivation, especially management of the thorny culms, is to be developed.
Scope for other possible applications is a research gap. To improve the crop, it is recommended to collect
germplasm from all areas where it grows or is cultivated.
42
43
9. Bambusa textilis McClure

Subspecies/variety/clone: var albo striata, var glabra and var gracilis. (Benton, 2015); Bambusa textilis ‘Maculata’
and B. textilis ‘Purpurascens’ (Flora of China, 2006).
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa textilis var. glabra McClure, Bambusa textilis var. gracilis McClure,
Bambusa textilis var. maculata McClure, Bambusa textilis var. pubescens B.M. Yang, Bambusa textilis var.
purpurascens N.H. Xia, Bambusa textilis f. purpurascens (N.H. Xia) T.P. Yi, Bambusa minutiligulata W.T. Lin & Z.M.
Wu, Bambusa annulata W.T. Lin & Z.J. Feng, Bambusa glaucescens var. annulata (W.T. Lin & Z.J. Feng) N.H. Xia,
Bambusa varioaurita W.T. Lin & Z.J. Feng.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Weavers’ bamboo, Ging pi zhu (China).
Description: A medium sized thin-walled bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. The culms are erect
with drooping apex and attain a height of 8–15 m (Flora of China, 2006; Benton, 2015). The culm diameter is 3–5
cm (Benton, 2015) and wall thickness 2−5 mm (Flora of China, 2006). The internode length is 40–70 cm (Benton,
2015; Flora of China, 2006). Branching is from mid-culm upwards, and the node is not prominent.
Distribution
a. Native range: Anhui, Guangdong, and Guangxi to Viet Nam.
China: China Southeast.
Indo-China: Viet Nam.
Western South America: Colombia.
Climatic parameters: The species can tolerate temperatures as low as -10 °C. It grows well in dry areas to those
with 1000 mm annual rainfall.
Soil: The species comes up in moderately rich soils.
Native habitat: B. textilis is usually found growing on hills and cultivated along riversides, around villages and at
low elevations.
Propagation
a. Natural: This species flowers sporadically (Flora of China, 2006) but seed formation is rare. Fresh seeds
have 50–60 % viability which drops to 0 % within one year (Zhang, 2000).
b. Clonal propagation: Rhizome offsets can be used for propagation (Benton, 2015). Propagation through
culm cuttings is not reported but expected to be feasible using two-node cuttings from 1- to 3-year-old
culms.
c. Tissue culture: Listed as a commercially propagated species (Bambu Nusa Verde, Indonesia). Published
protocols not known.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations, border planting, ornamental use, and landscaping.
b. Spacing: 3x3 m; 5x5 m.
Productivity
a. Annual C sequestered : 26.2 Mg C /ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
b. Allometric equations :
44
China (Yang et al., 2011) Tb=-7360.122 + 3933.155D + 41.158D2- 93.171D3
a. MOE : 18.5 (air-dried).
b. Compression strength parallel to grain : 83.3 (split, air-dried), 83.7 (whole culm, air-dried).
c. Shear strength parallel to grain between columns : 13.3 (air-dried) (Rao et al., 1998).
d. Fibre length : 2.29 mm (Su et al., 2005).
e. Fibre diameter : 8.17–28.21 µm (Azzini and Caramello, 1971).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: The species has been cultivated around the world as an ornamental.
Several varieties have been identified: var albo striata, var glabra, var gracilis. (Benton, 2015), Bambusa textilis
‘Maculata’ and B. textilis ‘Purpurascens’ (Flora of China, 2006). Each has specific characteristics for uses such as
weaving, edible shoots etc.
Hybrids have been produced by crosses with Bambusa pervariabilis and Dendrocalamus latiflorus (Rao et al.,
1998). Hybrids such as B. pervariabilis × (D. latiflorus + B. textilis) No. 1, and 7, and D. latiflorus × D. hamiltonii No.
1 were selected successfully (Zhang, 2000). A superior line was generated using culture and field tests.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicrafts (Flora of China, 2006) woven materials (Benton, 2015; Flora of China, 2006),
whole culms in construction (Flora of China, 2006), edible shoots (but small in size) (Benton, 2015),
landscaping (Benton, 2015; Flora of China, 2006), furniture (Flora of China, 2006), fodder.
b. Industrial: Furniture.
c. Potential: Natural fibre, oriented fibreboard.
Research gaps: The potential uses of the various varieties are to be explored after physicochemical
characterisation. Superior selections for various end use other than ornamental requires study of anatomical and
physiochemical properties.
Information Gaps: Information on use of the species in agroforestry is needed.
45
46
10. Bambusa tulda Roxb.
Subspecies/variety/clone: Bambusa tulda Roxb. var tulda; Bambusa tulda Roxb. var. gamblei P. Kumari & P. Singh
var nov.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Dendrocalamus tulda (Roxb.) Voigt, Bambusa macala Buch. Ham. ex Munro,
Bambusa trigyna Roxb. ex Munro.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Jati bah (Assam, India), Mitinga/Mirtenga (Tripura, India,
Bangladesh), Taleda/Taral/Telda (West Bengal, Odisha, India), Wati (Owati) (Garo), Raw thing (Mizoram, India),
Thaik-wa (Myanmar), Bengal Bamboo, fu zhu (China), Calcutta cane/East India Brown Bamboo/Bengal Bamboo,
Longmi, Auoti, Tsuntsan, Rotha, Khoprei Beking, Biurang, Gunyon, Apishe, Api, Apiba, Chera, Vuzhe, Throngjak,
Shixu, Hauh, Haoh, Longmi, Ngat, Jati- Gunyon, Meking, Nyet (Naithani, 2011).
Description: An evergreen clumping bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. The culms are erect and
apically drooping, flexuous (zig-zagged) at lower nodes (Flora of China, 2006). The culms grow to a height of 8–30 m
(Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995; Singh et al., 2010; Benton, 2015). Various estimates of culm diameters are: 5 cm
(Singh et al., 2010); 7.8 cm (base), 8.13 cm (mid), 7.06 cm (top) (Salzer et al., 2018); 7.3 cm (Mohmod et al., 1993);
8.7 cm (Espiloy, 1992); 10 cm (Singh et al., 2010); 10.3 cm (base), 10.9 cm (mid), 9.65 cm (mid), 0.7.6 (top) (Latif
and Tamizi, 1992); 9.0 (bottom), 8.4 (middle), 5.31 (top); 0.85 (bottom), 0.87(mid), 0.81 (top).
Estimates of wall thickness vary depending on location, including 7–15 cm (Singh et al., 2010); 7.1–14.6 cm
(Mohmod et al., 1993); 1.92–2.74 cm (base), 0.76–1.40 cm (mid) and 0.62–0.76 cm (top) (Salzer et al., 2018); 1.46
cm (base), 1.03 cm (mid), 0.82 cm (top) (Latif and Tamizi, 1992). Internode length ranges from 18–35 cm (Mohmod
et al., 1993); or 30–60 cm (Singh et al., 2010) depending on source. Branching occurs from the 4th node upwards
(Flora of China, 2016) and nodes are slightly prominent.
Distribution
a. Native range: Himalaya to China (Yunnan) and Southeast Asia.
China: China South-Central, Tibet.
Indian Subcontinent: Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Nepal, West Himalaya.
Indo-China: Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam.
Western Asia: Iraq.
Western South America: Columbia, Ecuador.
Climatic parameters: B. tulda grows in areas with the temperature range of 4–37 °C (Banik, 2016) or 5.6–43.3 °C
(Srivastava et al., 2012) and precipitation of 1246–1400 mm (Srivastava et al., 2012). It grows well at 4000–6500
mm. The species grows at elevations of 600–1500 m (Banik, 2016; Singh et al., 2010).
Soil: The species prefers fine-textured, moist alluvial soil in in areas with good rainfall such as semi-evergreen
forests (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998; OBDA, 2005; Nautiyal et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2010). It also
prefers flat alluvial deposits (Banik, 2016).
Native habitat: Along borders of evergreen forests and foothills in humid tropical and subtropical regions
(Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998; Anon, 2005; Nautiyal et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2010). Found in
association with Shorea robusta (Sal) and in mixed deciduous forests.
47
Propagation
a. Natural: The species shows both sporadic and gregarious flowering (Srivastava et al., 2012). Estimates of
flowering cycle varies between 15–30 (Kumari and Singh, 2014), 25–40 (Benton, 2015) and 25–30 years
(Nautiyal et al., 2008).
b. Seed weight is estimated at 15 seeds/gram (Banik, 2000), 23.7 (Suraj and Nath, 2011) and 23.69 seeds/
gram (Srivastava et al., 2012). Germination figures of 97 % (Srivastava et al., 2012), 75 % (Sarma et al.,
2010) and 92 % (Ahlawat et al., 2002) in 9-30 days have been reported. Viability under proper storage
conditions is three months.
c. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation is feasible in this species (Kumar, 1991). Rhizome offsets
taken from 1- to 2-year-old culms is successful (Singh et al., 2010). Culm cuttings from mid to lower
nodes have been successfully used for propagation (Banik, 2008). Branch cuttings and air layering is also
successful (Benton, 2015).
d. Tissue culture: Plant production through axillary bud proliferation has been reported by Saxena and
Bhojwani (1991) and Mishra et al. (2008).
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations, agroforestry.
b. Spacing: 5x5 m.
c. Possible species mixed: teak, sal, agroforestry species.
d. Years to maturation: 3–4 (Singh et al., 2010).
e. Shooting season: May–August.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 1088 culms/ha (Majumdar et al., 2016).
b. AGB : 100.29 Mg/ha (Devi and Singh, 2021); 41.84 Mg/ha (Majumdar et
al., 2016); 14132 Mg/ha (Devi and Singh, 2021); 73.58 to 127 Mg/
ha (Devi and Singh, 2021) for plantations older than three years.
c. Annual C sequestered : 27.79 Mg/ha (Devi and Singh, 2021); 20.92 Mg/ha (Majumdar et
al., 2016); 15.17 Mg/ha (Devi and Singh, 2021).
Myanmar 1 (Chan et al., 2013) W=0.131*D2.351
Myanmar 2 (Fukushima et al., 2007) W=0.141*D2.48
a. Density : 0.79 kg/m3 (Kaur et al., 2016).
b. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Lignocellulose 56.2 %; lignin 24 % (Kaur et al., 2016).
c. Fibre length : 2.02–2.47 mm (Mohmod et al., 1993.
d. Starch : 1.8 (Kaur et al., 2016).
Genetic conservation and ecosystem services: The species shows tremendous variability, and 19 genotypes are
recognised (Singh, 1993). Survey germplasm collections and selection of superior genotypes for propagation has
been done by ICFRE throughout Native habitats in India (Ginwal, 2021).
48
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicrafts (Benton, 2015), basketry, whole culms in construction (Benton, 2015), edible
shoots (preferred species for fermented shoots known as soibum, which are culturally important in
Manipur, India) (Benton, 2015; Singh and Singh, 1994), incense sticks, furniture (Benton, 2015), mats,
baskets, fishing rods and flutes.
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo (Benton, 2015), strand woven board (Mohmod et al., 1993), paper pulp
(Tesoro and Espiloy, 1988).
c. Potential: Bioenergy and biorefinery; carbon trading.
Key ecosystem service values: A common species in flood-prone areas of Northeast India and therefore important
in soil erosion control. The species also comes up well in drier tracts and has potential for use in ecological
restoration.
Research gaps: B. tulda is a popular species in India for plantations. It shows tremendous variability and a
comprehensive survey and germplasm collection from its native range and from homesteads. Characterisation and
conservation are needed to improve the prospects of plantations.
Information Gaps: The extent of plantations and differences in productivity of the species in different agroclimatic
zones of India, Bangladesh and other countries is not available. Assessment of resource availability for industry is
difficult.
49
Habitat Culm and branching pattern
50
11. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.
ex J.C. Wendl.
Subspecies/variety/clone: Three varieties: Green, Yellow (“Striata”) and Buddha's Belly (“Wamin”).
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Leleba vulgaris (Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. Arundo mitis Lour., Bambos mitis
(Lour.) Poir., Bambusa mitis (Lour.) Steud., Phyllostachys mitis (Lour.) Rivière & C. Rivière, Arundarbor mitis (Lour.)
Kuntze, Nastus thouarsii Raspail, Bambusa thouarsii (Raspail) Kunth, Nastus viviparus Raspail, Bambusa striata
Lodd. ex Lindl., Arundarbor striata (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Kuntze, Bambusa vulgaris var. striata (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Gamble,
Leleba vulgaris var. striata (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Nakai, Bambusa mitis Blanco, Bambusa monogyna Blanco, Arundarbor
monogyna (Blanco) Kuntze, Bambusa humilis Rchb. ex Rupr., Bambusa surinamenis Rupr., Arundo fera Oken,
Bambusa fera (Oken) Miq., Arundarbor fera (Oken) Kuntze, Bambusa blancoi Steud., Arundarbor blancoi (Steud.)
Kuntze, Bambusa sieberi Griseb., Bambusa auriculata Kurz, Gigantochloa auriculata (Kurz) Kurz. Oxytenanthera
auriculata (Kurz) Prain Bambusa madagascariensis Rivière & C. Rivière, Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata Rivière & C.
Rivière, Bambusa vulgaris f. vittata (Rivière & C. Rivière) McClure, Bambusa vulgaris var. latiflora Balansa, Bambusa
latiflora (Balansa) T.Q. Nguyen, Bambusa nguyenii Ohrnb., Bambusa wamin E.G. Camus, Bambusa vulgaris var.
aureovariegata Beadle, Bambusa vulgaris f. waminii T.H. Wen.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): long tou zhu (China) Jai borua (Assam, India).
Description: B. vulgaris is a tufted bamboo with erect culms and short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. The loosely
clumping, erect culms with drooping tips are slightly bent at the base and grow to a height of 8−15 m with a
diameter of 5−9 cm, wall thickness of 7.3−15 mm and internodal length of 20−30 cm (Flora of China, 2016).
Branching occurs from lower nodes upwards, and nodes are with slightly prominent nodes.
Distribution
a. Native range: China: China South-Central.
Northern Africa: Libya.
West Tropical Africa: Benin, Burkina, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,
Togo.
West-Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Rwanda, Zaire.
Middle Atlantic Ocean: Ascension.
Western Indian Ocean: Aldabra, Chagos Archipelago, Madagascar, Rodrigues.
Indian Subcontinent: Assam, Bangladesh, Eastern Himalaya, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka.
Indo-China: Andaman Islands.
Malesia: Java, Malaya, Maluku.
Papuasia: Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea.
Southwestern Pacific: Tonga, Wallis-Futuna Islands.
North-Central Pacific: Hawaii.
Southeast USA: Florida, South Carolina.
Mexico: Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southwest, Mexico
Southeast.
Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
Caribbean: Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Islands,
Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago, Windward Islands.
51
Western South America: Columbia, Ecuador, Peru.

Brazil: Brazil West-Central, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil South.
Climatic parameters: B. vulgaris grows at elevations of up to 870 m in areas with annual rainfall of 1364.3−2585
mm and mean annual temperatures of around 25 °C.
Soil: This species is widely grown in vertisols and ferralitic soils, sandy, silty, hydromorphic and sandy volcanic soils,
and andosol at a depth of 4.5−6 m (Nfornkah et al., 2020).
Native habitat: The species is found on riversides and in open forests in Yunnan (Flora of China, 2016).
Propagation
a. Natural: It is a sterile species which is rarely in flower and produces no seeds.
b. Clonal propagation: pre-rooted rhizome and culm cuttings are used. The species is easy to propagate by
culm and branch cuttings. Results are enhanced by use of hormones and mist propagation. Vegetative
propagation using ordinary water is also reported (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998). Cuttings
taken from 1- to 2-year-old culms planted in the summer months gave maximum sucess (Banik, 1984);
Ground layering and air layering are also successful. Marcotting with polyacrylamide gel has been
successful (Cariño, 1990).
c. Tissue culture: Micropropagation through axillary bud proliferation has been achieved by Nadgir et
al. (1984); Arya and Arya (2009). Propagation of B. vulgaris f. striata (Ramanayake et al., 2006) and B.
vulgaris f. wamin (Arshad et al., 2005) has also been successful.
Cultivation
b. Spacing: 6x6 m, 8x8 m, 12x12 m.
d. Shooting season: Variable, depending on water availability; May-September in India.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 10 t/ha/year (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998); 2296 culms/ha)
(Nfornkah et al., 2020).
b. AGB : 63.02 t/ha (Nfornkah et al., 2020); 50.44 t C/ha (Sohel et al., 2015).
c. Annual C sequestered : 29.70 t c/ha (AGC); 108.7 t CO2 equivalent (Nfornkah et al., 2020).
Philippines1- culm dry biomass (Uchimura, 1978) log (Cb) = 0.77024 log D2H – 1.24067
India 1- Branches biomass (Nath et al., 2009) log Biomass=1.404+2.073*(log((DBH)^(1)) (Globallome

Equation No.38222)
India 2- AGB (Nath et al., 2009) log Biomass=2.281+2.149*(log((DBH)) (Globallome

Equation No.44044)
India 3- Leaf Biomass (Nath et al., 2009) log Biomass=1.756+1.462*(log((DBH)) (Globallome

Equation No.45932)
Indonesia (Prayogo et al., 2021) Y=1.3553*DBH1.3378

Y=0.0268*H2.7716
where Y is dry weight, in kg
52
a. Specific gravity : 510 (base) 550 (mid), 570 (top) (Mohmod et al., 1990) (Green).
b. Density : 904.76, 727.10 (basic density oven-dried) (Sulaiman et al., 2018).
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica /Ash : Holocellulose 66.5/26.9/1.5/2.4 % (Tesoro and Espiloy, 1988); lignin
67.8–69.6 %; silica 22.7–23.9 %; ash 1.8–2.1 % (Latif and Liese, 1995;
Liese and Tang, 2015).
d. MOE : Green: 6.70 (base) 6.10 (mid) 8.08 (top) 6.96 (mean) 1000MPa
(Mohmod et al., 1990); 25218.25 N/mm2 (Sulaiman et al 2018); 6100
Mpa (Liese, 1986).
e. MOR : Green: 78.41 (base) 58.14 (mid) 46.15 (top) 60.90 (mean) Mpa
(Mohmod et al., 1990); 179.65 N/mm2 (Sulaiman et al., 2018); 62.3
Mpa (Liese, 1986).
f. Fibre length : 3.76 mm.
g. Fibre diameter : 170 µm.
Genetic diversity and conservation status: No assessment of the genetic variability of this species where
propagation is solely through clonal means. Any available variation needs to be conserved and made available for
planting stock for plantations.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, weaving, whole culms in construction, edible shoots, cultivated for edible shoots
in Malaysia (Naithani, 2011).
b. Industrial: Particle board (Calegari et al., 2007; Gauss et al., 2019), laminated bamboo (Biswas et al.,
2011), paper pulp, charcoal, engineered bamboo.
c. Potential: Biofuel, biorefinery.
Key ecosystem service values: B. vulgaris is a truly global bamboo species and has adapted well to a range of
climatic conditions. It is drought as well as salinity tolerant and can therefore be used for ecological restoration
programmes with good success.
Research gaps: Allometric equations for biomass estimations are needed for this important species. Productivity
estimates from different agro-climatic zones are needed.
53
　　　
　　　　　　　Habit 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Culm and branching pattern
　　　
　　　　　　New shoot 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Culm sheath
54
12. Chimonobambusa quadrangularis
(Franceschi) Makino
Subspecies/variety/clone (if any): Tetragonocalamus quadrangularis var. sotaroanus Muroi.; Tetragonocalamus
quadrangularis f. sotaroanus (Muroi) Muroi.; himonobambusa quadrangularis f. sotaroana (Muroi) T.H.Wen.;
Tetragonocalamus quadrangularis f. albostriatus Muroi & H.Okamura; Chimonobambusa quadrangularis
f. albostriata (Muroi & H.Okamura) T.H.Wen; Tetragonocalamus quadrangularis f. aureostriatus Muroi &
H.Okamura; Chimonobambusa quadrangularis f. aureostriata; Tetragonocalamus quadrangularis f. castillonis;
Tetragonocalamus quadrangularis f. nagamineus H.Okamura; Chimonobambusa quadrangularis f. nagaminea;
Tetragonocalamus quadrangularis f. suow; Chimonobambusa quadrangularis f. suow; Chimonobambusa
quadrangularis f. purpureiculma; Chimonobambusa quadrangularis f. cyrano-bergeraca; Tetragonocalamus
quadrangularis f. gimmei; Tetragonocalamus quadrangularis f. tatejima.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambos sikaktake Siebold.; Bambusa sikaktake Zoll.; Bambusa quadrangularis
Franceschi.; Arundinaria quadrangularis (Franceschi) Makino.; Phyllostachys quadrangularis (Franceschi) Rendle.;
Tetragonocalamus quadrangularis (Franceschi) Nakai.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Bambu kimono or bambu krisik (Indonesia) (Tjitrosoedirdjo et al.,
2016); U-sparbah ((Khasi, India) (Kumari and Singh, 2007); fang zhu (Flora of China, 2006), square bamboo (English).
Description: A much spreading, shrubby, erect bamboo with leptomorph rhizomes (Damayanto and Muhaimin
2017). The culms are erect and quadrangular at base and cylindrical in the upper parts and reach a height of 4–8
m and diameter of 2–5 cm. Wall thickness is 2–8 mm and internodal length is 8−25 cm (Kumari and Singh, 2007;
Taihui, 1994; Damyanto and Muhaimin, 2017; Flora of China, 2006). The nodes are characteristic with prominent
spines.
Distribution
a. Native range: Southeastern China to Viet Nam and Taiwan.
Eastern Asia: Japan.
North America, Europe (Flora of China, 2006).
Climatic parameters: The species occurs in areas with an annual temperature and rainfall of 16.3°C and 2266 mm
respectively. It is cold tolerant (up to -12°C, but not lower (PFAF, 2021a). It grows at elevations of 1450–1900 m
(Kumari and Singh, 2007; Taihui, 1994) in moist locations.
Soil: Suitable for light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. Prefers mildly acid, neutral and mildly
alkaline soil (PFAF, 2021).
Native habitat: C. quadrangularis is a short-day plant that can grow well under trees in the forest (Taihui, 1994).
Propagation
a. Natural: The species is not known to flower.
b. Clonal propagation: No reports.
c. Tissue culture: No reports.
55
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations, ecological restoration.
b. Spacing: not spaced (running bamboo).
c. Shooting season: August-December/January (Kumari and Singh, 2007; Taihui, 1994).
Productivity
a. AGB : Not reported.
b. Annual C sequestration : 11.1 Mg C/ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
Japan (Inoue et al., 2019) Culm: Wc = 85.863 D2.258 (r2 = 0.955);

Whole AGB: W = 180.970 D1.883 (r2 = 0.908)
a. Specific gravity : Not reported.
b. Density : Not reported.
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica /Ash : Not reported.
d. MOE : Not reported.
e. MOR : Not reported.
f. Fibre length: : 1463.6 μm (corner) 1452.7 μm (side) (Jiang et al., 2021).
g. Fibre diameter: : 12.3 μm (corner) 12.8 μm (side) (Jiang et al., 2021).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: The inclusion of C. quadrangularis in the IUCN Red List is surprising,
considering its wide distribution (Flora of China, 2006).
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicrafts, whole culms in construction, edible shoots (lalapan, fresh or boiled shoots in
Indonesia) (Widjaja, 2001), ornamental (Taihui, 1994).
b. Potential: Ecological restoration of degraded land, polysaccharides (from bamboo shoot residue) (Chen
et al., 2019).
Key ecosystem service values: Risk of turning invasive; invasive in Jawa, Sumatra, and Hawai (Damayanto and
Muhaimin, 2017; Bystriakova et al., 2003).
Research gaps: Development of protocols for management of this running bamboo for developing plantations is
needed to mitigate its invasive nature.
Information Gaps: information on many physicochemical properties is not available.
56
　　
Habit　　　　　　Culm and branching pattern
　　
New shoot　　　 Culm sheath
57
13. Chusquea culeou É. Desv.

Subspecies/variety/clone: Chusquea culeou var. tenuis D.C. McClint.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Chusquea breviglumis Phil.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Chilean feather clumping bamboo, Chilean bamboo (English),
caña coligüe, colihue (Spanish).
Description: This is an evergreen bamboo with pachymorph short-necked rhizomes forming clumps of about 1–4 m in
diameter. The woody culms attain a height of 1–8 m with diameter of 5.7–21.47 cm with short (10–12 cm), thick,
and solid internodes (Pearson et al., 1994). The nodes are flat without nodal roots and have clusters of branches.
Distribution
a. Native range: Central and South Chile to Northwest Argentina.
Southern South America: Argentina South, Chile Central, Chile South.
b. In cultivation/naturalised in: No recorded.
Climatic parameters: C. culeou grows at altitudes of 765–1160 m and in areas with annual precipitation of 1300–
4000 mm (Pearson et al., 1994). It is tolerant to drought.
Soil: This species prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly
alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade such as in light woodland (Pearson et al., 1994).
Native habitat
It occurs both in pure stands in the open and beneath the dense canopy of Nothofagus forests. Often grows in
association with Berberis sp., Ribes sp. Gaultheria sp., Ovidia pillo-pillo, grass, herbs Nothofagus pumilio N. dombey
and Myrceugenia chrysocarpa (Pearson et al., 1994).
Propagation
a. Natural: Flowering in C. culeou is sporadic and gregarious with a cycle of 15−15 years (Pearson et al.,
1994). This plant seems to be self-sterile with only 2 % of spikelets containing seeds.
b. Clonal propagation: No information on artificial propagation, including on tissue culture, is available.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: No information on the species being cultivated is available.
b. Years to maturation: 4 (Pearson et al., 1994).
c. Shooting season: November-early December.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 10 t/ha/yr; 12 m3/ha/yr (Poblete et al., 2009).
179 t/ha/yr (Pearson et al., 1994).
b. AGB : 162 kg dry weight of 10 clumps (Pearson et al., 1994).
c. Annual C sequestered : AGC: 80.8 Mg C/ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
58
Argentina (Pearson et al., 1994) Dry weight (mg) = 3.4-0.019X + 0.0047X2, where X is length of the
foliage leaf blade in mm; r = + 0.94.
a. Specific gravity : 0.631 g/cm3 and 0.685 g/cm3 (nodes); 0.549 g/cm3 and a maximum
value of 0.616 g/cm3 (internodes) (Poblete et al., 2009).
b. Density : 1.2 g/cm3 (10 fresh culms) (Pearson et al., 1994).
c. C e l l u l o s e / l i g n i n / s i l i c a : Holocellulose: 73.1 (node), 71.9 (internode); Cellulose: 51.4 (node),
content 51.5 (internode); Lignin: 22.3 (node), 23.0 (internode) (Poblete et al.,
2009).
d. MOE : 7.326 N/mm 2 (node), 6.638 N/mm 2 (internode) (Poblete et al.,
2009).
e. MOR : 59.9 N/mm2 (node), 61.9 N/mm2 (internode) (Poblete et al., 2009).
f. Fibre length : 1.68–1.74 mm (Poblete et al., 2009).
g. Fibre diameter : 0.96 µm and 1.02 µm (Poblete et al., 2009).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: No systematic effort at survey, collection, and conservation of the
germplasm of the species seems to have been done. The uniqueness of this solid species adapted to the arid
conditions justifies such efforts to domesticate and utilise the valuable resource.
Uses
a. Traditional: used to make the musical instrument known as trutruca.
b. Industrial: construction.
c. Potential: substitute for large diameter rattan in furniture; excellent species for land restoration
programmes due to its drought tolerant property and an appropriate raw material for the pulp and paper
production.
Key ecosystem service values: Frost-tolerant and widely cultivated in temperate regions. A keystone species which
can control patterns of forest dynamics by impeding regeneration of tree species.
Research gaps: Genetic diversity studies and collection and conservation of germplasm.
59
　　
　　　　　　　Habit　　　 Culm and branching pattern
　　
New shoot　　 Culm sheath
60
14. Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.f.)
Backer ex Heyne
Subspecies/variety/clone: Betung wulung, cv Tahi green and cv Phai Tong Dam (Benton, 2015) cv. Thai green, cv.
Phai Tong Dam, Dendrocalamus asper f. niger Hildebrand., Betung Hitam (Rao et al., 1998).
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Arundo piscatoria Lour., Calamagrostis piscatoria (Lour.) Steud., Bambusa
aspera Schult.f., Arundo aspera (Schult.f.) Oken, Gigantochloa aspera (Schult.f.) Kurz, Sinocalamus flagellifer T.Q.
Nguyen, Bambusa bitung Schult.f., Schizostachyum bitung (Schult.f.) Steud., Arundarbor bitung (Schult.f.) Kuntze,
Revis., Bambusa flagellifera Griff. ex Munro, Trans., Dendrocalamus flagellifer Munro, Schizostachyum loriforme
Munro, Dendrocalamus asper f. niger Hildebr.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Buong (Vietnamese), ma lai tian long zhu (Taiwan).
Description: This is a large tufted, erect bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. Culms attain heights of
15–30 m (Flora of China, 2006; Benton, 2015). Culm diameter ranges between 6−20 cm (Flora of China, 2006;
Benton, 2015) and wall thickness of 1.1–2 cm (Benton, 2015, Banik, 2016). Culms have an internode length of
30–50 cm (Flora of China, 2006; Benton, 2015) and branches form from the 9th node upwards (Flora of China, 2006).
Distribution
a. Native range: Bangladesh to Taiwan and Malesia.
Indo-China: Andaman Islands, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam.
Malesia: Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi,
Sumatra.
Papuasia: New Guinea.
Indian Subcontinent: Sri Lanka.
Papuasia: Bismarck Archipelago.
Brazil: Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central.
Climatic parameters: The species is found growing in area with an average temperature of 27 °C and precipitation
of 217 mm at elevations of around 600 m.
Native habitat: Not known, but the species is planted or naturalised at low elevations up to 1500 m.
Soil: D. asper will grow in any type of soil, but it grows better on heavy soils with good drainage. In Thailand, the
species will grow well on sandy and rather acidic soils.
Propagation
a. Natural: Seed weight is 36.9 seeds/gram (Hanjiang, 2019). Germination is 36.5 % after 18 months at 5 °C
(Banik, 2015a).
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation is feasible in nurseries at intervals of six months.
Rhizome offsets give a success rate of 70–80 % (Banik, 1995).
c. Tissue culture: Propagation through axillary bud proliferation (Arya et al., 2002, Singh et al., 2011,
Banerjee et al., 2011) is successful and has been commercialized in India.
61
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations; plantations for edible shoots.
b. Spacing: 5x5 m, 6x6 m.
c. Possible species mixed: none recorded.
e. Shooting season: May–June (Thailand).
Productivity
a. Culm production : 10−11 t (Malanit et al., 2009); 660–1070 kg/ha/year (Air dried) three- to
four-year-old plantation (Tesoro and Espiloy, 1988).
b. AGB : 16 t culms/ha/year (Pungbun, 2000); 74.5 Mg C/ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
c. Annual C sequestered : 215.48 t /ha (Prayogo et al., 2021).
Indonesia (Prayogo et al., 2021) Y= 1.2974 X 1.3512 (X=DBH, cm)

Y= 0.0028 X 3.0625 (X=Hight of bamboo stem, m)
Y=Dry weight, kg
a. Specific gravity : 0.766 (Malanit et al., 2009).
b. Density : 0.55−0.90 g/cm3 from base to top (Malanit et al., 2009).
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose 61.3 %; lignin 25.5 %; silica 2.4 % (Tamolang et al., 1980);
cellulose 49 %; hemicellulose 22 %; lignin 23 %; extractives 7.1 %;
ash 3.3 % (Bremer et al., 2012).
d. MOE : 15,363 Mpa (air-dried) (Malanit et al., 2009).
e. MOR : 11,953.7 (with nodes), 9433.6 (without nodes) (Prawirohatmodjo,
1990); 198.52 MPa (air-dried) (Malanit et al., 2009); 92-100 MPa
(Royal Forest Dept., 2003).
f. Compression strength : 14.39 MPa (air-dried) (Malanit et al., 2009).
perpendicular to grain
g. Compression strength (parallel) : 8.4 to10.0 MPa (Royal Forest Dept., 2003).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: The species is widely cultivated in plantations in India, all derived through
propagules produced through tissue culture. This has very narrow genetic base and run a risk of pest and disease build
up. Introduction of new germplasm from the native region is therefore important. Germplasm collections have been
made in Sumatra (Banik, 2016).
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, whole culms in construction, edible shoots.
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo (Malanit et al., 2009), oriented strand board (Febrianto et al., 2012;
Malanit et al., 2011); Parquet flooring (Tesoro and Espiloy, 1988).
c. Potential: Bioenergy, biorefinery.
Key ecosystem service values: As a species with good performance around the world multiple uses it can play a role in
ecorestoration programmes with livelihood development. The soil binding role and formation of a good leaf litter mulch
has been seen in plantations in India.
Research gaps: Performance of the different varieties of the species should be tested in other regions of the world
to bring about more diversity in plantations.
62
　　
　　　　　　　　　Habit 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Culm and branching pattern
　　
　　　　　　　　New shoot 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Culm sheath
63
15. Dendrocalamus barbatus

Hsueh & D.Z.Li
Subspecies/variety/clone: Dendrocalamus barbatus var. internodiiradicatus Hsueh & D.Z.Li.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Phai sang chin, phai sang khiao, phai tong chin (Thailand), Luong
bamboo (Viet Nam, English).
Description: A large densely clumped bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizome. The culms attain a height
of 15–20 m and a diameter of 10–15 cm. Thick-walled culms have internodes of 26−32 cm with aerial roots from
the nodes.
Distribution
a. Native range: China: China Central, China South-Central (Yunnan).
b. In cultivation/naturalised in: Indo-China: Thailand, Viet Nam.
Climatic parameters: This species grows at an elevation of 300–1100 m, at temperatures of about 20 °C and with
annual rainfall of 1600–2000 mm (Do et al., 2000).
Soil: D. barbatus grows well on sandy loam to clay loam or silty clay, yellow, and moisture-retentive to moist
soil with pH~4.5 and 2.3 % organic material (Tran, 2010).
Native habitat: The main distribution areas of the species have a warm, moist climate with dry winters and rainy
summers. Dendrocalamus barbatus is light-demanding, so it cannot grow under the canopy of other plants (Le,
2000).
Propagation
a. Natural: Flowering of this species was reported in 2017 in Thailand with seed weight of 32–34 seeds/
gram. The germination potential was 30–35 %.
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation is expected to be feasible but not reported. The stump
digging or rhizome offsets are successfully transferred for propagation (Tran, 2010). Branch cuttings and
air layering are also reported as a successful method (Tran, 2010).
c. Tissue culture: Shoot cultures and callus induction have been successfully established from seeds by He
et al. (2011) and Wang et al. (2012).
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations.
b. Spacing: 5x10 m.
c. Possible species mixed: None recorded.
d. Years to maturation: 4.
e. Shooting season: None recorded.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 42 million culms/yr (Trieu et al., 2020).
b. AGB : 36.1 ton/ha (Trieu et al., 2020).
c. Annual C sequestered : 17.5 ton/ha (Trieu et al., 2020), 26.6 MgC/ha (AGB) (Yuen et al., 2017).
64
Viet Nam (Phuong et al., 2012) AGB = 0.1726*D2.0545
a. Specific gravity : Not reported.
b. Density : Not reported.
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose 48.62 %; lignin 27.96 % (Qing et al., 2008).
d. MOE : 179.2 N/mm2 (Tran, 2010).
e. MOR : 99.9 ± 2.9 N/mm2 (Tran, 2010).
f. Fibre length : 4.52 mm (Qing et al., 2008).
g. Fibre diameter : 20.13 µm (Qing et al., 2008).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Not known.
Uses
a. Traditional: Shoots for food; culms for construction.
b. Industrial: Pulp, paper, activated charcoal, edible shoots.
c. Potential: Wood-based panels, strand woven flooring panels, bamboo matboard.
Research gaps: Assessments of genetic diversity and efforts at selection and conservation of superior genotypes
are needed.
Information Gaps: Physicochemical properties are not available, nor is the scope of large-scale propagation
methods.
65
　　
Habit　　Culm and branching pattern
　　
66
16. Dendrocalamus brandisii (Munro) Kurz
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa brandisii Munro; Arundarbor brandisii (Munro) Kuntze.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Bulka, Wanan, Burma bamboo (India); Bo shi tian long zhu (China);
Kyalo-wa, wabo (Myanmar); hôk (Lao PDR); phai-bongyai phai-sangyen (Thailand).
Description: The species is a large, tall evergreen bamboo with erect culms and short-necked pachymorph
rhizomes (Banik, 2016). Culms attain a height 19–33 m (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998; Flora of China,
2016). Culm diameter is 13–20 cm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998), wall thickness 1.7–3 mm (Viswanath
et al., 2007) and internode length, 30–43 cm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998; Viswanath et al., 2007;
Flora of China). Branching is mostly mid-culms upward and nodes are not prominent, but aerial roots are present.
Distribution
a. Native range: China: China South-Central.
Climatic parameters:
a. Temperature: Not reported.
b. Precipitation: Not reported.
c. Altitude: 1300 m.
d. Soil: In Myanmar, the species is frequently found on limestone, but it also grows well on well-drained
loamy soils.
Native habitat: D. brandisii grows in wet, evergreen tropical forest at elevations of up to 1300 m.
Propagation
a. Natural: Flowering cycle is 40–50 years (Viswanath et al., 2013). Seed weight is 100 seeds/gram (Viswanath
et al., 2013). Germination of up to 90 % is obtained within 90 days of collection (Viswanath et al., 2013).
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation is practiced at six-month intervals in nurseries. Rhizome
offsets and culm cutting, treated with hormones, are used routinely for propagation. (Somen et al.,
2011). Rhizomatous branch cuttings have a success rate of 70 % (Somen et al., 2011).
c. Tissue culture: Micropropagation through axillary bud proliferation (Mukunthakumar et al., 1999; Chetan,
2012; Muralidharan and Seethalakshmi, 2017) and through somatic embryogenesis using zygotic embryo
as explant (Vongvijitra, 1988; Nadgauda et al., 1990; Zamora, 1994; Muralidharan and Seethalakshmi,
2017).
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations, Agroforestry planting.
b. Spacing: 5x5 m, 6x6 and 6x10 m (Viswanath et al., 2013).
c. Possible species mixed: Agroforestry intercrops (Ginger) (Viswanath et al., 2007).
e. Shooting season: June–September.
Productivity
a. Culm production : Annual fresh culms/clump: 2 (third year) to 10+ (eighth year) up to 40
(Viswanath et al., 2007); Annual shoot production is 19.32−23.57 t/ha
(Maoyi, 2007).
67
b. AGB : Not reported.

c. Annual C sequestered : AGC- 74.5 Mg C/ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
d. Allometric equations : Not reported.
a. C e l l u l o s e / l i g n i n / s i l i c a : Holocellulose 72.69 %; acid insoluble lignin 26.9 %; acid soluble lignin
content 3.23 %; ash; silica 0.94 %.
b. MOE : Laminated boards: mean MOE of 11594 N/mm (Appiah-Kubi et al.,
2014).
c. MOR : Laminated boards: mean MOR of 99.73 N/mm (Appiah-Kubi et al.,
2014).
d. Fibre length (in mm) : 2.02−2.47 mm, 2.52 (Wang et al., 2016); 2.08 (top), 2.76 (middle),
2.72 (bottom) (Wang et al., 2016).
e. Fibre diameter (in µm) : 17.63 (Wang et al., 2016), 16.05 (T) 20.88 (M) 15.95(B) (Wang et al.,
2016).
f. Runkel Ratio : 3.98 (Wang et al., 2016).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: No efforts at studying and conserving the genetic diversity appears to
have been done.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, weaving, whole culms in construction, edible shoots.
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo, strand woven, paper pulp, composite fibre, edible shoots.
Key ecosystem service values: The species is suited for stabilisation of hilly terrain in humid tropics.
Research gaps: Studies on ecological requirements, cultivation methods, management, propagation,

physicochemical properties are needed. Live germplasm collections and selection of superior genotypes for
planting stock production are urgently needed (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
68
　　
Habit　　 Culm and branching pattern
　　
69
17. Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro

Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Sinocalamus giganteus (Munro) Keng f.; Bambusa gigantea Wall.
Common names: (language/area in parenthesis) Giant bamboo (English), Maipo, Bhalo bans, Mari bol, Sadiya kako (India)
(Haridasan and Tiwari, 2008); bambu sembilang (Indonesia); buloh betong, bambu sembilang (Malaysia); wabo, ban
(Myanmar); russey prey (Cambodia); po’ (Lao PDR); phai-po, phai-pok (Thailand); m[aj]nh t[oo]ng to (Viet Nam).
Description: D. giganteus is among the largest of all bamboos. The species has short-necked pachymorph rhizomes
and culms that reach a height of 24–30 m and diameter of 20–30 cm. Wall thickness is 2–3 cm and the internodal
length, 35–45 cm (Sint and Myint, 2008). The nodes are flat with branching only on upper ones.
Distribution
a. Native range: West Bengal, India to Yunnan, China.
Indian Subcontinent: Assam, Eastern Himalayas, India.
Indo-China: Laos, Myanmar.
Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka.
Western Indian Ocean: Mauritius, Madagascar, Seychelles.
Indo-China: Cambodia, Thailand, Viet Nam).
Malesia: Jawa, Malaya, Sumatra.
Caribbean: Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago.
Western South America: Ecuador.
Climatic parameters: The species is found at elevations of up to 1200 m.
Soil: The species prefers rich alluvial soils.
Native habitat: The species is found naturally in mid tropical highlands, at up to 1200 m altitude but can grow in
tropical lowlands and is found in natural teak forests in Thailand (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Propagation
a. Natural: The species has a flowering cycle (gregarious) of 30–60 years (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995;
Kumari and Singh, 2014) but sporadic flowering/part flowering is common. The seed weight is 20 seeds/
gram and germination success rate 60-75 % obtained in 3–7 days (Banik, 2016).
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation is possible after about 6 months of transplanting in
nursery bed/containers. Rhizome offsets are successful but not very practical due to the large size of
the culm and rhizomes. Culm cuttings have been used successfully (20–40 %) to produce rooted plants
in in 60–70 days. Mid-culm nodes are found to be best, whereas branch cuttings give 60–70 % rooting
in 45−55 days (Banik, 2008). Branch cuttings gave 63.33 % rooting without any treatment (Razvi et al.,
2015).
c. Tissue culture: Axillary bud proliferation (Ramanayake and Wanniarachchi, 2003; Ramanayake et
al., 2008; Arya et al., 2006) and organogenesis (Ramanayake and Wanniarachchi, 2003) have been
successfully reported with this species.
Cultivation
b. Spacing: 10x10 m.
c. Possible species mixed: Teak.
70
d. Years to maturation: 7 but full culm size is reached only in 15 (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
e. Shooting season: June–September (India).
Productivity
a. Culm production : 200 culms and 200 young shoots/ha/yr (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995);
20 to 30 t/ha (Guadua Bamboo 2021) *.
b. Annual C sequestered : 15.5 Mg C /ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
China (Tang et al., 2011) For 1 year old, Tb = 0.226D1.925

For 1–2 years old, Tb = 0.398D2 – 2.709D + 8.046
For 2–3 years old, Tb = 0.275D1.955
a. Specific gravity : 0.71 (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
b. Density : 765 kg/m2 (Sint et al., 2008).
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Not reported.
d. MOE
i. Static bending : 6656 N/mm2 (Sint et al., 2008).
ii. Compression parallel to grain : 2117 N/mm2 (Sint et al., 2008).
iii. Shear : 13.32 N/mm2 (node), 14.41 (w/o node) (Sint et al., 2008).
e. MOR : 179 N/mm2 (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
f. Fibre length : 2.650 (Pande, 2009), 0.82 to 6.42 mm (Wang et al., 2016);
1.4–4.6 mm (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
g. Fibre diameter : 13 µm (Pande, 2009); 26 µm (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: The species is planted in botanical gardens and bambuseta in several
countries, but germplasm collections are not known. Survey and collections representative of populations in the
native range is needed to broaden the genetic base of plantations.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicrafts, whole culms in construction, wall, flattened culms for ceiling and floorboards
edible shoots, furniture, ornamental (landscaping), water pipes, sheath made into hats.
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo, paper pulp.
c. Potential: Flooring tiles, disposable plates from culm sheath.
Key ecosystem service values: The large sizes attained of the species and difficulty in obtaining planting material
makes it underutilised for landscaping and ecological restoration projects, where it has some potential.
Research gaps: Physicochemical characterisation of the species and productivity data for culms and edible
shoots are needed to explore the scope of the species of wider applications and assess potential for commercial
plantations.
Information Gaps: Comparison with other species with similar climatic requirements with regard to productivity
data are required to assess potential for plantations.
* Secondary and unverified source of information.
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18. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii
Nees & Arn. ex Munro
Subspecies/variety/clone: Dendrocalamus hamiltonii var. edulis Munro; Dendrocalamus hamiltonii var. hamiltonii.;
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii var. undulatus Stapleton.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Sinocalamus hamiltonii (Nees & Arn. ex Munro) T.Q. Nguyen.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Kako, Fonay, Pecha, Taqma, Unep, Wanoke, Pao, Phulrua, Maggar
(India) (Haridasan and Tiwari 2008); Vupa, Yiza, Watsa, Duling, Apo Khoguo, Hepai, Chentsu, Aghakhaub, Ratho,
Apibo, Muyipru, Remhuh, Luhg, Woa, Talua, Waeng, Hepai, Vongnyu (Nagaland, India) (Naithani, 2011); Tama,
Choya bans (Nepal); Thailand: phai-nual-yai, pai-hok (North, Thailand), waa-klu (Karen, Thailand); manh tong nua
(Viet Nam); ko hoe, hôk (Lao PDR).
Description: A large evergreen bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. Culms are erect but slightly zig
zag in appearance with drooping (pendulous) top that attain a height of 12–24 m (Naithani, 2011). Wall thickness
is 1.2–2 mm and internodal length 30– 50 cm. Stout branches occur from base (Naithani, 2011).
Distribution
a. Native range: Nepal to China (Yunnan) and Southeast Asia.
China: South Central China.
Indian Subcontinent: Assam, Bangladesh, Eastern Himalayas, Nepal.
Indo-China: Cambodia.
Climatic parameters: The species grows in areas with annual mean temperature above 16 °C with 900–2000 mm
annual rainfall and about 70 % annual mean relative humidity (Zhan et al., 2016). It is found at elevations of 300–
2000 m (Das, 1990).
Native habitat: The species is found in upland areas with moist fertile soil, especially in hilly semi-evergreen to
evergreen forests. It commonly occurs along banks of streams and in valleys, often forming dense thickets, in
evergreen and moist forests (Banik, 2016). The species seems to be light-demanding and is rarely seen under the
tree canopy. The species does not tolerate biotic interference (Banik, 2016).
Propagation
a. Natural: Flowering cycle is reported to be 30–40 years (Kumari and Singh,2014) and the seed weight is
26.4 seeds/gram (Kumari and Singh, 2014). Germination of 80–85% seeds occur in 3–7 days. Viability is
only up to 25 days without proper storage.
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation is feasible (Kumari and Singh, 2014). Rhizome
offsets are successful (60–70 %) for propagation (Banik, 2016). Culm cuttings (70–80 %) and branch
cuttings (70–75 %) as well as pre-rooted and pre-rhizomed branch from 1.5–2-year-old culms give good
results (Banik, 2008; Banik, 2016).
c. Tissue culture: Propagation through axillary bud proliferation (Arya et al., 2012; Sood et al., 2002;
Agnihotri and Nandi, 2009) and somatic embryogenesis (Godbole et al., 2002) have been demonstrated.
Cultivation: The species is suitable for block planting and for river side planting. A spacing of 4x4 m (Banik, 2016)
is ideal. Intercropping with turmeric has been successful (Banik, 2016). It takes 3–5 years for maturation when
established from rhizomes. New shoots emerge from June–August.
73
Productivity
a. AGB : 71.76 kg/Clump (Alemayehu et al., 2015).
b. Annual C sequestered : 70.8 Mg C/ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
Laos (Xayalath et al., 2019) AGB=1.2130 DBH1.2249 (r2=0.4688)

AGB=0.6252 (DBH2 H) 0.4600 (r2=0.5196)
AGB is in kg, DBH is in cm, H is culm length, m.
a. Specific gravity : 0.64−0.8 (oven-dried) (Banik, 2016).
b. C e l l u l o s e / l i g n i n / s i l i c a : Cellulose 64.8–77.6 %; lignin 21.2–27.1 %; silica 1–3.4 %; ash 1.9–2.5 %;
content Extractives 0.7–2.3 % (Zhan et al., 2016).
c. Static Bending : 18860 N/mm2 (Sint and Myint, 2008).
d. Compression parallel to : 3404 N/mm2 (Sint and Myint, 2008).
grain
e. Shear strength : 15.3 N/mm2 (node): 15.06 N/mm2 (w/o node) (Sint et al., 2008).
f. Fibre length : 3.2 mm (Pande, 2009); 3.36mm (Qing et al., 2008)
g. Fibre diameter : 13 µm (Pande, 2009).
h. Slenderness ratio : 157.99 (Zhan et al., 2016).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Pattanaik and Hall (2014) have studied the patterns of morphometric
variability in populations of the species across East Khasi Hills, Northeast India. Meena et al. (2019) have developed
suitable molecular markers that would serve to assess the genetic diversity of population. Survey and collection of
accessions and conservation of germplasm in ex situ collection have been done in India by ICFRE (Ginwal, 2021). A
selection, DH001/Ml/HP, with superior culm traits has been identified at Pantnagar, India (Banik, 2016).
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, whole culms in construction, edible shoots, incense sticks (Banik, 2008), wind
break in tea plantations (Naithani, 2011), pickled leaf (Hiyup) in Arunachal, India (Pal, 1984), fodder.
b. Industrial: Paper Pulp (Naithani, 2011; Zhan et al., 2016).
c. Potential: Bioenergy, biorefinery, engineered bamboo.
Key ecosystem service values: The species is adapted to hilly slopes and can play a role in stabilising the soil and
preventing landslips. It plays a significant role as source of food for wild animals in its natural habitat.
Research gaps: The species performs well in areas outside its Himalayan range. Performance trials for other
agroclimatic zones and for agroforestry is needed. There is scope for extensive survey of natural populations across
the large distribution range with potential for great genetic diversity.
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19. Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro

Subspecies/variety/clone: cv Meimung in China (Benton, 2015); Subconvex’ (D. latiflorus Munro var. lagenarius
Lin) (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Sinocalamus latiflorus (Munro) McClure; Dendrocalamus latiflorus var.
lagenarius W.C. Lin, Sinocalamus latiflorus var. magnus T.H. Wen, Dendrocalamus latiflorus var. magnus (T.H. Wen)
T.H. Wen.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): ma zhu (China), Diem truc or Bat do (Viet Nam).
Description: This large species of bamboo has short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. The culms are erect with
pendulous tips (Naithani, 2011) and attain a height of 14–25 m. The culms have a diameter of 5–20 cm (Flora of
China, 2006; Naithani, 2011) and a wall thickness of 0.5–3 mm. The internodes have a length of 20–70 cm. The
nodes of the species are flat, and branching occurs from mid-culm upwards.
Distribution: Myanmar to Southern China and Taiwan.

a. Native range: China: China South-Central, Hainan, China Southeast.
Indo-China: Cambodia, Myanmar, Viet Nam.
Eastern Asia: Japan, Nansei-Shoto, Ogasawara-Shoto, Taiwan.
Malesia: Jawa.
Caribbean: Cuba.
Indo-China: Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia.
Climatic parameters: The species tolerates temperatures as low as -4 °C, prefers areas with high rainfall and at
elevations of 100–1000 m.
Soil: This species grows best in moist, sandy loam and fertile soils. In the tropics it can be cultivated in lowlands as
well as in the highlands, but heavy clay, gravel alkaline or acidic soils are not suitable for the production of edible
shoots (Guadua Bamboo, 2021)*.
Native habitat: Subtropical regions of Taiwan. It is cultivated in the lowlands and highlands of other countries in
Southeast Asia.
Propagation
a. Natural: The species is not known to flower gregariously and sporadic flowering with seeds is reported.
90 % of the seeds germinate within two weeks (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation has not been reported but is expected to be successful.
Rhizome offsets and culm cuttings are routinely used for propagations (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Culm cuttings with two-noded cuttings are preferred (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995; Benton, 2015). Air
layering is also successful (Benton, 2015).
c. Tissue culture: Propagation through Inflorescence culture has been reported (Lin et al., 2007b).
Cultivation
b. Spacing: 5x5 m, 4x4 m and 2x4.5 m.
c. Possible species mixed: Not reported.
e. Shooting season: Not reported.
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Productivity
a. Annual C Sequestration : 14.2 Mg C/ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
China 1- Total Dry biomass (Feng et al., Tb = -9.175 + 2.419 D – 0.002 D3

2010) Tb=18.579 – 1.923 H + 0.08 H2
Tb=-7.522 + 2.028 Bd – 0.02 Bd2
China 2 (You, 2002) W=0.1478244*D1.815716*H0.1221029 (1 yr, dry wt, kg)

W=1.078253*D1.306463*H0.1478039 (2 yr, dry wt, kg)
a. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Holocellulose 80.15%; lignin 24.76% (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
b. MOE : 92.63 MPa (top), 139.52 MPa (mid), 159.95 MPa (base) (Acma, 2017).
c. MOR : 98.67 MPa (top), 76.85 MPa (mid), 43.2 MPa (base) (Acma, 2017).
d. Fibre length : 3.01 mm (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
e. Fibre diameter : 18.1 µm (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Germplasm collections of D. latiflorus are available in China
(Guangdong), Taiwan, Indonesia (Lampung, Sumatra) and the Philippines. Promising hybrids have been developed
from crossings with B. pervariabilis (for paper-making material and edible shoots), B. textilis (for culm production)
and D. minor (for culm production) (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, whole culms in construction, edible shoots, furniture (Benton, 2015), agricultural
implements, water pipes, basketry, rafts, weaving, furniture, chopsticks, hats from leaves, cooking
utensils for rice.
b. Industrial: Bamboo boards, paper making.
Research gaps: Potential for expanding plantations in other countries with similar agro-climatic zones should be
explored.
Information Gaps: Data on several parameters need to be collected.
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20. Dendrocalamus longispathus
(Kurz) Kurz
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa longispatha Kurz.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Orah, Khag bansh (Bangladesh); Rupai, Wamlik, Rawnal, Siejlong
(India); Orah, Wanet, Waya, Talagu (Myanmar), Long sheath bamboo (English).
Description: D. longispathus is a densely clumped bamboo with pachymorph short-necked rhizomes. Culms attain
a height of 10–18 m with culm diameter of 4–10 cm and wall thickness of 2−18 mm. The internodal length is 12.5–
38.2 cm (base), 48−65 cm (mid) and 6.5–16 cm (top) (Banik, 2016). Culms have flat nodes and branches emerge
from mid-culm nodes upwards.
Distribution
a. Native range: Indian Subcontinent: Assam [Tripura, Nagaland, Mizoram], Bangladesh (Banik, 2016).
Malesia: Malaya.
b. In cultivation/naturalised in: Indian Subcontinent: India [Kerala].
Climatic parameters: This species grows well in moist lowland tropical and subtropical region with temperature
of 20–27 °C and it can tolerate up to 11 °C. It occurs at elevations up to 1000 m with annual rainfall of 1800–6000
mm (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995; Banik, 2016).
Soil: No information available.
Native habitat: It grows along streams in the most fertile loamy soil and partially shaded fringes of the forest, and
in moist deciduous forests without closed canopy cover (Banik, 2016). Associated with Albizzia sp., Aphanamixis
polystachya, Anthocephalus chinensis, Artocarpus sp., Dipterocarpus sp., Duabanga sp., Gmelina arborea, Syzygium
sp., Terminalia sp. Melocanna baccifera, Bambusa tulda, rarely with S. dulloa, D. hamiltonii (Banik, 2016). It grows
in the regions of Rakhain, Bago, Thonze, Konbilin forests and Tungoo, Arakan and Tenasserim in Myanmar and
Sylhet and Chittagong in Bangladesh.
Propagation
a. Natural: Flowering cycle is estimated to be 29–45 years (Kumari and Singh, 2014; Banik, 2016). Seed
weight is 135 seeds/gram (Banik, 2016) and 76.4 % germination under shadenet (50 % sunlight) (Banik,
2015b). Viability of seeds is retained only for 55 days.
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation has a success rate of 70-85 % (Banik, 1995). Rhizome
offsets offer 60–75% success (Banik, 1995). Culm cuttings of two-noded culm segments treated with
hormones have a success rate of 30–45 % (Banik, 1995). Branch cuttings have a success rate of 25–40%
with hormone treatment (Banik, 1995).
c. Tissue culture: Micropropagation through axillary bud proliferation (Saxena and Bhojwani, 1991; Haque,
2010) and somatic embryogenesis (Saxena and Bhojwani, 1993) have been successful.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations; edible shoot production in Bangladesh (Banik, 1998).
b. Spacing: 4×4 m or 5×5 m (Banik, 2016).
c. Possible species mixed: Intercrops of Glycine max, Sesamum sp, Cajanus cajan, Erygium foetidum), rice
(Jhum variety), Hibiscus esculentus, local chillies. After 4–5 years: Curcuma longa, Ananus comosus (Banik,
2016) and Zingiber officinale.
79
d. Years to maturation: Up to 3; attain full size in 10 (Banik, 2016). 3–4-year-old culms are to be cut
selectively to obtain sustainable yield (Banik and Islam, 2005).
e. Shooting season: April–November (Banik, 2016).
Productivity
a. Culm production : 4–9 culms/year.
b. AGB 15 to 150 Mg/ha for 1- to 3-year-old plants (Devi and Singh, 2021);
: 16.66 t/ha (Puangchit et al., 2019).
c. Annual C Sequestration : 50.11 to 65.16 Mg C/ha (Devi and Singh, 2021).
India (Rawat et al., 2018) Y=-3.53+0.71*DBH+0.33*ht

Myanmar (Puangchit et al., 2019) y=3.579 DBH0.762
a. Specific gravity : 0.80 (top), 0. 76 (mid), 0.71 (base).
b. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose 65.42 % (Lalduhsanga et al., 2013).
c. MOE : 277 (top) 196 (mid) 199 (1000 kg/cm2) (base) (Sattar et al., 1992).
d. MOR : 551 (top) 700 (mid) 905 (kg/cm2) (base) (Sattar et al.,1992).
e. Fibre length : 3.51 mm, 1.0−5.50 mm (Pande, 2009).
f. Fibre diameter : 6−28 µm (Pande, 2009).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: No information available.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicrafts, weaving, whole culms in construction, edible shoots, craft paper.
b. Industrial: Paper pulp (Banik, 2016) curtains, round sticks.
c. Potential: Kite frames.
Key ecosystem service values: The species prefers moist locations and is therefore suited for control of soil
erosion in riverbanks and near streams and water bodies.
Research gaps: Survey, collection and characterisation of superior germplasm and conservation efforts are needed.
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21. Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro

Subspecies/variety/clone: cv. Grandis.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa membranacea (Munro) Stapleton & N.H. Xia; Dendrocalamus
longifimbriatus Gamble; Sinocalamus longifimbriatus (Gamble) T.Q. Nguyen; Oxytenanthera lacei Gamble;
Dendrocalamus membranaceus f. fimbriligulatus Hsueh & D.Z. Li; Dendrocalamus membranaceus f. pilosus Hsueh
& D.Z. Li; Dendrocalamus membranaceus f. striatus Hsueh & D.Z. Li.
Description: A large evergreen clumping bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes and culms that reach a
height of 8–25 m with pendulous tips (Flora of China, 2006; Durai and Long, 2019). Culm diameter is 7–12 cm and
internode 34–42 cm long (Flora of China, 2006; Durai and Long, 2019). Branching occurs from base to top and the
nodes are not prominent (Flora of China, 2006).
Distribution
a. Native range: Bangladesh to China (South Yunnan) and Southeast Asia.
China: China South-Central [Yunnan].
Malesia: Sumatera.
Indian Subcontinent: India.
Climatic parameters: D. membranaceus grows in the temperature range of 22–33 °C (Durai and Long, 2019), in
areas with precipitation of ~1000 mm (Durai and Long, 2019). The preferred altitude for the species is 1150 m but
is found growing from 50–1400 m (Durai and Long, 2019).
Soil: Prefers a moist laterite or black limestone soil, but plants can tolerate arid and barren conditions
(Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998). Light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clayey) soils, prefers well-
drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil with mildly acid, neutral, and basic (mildly alkaline) pH (PFAF,
2021b)*.
Native habitat: The species is found in river valleys to hilly forested areas (Flora of China, 2006) in mixed deciduous
or monsoon forests (Durai and Long, 2019) as pure bamboo forest or mixed with broad-leaved trees (China).
Propagation
a. Natural: The flowering cycle is 19–20 years and germination of 38 % seeds is obtained (Seethalakshmi
and Muktesh Kumar, 1998). Seed weight is 25 /g (Hanjiang, 2019).
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation is not reported but expected to be feasible. Rhizome
offsets and culm and branch cuttings hare reported be successful (Durai and Long, 2019).
c. Tissue culture: Micropropagation through axillary bud proliferation has been reported by Arya et al.
(2002).
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block Plantations, Agroforestry.
b. Spacing: 5x5 m.
b. Years to maturation: 3–5.
c. Shooting season: May–September.
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Productivity
a. Culm production : 6250 culms/ha (Komiya et al., 2001).
c. Annual C sequestered : 23.8 Mg C/ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
North Viet Nam (Komiya et al., 2001) Y= aXb

Y stands for dry weight (kg) or height (rn) and X is DZH (di·m) or DBH (cm),
a and b are constants determined with applying least square method.
Laos (Xayalath, et. al., 2019) AGB (kg)=0.3634*DBH1.9938 (r2=0.9360)

DBH in cm.
a. Specific gravity : 0.55−0.65 (Narasimhamurthy et al., 2013).
b. Density : 702 ± 0.05 kg/m3(Chitbanyong and Puangsin, 2017).
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Holocellulose 74. 3 %; alpha-cellulose 67.9 %; acid-insoluble lignin
27.6 %; ash 0.02 % (Chitbanyong et al., 2018).
d. MOE : 6414 MPa (base), 7458 MPa (mid) and 6609 MPa (top)
(Narasimhamurthy et al., 2013).
e. MOR : 127.7 MPa (base), 97.3 MPa (mid) and 102.3 MPa (top)
(Narasimhamurthy et al., 2013).
f. Fibre length : 2.16±0.04 mm (Chitbanyong and Puangsin, 2017).
g. Fibre diameter : 36.89±0.62 mm (Chitbanyong and Puangsin, 2017).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Threatened by cultivation, loss of germplasm, conservation efforts
required (Yang et al., 2012). Although not a threatened species its main distribution in the south of Yunnan
includes one of the habitats of the wild Asian elephant (Xie et al., 2016) in situ conservation measures for all
populations in Yunnan and collecting sufficient samples for ex situ conservation is recommended. the conservation
area to be extended to its main natural habitats, the Lancang-Mekong River Valley (Yang et al., 2012).
Uses
a. Traditional: Whole culms in construction (Yang et al., 2012; Durai and Long, 2019), edible shoots (Yang et
al., 2012; Durai and Long, 2019), furniture (Yang et al., 2012).
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo (Durai and Long, 2019), paper pulp (Yang et al., 2012, Durai and Long,
2019), fibre board, chopsticks.
a. Potential: Bioenergy plantations and biorefinery.
Key ecosystem service values: The natural forest of this species is habitat for wild Asian elephants (Yang et al.,
2012).
Research gaps: Assessment of genetic variability across the distribution range and collection of germplasm
accession for selection of superior ones for future plantations.
Information Gaps: Data on several parameters is not available.
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22. Dendrocalamus sikkimensis
Gamble ex Oliv.
Synonyms: None.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Annung, Wakap, Gunyin, Vuyo, Ming (Nagaland, India) (Naithani,
2011), Wadah (Garos); Pugriang (Lepcha, India); Rawami, Sangau (Mizoram, India) (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh
Kumar, 1998); xi jin long zhu (China) (Flora of China, 2006); Bhalu-bans (Nepal) (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh
Kumar, 1998).
Description: This large erect clumping bamboo has short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. The culms reach a height
of 10–22 m (Naithani, 2011; Flora of China, 2006). Culm diameter ranges from 10–18 mm (Flora of China, 2006;
Naithani, 2011). The culms have a wall thickness of 1–3.5 cm (Flora of China, 2006; Naithani, 2011) and internode
length of 45–56 cm (Flora of China, 2006; Naithani, 2011). Branching in the species occurs from mid-nodes
upwards (Naithani, 2011).
Distribution
a. Native range: East Himalaya to China (S. Yunnan).
India Subcontinent: Assam, East Himalaya.
Caribbean: Cuba, Puerto Rico.
Indian Subcontinent: Kerala.
Climatic parameters: The species occurs at elevations of 100–1800 m (Flora of China, 2006; Naithani, 2011).
Soil: No information is available.
Native habitat: No information is available.
Flowering Cycle (in years): Not reported.
Propagation
a. Natural: Germination of 90 % has been reported by Jijeesh et al. (2012).
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation is feasible at 6-month cycles. Rhizome offsets are used
successfully for establishing plantations. Culm cuttings and branch cuttings are also feasible.
c. Tissue culture: Not reported.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations, border plantations, agroforestry.
b. Spacing: 5x5 m.
e. Shooting season: May–July (Kerala, India).
Productivity
a. Culm production : 6250 culms/ha (Komiya et al., 2001).
b. AGB : 21.3 Mg/ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
85
c. Annual C sequestered : 23.8 Mg C/ha (Yuen et al., 2017).

d. Allometric equations : None reported.
Mechanical properties: No published information available.
Genetic diversity and conservation status: No information is available.
Uses
a. Traditional: Whole culms in construction (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998), edible shoots,
fodder, milk/water containers (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
b. Industrial: Paper pulp (Holstrom, 1993), engineered bamboo.
Key ecosystem service values: Not reported.
Research gaps: Data on productivity and physicochemical characterisation are needed to explore scope for other
applications.
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23. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees

Subspecies/variety/clone: Three ecotypes found in India: Common (medium-sized, dense clumps with solid
culms); Large (loose clumps with straight culms and smooth internodes): and Karka, a dwarf type found in Madhya
Pradesh, India.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016); Bambos stricta Roxb.; Nastus strictus (Roxb.) Sm.; Bambusa stricta (Roxb.)
Roxb.; Bambusa tanaea Buch. -Ham. ex Wall.; Bambusa pubescens Lodd. ex Lindl., Arundo hexandra Roxb. ex
Munro; Bambusa glomerata Royle ex Munro; Bambusa hexandra Roxb. ex Munro; Bambusa verticillata Rottler ex
Munro; Bambusa stricta var. argentea Rivière; Dendrocalamus strictus var. prainianus Gamble; Dendrocalamus
prainiana Varmah & Bahadur.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Latare, Katli, Lathi, Dominee, Salia bauns, Tursing, Karka, Nakur
bans, Kiri bidiru, Narvel, Kalmungil, Kallumula, Sadanapa Veduru, Karali, Lathi bans, Karail, Karka (India); Lathi
(Nepal); Hmyin - wa (Myanmar); Bambu batu (Indonesia) (Banik, 2016), Lathi bans, Kanka kara, Sandapa veduru,
Karal, Kurathi mula (Haridasan and Tewari, 2008); Kirok, Oham Nget, Tephrie rie (Nagaland, India) (Naithani, 2011).
Description: A densely tufted, deciduous, sympodial bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. The
culms grow to a height of 6–15 m (Naithani, 2011) and in some areas up to 20 m (Benton, 2015). It attains a culm
diameter of 2.5–7 cm (Naithani, 2011). The most common ecotypes have solid culms. Internode length ranges
from 30–40 cm with the 5th to 6th internode being the longest (Naithani, 2011). Culms are slightly zig-zagged at
times, have slightly prominent nodes and branching is seen from base to mid-culm.
Distribution
a. Native range: Indian Subcontinent: Assam, India, Nepal, Pakistan, West Himalaya.
Caribbean: Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago, Windward Islands.
Malesia: Jawa, Malaya.
Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia.
West Tropical Africa: Togo.
Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Seychelles.
Climatic parameters: The optimum mean temperature for the species is 20–30 °C, but species can withstand
extremes as low as -5 °C and as high as 45 °C (Banik, 2016). Mature plants are frost hardy, but young and tender
culms are affected. Optimum rainfall is between 1000–3000 mm with 300 mm/month during the growing season.
The species can also tolerate abnormal drought conditions (Banik, 2016).
Soil: The species prefers well-drained soil and sandy loams on hilly ground. It grows on loamy sand in Punjab, India
(Singh et al., 2018). Soil pH of 5.5–7.5 (Banik, 2016); 8.2–8.4 (Singh et al., 2018) and 5.8–6.1 under cultivation in
Thrissur, Kerala, India (Kittur et al., 2016) have been reported.
Native habitat: D. strictus is common in dry deciduous forests and areas with low rainfall in many parts of India,
Myanmar, and Thailand. The ecotype with tall, erect, and hollow culms (‘Dominee bans’ in Bihar and Nadugani
form, Kerala) found the moist areas. Karka, a dwarf type found in Madhya Pradesh, India. The species is associated
with teak in many locations in India.
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Propagation
a. Natural: The species flower gregariously on an estimated 25–45-year cycle (Kumari and Singh, 2014), but
more commonly sporadically. Seed weight is 51.5 seeds/gram (Kumari and Singh, 2014). Seed viability
remains only up to 30−35 days after collection under normal storage (Banik, 2016) but 59 % germination
was obtained after 34 m of storing at 3–5 °C after reduction of its moisture content to 8 % (Varmah and
Bahadur, 1980).
b. Clonal propagation is possible through seedling macroproliferation (Banik, 1987), rhizome offsets, culm
cuttings, branch cuttings and air layering (Banik, 1995; Benton, 2015).
c. Tissue culture propagation has been reported through axillary bud proliferation (Chaturvedi et al., 1993;
Ravikumar et al., 1998) and through somatic embryogenesis (Saxena and Dhawan, 1999; Reddy, 2006).
Cultivation: Block Plantations with a spacing of 4x4 or 3x4 m (Durai and Long, 2019) or 1x1; 1.8x1.8; 3x3 m (Patil et
al., 2008) have been established. Intercrops of leguminous crops, turmeric, ginger, and vegetables are feasible for
the first three years. Dev et al. (2020b) found intercrops with sesame and chickpea gave better culm yield at 10x12
m and 10x10 m. Shooting season is May–September and shoots take two years to mature.
Productivity
a. Culm production : Not reported.
b. AGB : 91.35–103.70 Mg/ha (Singh et al., 2004); Leaf litter: 4.08–7.18 Mg/
ha (Tripathi and Singh, 1994).
c. Annual C sequestered : 21.9 Mg C/ha (Yuen et al., 2017); 18.08 kg/m3 (Lubina et al., 2019).
Myanmar1 ( Chan et al., 2013) Culm Biomass: 0.021*(DBH)^1.87 (Globallome Equation no.: 55250)
Myanmar2 ( Chan et al., 2013) Branch Biomass: 0.076*(DBH)^1.455
(Globallome Equation no. 555251)
Myanmar3 ( Chan et al., 2013) Leaf Biomass: 0.034*(DBH)^1.364
(Globallome Equation no. 55252)
Myanmar4 ( Chan et al., 2013) Total AGB: 0.308*(DBH)^1.767 (Globallome Equation no. 56446)
Mechanical Properties
a. Specific gravity : 0.45 (oven-dried) (Singh et al., 2018); 0 .799.
b. Density : 0.67−0.83 (g/cc) (Kaur et al., 2016).
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Lignocellulose (53.4-53.6 %); lignin (25–27 %) (Kaur et al., 2016).
d. MOE : 87.6–213.8 (1000 kg/cm2) (air-dried) (Tewari, 1992).
e. MOR : 941–1498 (kg/cm2) (air-dried) (Tewari, 1992).
f. Fibre length : 1.1–5.6 mm (Pande, 2009); 2.4 mm (Liese, 1980).
g. Fibre diameter : 7–33 µm (Pande, 2009); 25 µm (Singh et al., 2018).
h. Starch : 2.5–4.5 % (Kaur et al., 2016).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Survey, collection of germplasm accessions and selection of superior
genotypes have been carried out by ICFRE, India (Ginwal, 2021). The tall, hollow ecotype from the moist areas
have not been popularised in plantation.
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Uses
a. Traditional: Handicrafts, whole culms in construction, household implements, tool handles, ladders,
fencing and partitions, walking sticks, batons. The shoots are edible, but of poor quality (Benton, 2015).
b. Industrial: Paper pulp and charcoal.
c. Potential: Bioenergy, biorefinery, ecological restoration.
Key ecosystem service values: Found success in ecological restoration in arid regions of northern India where the
water table was restored in a degraded area mined for brickmaking.
Research gaps: Survey and collection of germplasm accessions on a wider scale is needed to cover the large
distribution range of the species.
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Habitat　　 Culm and branching pattern
　　
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24. Gigantochloa apus (Schult.f.) Kurz

Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa apus Schult.f., Schizostachyum apus (Schult.f.) Steud., Arundarbor
apus (Schult.f.) Kuntze., Oxytenanthera apus (Schult.f.) E.G. Camus, Gigantochloa kurzii Gamble.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Tabashir bamboo, String bamboo, Pring Tali, Watho, Bambu tali
(Indonesia), Awi tali (Sundanese), Pring tali, Pring apus (Javanese).
Description: An open-tufted, sympodial bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. Culms reach a height
of 8−30 m with a diameter of 3.33–8.92 cm and wall thickness of 4.59–14.36 mm (Nurmadina and Bahtiar, 2017).
The internodes are 32.78–67.25 cm long. Culms branch from 8th to the 11th node with many clustered branches
and one large dominant branch. Nodes are slightly swollen (Nurmadina and Bahtiar, 2017).
Distribution
a. Native range: Assam to China (Guangdong) and W. Malesia.
Indian Subcontinent: Assam, Bangladesh.
Malesia: Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya.
Brazil: Brazil West-Central, Brazil Southeast.
Malesia: Sulawesi, Sumatera.
Climatic parameters: This species grows well in tropical climate with annual rainfall ranging from 2000–2500 mm
and annual temperature from 18–30 °C.
Soil: G. apus prefers to grow in sandy or clayey soils.
Native habitat: The species is found in the tropical humid lowlands, but also occurs on hill slopes in open areas,
disturbed forest and on river sides.
Propagation
a. Natural: A 50–60-year flowering cycle has been reported (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
b. Clonal propagation: Rhizome offsets consisting of young rhizome bearing 1- or 2-culm nodes are widely
used for the propagation of this species (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995). Use of single-node culm cuttings
(Sutiyono, 1990) has been found to be successful.
c. Tissue culture: No available reports.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block Plantation.
b. Spacing: 5x5 to 7x7 m.
c. Possible species mixed: not recorded.
e. Shooting season: November-April.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 1744 /ha (Sujarwo, 2016).
b. AGB : 11.27 Mg/ha (Sujarwo, 2016); 83.51−234.99 t/ha (Nadapdap and Purwanto,
2013).
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c. Annual C sequestered : 5.64 ± 0.60 Mg/ha (Sujarwo, 2016); 41,23−116,23 t/ha (Nadapdap and
Purwanto, 2013).
Indonesia Ct= 0.008(D2H)1.003 (r2=0.929).

(Nadapdap and Purwanto, 2013)
a. Density : 312.585 kg/m (Nurmadina and Bahtiar, 2017).
b. Cellulose/lignin/silica : Holocellulose 63.23 %; lignin 22.41 %; Silica 1.8–5.2 % (Sugesty et al.,
content 2015).
c. MOE : 183069 kg/cm2 (Nurmadina and Bahtiar, 2017).
24.0 N/mm (green, with nodes); 23.5 N/mm2 (green, without nodes);
37.5 N/mm2 (air-dried, with nodes); 33.9 N/mm2 (air-dried, without
nodes) (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
d. MOR : 686.7 mm (Nurmadina and Bahtiar, 2017).
102.0 N/mm (green, with nodes); 71.5 N/mm (green, without nodes);
87.5 N/mm (air-dried, with nodes); 74.9 N/mm2 (air-dried, without
nodes) (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
e. Fibre length : 4.89 mm.
f. Fibre diameter : 14.54 µm.
Genetic diversity and conservation status: A germplasm collection of G. apus has been established in Lampung,
Indonesia (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, weaving, whole culms in construction, furniture, cooking utensils, fishery tools,
furniture, ropes or strings, basketry, edible shoots (though bitter) (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
b. Industrial: Strand woven, building material for roofing, walls, scaffolding and bridges
Key ecosystem service values: G. apus and G. ava protect the Pengalipuran Village bamboo forest in Indonesia
from soil erosion and support efforts for water conservation, land rehabilitation and provide carbon sequestration
(Sujarwo, 2016).
Research gaps: Genetic variability in natural populations needs to be studied and selection for superior traits
carried out to improve planting material. Large scale propagation methods are yet to be developed.
Information Gaps: Information on parameters useful for plantations is to be collected.
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Habit　　 Culms and branching pattern
　　
Emerging shoot　　 Culm sheath
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25. Gigantochloa atroviolacea Widjaja
Subspecies/variety: Gigantochloa atter var. nigra Gamble.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Black bamboo, Bambu Hitam, Awi hideung, Awi wulung
(Sundanese); Pring wulung (Javanese).
Description: G. atroviolacea is a loosely clumped tufted bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. The
culms are straight and grow up to 8–16 m (Khotimah et al., 2015; Maulana et al., 2021). The culm diameter is 4.8
(top) 6.2 (middle) and 6.5 cm (bottom) with wall thickness 4.4 (top), 6.2 (middle) and 9.4 mm (bottom) (Maulana
et al., 2021). The internodes are 30–50 cm long (Khotimah et al., 2015). Branching begins from mid-culm and
nodes are not prominent.
Distribution
a. Native range:
Malesia: Jawa.
Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, India.
Malesia: Sumatera.
Climatic parameters: G. atroviolacea grows well at temperatures from 20–30 °C, with annual precipitation of
1500–3700 mm and at elevations up to 1000 m.
Soil: This species thrives in red and reddish-brown latosols, lateritic soils, and drier limestone soils in areas without
waterlogging (Roxas, 2012).
Native habitat: This bamboo grows in the per humid lowland tropics (Roxas, 2012). It is native to West Java,
especially Banten and Sukabani District, and Central Java (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
Propagation
a. Natural: Not reported. Flowering cycle is not reported.
b. Clonal propagation: Rhizome offsets are the cheapest and most efficient propagation method. The
propagules are transferred to polybags after 4–5 months for improved survival. Culm cuttings with four
internodes are widely used for propagation. Cuttings treated with growth regulators (Somen et al., 2011)
and taken from 1.5–2-year-old culms (Roxas, 2012) have seen success.
c. Tissue culture: Micro propagation through axillary shoot proliferation has been reported (Bisht et al.,
2010).
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations, landscaping.
b. Spacing: 8x6 m or 210 clumps/ha, 2 x 7 m in contour (Khotimah et al., 2015); 8x7 m (Dransfield and
Widjaja, 1995).
c. Species mixed: Not reported.
d. Years to maturation: 4–5 (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Productivity
a. Culm production : 2520 culms/ha (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998); 20 culms/3 years
old (or with 200 clumps/ha, about 4000 culms/ha every 3 years (Dransfield
and Widjaja, 1995).
b. AGB : 42.6 t/ha at 7 years old (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
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a. Specific gravity : 0.82 (Seethalakshmi and Mukteshkumar, 1998); 0.65 for oven-dried
b. MOE : 237.4 N/mm2 (Prawirohatmodjo, 1990).
c. MOR : 35.74 kN/mm2 (Prawirohatmodjo, 1990).
d. Fibre length : 2.462 mm (Maulidyawati et al., 2018); 3.6 mm (Dransfield and Widjaja,
1995).
e. Fibre diameter : 20.82 µm (Maulidyawati et al., 2018); 25.9 µm (Dransfield and Widjaja,
1995).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Great variation among the population of G. atroviolacea such as
culms with large diameter with thick-walled, small diameter with thin-walled has been identified and propagated
by local farmers in Java. No conservation efforts for this species are known except through botanical gardens and
experimental plots.
Uses
a. Traditional: Weaving, whole culms in construction, furniture, water pipes, edible shoots, chopsticks,
musical instruments.
b. Industrial: Paper pulp, cement fibre board, knock down furniture.
Key ecosystem service values: Widely planted for landscaping and hence can serve for the purpose of soil erosion
controls.
Research gaps: Mass clonal propagation methods to be standardised. Genetic variability to be assessed and
germplasm conservation efforts initiated. Superior selection to be used for plant propagule production. Carbon
sequestration potential should be analysed.
Information gaps: Information on performance of the species in different agroclimatic zones is to be collected.
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26. Gigantochloa scortechinii Gamble

Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Buluh semantan, Buluh Galah, Buluh Telor (Malay); Common
Giant Bamboo.
Description: G. scortechinii is a densely tufted bamboo with pachymorph short-necked rhizomes. The culms of this
species attain a height of 10–20 m with diameter of 6–12 cm. Internodes reach a length of 40 cm and culm wall
thickness is 6.5 mm (Hisham et al., 2006).
Distribution
Native range: Penninsular Malaysia.
Malesia: Malaya, Sumatera.
Climatic parameters: This species is found at elevations of 300–1700 m, at temperatures ranging from 26–34 °C
and annual rainfall between 400–1600 mm.
Soil: G. scortechinii grows on well-drained sandy to clay loam soils with slightly acidic conditions (soil pH of 5.0−6.5).
Native habitat: This species spreads on the riverbanks and pond shores and in ravines, gullies and logged-over
areas and is quite aggressive once it is exposed to sunlight.
Propagation
a. Natural: A germination rate of around 70–75 % can be expected from the seeds of this species.
b. Clonal propagation: G. scortechinii rhizome offsets survived up to 85 % about 30 months after planting
(Azmy, 1992). Marcotting with palm oil mill effluent gave better results for this species during rhizome
propagation (Azmy, 1992). Culm cuttings from the mid-culm portion planted horizontally was the best
for propagation (Othman, 1992). Branch cuttings treated with hormones are a successful method of
propagation.
c. Tissue culture: No reports are available.
Cultivation
b. Spacing: 3x6 m on a contour hill.
c. Possible species mixed: Rubber.
d. Years to maturation: 3.5. X shaped harvesting recommended (Othman et al., 2012).
Productivity
a. Culm production : 40–50 t/ha (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
b. AGB : 86.7 kg (Othman et al., 2012); 86.2 t/ha(plantation) and 71.9 t/ha (natural
stand) (Othman, 1994).
c. Annual C sequestered : 20.9 Mg C /ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
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North Malaysia-(AGB): Perlis & Kedah (Mohamed et -2086.12+(1364.44*W) (Globallome equation no.
al., 1991) 56737)
North Peninsular Malaysia (Azmy et al., 2011) Height (3yr.): Y= 4.47962 + 1.31436x (r2 =0.56)
Culm weight (3 yr.): Y = -21.1764 + 5.09095x (r2 =0.79)
Volume (3 yr.): Y = 9.276 + 48.519x (r2 =0.72)
a. Density : 680 Kg/m3 (6.5 years old) (Hisham et al., 2006).
b. Cellulose/lignin/silica : Cellulose 67.4 %; lignin 26.4 % (Mustafa et al., 2011); Homocellulose
content 82.3 %; Cellulose 64.4 % (Hisham et al., 2006); lignin 29.0 % (Hisham
et al., 2006).
c. MOE : 1678.94 MPa (bottom), 449.24 MPa (bottom) 1778.74 MPa (middle
top), 2346.13 MPa (top) (Jusoh et al., 2013).
d. MOR : 69.02 MPa (top), 57.16 MPa (middle), 48.26 MPa (bottom) (Awalluddin
et al., 2018).
e. Fibre length : 17.4527 mm (Mustafa et al., 2011).
f. Fibre diameter : 17.26 µm (Mustafa et al., 2011).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: No germplasm collections are established for the conservation of this
species. Genetic variability studies should be conducted.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, weaving, edible shoots (although with a slightly bitter taste), whole culms in
construction, scaffolding, chopsticks, toothpicks, skewers, blinds, joss sticks, large baskets and poultry
cages.
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo, paper pulp.
Key ecosystem service values: Stabilisation of hillsides (Othman, 1989) and as a windbreak.
Research gaps: Development of management and sustainable harvesting measures for natural stands is required.
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New shoot　　Culm sheath
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27. Guadua aculeata E. Fourn.
Subspecies/variety/clone: Guadua aculeata var. liebmanniana E.G. Camus.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambos aculeata (E. Fourn.) Hitchc.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Mexican guada; Tarro, Otate (Central America); Guadua, Cafta
brava, Cafta mansa, Garipa (Columbia and Ecuador); Marona, Ipa (Peru); Juajua, Puru puru (Venezuela).
Description: G. aculeata is a loosely clumped thorny bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. The culms
are 10–15 m long and 10–25 cm in diameter. The internodes are 20–30 cm and wall thickness of 2–5 mm.
Distribution
a. Native range: Mexico (Veracruz to Chiapas) to C. America.
Mexico: Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southeast.
Central America: Nicaragua, Panamá, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras.
Climatic parameters: G. aculeata grows in a warm humid region with temperature of 9–29 °C and rainfall of 2000–
4000 mm and at an elevation of 50–2200 m (Londono, 2001).
Soil: This species is widely distributed in soils of compact sandy, clay or loam texture with a pH of 4.5–7.58 and 1.99 %
organic content.
Native habitat: G. aculeata grows in lowland rainforest, lower montane rainforest, semideciduous forest,
deciduous forest, savanna and with secondary shrub vegetation and mountain mesophilic forest. Andira inermis,
Carapa nicaraguensis, Dialium guianense, Depteryx panamensis, Luehea seemanii, Terminalia amazonia etc found
as associated vegetation in lowland rainforests.
Propagation
a. Natural: The flowering cycle is unknown and information on the seed setting associated with sporadic
or gregarious or annual flowering is not available. Data on germination percentage and seed viability are
not available. Seedlings are collected from the forest and used for macroproliferation (Sanchez et al.,
2016).
b. Clonal propagation: No methods available but the conventional methods of rhizome offsets, culm and
branch cuttings are expected to be successful to varying degrees.
c. Tissue culture: No data available.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Land restoration.
b. Spacing: 5x5 m.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 150,000 t/ha.
b. AGB : not reported.
c. Annual C sequestered : 54 m t/ha over six years (Ecoplanet Bamboo, 2015).
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a. Density : 0.429 (basal) 0.653 (upper) (Ordóñez-Candelaria and Bárcenas-Pazos, 2014).
b. MOE : 15.1 to 24.1 GPa (Zaragoza-Hernández et al., 2015).
c. MOR : 51.9 to 79.6 MPa (Zaragoza-Hernández et al., 2015).
d. Fibre length : 2152 mm (Zaragoza-Hernández et al., 2015).
e. Fibre diameter : 13.68 µm (Zaragoza-Hernández et al., 2015).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: No studies on genetic diversity of the species are known. However,
Pérez- Alquicira et al. (2021) have developed microsatellite markers for other Guadua species which can be used
to assess the genetic variability of G. aculeata populations.
Uses
a. Traditional: Whole culms in construction, furniture, live fences or shade, pipe for drinking water, fishing
rods and cradles, crates, cages.
b. Industrial: Charcoal.
c. Potential: Biomass for biofuel and refinery.
Key ecosystem service values: A project launched in Nicaragua in 2011 used G. aculeata to restore 6500 ha
of highly degraded land into commercial plantations and provide more than 250 permanent jobs. The project
also stimulated local economies by providing an alternative fibre for international carbon and charcoal markets
(Ecoplanet Bamboo, 2015).
Research gaps: Studies on durability of culms and suitable methods for management and harvest of the thorny
culms is needed to improve the scope for utilisation of the species. Performance trials for understanding the scope
of the species in commercial plantations and for agroforestry is required.
Information Gaps: Information on propagation methods and carbon sequestration potential of the species needs
to be generated.
　　
Habit　　Culm and branching pattern Culm sheath
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28. Guadua angustifolia Kunth
Subspecies/variety/clone (if any): Guadua angustifolia var. bicolor Londoño; Guadua angustifolia var. nigra
Londoño.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa guadua Bonpl.; Nastus guadua (Bonpl.); Arundarbor guadua (Bonpl.);
Bambusa aculeata Caldas; Bambusa inermis Caldas; Guadua intermedia E. Fourn.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Colombian timber bamboo, American narrow-leaved bamboo,
vegetal steel.
Description: Loosely spaced culms in open clumps with leptomorph, long-necked rhizomes. Culms attain a height
of 16.7–30 m (Riaño et al., 2002) with average diameter of 11.15 cm (basal) 11.05 cm (middle) and 5.84 cm (apical)
(Londoño et al., 2002; Marulanda et al., 2002). Wall thickness ranges from 182 mm (basal), 132 mm (middle) to 89
mm (top) with internodal length of 33.38 cm (apical) to 20.25 cm (basal) (Londoño et al., 2002) with flat nodes.
Distribution
a. Native range: Venezuela to N. Peru.
Northern South America: Venezuela.
Western South America: Columbia, Ecuador, Peru.
Brazil: Brazil Southeast, Brazil South.
Northern South America: Guyana.
Southern South America: Argentina Northeast, Argentina West, Paraguay, Uruguay.
Climatic parameters: The optimum growth conditions for this species is 500–1800 m with temperature and
precipitation of 18–24 °C and 1200–2500 mm (Riaño et al., 2002).
Soil: Alluvial soils that are rich in volcanic ash with a moderate fertility and good drainage.
Native habitat: Tropical life zones, very humid lower montane and very humid subtropical forests. Associated with
coffee (in plantations) (Marulanda et al., 2005a).
Propagation
a. Natural: No data available for seed weight and germination.
b. Clonal propagation: No data available for rhizome offsets. Culm cuttings: whole Culm Technique (Banik,
1995). Culm cuttings treated with IBA 2500 ppm in sand led to >80 % rooting in six weeks (Somashekar
et al., 2004). Branch cuttings of leafy stem cuttings reported (apical shoot and nodal branch segment)
(Manzur, 1988). Air layering of side branches using dry Sphagnum khasinum moss as substrate has been
carried out (Verma et al., 2013).
c. Tissue culture: Axillary bud proliferation has been reported (Gutiérrez et al., 2016; Jiménez et al., 2006;
Nadha et al., 2012; Marulanda et al., 2005b; Daquinta et al., 2007).
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations, Soil erosion control.
b. Spacing: 5x5 m for timber, 3x3 m for soil conservation (Viswanath et al., 2012).
c. Possible species mixed: No data is available.
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Productivity
a. Culm production : 3000–8000 culms/ha. (Riaño et al., 2002).
b. AGB : At 5 years old: mean AGB: 161.18 kg/clump & BGB: 7.27 kg/clump; at 4
years old: 152.65 kg and 6.0 kg (5x5 m) (Viswanath et al., 2012).
c. Annual C sequestered : >50 metric tons CO2/ha during six years of growth (Riaño et al., 2002).
Colombia (Garcıa and Kleinn, 2010) Vnet = 0.001059 + 0. 2840. Vapp;

(R2 adj = 0.9398 MSE = 1.5824E-05).
a. Specific gravity : 730 kg/m3 (Lorenzo et al., 2020).
b. Density : 686.3 at 5th year after planting (Correal and Arbeláez, 2010).
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose 52.6 %; hemicellulose 19.7 %; lignin 27.6 % (Ardila et al.,
2020).
d. MOE : 18.480 Mpa (Lorenzo et al., 2020); 14.59 GPa (average) (Ghavami
and Marinho, 2005).
e. MOR : 12 M Pa (Lorenzo et al., 2020); 86.96 Mpa (average) (Ghavami &
Marinho, 2005).
f. Fibre diameter : 236.431 µm (Espitia et al., 2018).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: No data is available.
Uses
a. Traditional: Weaving, whole culms in construction, furniture, water pipes, edible shoots, handicrafts.
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo, strand woven lumber, paper pulp, composite fibre, charcoal.
Research gaps: Studies on status of conservation and efforts to collect germplasm are required.
Information gaps: Data on propagation through seeds and rhizomes are not available. Increased data availability
on performance of the species in other agroclimatic zones will be useful.
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29. Guadua chacoensis (Rojas Acosta)

Londoño & P.M. Peterson
Subspecies/variety/clone: Guadua angustifolia subsp. Chacoensis (Rojas Acosta).
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa chacoensis Rojas Acosta.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Tacuara, Takuaruzu (Paraguay); Tacuarembó, Bambú, Guadua
(Bolivia).
Description: A loosely clumped bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. The culms are straight and
thorny with height of 10–20 m (Londono and Peterson, 1992) that arch apically. The diameter of the culm is 8–10
cm (base), 6–8 cm (middle) and 3–4 cm (top) (Panizzo et al., 2016), with wall thickness of 2.2 cm and internode
length of 23 cm (Campos, 2013).
Distribution
a. Native range: Bolivia to S. Brazil and N. Argentina.
Brazil: Brazil West-Central, Brazil South.
Southern South America: Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Paraguay.
Western South America: Bolivia.
Climatic parameters: G. chacoensis grows well at temperatures from 12.5−22.5 °C and tolerates severe frost every
year during the winter (IAPAR, 1994). The species grows in areas with annual precipitation of 1500–2000 mm, at
elevations of 890–950 m and on slopes of 3–20 % (Maack, 1981).
Soil: This species thrives on clayey and sandy soil rich in litter organic content with C/N ratio 11.3/15.7 and pH
5.7–6.5.
Native habitat: G. chacoensis grows in tropical forests, most commonly near rivers (Londono and Peterson, 1992).
It grows in almost pure associations in marginal forests and riparian forests. It is found together with G. trinii in
Iguazú National Park.
Propagation
a. Natural: Sporadic and gregarious flowering are reported in this species (Londono and Peterson, 1992).
Flowering cycles of 31 and 28 years have been reported by Guerreiro (2014) and Vega and Hernández
(2008) respectively. Seed germination rates are reported as higher than other Guadua species.
b. Clonal propagation: Clonal propagation methods are not reported with this species.
c. Tissue culture: Axillary bud proliferation has been reported by Ornellas et al. (2019) and Polesi et al.
(2019).
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: The species is not yet in wide cultivation but can be expected to be similar to G.
angustifolia in features and performance except for its thorny nature.
b. Years to maturation: 7 (Lindholm and Palm, 2007).
c. Shooting season: March–October.
Productivity
a. Culm production : No reports.
b. AGB : No reports.
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c. Annual C sequestered/ha. : No reports.
d. Allometric equations : No reports.
a. MOE : 94 MPa (Lindholm and Palm, 2007); For laminated bamboo with different glues (N/
mm2): PVA- 6629 (747); FWC-7787 (1137); 5PU-7861 (872) (Appiah-Kubi et al., 2014).
b. MOR : 25 Mpa (Lindholm and Palm, 2007); For laminated bamboo with different glue (N/mm2);
PVA: 78.2 (17.09) FW: 81.26 (12.93); 5 PU: 80.25 (18.12) (Appiah-Kubi et al., 2014).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: The diversity of G. chacoensis has not been studied but molecular
markers (SSR) which will facilitate the understanding of the genetic structure of populations have been developed
by Rozzarola et al. (2020).
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, weaving, whole culms in construction, manufacture of boards, construction of
framework for the roofing of rustic houses, valued as an ornamental and as fences.
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo (Appiah-Kubi et al., 2014), charcoal (Alchouron et al., 2019).
c. Potential: Biochar, leaves as fodder, construction (houses and bridges), furniture manufacturing,
bioenergy/biorefinery.
Key ecosystem service values: Like G. angustifolia, G. chacoensis to can play a significant role in ecological
restoration programmes especially of the riparian zones.
Research gaps: Data on physicochemical characterisation and productivity of this species is to be generated.
Potential of this species for pulp and fibre and bioenergy/biorefinery must be evaluated.
Information Gaps: This species grows abundantly in its native habitat, but the potential for plantations and
agroforestry, carbon trading land restoration programmes must be explored.
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30. Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa baccifera Roxb.; Melocanna bambusoides Trin.; Beesha baccifera
(Roxb.) Kunth; Nastus baccifera (Roxb.); Beesha rheedii Kunth.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Berry bamboo (English); Muli (Tripura, West Bengal, India);
Watrai (Garo, Meghalaya, India); Lahure bans (Bhutan); Usylli (Khasi Meghalaya), Wathwi (Kokbarok- Tripura);
Usylli (Khasi Meghalaya); Tyrlaw (Jaintia Meghalaya-India); Saneibi, Moubi (Manipuri - India); Rieng [Rongmai Naga-
Tamenglong (Manipur)]; Turiah (Nagaland- India); Mautak mau (Mizo- India); Tador dort (Arunachal-India); Lahure
bans (Nepal, Bhutan); Muli, Nali, Tengra muli, Paiya, Bazali [Bengali; Chittagong Hill Tract, Sylhet and Mymensingh
forests, Bangladesh].
Description: An open diffuse clumping bamboo with long-necked pachymorph rhizomes (Banik, 2016). The erect
culms arise well separated (up to 1 m) and reach a height of 8–22 m (Banik, 2016), a diameter of 3–22 cm and wall
thickness of 0.16–2.3 mm. The internodes are long, 10–60 cm in length and with a dense tuft of 25–40 slender,
thin subequal branches at each mid-culm node developing after 6–9 months of emergence (Banik, 2016).
Distribution
a. Native range: Indian Subcontinent to Myanmar.
Indian Subcontinent: Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, Nepal.
Indo-China: Myanmar.
Caribbean: Jamaica.
Malesia: Jawa.
Climatic parameters: M. baccifera stands a wide range of temperature of 5–37 °C. This species grows at elevations
up to 1400 m with annual precipitation of 2500–6000 mm (Banik, 2016).
Soil: This species grows in a wide range soil such as moist sandy, clay loam alluvial soils, well-drained residual soils,
sandy rough slopes, the apices of hills etc with pH of 4.5−6 (Banik, 2016). Soil organic content ranges between
2.8–3.1 % in the rhizosphere of 2–10-year-old plants (Hauchhum and Tripathi, 2017).
Native habitat: Hill forests are the native habitat of M. baccifera (Banik, 2016). The species grows as undergrowth
under many tree species like Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Albizia spp, Terminalia
spp, Toona iliate, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, etc. and forms a pure stand due to the aggressive nature of its
underground rhizome in areas after burning. This bamboo species does not grow well under shade but springs up
readily in gaps (Banik, 2010).
Propagation
a. Natural: Flowering cycle in M. baccifera reported as 30–60 years. The large fleshy fruits are known as
becca. The seed weight is 7–150 g/fruit. 60–70 % germination is obtained within 3–7 days (Banik, 2016).
b. Clonal propagation: A cluster of rhizomes with 3–4 noded culms separated during March–April for
rooting in a sand bed with adequate watering has been reported as successful (Banik, 2010).
c. Tissue culture: Immature embryos from developing fruits and branch nodes with buds has been used for
micropropagation of M. baccifera (Banik, 1991).
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantation, homesteads.
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b. Spacing: A spacing of 2×2 m, 3×3 m is reported for block plantations while a spacing of 9 m with line gap
of 10/12/15 m is recommended for intercropping with tree species (Banik, 2016).
c. Possible species for mixed plantations: Cultivating the legume crops (Cajanus cajan, lentil, Sesbania sp.,
Glycine max, tapioca, Dioscorea and other vegetable crops like ginger, chilli, etc. is possible at the early
stage before developing a closed canopy. Tree species like Acacia, Albizzia spp, Gmelina arborea, Tectona
grandis, Toona ciliata and Areca catechu also used for intercropping with M. baccifera plantations (Banik,
2010).
d. Years to maturation: 3–5 (Banik, 2016).
e. Shooting season: May–August (Banik, 2016).
Productivity
a. Culm production : Banik (2010) reported a production of 5500 culms/ha in 3rd year after
planting and 7700 culms/ha in the eighth year after planting.
b. AGB : Estimates of 27.31 Mg/ha and 74.17 Mg/ha. For the second and third
year after planting. have been reported (Devi et al., 2018).
c. Annual C sequestered : Devi et al. (2018) reported carbon sequestration of 44.71 Mg/ha in a
3-year-old plantation.
India (Rawat et al., 2018) Y=-1.09+0.60*DBH+0.07*ht
a. Density : 0.75 (top), 0.71 (middle), 0.70 (base) (Banik, 2016).
b. C e l l u l o s e / l i g n i n /s i l i ca : α-cellulose 95.0 %; β-cellulose 4.0 % (Banik, 2016).
content
c. MOE : 281 MPa (top), 228 MPa (middle), 188 MPa (base) (Banik, 2016).
d. MOR : 687 MPa (top), 700 MPa (middle), 782 MPa (base) (Banik, 2016).
e. Fibre length : 2.78 mm (Banik, 2016).
f. Fibre diameter : 15.6 µm (Banik, 2016).
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, weaving, whole culms in construction, edible shoots.
b. Industrial: Matboard, paper/pulp, scrimber flooring.
Key ecosystem service values: M. baccifera protects the forests of the north-eastern states of India on steep
slopes and alleviates it from the effects of many activities like slashing, burning, sowing, weeding, and harvesting.
Research gaps: The potential of the species, which is a major bamboo species in many states in Northeast India
and in Bangladesh, for plantations for biofuel and biorefinery needs to be further explored.
Information gaps: Information on genetic variability of populations is not available.
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31. Ochlandra travancorica (Bedd.) Gamble

Subspecies/variety/clone: Ochlandra travancorica var. hirsuta Gamble; Ochlandra rheedei var. sivagiriana Gamble;
Ochlandra scriptoria var. sivagiriana (Gamble) C.E.C. Fisch.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Beesha travancorica Bedd.; Melocanna travancorica F. Muell.; Ochlandra
sivagiriana (Gamble) E.G. Camus; Ochlandra soderstromiana M. Kumar & Sequiera.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Etta, Kar-etta, Vai (Malayalam); Vaate bidiru (Kannada); Eral, Era-
katti, Nanal, Odai (Tamil); Elephant grass of Travancore; Reed bamboo.
Description: Reedlike, shrubby or arborescent bamboo with pachymorph short-necked rhizomes. The species
reaches a height of 2–6 m (Banik, 2016) with clump diameter of 105 m in 36 months (Sujatha et al., 2002). Culms
have a diameter of 2.5–18 cm and a wall thickness of 2–3 mm (Banik, 2016). Internodes are long and 45–150 cm
in length (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998) with swollen nodes and thin subequal branches (Banik, 2016).
Distribution
a. Native range: Southern India.
Indian Subcontinent: India [Kerala, Tamil Nadu].
Climatic parameters: This species grow well in area with altitude of 450–600 m and precipitation of 2500–5000
mm (Sujatha et al., 2004).
Soil: O. travancorica grows well in dark brown, acidic, sandy loam with granular structure, high porosity, good
aggregate stability and with high water holding capacity (Sujatha et al., 2004).
Native habitat: Western Ghats region in Kerala and Tamil Nādu States of India. Occurs widely as undergrowth
in low-level evergreen and semi evergreen forests, along the riversides and stream banks in wet evergreen and
semievergreen forests (Sujatha et al., 2004) in association with Hopea parviflora, Cullenia exarillata, Canarium
strictum, Dipterocarpus indicus etc (Banik, 2016).
Propagation:
a. Natural: Flowering cycle of this species is reported as 7–15 years (Banik, 2016) with the production of
45−57 fruits/kg (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998) or 24–32 g/fruit (Banik, 2016). These fruits
are viable only for 45 days (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
b. Clonal propagation: Propagation through rhizome offsets is found to be very successful with this species
(Sujatha et al., 2002). Two-node culm segments are made from two- to three-year-old culm and treated
with hormones to give 50 % rooting (Sujatha et al., 2002).
c. Tissue culture: Axillary bud proliferation with nodal segments from in vitro seedlings and somatic
embryogenesis using Isolated embryos from mature seeds (Philip, 1997; Bejoy et al., 2012).
Cultivation
a. Spacing: 5x5 m; 9x9 m (Sujatha et al., 2004).
b. Possible species mixed: No data available.
b. Years to maturation: 4 (Banik, 2016).
c. Shooting season: June-August.
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Productivity
a. Culm production : 62 culms/clump in 3.5 years (Raveendran et al., 2010).
b. AGB : No data available.
c. Specific gravity : No data available.
d. Density : No data available.
e. C e l l u l o s e / l i g n i n / s i l i c a : Cellulose 61.8 %; lignin 26.9 %; silica 2.1 % (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh
content Kumar, 1998).
f. Fibre length : 9 mm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
g. Fibre diameter : 16.7 µm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: A germplasm collection of about 350 accessions, representing all
major populations has been established at Velupadam, Thrissur by Kerala Forest Research Institute. The accessions
have been well characterised in chemical and anatomical properties with low lignin, low silica and high cellulose
selections undergoing multilocational trials. Many of the populations grow in protected areas but others are
vulnerable to overexploitation by industry or habitat loss to hydroelectricity projects.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, mats, flutes, umbrella handles, walking sticks, whole culms in construction,
furniture, water pipes, edible shoots, fodder for elephants.
b. Industrial: Matboard (bamboo ply), laminated bamboo, strand woven lumber, paper pulp.
c. Potential: Biofuel, biorefinery feedstock.
Key ecosystem service values: A very suitable species to arrest land degradation through soil erosion and to
improve soils.
Research gaps: Mechanical properties of the species have not yet been studied. Efficient mechanical tools for
selective harvesting of culms are to be developed. Carbon sequestration potential should be evaluated.
Information gaps: The productivity of natural stands/plantations from the biofuel/biorefinery point of view is to be
ascertained.
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32. Oldeania alpina (K. Schum.)
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Arundinaria alpina K. Schum., Yushania alpina (K. Schum.), Sinarundinaria
alpina (K. Schum.), Arundinaria fischeri K. Schum., Arundinaria tolange K. Schum., Oxytenanthera ruwensorensis
Chiov.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Mirangi (Kikuyu), Techani (Pokot), Tegek (Kipsigis), Tekek (Sebei),
Modi (Luo), Mianzi/Mwanzi (Kiswahili), African alpine bamboo, Highland Bamboo, Mountain bamboo, Babou Creux
(French), Anini (Agew); Kerkeha, yedega kerkeha (Amharic); Kias (Gamu); Shineto /Shinato (Kefigna); Lemmen,
Shimela (Afan Oromo); Shenbek’wa (Welayita); lema (Konso, Kembata, Sodo Gurage and Sidamo); werye/shikaro /
shinato (Kefa); lewu (Nuwer).
Description: O. alpina is a bamboo occurring as open stands with widely spaced erect green culms (Stapleton,
2013) and pachymorph long-necked rhizomes. The culms reach a height of 13–20 m with diameter of 5–12 cm.
Wall thickness ranges from 2 cm at the bottom to 0.3 cm at the top with internodal length of 30–70 cm and slightly
prominent nodes.
Distribution
Native range: Ethiopia to Zambia.
East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda.
Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia, Sudan.
South Tropical Africa: Malawi, Zambia.
West-Central Tropical Africa: Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Rwanda, Zaire.
Climatic parameters: Rainfall is seasonal, with 3–6 dry months (mean rainfall less than 50 mm) in eastern Africa,
but only 2 dry months in Cameroon. Annual totals vary from 800 mm in Tanzania to 1400-2000 mm in Ethiopia and
3000 mm in Cameroon.
Soil: Prefers well drained sites; 45–60 % slopes on ravine areas produce maximum performance. It also grows in
flat to slightly sloping (5–15 %) and steep slopes up to 45 % with pH 5.92–6.26 and soil organic content of 5.41 %.
Rooting depth of 90–119 cm is found for varied landforms (Mulatu, 2012).
Native habitat: On the slopes of mountains; slopes of ravine areas are highly preferred sites.
Associated vegetation: Monodominant ‘bamboo zones' (van der Hoek et al., 2019); situated in high forests with
Podocarpus in upland and with Juniperus in drier forest.
Propagation
a. Natural: Flowering cycle has been reported as 15–40 years (van der Hoek et al., 2019). Seed weight is
15.4 seeds/gram and up to 70 % germination is obtained for fresh seeds.
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation is feasible. Rhizome offsets four nodes and six nodes
is successful (Kebede et al., 2017). Culm cuttings: Whole culm propagation produces a high number of
shoots with reasonable size at the bottom, middle and top positions (Mulatu and Fetene, 2014). Branch
cuttings and air-layering do not perform well.
c. Tissue culture: Not reported.
Cultivation
a. Spacing: 5x5 m.
b. Years to maturation: More than 10 if established from seedlings; From offsets, it takes about 5.
c. Shooting season: May–June.
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Productivity
a. Culm production : 10 t/ha (Endalamaw, 2015).
b. AGB : 95.4 ± 1.5 t/ha (Nigatu et al., 2020); stock reaches 117 t/ha.
Ethiopia (Mulatu and Fetene, 2011) TDW (<1 year) =exp(0.185*DBH); R2=0.835, SE=0.44;
TDW (1-3 year) =exp(0.323*DBH); R2=0.95, SE=0.366;
TDW (>3 year) =exp(0.147*DBH); R2=0.749, SE=0.461
a. Specific gravity : No data available.
b. Tensile strength : 179.7–246.1MPa (Muche and Degu, 2019).
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose 46.76 % ±1.09%; lignin 25.27 % ± 1.52%; hemicellulose
12.18 % ± 1.01% (Tsegaye et al., 2020).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: This species has high variability in its morphological appearance,
applications, and management. Different landraces have been identified in Ethiopia. The species is promoted on
farmers’ lands for diverse needs. Mass flowering and mass death is a big challenge especially on natural forests
which are under the ownership of the state.
Uses
a. Traditional: Weaving, whole culms in construction, furniture, water pipes, edible shoots.
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo, strand woven, paper pulp, charcoal, syngas ethanol production (Tsegaye
et al., 2021), stick-based product lines, including curtains, incense sticks, toothpicks, matchsticks and
other stick-based products.
c. Potential: Bamboo lumber.
Key ecosystem service values: Catchment rehabilitation, regulation of water flow, and erosion control.
Research gaps: Characterisation of landraces and taxonomic studies in different areas is needed to address the
probability of coming up with new species or clearly defined varieties. Physicochemical characterisation of the
species is needed.
Information Gaps: Information on propagation technique such as tissue culture is not available.
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33. Otatea acuminata (Munro)

C.E. Calderón ex Soderstr.
Subspecies/variety/clone: Otatea acuminata subsp. aztecorum (McClure & E.W.Sm.).
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Arundinaria acuminata Munro; Otatea aztecorum (McClure & E.W.Sm.);
Yushania acuminata (Munro) McClure; Yushania aztecorum McClure & E.W.Sm.
Common names: Mexican weeping bamboo.
Description: An evergreen bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes and compact thin, narrow, and
long light-green leaves. Dense thickset clumps with mid-sized culms 2–10 m in height and 1–5 cm in diameter
(Ruiz-Sanchez et al., 2018). Internodes are 9.5–24 cm in length with wall thickness of 2–4 mm. Depending on
location, sometimes culms are solid (Ruiz-Sanchez et al., 2018). Branches consists of three subequal and ascending
branches/nodes (Ruiz-Sanchez, 2012).
Distribution
a. Native range:
Mexico: Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast [Chuhuahua, Durango], Mexico Gulf, Mexico
Northwest [Sinaloa, Sonora], Mexico Southwest [Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoácan, Nayarit].
Central America: Costa Rica, Honduras.
Climatic parameters: O. acuminata and Otatea acuminata subsp. aztecorum grows at an average annual
temperature of 22 °C and a minimum temperature of -5 °C. This species is found distributed at elevations of 150–
2000 m and precipitation of 1350 mm (Ruiz-Sanchez et al., 2018).
Soil: This species grows on thin and stony soils usually derived from calcareous rocks with pH of 6–7.8 (Guzmán et
al., 1984).
Native habitat: Widely distributed in tropical dry forests, dry oak forests and xerophytic scrubs in association with
Acacia spp. and Lysiloma spp.
Propagation
a. Natural: A flowering cycle of 30 years has been reported (Ruiz-Sanchez et al., 2011). Sporadic flowering
also occurs in some populations (Vázquez-López et al., 2004).
b. Clonal propagation: Clusters of rhizomes with culms separated from the mother clump have been widely
used for the propagation of this species.
c. Tissue culture: Somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryo explants has been reported for the
subspecies Otatea acuminata subsp. aztecorum (Woods et al., 1992).
Cultivation
a. The species is widely grown as an ornamental plant and used for ecological restoration, but commercial
plantations are not known.
b. Spacing: 4.7x6 m, 6x9 m, 9x12 m have all been reported as suitable for this species.
d. Shooting season: July–September (Vázquez-López et al., 2000).
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Productivity
a. Culm production : 1430 juvenile culms/ha (Vázquez-López et al., 2004).
b. AGB : 7–8 t/ha (Vázquez-López et al., 2004).
c. Allometric equations : Not reported.
Mechanical properties (Otatea acuminata subsp. Aztecorum):

a. Density : 879.67 kg/m3 (Rodríguez López, 2020).
b. MOE : 645.85 Mpa (Rodríguez López, 2020).
c. MOR : 13,322 Mpa (Rodríguez López, 2020).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Except for ex situ species collection there are no reports of
conservation efforts for the species, which is entirely utilised by extraction from wild populations.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, weaving, basket making, fencing, furniture, joinery, culms widely used for
construction, house walls in the bahareque style, tool handles or stakes in agriculture. Highly prized
ornamental species.
b. Industrial: None.
c. Potential: Ecological restoration, particularly of drier regions.
Key ecosystem service values: This species plays an important role in regenerating the forest, restoring, and
maintaining fertility and productivity of land, conserving soil moisture and reducing and preventing erosion and
flood risks (Vázquez-López et al., 2004). It is more tolerant of drier climates which makes it a useful plant for land
restoration, and it is widely used in land rehabilitation.
Research gaps: Since this is an endemic species with high diversity, germplasm collection and genetic variability
studies are required. For exploiting the potential of this species to grow in wider climatic zones such as coastal
regions and dry deciduous regions, an optimal method for large-scale production of propagules is also required.
Proper planning for management and harvesting should be designed. A controlled management program must be
required to regulate harvesting practices for Otatea acuminata subsp. Aztecorum (Olvera-Vargas, 2000).
Information Gaps: Information on carbon sequestration potential of this species is not available.
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Habit　　　　　Culm and branching pattern
　　　
New shoot　　　Culm sheath
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34. Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.)
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa abyssinica A.Rich.; Bambusa schimperiana Steud.; Oxytenanthera
macrothyrsus K.Schum.; Oxytenanthera braunii Pilg.; Oxytenanthera borzii Mattei, Boll.; Houzeaubambus borzii
(Mattei) Mattei.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Lowland bamboo, West African bamboo, savanna bamboo
(English); Shemel/Shimel (Amharic); Gagu, Enta, Shimalla (Welaytinya or Affan Oromo); Elta, Bindura bamboo
(Senegal region); Arkay (Tigrinya); o-kadjié, u-hátyè (Senegal): kebe, kewal (The Gambia); souguê, djame (Guinea-
Bissau); Kô-Tatami (Guinea); Thong (Sierra Leone); Temui (Liberia); Bσ (Mali); Buna (Upper Volta); Pamploo (Ghana);
Téma (Dahomey); Káálá (Niger); Òcyácyọ̄ (Nigeria); Lekwê (West Cameroon).
Description: A medium-sized, densely clustered bamboo with pachymorph short-necked rhizomes. The culms are
mostly erect and arch over at the top (Fanshawe,1972). Culms attain a height of 3–13 m and diameter of 5–10
cm (Gurmessa et al., 2016). The culms are solid (Gurmessa et al., 2016) with internode length of 16.5–28.6 cm
(Elbasheer and Raddad, 2013) Branches are produced alternately from the nodes, but the main branches all lie in
one plane (Fanshawe, 1972).
Distribution
a. Native range: Tropical and Southern Africa.
Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uruguay, Angola,
Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Southern Africa: Northern Provinces.
West-Central Tropical Africa: Burundi, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo,
Equatorial Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Islands.
West Tropical Africa: Benin, Burkina, Gambia, The, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory
Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone.
Indian Subcontinent: India [Kerala].
Climatic parameters: The species occurs in areas with a temperature of 20–27 °C and an annual precipitation rate
of 500–1800 mm (Gebrewahid et al., 2020) at an elevation of 1100–1800 (IBC, 2014).
Soil: The species grows well in very acidic sandy soils, deeply humus stained (poorly aerated) and poor in nutrients,
with pH 5.5–6. Soil organic carbon content of areas with O. abyssinica is 3.4–5.3 %.
Native habitat: The species is abundant on disturbed termite mounds in full light. It grows in savanna woodland,
usually in river valleys, and is often found on very poor soils with an association of Lonchocarpus laxiflorus,
Combretum sps and Entada abyssinica.
Propagation
a. Natural: Flowering cycle in this species is reported as 30–35 years (Abere et al., 2020). Seed weight is 8.3
seeds/gram (Bahru et al., 2015) and germinate in 9–12 days in soil (65.8 %) (Dereso, 2019). A survival
rate of 56.25 % has been reported for direct seed sowing (Gebretsion and Abay, 2019).
b. Clonal propagation: A success rate of 43.75 % for seedling macro-proliferation has been reported
(Gebretsion and Abay, 2019). Survival rates of 59.32 % and 17.42 %, for rhizomes with two nodes and
rhizomes without nodes respectively, was also recorded by Abere et al. (2020). Whole culms used for
propagation gave a 22.2 % survival rate (Abere et al., 2020). Two nodal culm cuttings taken from basal
and middle positions planted horizontally showed significantly higher survival rates (Gebrehiwot et al., 2016).
c. Tissue culture: Propagation through axillary bud proliferation with nodal explants from 12-month-old
seedlings (Diab and Mohamed, 2008).
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Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Homestead cultivation, agroforestry systems and commercial plantations.
b. Spacing: 5x5 m.
c. Possible species mixed: Cash crops and hardwood trees.
d. Years to maturation: 7 years (For culms developed from seeds) (Abere et al., 2020).
e. Shooting season: June–August.
Productivity
a. Culm production : Up to 5921 culms/ha from two-year-old forest (Abere et al., 2020).
b. AGB : 140.11 ± 2.55 Mg/ha (Abere et al., 2020).
c. Annual C sequestered : Mean biomass carbon: 83.2 ± 1.5 Mg C/ha; soil organic carbon: 70 ± 1.7
Mg C/ha; total bamboo forest: 152.5 ± 2.5 Mg C/ha to 559.8 ± 9.0 ton
CO2/ha (Abebe et al., 2021).
Western Ethiopia (Gurmessa et al., TAGB= -1.073+0.067*BA+(-0.064*D 10) +0.206*Height+0.653*DBH,

2016) R2=0.866
TAGB= -1.157+0.058*BA+0.203*Height+0.624*DBH, R2=0.865
TAGB= -1.392+0.234*Height+0.766*DBH, R2=0.84
DHB is diameter at breast ehight; D10 is basal diameter at 10 cm abover
ground; BA is basal area of individual culm
a. Density : 1.077, 0.9845, 0.9787 g/cm3 (Hankun et al., 2019); 0.493 g/m3
(Abdalla et al., 2014).
b. Cellulose/Lignin/silica content : Cellulose 52.06 %; lignin 22.47 % (Tolessa et al., 2017); Cellulose
60.1–62.3 % lignin 21.2–25.1 % (Abdalla et al., 2014).
c. MOE : 11,140 MPa (Seyoum, 2009).

d. MOR : 146 MPa (Seyoum, 2009).
e. Fibre length : 1.83 mm–2.04 mm (Abdalla et al., 2014).
f. Fibre diameter : 30.32–30.83 μm (Abdalla et al., 2014).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Natural bamboo forests containing O. abyssinica are under threat
of deforestation and degradation (Nfornkah et al., 2020). Genetic diversity and population structure analysis
of O. abyssinica have been carried out. The data show a clear diversity among the population based on their
geographical locations (Oumer et al., 2021).
Uses
a. Traditional: Weaving, whole culms in construction, furniture, water pipes, edible shoots, fodder (leaves),
fencing material, arrow shafts, walking sticks.
b. Industrial: Charcoal.
c. Potential: Pulp, bioenergy.
Key ecosystem service values: A potential species for carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. The
species has been used for reclamation of degraded mined sites in Ghana (Peprah et al., 2014).
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35. Phyllostachys aurea (André)

Rivière & C. Rivière
Subspecies/variety/clone: Phyllostachys bambusoides var. aurea (André) Makino; Phyllostachys reticulata var.
aurea (André) Makino; Sinarundinaria reticulata var. aurea (André); Phyllostachys meyeri var. aurea (André) Pilip.;
Phyllostachys puberula var. flavescensinversa J. Houz.; Phyllostachys aurea var. flavescensinversa (J. Houz.) Nakai;
Phyllostachys aurea f. flavescensinversa (J. Houz.) Muroi; Phyllostachys bambusoides f. alternatolutescens I. Tsuboi;
Phyllostachys reticulata f. alternatolutescens (I. Tsuboi); Phyllostachys aurea f. alternatolutescens (I. Tsuboi) Makino
& Nemoto; Phyllostachys bambusoides f. albovariegata Makino; Phyllostachys reticulata f. albovariegata (Makino)
Makino & Nemoto; Phyllostachys aurea f. albovariegata (Makino).
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambos koteisik Siebold.; Bambusa koteisik Zoll.; Bambusa aurea André;
Phyllostachys takemurae Muroi in J. Sugimoto; Phyllostachys breviligula W.T. Lin & Z.M. Wu; Phyllostachys
formosana Hayata.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Golden bamboo; Fish-pole bamboo; Stick bamboo; Yellow
bamboo; Castillon bamboo; Hardy timber bamboo; Madake; Giant timber bamboo; Japanese timber bamboo;
Fairyland bamboo (Australia); Monk’s belly bamboo; Hotei-chiku; Pring uncue (Indonesia).
Description: A loosely clumping bamboo with leptomorph, long-necked rhizomes. The culms attain a height of
2.5–12 m (Roxas, 2012) and average diameter of 1.1–9 cm with extremes of up to 15 cm, with wall thickness of 2–8
mm (Roxas, 2012). The internodes are long, 8–20 cm in length, with branches that are borne at the middle of the
culm with unequal thickness (Roxas, 2012). The species has prominent nodes with a white powdery wax below.
The lower nodes are often irregularly short and swollen, while the upper are distant and horizontal (Roxas, 2012).
Branches occur in uneven pairs with sulcus (Gucker, 2009). The stems and branches of P. aurea are green when
they are young and turn golden yellow at maturity (Rickel and Rojas- Sandoval, 2017).
Distribution
a. Native range: Fujian and Zhejiang to Viet Nam.
Australia: New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland.
Caucasus: Transcaucasus.
Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua.
Europe: Spain.
Indian Subcontinent: East Himalaya.
Malesia: Jawa, Lesser Sunda Islands, Sumatera.
Mexico: Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast.
New Zealand: Kermadec Islands, New Zealand North.
Northwestern U.S.A: Oregon.
Southeastern U.S.A.: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia Southwestern.
Southwestern U.S.A.: California.
South-Central U.S.A.: Texas West-Central.
Tropical Africa: Cameroon.
Western South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
Brazil: Brazil Southeast, Brazil South, Brazil West-Central.
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Climatic parameters: P. aurea tolerates a wide range of temperature of -15–26 °C and sometimes as low as -20 °C
(Rickel and Rojas-Sandoval, 2017). This species grows at elevations of 700–2000 m with annual precipitation of
1000 mm (Rickel and Rojas-Sandoval, 2017).
Soil: Sandy soils with drainage and rich nutrients are optimum for the wild growth of this species. P. aurea cannot
withstand water-logged conditions (Rickel and Rojas-Sandoval, 2017).
Native habitat: An invasive plant in undisturbed habitats including along stream edges and riparian corridors (Rickel
and Rojas-Sandoval, 2017). Dense litter fall prevents other species from thriving.
Propagation
a. Natural: Both sporadic and gregarious flowering has been reported with this species. Flowering
cycles may occur in 7–12 years (Miller, 2003) with no seed settings.
b. Clonal propagation: P. aurea spreads rapidly by underground rhizomes in all directions. Clump parts, 0.5–
1.0 m long, with both a rhizome and roots are also commonly used for large scale planting with 100 % success
(Roxas, 2012).
c. Tissue culture: Somatic embryogenesis has been found to be successful with this species (Huang and
Huang, 1993).
Cultivation
Shooting season: Each spring (Gucker, 2009).
a. Density : 783 ± 28 kg/m (Armandei et al., 2015); 0.77 g/cm3 (Panels) (Armandei et al.,
2015).
b. MOE : 9.49 +1.46 Gpa (Armandei et al., 2015); 210.0 MPa (Cruz, 2002); 69.0 MPa
(Cruz, 2002).
c. MOR : 4.0 MPa (Cruz, 2002).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: This species is reported as an invasive in many countries. There
are some cultivars of P. aurea, including P. aurea ‘Flavescens Inversa’ (lower culms with a pale-yellow stripe on
the sulcus), P. aurea ‘Holochrysa’ with common name “golden golden” (culms turn yellow/gold sooner than the
type form, random leaves have a yellow stripe); P. aurea ‘Koi’ (culms turn yellow, but sulcus stays green, random
leaves have a yellow stripe); P. aurea ‘Takemurai’ (culms grow taller and lack the compressed internodes of the
type form).
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicrafts, weaving, bamboo pipes, walking sticks, umbrella and fan handles, popular
garden ornamental and hedges.
b. Industrial: Charcoal, briquettes, and pellets for bioenergy.
c. Potential: Being a rapidly growing species, there is a great potential for cultivation on degraded lands for
restoration and carbon sequestration with proper containment measures.
Key ecosystem service values: No data available.
Research gaps: Allometric equations for biomass and estimates of annual C sequestered are needed.
Information Gaps: Cultivation practices and information on productivity are not known.
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36. Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz.
Subspecies/variety/clone (if any): Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens (Pradelle) Ohwi; Phyllostachys
heterocycla f. pubescens (Pradelle) D.C.McClint.; Phyllostachys mitis var. heterocycla (Carrière) Makino;
Phyllostachys pubescens var. heterocycla (Carrière) J.Houz.; Phyllostachys edulis var. heterocycle; Phyllostachys
pubescens var. biconvexa; Phyllostachys edulis f. heterocycle; Phyllostachys edulis f. subconvexa; Phyllostachys
heterocycla f. subconvexa; Phyllostachys pubescens f. aureovariegata; Phyllostachys heterocycla f. aureovariegata;
Phyllostachys edulis f. aureovariegata; Sinarundinaria pubescens f. nabeshimana; Phyllostachys heterocycla f.
nabeshimana; Phyllostachys pubescens var. nabeshimana; Phyllostachys edulis f. nabeshimana; Phyllostachys
pubescens f. nabeshimana; Sinarundinaria pubescens var. bicolor; Phyllostachys heterocycla f. bicolor; Phyllostachys
pubescens f. bicolor; Phyllostachys edulis f. bicolor ; Phyllostachys macroculmis var. edulis; Phyllostachys edulis
f. aureostriata K; Phyllostachys pubescens var. taokiang; Phyllostachys heterocycla f. taokiang; Phyllostachys
heterocycla f. gimmei; Phyllostachys edulis f. gimmei; Phyllostachys pubescens f. grammica; Phyllostachys
pubescens f. purpurescens; Phyllostachys edulis f. purpurescens; Phyllostachys pubescens f. rigida; Phyllostachys
edulis f. rigida; Phyllostachys pubescens f. huamozhu; Phyllostachys heterocycla f. huamozhu; Phyllostachys edulis
f. huamozhu; Phyllostachys pubescens f. gracilis; Phyllostachys pubescens f. lutea; Phyllostachys edulis f. lutea;
Phyllostachys pubescens f. luteosulcata; Phyllostachys edulis f. luteosulcata; Phyllostachys pubescens f. viridosulcata
T.; Phyllostachys heterocycla f. viridosulcata; Phyllostachys edulis f. viridisulcata; Phyllostachys heterocycla f.
obliquinoda; Phyllostachys edulis f. obliguinoda; Phyllostachys heterocycla f. ventricose; Phyllostachys edulis
f. ventricose; Phyllostachys pubescens f. obtusangula; Phyllostachys heterocycla f. obtusangula; Phyllostachys
edulis f. obtusangula; Phyllostachys pubescens f. quadrangulate; Phyllostachys heterocycla f. quadrangulate;
Phyllostachys edulis f. quadrangulate; Phyllostachys pubescens f. tubiformis; Phyllostachys heterocycla f. tubiformis;
Phyllostachys edulis f. tubiformis; Phyllostachys edulis f. gracilis; Phyllostachys heterocycla f. oboro; Phyllostachys
edulis f. albovariegata; Phyllostachys heterocycla f. oboro; Phyllostachys edulis f. albovariegata; Phyllostachys
pubescens f. holochrysa; Phyllostachys edulis f. epruinosa; Phyllostachys edulis f. venusta; Phyllostachys heterocycla f.
anjiensis; Phyllostachys edulis f. purpureoculmis; Phyllostachys edulis f. purpureosulcata ; Phyllostachys pubescens f.
quadrangulata S.Y.Wang.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambos moosoo Siebold; Bambusa edulis Carrière; Bambusa mitis Carrière;
Bambusa pubescens Pradelle; Phyllostachys pubescens (Pradelle) Mazel ex J. Houz.; Sinarundinaria pubescens
(Pradelle) Muroi; Bambusa heterocycla Carrière, Rev.; Phyllostachys heterocycla (Carrière) Matsum.; Phyllostachys
bicolor Crouzet.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Mao zhu (Chinese), Moso, Mosochiku (Japan); Edible bamboo,
Tortoise-shell bamboo.
Description: A large bamboo with long-necked leptomorph rhizomes and straight culms that attain a height
of 10−35 m. The diameter of the culm ranges from 19−20 cm with internodes of length up to 45 cm and wall
thickness of 14.04 mm (base), 10.21 mm (middle) and 9.04 mm (top) (García et al., 2012). Nodes are with
prominent nodal ridges and branches are only found at the top of the culms.
Distribution
a. Native range:
Southern, South-eastern and Western Brazil.
Japan (including the Ryukyu Islands), Korea.
The Philippines
South-eastern U.S.A (Georgia, South Carolina).
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Climatic parameters: P. edulis grows at a temperature range of -13–41 °C and precipitation in the range of
800−1800 mm. The species commonly grows at elevations of 100–700 m but is occasionally grown at higher
elevations up to 1000 m.
Soil: It will grow in well drained acidic or neutral purple and yellow soil, and reddish yellow soil with pH 4.73–4.82
(Wu et al., 2018) and soil organic content 90.6 Mg/ha (Zhuang et al., 2015).
Native habitat: Mountain slopes; below 1600 m in elevation.
Propagation
a. Natural: Flowering cycle of 67 years has been reported in P. edulis. Incidence of sporadic flowering also
occurs regularly in pockets. Treatment with GA3 resulted in 100 % seed germination (Sood et al., 2014).
b. Tissue culture: Auxillary bud proliferation (Sood et al., 2014) and somatic embryogenesis (Phyllostachys
heterocycla var. pubescens) (Yuan et al., 2013).
Cultivation
a. Years to maturation: The harvest age depends on its use. 7 for timber, 4 for pulp and paper.
b. Shooting season: April–July.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 8–15 t /ha (with full irrigation plus rainfall) and 0–8 t /ha with reduced
irrigation (Kleinhenz et al., 2003).
b. AGB : 14.07 Mg/ha (Zhang et al., 2014); 16.24–163.41 kg/culm and 23.7–
572.29 Mg/ha (Chen et al., 2009).
c. Annual C sequestered : 0.451–0.531 g C/g (culms); 105.07 t/ha(soil) (Liu et al., 2010); 6.74 Mg/
ha (Zhang et al., 2014).
China 1 (Gao et al., 2015) Total biomass (kg) = 0.24*DHB1.87 (R2=0.93)
a. Specific gravity : 0.553 to 1.006 (Yu et al., 2008).
b. Density : 0.68 g/m3 (Berndsen et al., 2013).
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose 64.54 % (inner layer); 82.99 % (outer layer); 80.89 %
(middle layer) (Yoshizawa et al., 1991); lignin; 29.88−35.36 %
(Internode), 19.66−29.93 % (Node) (Yoshizawa et al., 1991);
α-cellulose: 42 % (Thomas, 1977).
d. MOE : 13.719 Mpa (Berndsen et al., 2013).
e. MOR : 167 Mpa (Berndsen et al., 2013).
f. Fibre length : 1.56 mm (Liese, 1998).
g. Fibre diameter : 13 µm (Liese, 1998).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Not reported.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, weaving; whole culms in construction; furniture; edible shoots.
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b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo; paper/pulp; Charcoal
c. Potential: Biorefinery.
Key ecosystem service values: P. edulis has excellent carbon sequestration potential and performs well against soil
erosion.
Research gaps: P. edulis is of interest around the world being the mainstay of a huge industry in China. Information
on the range of climatic and soil parameters that permit cultivation of the species in other suitable regions is
needed.
Information Gaps: None reported.
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37. Phyllostachys nigra
(Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro
Subspecies/variety/clone: Phyllostachys puberula var. nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) J. Houz.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa nigra Lodd. ex Lindl.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Black bamboo, Timber bamboo.
Description: Large bamboo with rapidly forming loose clumps with leptomorph long-necked rhizomes. The culms
grow up to 2.7−7 m with a diameter of 1−5.7 cm with arching tips. The internodes are 25−30 cm long with wall
thickness 3 mm (Flora of China, 2016) which are greenish when young and turn blackish or purplish-black at maturity.
The nodes are banded with horizontal rings and the internodes are grooved lengthwise between the nodes.
Distribution
a. Native range: South Hunan.
China: China Southeast [Hunan].
Australia: New South Wales, Queensland.
China: China South-Central, China North-Central, China Southeast.
Central Europe: Austria.
Eastern Asia: Japan, Korea, Nansei-shoto.
Malesia: Jawa islands, Philippines.
Northeast U.S.A: West Virginia, South Carolina.
Northern Europe: Great Britain.
North-Central Pacific: Hawaii.
South-eastern U.S.A.: Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia.
Western Indian Ocean: Seychelles.
Climatic parameters: This species grows well at an elevation of 1100–1200 m with annual rainfall and temperature
of 1200–1700 mm and 10–18 °C.
Soil: Sandy loamy soil, and sometimes clay soil. Soil with soil organic content of 1.74 % and pH 4.5–6.6.
Native habitat: Open forests on slopes and in valleys with Masson pine and China fir with some cypresses.
Propagation
a. Natural: The flowering cycle in the species is 40–50 years (Lin et al., 2010) but seeds are rare.
b. Clonal propagation: Rhizome offsets are a widely used method for cultivation.
c. Tissue culture: Renyi et al. (2009) hold a patent for micropropagation of the species through axillary bud
proliferation. Ogita (2005) reported plantlet regeneration through somatic embryogenesis.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Line planting, potted (ornamental).
b. Spacing: 1–1.5 m.
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d. Shooting season: April–May.
Productivity
a. Annual C sequestered : 43.2 Mg C /ha (Yuen et al., 2017).
Japan (Inoue et al., 2018) S = 187.66D1.70

S = 2.08DH
a. Specific gravity : 907 (0.02) kg/m3 (Akinbade et al., 2019).
b. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose 46.6 %; hemicellulose1 5.67 %; lignin 32.43 % (Depuydt
et al., 2019).
c. MOR : 45.2 (0.13) MPa (Akinbade et al., 2019).
d. Fibre length : 2.2 mm (Jeon et al., 2018).
e. Fibre diameter : 167–180 µm.
Uses
a. Traditional: Food, musical instruments, ornamental uses.
b. Industrial: Lumber, food.
Key ecosystem service values: As a popular plant for uses as a live fence, the species can be used as an effective
windbreak and as a soil binder.
Research and Information gaps: Information of genetic variability and conservation efforts are not available.
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38. Phyllostachys violascens

Rivière & C. Rivière
Subspecies/variety/clone: Phyllostachys praecox f. notata S.Y. Chen & C.Y. Yao; Phyllostachys praecox f. prevernalis
S.Y. Chen & C.Y. Yao; Phyllostachys praecox f. viridisulcata P.X. Zhang & W.X. Huang.
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Bambusa violascens Carrière; Phyllostachys praecox C.D. Chu & C.S. Chao.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Lei bamboo, early bamboo, violet bamboo.
Description: The species is a loosely packed, evergreen bamboo with long-necked leptomorph rhizomes. The
straight culms attain a height of 8–10 m (Molari et al., 2020) and have inclined top. The thin walled (4.53 mm)
culms have the diameter ranging from 4–6 cm with an average of 5.11 cm (Molari et al., 2020). The internodes are
long, 15–25 cm in length (Molari et al., 2020). Lateral branches grow in threes with one dominant branch.
Distribution
a. Native range: SE. China.
China: China Southeast [Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang].
China: China South-Central [Yunnan], China Southeast [Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Jiangxi, Zhejiang].
Climatic parameters: P. violascens grows in the warm temperate and subtropical regions of southern China. This
species withstands temperatures as low as -15 °C for short periods (an average of 132 frost days). The annual
precipitation of this area is 1420 mm, and the annual average temperature is 15.9 °C, with a maximum of 41.9 °C
and minimum of -13.4 °C (Guo et al., 2014).
Soil: The species grows well in medium loam soil with good drainage. This soil is ferrosol and derived from granite
(Guo et al., 2014). Soil organic content of this soil is 36.67−42.72 g/kg (Gai et al., 2021) with pH 4.0–6.69.
Native habitat: P. violascens f. prevernalis occurs on plains and low mountains (Yue et al., 2004).
Propagation
a. Natural: Sporadic flowering has been reported in this species. Seeds are rarely available and germinate at
about 20 °C soon after collection.
b. Clonal propagation: Rhizome offsets and clump divisions are the most common methods used in P.
violascens for clonal propagation.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: P. violascens is under wide cultivation for edible shoots. They are popular due to early
shoot production.
b. Possible species mixed: Bamboo farming in association with chicken in China (Zhang et al., 2021).
c. Years to maturation: This species cultivated mainly for its edible shoots which are collected on the 4th day
of emergence from the soil (Neményi et al., 2015).
d. Shooting season: Two shooting seasons are prevalent in this species, the first is induced with mulching
(March–April) and the normal season is April–May (Flora of China, 2006).
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Productivity
a. Culm production : 16500 culms/ha (Guomo et al., 1998); 19500, 18900 and 18060 stalks
/ha respectively under control, 3-year mulching and 6-year mulching
conditions in 3-, 2-, and 1-year-old plantations (Guo et al., 2014).
b. AGB : Estimates of 1.18 + 0.12 kg in P. violascens f. prevernalis grown in 100
% relative light intensity (Yue et al., 2004).
c. Density : 743 kg/m3 (Molari et al., 2020).
d. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : 45.65 % dietary fibre content (Yang et al., 2021).
e. MOE : 148.91 MPa Tension (Molari et al., 2020).
f. MOR : 59.5 Mpa (Molari et al., 2020).
Uses
a. Traditional: Edible shoots, crafts.
b. Industrial: Edible shoots.
c. Potential: Biofuel.
Research gaps: Studies on the carbon sequestration potential of this species are required. Potential of this species
for bioenergy production should be studied.
Information Gaps: Information on AGB and other ecosystem services are not available with this species or its
varieties.
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39. Phyllostachys vivax McClure
Subspecies/variety/Clone (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Phyllostachys vivax f. huanguenzhu, Phyllostachys vivax f.
vittate, Phyllostachys vivax f. aureocaulis, Phyllostachys vivax f. viridivittata.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Chinese timber bamboo, Running giant bamboo, Golden Chinese
Timber Bamboo (Phyllostachys vivax aureocaulis).
Description: An evergreen running bamboo with leptomorph long necked rhizomes and tall culms of height 5–11.7
m. The average culm diameter of this species is 5.7 cm and the average wall thickness 10.7 mm. The internodes
are up to 35.2 cm long and nodes have asymmetrical ridges. The older culms turn yellow at maturity.
Distribution
a. Native range: East China.
China: China North-Central, China Southeast.
China: China North-Central [Shandong], China South-Central [Yunnan], China Southeast
[Fujian, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang].
Climatic parameters: P. vivax thrives in regions with annual mean temperature and precipitation of 15.9 °C and
1157 mm respectively but can survive at temperatures as low as -15 °C.
Soil: P. vivax grows on sandy soil with pH of 7.97–8.15. Soil should be moist with good drainage.
Native habitat: This species grows well in humid environments and also in coastal saline areas.
Propagation: The species does not set seeds, so propagation is only through vegetative means. Rhizome offset
method is the method adopted.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantations, strip plantations.
b. Spacing: Block plantations: 6x21 m (Temmerman et al., 2005).
Strip plantation: 3x51 m (Temmerman et al., 2005).
c. Possible species mixed: Phyllostachys aureosulcata ‘spectabilis’ and Phyllostachys
praecox. for strip plantations in Belgium (Temmerman et al., 2005).
d. Shooting season: March–June.
Productivity
Culm production : Dry matter: 10–13 t /ha/yr (Temmerman et al., 2005).
a. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose 56.8 %; hemicellulose 12.1 %; lignin 31.15 % (Depuydt et al.,
2019).
b. Fibre length : 1.38 mm (Haun et al., 1966).
c. Fibre diameter : 1.02 µm (Haun et al., 1966).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: No efforts to conserve the species or carry out selections for
improvement are known.
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Uses
a. Traditional: Edible shoot production, some cultivars for ornamental purpose, woven articles, handles for
farm tools.
b. Industrial: Pulp industry, edible shoots.
c. Potential: Ecosystem services.
Key ecosystem service values: P. vivax grows well in coastal regions, and it has been shown that this species can
be used to protect coastal areas from erosion and in restoration programmes on land with a high saline content (Li
et al., 2021).
Research gaps: Potential of this species for carbon sequestration should be studied. Studies on genetic variability
and largescale propagation including tissue culture are needed.
Information Gaps: Information of flowering cycle, seed production and propagation methods are not available.
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40. Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii (Munro)

T.Q. Nguyen
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Oxytenanthera stocksii Munro; Pseudotenanthera stocksii (Munro),
Gigantochloa stocksii (Munro) T.Q. Nguyen, Dendrocalamus stocksii (Munro).
Common names (language/area in parenthesis): Saeme bamboo, Manga Bamboo (Goa, India) Konda, Oor-shema,
Maarihal (Karnataka, India); Chivari, Mes (Maharashtra, India).
Description: P. stocksii is a medium-sized, loosely clumped bamboo with pachymorph short-necked rhizomes. The
grey-green culms grow up to 8−9 m high with a diameter of 2.5−5.8 cm. The internodes are long (15−30 cm) with a
solid base (usually up to the 6th node) and wall thickness of 12.18 mm (middle) and 7.12 mm (top) (Kaushal et al.,
2021). The nodes are flat with a pubescent ring and self-pruned branches up to the 5th or 6th node from the base
(Viswanath et al., 2013).
Distribution
a. Native range: India, Viet Nam.
Indian Subcontinent: India.
Indian Subcontinent: India [Karnataka].
Climatic parameters: This species grows well in an elevation of 19–2000 m with an extreme maximum of 9000 m.
Annual rainfall should be 3000–4000 mm and mean temperature 24°C.
Soil: P. stocksii requires a well-drained, deep, loamy soil with pH 5.35−6.14. The soil organic carbon of this species’
growing area is 1.91–4.47 mg/cm3 (Kaushal et al., 2021, Lubina et al., 2019). The natural distribution of this species
is in humid tropics with lateritic soil type. It has a wide adaptability and comes up well in sub humid and semi-arid
conditions on black and red soils.
Native habitat: P. stocksii is known only in cultivation. This bamboo is mostly confined to the banks of streams
and mostly found in homesteads and cultivated area such as arecanut gardens and paddy fields. It is native to
the Western Ghats region of India and found cultivated in the coastal belt of Karnataka and Himalayan foothills of
India.
Propagation
a. Natural: Sporadic and gregarious flowering have been reported in this species (Beena et al., 2007) with
no seed setting.
b. Clonal propagation: Splitting of rhizomes (Reddy and Yekanthappa, 1989) is found to be a very efficient
propagation method. Two-node culm segments (from 1.5/2-year-old culms) with viable healthy buds at
the nodes are used with hormone treatment (Banik, 2016). Pre-rooted branches from culm nodes have
also been used successfully in this species (Banik, 2016).
c. Tissue culture: Micropropagation is successful through axillary bud proliferation (Sanjaya et al., 2005;
Vidya, 2019) and somatic embryogenesis (Vidya and Muralidharan, 2013, Somashekar et al., 2018).
Commercial micropropagation is also well established.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Home gardens or as pure block plantations; commonly planted as live fences or on farm
boundaries.
140
b. Spacing: 5x5 m or 4x4 m for dense plantations (Viswanath et al., 2013).
c. Possible species mixed: Finger millet, areca nut, pepper.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 11.8 culms/clump and 6018 culms /ha at the sixth year after planting
(Subbanna and Viswanath, 2018).
c. Annual C sequestered : Not reported.
d. Soil Organic Carbon : 1.91–4.47 mg/cm3 (Kaushal et al., 2021; Lubina et al., 2019).
e. Allometric equations : Not reported.
a. Specific gravity : 0.691 (Banik, 2016).
b. Density : 1.52 ± 0.083 Mg/m3 (Kaushal et al., 2021).
c. MOE : 386 kg/cm2 (Banik, 2016).
d. MOR : 610 kg/cm2 (Banik, 2016).
e. Fibre length : 3.4 mm (Rao et al., 2004).
f. Fibre diameter : 16.6 µm (Rao et al., 2004).
g. Runkel ratio : 1.9 (Viswanath et al., 2013).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: Due to poor seed setting and the non-gregarious nature of this
bamboo, genetic diversity could be highly restricted and continuous vegetative propagation from a narrow genetic
base could have serious implication for conservation of the species. Extensive survey and collection of germplasm,
establishment of live germplasm collections (BSKKV, Dapoli; College of Forestry, Sirsi and IWST, Bangaluru) and
trials and selection of superior genotypes have been carried out.
Uses
a. Traditional: House construction, scaffolding, basketry, crafts, tools, edible shoots, stakes in agriculture,
umbrella handles, walking sticks, as a navigation tool in country boats.
b. Industrial: Modern construction, pulp and paper, furniture making.
c. Potential: Substitute for cane and rattan in the bamboo-based furniture industry.
Key ecosystem service values: This species has great potential for social forestry, agroforestry, and coastal zone
forestry.
Research gaps: The potential of this species for carbon sequestration has not been evaluated. Multilocational trials
and agroforestry trials should be carried out since the species has tremendous potential as a commercial species.
Information Gaps: The species has been planted in several states of India outside in native range but information
on its performance in these areas needs to be collected.
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Habitat　　 Culm and branching pattern
　　
142
41. Schizostachyum pergracile (Munro)
R.B. Majumdar
Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Cephalostachyum pergracile Munro; Oxytenanthera aliena McClure.
Common names (language/area in parenthesis): xiang nuo zhu (China), Bhalan bans; Madang; Wootang; Latang;
Dangi (India) Pungsangl, Gulhang/Goekhang (India).
Description: S. pergracile is a medium-sized bamboo with straight culms and short-necked pachymorph rhizomes.
Culms are apically drooping and have a height of 7–20 m with an average of 9 m (Flora of China, 2006; Durai
and Long, 2019). Culm have a diameter of 5–7 cm, internodal length of 30–45 cm (Flora of China, 2006; Benton,
2015) and the nodes are flat.
Distribution
a. Native range: India to South Yunnan in China.
China: China South Central.
Indian Subcontinent: Assam [Manipur, Nagaland], Bangladesh, Eastern Himalaya [Arunachal
Pradesh], India [Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Orissa] (Naithani et al., 2010).
Indo-China: Laos, Malaya.
Malesia: Java.
China: China South-Central [Yunnan] (Benton, 2015).
Indo-China: Myanmar, Thailand.
Climatic parameters: This species grows profusely at 50–1200 m elevation (Flora of China, 2006). Durai and Long
(2019) reported its distribution up to 1500 with ideal of 500–1200 m. S. pergracile tolerates -6 °C and prefers
normal temperature of 22–23 °C with annual precipitation of 800–1000 m (Durai and Long, 2019).
Soil: The species is most common in well drained, loamy soils in Myanmar (Durai and Long, 2019) but is also
suitable for sandy, heavy clay and red soils (Guadua Bamboo 2021)*; Soil organic content of this area is 1.38–1.52
% with pH 5.5−6.4 (Thokchom and Yadava, 2017). This bamboo thrives in well-drained loamy soils.
Native habitat: This species is found on lower hills, in mountain valleys, and in mixed deciduous forests near
streams up to an altitude of 1000 m (Guadua Bamboo 2021)*. It widely grows in semi-humid to semiarid regions in
association with trees such as Phoenix sylvestris, Terminalia citrina, Castanopsis hystrix, Curcuma augustifolia and
Smilax sp. (Thokchom and Yadava, 2017). In moist deciduous forests it co-exists with teak, Bambusa polymorpha
or Dendrocalamus membranaceus, but in the drier forests, where it is found with Dendrocalamus strictus, it is
stunted in growth (Guadua Bamboo 2021)*. In central India the species is associated with B. tulda and B. bambos.
Propagation
a. Natural: Flowering in the species is more commonly sporadic without seed set, but gregarious flowering
occurs at intervals of 7–15 years (Guadua Bamboo, 2021) *.
b. Clonal propagation: Seedling macroproliferation. Rhizome offsets from 1- to 2-year-old culms are used
for propagation (Benton, 2015; Durai and Long, 2019). Culm cuttings have also been used successfully
(Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998; Durai and Long, 2019).
c. Tissue culture: Only one report (Prutpongse and Gavinlertvatana, 1992) without much detail, is available
for the species.
143
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: Block plantation, agroforestry, ornamental.
b. Spacing: 3x3, 4x4 m; 8x8 m (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
c. Possible species mixed: B. tulda, B. nutans, teak, agroforestry with pulses, vegetables.
Productivity
a. Culm production : 61.85 Mg/ha (Thokchom and Yadava, 2017); 7 t/ha of air-dried
culms/year (Guadua Bamboo 2021)*.
b. AGB : 143.1 to 202.62 Mg/ha (Thokchom and Yadava, 2017).
c. Annual C sequestered : Vegetation: 64.65−91.48 Mg/ha; Soil: 53.25 Mg/ha (Thokchom and
Yadava, 2017).
Myanmar (Fukushima et al., 2007) Cb = 0.089 D2.35

Cb = culm dry biomass (kg), D = diameter at breast height (cm)
e. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Lignin 24.9 %.
f. Fibre length : 2.1−2.48 mm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
g. Fibre diameter : 16.46 µm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
h. Kappa No. : 28.2 (Singh and Bhola, 1978) cited by (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh
Kumar, 1998).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: No information is available on the genetic diversity of the species and
any efforts on conservation.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicraft, weaving (Benton, 2015), whole culms in construction, edible shoots (Long and
Durai, 2019), ornamental, lacquerware (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998), mats (Seethalakshmi
and Muktesh Kumar, 1998; Durai and Long, 2019), containers for cooking rice.
b. Industrial: Paper pulp (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
c. Potential: Engineered bamboo, ecological restoration, bioenergy.
Key ecosystem service values: The species is adapted to drier areas with low rainfall and therefore can be ideal for
ecological restoration programmes.
Research gaps: Physicochemical characterisation of the species is needed to explore the scope for other value
chains.
Information Gaps: Data to be collected for several parameters.
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Habitat　　Culm and branching pattern
　　
145
42. Schizostachyum zollingeri Steud.

Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Melocanna zollingeri (Steud.) Kurz ex Munro.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Buluh kasap, Buloh nipis, Buloh dinding, Buloh telo (Malaysia);
Pring Rampal (Malang); Mai hea (Japan); Phai-miangfai (Thailand); Bambu lampar (East Java), Buluh telor, Buluh
nipis (Sumatra, Indonesia).
Description: A non-tufted bamboo with pachymorph short-necked rhizomes and slender, straight culms with
drooping whip-like tips. The inflexible culms attain a height of 6–22 m (Rahayu and Ervianti, 2020; Abdulla Siam
et al., 2019) and a diameter of 2–8 cm with an average of 5.4 cm at DBH (Mohamed et al., 1991). The internodes
are long, 46.5–79.4 cm, and wall thickness reaches to 4.6–3.9 mm (Mohamed et al., 1991). Branches are typically
borne at the middle of the culm, with a cluster of slender subequal branches (Rahayu and Ervianti, 2020).
Distribution
a. Native range:
Indo-China: Laos, Viet Nam.
Malesia: Borneo, Jawa, Malaya, Sumatera.
Climatic parameters: S. zollingeri grows in a temperature range of 25–34 °C and precipitation in the range of
400–4220 mm. The species commonly grows at elevations of 50–200 m but is also successfully grown at higher
elevations of up to 400 m (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Soil: It will grow in any well-drained soil but prefers sandy loams or clay loams (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995). The
species grows on soils with soil organic content of 7.07–15.31 % and pH of 3.9–4.7. This species can survive long
drought.
Native habitat: S. zollingeri is distributed in dense forest but more often in disturbed areas such as forest edges
and forest clearings (Rahayu and Ervianti, 2020). It is often found growing together with Gigantochloa ligulate in
Peninsular Malaysia.
Propagation
a. Natural: Sporadic flowering is seen in the species in every year but annual gregarious flowering during
dry season also reported. Abundant seed were produced after the gregarious flowering with more than
80 % germination retained after 1 month and 50 % after 2 months of collection (Dransfield and Widjaja,
1995).
b. Clonal propagation: Rhizome cuttings have been found to be successful for propagation in this species
(Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995). Culm cuttings from the top and middle portions are commonly used for
large-scale planting with a success rate of 100 % (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Cultivation
a. Plantation: This species is not commonly under cultivation.
b. Spacing: It is usually grown in 4x4 m or 6x6 m (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
d. Shooting season: June–September.
Productivity
a. Culm production : According to the Tropical Plants Database (2021), this species
produces 2000–3200 culms/ha.
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b. AGB : Estimates of 17–27 tons/ha have been reported (Tropical Plants
Database, 2021).
Malaysia (Mohamed et al., 1991) y = - 53.1224+ 976.808 x

y is volume (cm3); x is weight (kg); (r2=93.08%)
d. Density : 355 (Abdulla Siam et al., 2019).
e. Cellulose/Lignin/ silica content : Cellulose 71.6 %; lignin 21.4 %; (Nor Aziha and Azmy, 1991).
f. MOE : 9717 N/mm2 (Abdulla Siam et al., 2019).
g. MOR : 143 N/mm2 (Abdulla Siam et al., 2019).
h. Fibre length : 2.32 mm (Abdulla Siam et al., 2019).
i. Fibre diameter : 14.8 µm (Abdulla Siam et al., 2019).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: A small germplasm collection of S. zollingeri has been established in
Lumpung, Sumatra.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicrafts, satay sticks, basketry, toothpick, water container, skewer sticks.
b. Industrial: Toothpick, skewer sticks, paper pulp.
c. Potential: Matboard and oriented strand board.
Key ecosystem service values: Not reported.
Research gaps: S. zollingeri is a variable species without any breeding programmes, so establishment of more
germplasm collections and selections of superior clones are necessary. Development of various large scale
propagation methods such as tissue culture are required. The strong flexible screens made from its long culms has
great potential that needs to be developed.
Information Gaps: Details of cultivation practices are not available.
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　　　　　　　　　　 Habit Culm and branching pattern
　　
148
43. Thyrsostachys oliveri Gamble
Synonyms: Nil.
Common names (Language/area in parenthesis): Oliver bamboo; Kanak Kaich, Busai, Nusai (Northeast India); Nala
bauns (Odisha, India); Keirakwa (Manipur, India); Lathi mula (Kerala, India); Rupai, Rangoon bans (Bangladesh);
Phai ruak dam (Thailand); Thanawa (Myanmar).
Description: T. oliveri is a seasonal deciduous bamboo with tightly packed culms and short-necked pachymorph
rhizomes. The straight culms attain height of 15–25 m (Banik, 2016) and have a slight drooping at the tip. The
diameter of the culms ranges from 2.5–6 cm with an average of 4.24 cm. The wall thickness of the species is
between 26.1–1.5 mm from base to top and an internodal length of 30–55 cm (Banik, 2016). Branches are
produced only from the upper nodes of the culm. Nodes are hardly prominent but have persistent culm sheath.
Distribution
a. Native range:
Indian Subcontinent: Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya [Arunachal Pradesh], India [Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh] (Banik, 2016).
Climatic parameters: T. oliveri prefers to grow in areas with mean annual temperatures about 20°C and annual
rainfall exceeding 1500 mm. The distribution of this species found at elevations of 700–1300 m.
Soil: T. oliveri grows well on moist sandy clay loam, alluvial soils and on well-drained residual soils. The species’
growing area has soils of pH 6–8 on plains and pH 4.5–5.5 on the hills.
Native habitat: The species is commonly distributed in the mixed deciduous forests and found in association with
teak (Banik, 2016).
Propagation
a. Natural: Flowering cycle of T. oliveri is reported as 47–50 years (Banik, 2016). This species produces
seeds of weight varying from 0.62−0.73 g for 40 seeds (Banik, 2016) with 100 % germination soon after
collection (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
b. Clonal propagation: Rhizome offsets planted at the spacing of 2.7x1.8 m produced the highest percentage
of shoot responses, with an average number of shoots of 30.6/culm (Debbarma et al., 2014). Banik (2016)
reported that propagation through culm cutting with two- to three-node segments collected from 20- to
30-month-old culms gave a success rate of 40–45 %. Branch cuttings and air layering also gave 30–50 %
success in this species (Banik, 2016).
c. Tissue culture: Plantlet production through axillary bud proliferation (Islam and Rahman, 2005) has been
reported.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: This species cultivated in block plantation as well as strip plantations.
b. Spacing: A spacing of 5×5 m or 6×6 m is reported for block plantations (Banik, 2016) whereas 0.75x0.75
m or 1x1 m is typically adopted for live fences.
c. Possible species for mixed plantations: Plantations of bamboo are intercropped with kokum, jack fruit,
mango, cashew nut and rubber in the southern regions of India (Jayasankar et al., 1997). In a widely
spaced (5×5 m) plantation, intercropping was successfully carried out with ginger, pineapple, turmeric,
cowpea, peanut, maize and mustard (Banik, 2016).
149
d. Years to maturation: 3–5 (Banik, 2016).

e. Shooting season: May–August (Banik, 2016).
Productivity
a. Culm production : Jijeesh (2014) reported the production of 3725 culms/ha seven
years after planting.
b. AGB : Appraisals of 44.11 ± 4.96 and 50.04 ± 14.13 Mg/ha during the
sixth and seventh year respectively (Jijeesh and Seethalakshmi,
2020) have been reported.
c. Annual C sequestered : Jijeesh and Seethalakshmi (2020) reported data on carbon
sequestration as 20.92 ± 2.12 and 23.92 ± 6.14 Mg/ha during the
sixth and seventh year respectively.
a. Specific gravity : 0.758 (of air-dry bamboo) (Banik, 2016).
b. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose 60 %, Lignin 27 % (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar,
1998).
c. MOE : 12.2 kN/mm2 (Banik, 2016).
d. MOR : 917.7 kg/cm2 (Banik, 2016).
e. Fibre length : 2.50 mm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
f. Fibre diameter : 15.47 µm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998).
Genetic diversity and conservation status: The Forestry Master Plan of Bangladesh implemented an in situ
conservation of bamboo stands of T. oliveri in natural ecosystem with two zones, i.e., core zones and buffer zones.
The buffer zones can be utilised by the people of adjacent village for their own needs whereas the core areas
consist of permanent plots for bamboo.
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicrafts, weaving, whole culms in construction, water pipes, basket and mat making, roof
thatching, edible shoots, fodder.
b. Industrial: Javelin, fishing rod, range of furniture such as table, chair, sofa sets, cot, room partitions,
handicrafts etc. charcoal.
c. Potential: Commercial plantations for fibre, biofuel, biorefinery, charcoal etc.
Key ecosystem service values: The preference for the species by farmers for agroforestry due to the erect clusters
of culms and small canopy as well as its graceful foliage used as fodder encourages its widespread use as a soil
binder and stabiliser of streams and ponds.
Research gaps: A great variation has been reported on this species and hence a detailed genetic diversity and
variability analysis is required. An accelerated decline of natural stands of T. oliveri erode the genetic resources of
this species and therefore, there is an urgent need to conserve genetic resources of bamboo both in their natural
habitat (in situ) and in ex situ conservation plots.
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　　　　　　　　　　Habit　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Culm and branching pattern
　　
　　　　　　　　New shoot　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Culm sheath
151
44. Thyrsostachys siamensis Gamble

Synonyms (Vorontsova et al., 2016): Arundinaria siamensis Kurz; Arundarbor regia (Thomson ex Munro) Kuntze;
Bambusa siamensis Kurz ex Munro; Thyrsostachys regia (Thomson ex Munro) Bennet; Bambusa regia (Munro,
1868).
Common names: (language/area in parenthesis): Pai Ruak (Thai); Monastery bamboo, Umbrella-handled bamboo,
Thai bamboo (English); Shamu dake (Japanease); Bambu Jepang, Bambu Payung (Indonesian); Tam Vong (Viet
Nam); Tiyowa, Kyaung-Wa (Myanmar).
Description: A seasonal, deciduous, tightly clustered species with short-necked pachymorph rhizome. The
culms reach a height of 8–16 m (Narasimhamurthy et al., 2013) and are mostly erect or gently arching with
weeping tops. Culm have a diameter of 3–8 cm (Benton et al., 2011). The culms are solid at base but with 8.89
mm wall thickness at the top (Sompoh et al., 2013). The internodes are 15–38 cm long (Benton et al., 2011;
Narasimhamurthy et al., 2013). Branches grow from mid-culm nodes upwards (Roxas, 2012). Nodes are flat with a
sheath (Roxas, 2012).
Distribution
a. Native range:
Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, Sri Lanka.
Malesia: Malaya.
Climatic parameters: This species prefers an altitude of 300–1000 m with annual precipitation of 100−2000 mm
and temperature of 23–30 °C.
Soil: T. siamensis grows well in a wide range of soils, especially sandy loam to clay loam, provided it is not
waterlogged. The soil organic content of this bamboo is 58.96 Mg/ha (Pibumrung et al., 2008) with a pH of 4.38–
6.5.
Native habitat: This species grows abundantly in open plains/slopes/valleys in dry, mixed deciduous or semi-
evergreen forest and under canopy in association with Anomianthus dulcis, Bauhinia malabirica, B. scandens,
Ceasalpinia sappan, Zollingeria dongniaensis, Xylia xylocarpa and Homalium tomentosum (Chaiyarat, 2018) and
Tectona grandis.
Propagation
a. Natural: Sporadic and gregarious flowering cycles are reported in this species. Sporadic flowering is
reported every November-February in Thailand. Seed weight is 10–82 seeds/gram with germination
potential of 7–86 % (Banik, 2016) depending on the seed size.
b. Clonal propagation: Propagation with rhizomes of 1-year-old culms is the widely accepted method
which has been found to be very successful (Banik, 2016). Both culm (two-noded segments) and branch
cuttings with hormone treatment gave improved results for propagule production (Banik, 2016).
c. Tissue culture: Plantlet production through axillary bud proliferation (Banik et al., 1993) and somatic
embryogenesis (Obsuwan et al., 2019) have been reported.
Cultivation
a. Plantation type: This species is ideal for strip plantation on roadsides at closer spacing of two to three
rows (Banik, 2016) and block plantations (Benton et al., 2011).
152
b. Spacing: The optimum spacing for block plantations is 4×4 m (Benton et al., 2011).
c. Other potential species for mixed plantation: Intercropping with timber trees such as teak (Dransfield
and Widjaja, 1995).
e. Shooting season: May–July.
Productivity
a. Culm production : An average of 28 culms/clump in a three-year-old seed-raised
plantation (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995), 1500 culms/ha.
(Scurlock et al., 2000).
b. AGB : 11 to 54 t/ha. (Scurlock et al., 2000); 26.98 (culm) and 4.22 (leaf
and branch) t/ha (Chaiyo et al., 2011) have been reported.
North-eastern Thailand (Leksungnoen, logY = 1.072 X + 2.180 (culm)

2017) logY = 0.717 X + 1.784 (leaf)
Laos (Xayalath et al., 2019) AGB(kg)=0.0685*DBH2.6746 (r2=0.9131)
AGB(kg)=0.0285*(DBH2H) 0.9144 (r2=0.9280)
Reunion Island (Piouceau et al., 2014) y = 1015(1052 bxa 2320) R2(%) =91.6∗
y = Total above ground fresh biomass (g); x = Basal diameter (mm).
a. Specific gravity : 0.73 (Sompoh et al., 2013); 718 (base) 712 (middle) 450 kg/
m3 (top)-node (Narasimhamurthy et al., 2013); 654 (base) 541
(middle) 415 kg/m3 (top)-internode (Narasimhamurthy et al.,
2013).
b. Basic density : 845 kg/m3 (Sompoh et al., 2013); 0.41(base), 0.46 (middle), 0.62
g/cm3 (top) (Hoang and Tang, 2007).
c. Cellulose/lignin/silica content : Cellulose 63.8 %, Lignin 29.2 % (Ho, 2011).
d. MOE : 177 MPa (Sompoh et al., 2013); 7091 Mpa (Narasimhamurthy
et al., 2013); 6575 MPa (Hoang and Tang, 2007).
e. MOR : 131 Mpa (Sompoh et al., 2013); 124.2 Mpa (Narasimhamurthy
et al., 2013); 68 MPa (Hoang and Tang, 2007).
f. Fibre length : 3.14 mm (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
g. Fibre diameter : 17.1μm (Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995).
Uses
a. Traditional: Handicrafts, whole culms in construction, baskets, chopsticks, umbrella and broom handles,
handicrafts, fishing rods, ornamental plants, windbreak, and edible shoots.
b. Industrial: Laminated bamboo, paper pulp, charcoal and as fuel.
Key ecosystem service values: T. siamensis is widely cultivated in many countries for its ornamental and religious
value. It is of significance for land restoration programmes, where it can provide many ecosystem services such as
water conservation, erosion control etc.
153
Research gaps: No germplasm collections or breeding programmes are known for T. siamensis and therefore the
narrowing of genetic variability under clonal propagation is a risk. Due to its high potential for culms and edible
shoots, establishment of plantations are required to avoid overexploitation of natural stands. Proper studies on
efficient cultivation and management of this species are also highly recommended.
Information Gaps: Additional data on many mechanical and chemical parameters are required to explore other
potential applications.
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　　　　　　　　　　　Habit　　　　　　　　　　　　　Culm and branching pattern
　　
　　　　　　　　　New shoot　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Culm sheath
155
Additional list of economically important bamboo species
Additional list of
economically important
bamboo species
156
1. Bambusa cacharensis R.B. Majumdar
Common names: Bom bans, Pechee (West Tripura-India); Bethua (North Tripura, Cachar-India), Ba (Jaintia,
Meghalaya-India), Moral, Sonarati, Bethua (southern Meghalaya-India); Bethua (Sylhet-Bangladesh).
The species is a large evergreen loosely clumping species with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. Culms of the
species reach 15–29 m in height and 3–11 cm in diameter. Internodes are 42-95 cm long and culm wall thickness
0.2–1.5 cm. Nodes are slightly prominent and lower nodes have root hairs. Branching is seen in the upper nodes
(Banik, 2016).
The species is native to Assam and Bangladesh in the Indian Subcontinent and is commonly cultivated in home
gardens in Meghalaya and other states of Northeast India and in Bangladesh. The species grows in humid tropics in
river valleys and in mixed moist deciduous to semi-evergreen forest. It grows in moist and well-drained soils and at
elevations of 20–300 m and prefers red soil with good humus content (Banik, 2016).
Flowering cycle is estimated to be 30 yr., but sporadic flowering with survival of clumps appears to be more
common. Propagation through seeds (50–70 %), seedling macroproliferation (80–90 %), rhizome offsets (40–75 %),
two-noded culm cuttings from one- to two-year-old culms (50 -55 %) and through branch cuttings (45–55 %) has
been reported to be successful (Banik, 2015a). Tissue culture methods are available. Cultivation in plantations is
done at 4x4 m or 5x5 m spacing (Banik, 2016). New shoots emerge from May-October. On average, 4–7 culms are
produced annually per clump (Banik, 2016).
Soil carbon stock (26–35 Mg C/ha) and sequestration rate (0.28–0.59 Mg C/ha/year) (Nath et al., 2015). Sattar et
al. (1992) have studied the mechanical properties of the species. The specific gravity of oven-dried culms is 0.79–
0.84. The MOE of air-dried culms ranges from 60–96 1000 kg/cm2 and the MOR from 556–414 kg/cm2 from base
to top.
Three types are recognised (Banik, 2016): The common type with 18-24 m tall culms with diameter of 5-8 cm and
smaller leaves always in the upper 1/3 of the height. (ii) “Pechee bom” bash that have compact clumps with
shorter (10–16 m) and slender culms (3–5 cm diameter) and (iii) ‘Jati Bom’ type with less branched clumps that
have tall loosely clustered culms (25–29 m) with a diameter of 9–11 cm.
The species is used for weaving mats, ceilings, and walls in in traditional construction, chopsticks, spoon and
toothpicks, for manufacture of flooring tiles, for its edible shoots and for fodder (Banik, 2016).
Research and information gaps: Data on productivity and genetic variability are needed to explore scope for other
applications.
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2. Bambusa chungii McClure
Synonyms: Lingnania chungii (McClure) McClure; Lingnania chungii var. petilla T.H. Wen; Bambusa chungii var.
petilla (T.H. Wen) Ohrnb.9; Lingnania chungii var. barbellata Q.H. Dai; Bambusa chungii var. barbellata (Q.H. Dai) Y.M.
Lin & Q.F. Zheng (Vorontsova et al., 2016).
Common names: Emperor’s Blue bamboo, fen dan zhu (China) phai chung, phai chungyi (Thailand).
B. chungii is a medium sized clumping bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. Culms are erect and
reach a height of 5–18 m and diameter of 3–7 cm. The internodes are 30–45 cm, sometimes even up to 100 cm in
length.
B. chungii occurs naturally in China (South-Central and Southeast) and Indo-China (Viet Nam). The species grows at
elevations of 100–500 m in lowland hilly areas (Flora of China, 2006). Grows in sandy loam to clay loam soils with a
pH range of 5.5–6.5 with good drainage. Young shoots emerge March–September.
Three-year-old culms contain 71.70 % holocellulose, 22.70 % lignin and 1.50 % ash (Fei et al., 2016). The species is
used for paper making, basketry and for weaving. It is grown for ornamental use.
Research and information gaps: Information of physicochemical properties, genetic variability and cultivation
practices is not available.
　　
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3. Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda Ohrnb.

Synonyms: Chimonobambusa tumidinoda T.H. Wen; Qiongzhuea tumidinoda Hsueh f. & T.P. Yi; Qiongzhuea
tumidissinoda (Ohrnb.) Hsueh f. & T.P. Yi (Vorontsova et al., 2016).
Common names: fang zhu, qiong zhu (Chinese).
A medium sized shrubby running bamboo with diffuse culms and leptomorph rhizomes. Culms reach a height of
2.5–6 m and a diameter of 1–3 cm. Internodes are 15–25 cm in length and nodes are swollen and prominent with
a disc shape. Nodes are nearly solid at base (Taihui, 1994; Flora of China, 2006).
The species is naturally distributed in China (Sichuan and Northeast Yunnan). The species grows on hilltops at
elevations of 1400–2600 m in broadleaf forests. The annual rainfall in the area is 1400 mm and humidity 80–90 %.
New shoots form in April and produce fleshy fruit (bacca) (Taihui, 1994; Flora of China, 2006).
The species is used for handicrafts, walking sticks, umbrella handles, construction, as ornamentals and for its edible
shoots (Taihui, 1994).
Research and information Gaps: Information on propagation, cultivation, productivity, and mechanical properties
are not available. Studies on the genetic variability and conservation of germplasm are also needed.
　　
　　　　　　　Habit　　　　　　　　Culm and branching pattern　　　　　New shoot
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4. Chimonobambusa utilis (Keng) Keng f.
Synonyms: Oreocalamus utilis Keng (Vorontsova et al., 2016).
Common names: jin fo shan fang zhu (China).
C. utilis is a medium sized running bamboo with leptomorph rhizomes. Culms are quadrangular at the lower nodes
and reach a height of 5–10 m and diameter of 2–6 cm. Internodes are 20–30 cm long with wall thickness 6–8 mm
and slightly prominent nodes with short spines (Taihui, 1994; Flora of China, 2006).
The species is naturally distributed in China (NE. Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou). It grows in areas with an average
annual temperature of ~8.5 °C but tolerates low temperature of -14.1 °C. It grows at elevations of 1400–2250 m
and at an average annual rainfall of I444–1800 mm in soil pH of 7 (Taihui, 1994).
The flowering cycle is about 40 years, and fruits are fleshy (bacca). The new shoots appear from July–October.
Shoot production is 750–2250 kg/ha and growth is better under forest cover (Taihui, 1994).
C. utilis is used for handicrafts and ornamental articles. It is a preferred species for edible shoots.
　　
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5. Dendrocalamus somdevae H.B. Naithani

Common name: Magar (India).
A large evergreen clumping bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. Culms are erect and reach a
height of 12–20 m and diameter of 6–7 cm. The internodes are 15–40 cm long and 2.5–3 mm thick. Nodes are
prominent.
The species is naturally distributed in Western Himalaya and India (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh). The species is
very similar to D. hamiltonii in morphology and uses. It is used in construction, basketry and provides excellent fodder.
Eight selections of D. somdevae have made at FRI, India and five of them: FRI-HDS-2, FRI-HDS-6, FRI-HDS-7, FRI-
HDS-8, FRI-HDS-9 propagated for further trials (Ginwal, 2021).
Research and information gaps: Information on propagation methods, cultivation practices, physicochemical
properties are required.
Habitat Culm Sheath
new shoot culms and branches
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6. Dendrocalamus farinosus
(Keng & Keng f.) L.C. Chia & H.L. Fung
Synonyms: Sinocalamus farinosus Keng & Keng f. Lingnania farinosa (Keng & Keng f.) Keng f., Neosinocalamus
farinosus (Keng & Keng f.) Keng f. & T.H. Wen, Dendrocalamus farinosus f. flavostriatus T.P. Yi, Neosinocalamus
farinosus f. flavostriatus (T.P. Yi) Ohrnb., Dendrocalamus ovatus N.H. Xia & L.C. Chia. (Vorontsova et al., 2016).
Common names: da ye ci (Chinese) phai paeng chin tai (Thai).
D. farinosus is a medium sized clumping bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. Culms are erect
and reach a height of 7–12 m and diameter of 4–8 cm. Internodes are 10–45 cm long and thin walled (4–10 mm).
Branching is from mid-culm upwards.
Distribution of the species is from South-Central and Southeast China to Viet Nam. It has been introduced into
Ecuador successfully. The species tolerates up to -5 °C and grows at elevations of 500−1700 m.
Seed weight is 28-31 seeds/gram and seed germination rate is low (<40 %) (Bamboos of Thailand, 2022). Clonal
propagation through rhizome offsets, culm and branch cuttings is practiced. Propagation through tissue culture is
also feasible (Hu et al., 2011). A somaclonal mutant No.30 with high cellulose and lignin content, long fibre cells
and high length-to-width ratio of fibre cell has been developed and characterised at a molecular level (Wand et al.,
2017).
Yao et al. (2016) have estimated holocellulose (72.70 %), lignin (22.18 %) and ash content (1.24 %). The average
module of elasticity (MOE) of single fibres is 26.93 GPa and the average tensile strength is 1.06 GPa (Yang et
al., 2015). Fibre length is estimated at 2.25 mm and the fibre diameter, 13.96 µm (Fei et al., 2016).
The species is used traditionally for weaving, making farm tools, as edible shoots and as an ornamental. It has also
been used in paper making.
Research and information gaps: Information on genetic variability, productivity in plantations is needed.
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7. Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz
Subspecies/variety/clone: Bambusa thouarsii var. atter Hassk.
Synonyms: Bambusa atter Kurz (Vorontsova et al., 2016).
Common names: Sweet bamboo, Giant atter (English); Bambu ater, Bamboo Temen, Legi bamboo, Parring
Bamboo, Javanese bamboo (Indonesian); Kayali (Philippines); Pring legi (Javanese); Pring keles (Madurese); Buluh
jawa (eastern Indonesia).
G. atter is a densely tufted, sympodial bamboo with pachymorph short-necked rhizome. The culms grow up to
15–22 m height with a diameter of 5–10 cm (Rifai, 1995). The internodes are 40–50 cm long with ~8 mm wall
thickness. The nodes are prominent with aerial roots (Rifai, 1995).
The species is native to Indo-China (Laos, Viet Nam), Malaysia (Borneo, Jawa, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi,
Sumatera) and Papua Sia (New Guinea). The species grows in regions from sea level to 1400 m with 1000-2500
mm rainfall and temperature range of 19–30 °C (Rifai, 1995). The species prefers latosols but can be grown also on
alluvial, limestone, and sandy loam soils (Rifai, 1995) with pH 5.9-6.10.
Flowering cycle of this species has been reported as 50–60 years by Benton (2015).
Propagation with single nodal culm cuttings (Sutiyono, 1990) and branch cuttings in the field (Paembonan et al.,
2019) have been reported. A successful tissue culture method has been developed by García-Ramírez et al. (2015).
G. atter is cultivated at a spacing of 7-8x7 m (Rifai, 1995). The mature culms are harvested at the year of 2nd or 3rd
year of emergence. Annual culm production has been reported as 1200–1400 culms/ha (Rifai, 1995). Prayogo et
al., 2021 have estimated the annual C sequestered to be 103.60-ton C/ha.
Allometric equations for estimating biomass is available:
Indonesia 1 (Baharuddin and Daud, W= 0.348D1.830 (Biomass)

2013) CS = 0.171 D1.830 (Carbon)
Indonesia 2 (Prayogo et al., 2021) Y= 1.0668 X 1.3539, where X =Diameter, in cm. (R2 = 0.5029)
Y= 0.0121 X 2.7886, where X = Height of bamboo culm, in m, (R2 = 0.9198)
Y=Dry weight, kg
Mechanical properties: The density of 40-month-old culms has been estimated by Marsoem et al. (2015) as 400
(base), 660 (mid) and 710 g/cc (top). They also report fibre length of 2.41 mm and diameter of 13.20 μm in the
species. MOE of culms is reported to be 16.68 GPa (Abdullah et al., 2017) and the average MOR of air-dry culms
117.7 to 127.7 N/mm2 (Prawirohatmodjo, 1990).
This species is widely used in for construction, handicraft, weaving and furniture industries. The young shoots are
widely used as edible shoots. The species is suitable planting in buffer zone in ecological restoration programmes.
Research and information gaps: Status of genetic diversity, germplasm collections and conservation is not known.
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8. Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr.
Synonyms: Bambusa levis Blanco., Gigantochloa scribneriana Merr., Dendrocalamus curranii Gamble.,
Gigantochloa heteroclada Stapf, J. Linn, Arundarbor levis (Blanco) Kuntze (Vorontsova et al., 2016).
Common names: Bulo semilang, Buloh seremai, Bolo (Philippines); Beting (Malay); Poring (Dusun); Buluh betung
(Brunei); Buluh suluk (Indonesia).
G. levis is a densely tufted clumping bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizome. Culm reach a height of
15–30 m and diameter of 5−16 cm. Internodes are 20–45 cm long and culm wall 1–1.2 mm thick. The nodes are
prominent and with aerial roots (Roxas, 2012; Akinlabi et al., 2017).
The species is distributed naturally in China (China South-Central, China Southeast Yunnan, Guangdong), Indo-
China (Viet Nam), Malesia (Borneo, Malaya, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera) and is in cultivation in Taiwan.
This species grows well at an altitude of 500–1000 m along the riversides and valleys in red and yellow latosols and
podzolic soils.
Propagation has been successful with rhizome offsets (Roxas, 2012), culm cuttings (Akinlabi et al., 2017) and
branch cuttings (Othman, 2005). In tissue culture plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from zygotic
embryos (Zamora et al., 1988) and axillary bud proliferation in nodal culture (Othman, 2005) has also been
reported in this species.
AGB production was evaluated in the species comparing tissue culture raised plants (136.7 kg/ha) and those
produced through culm cuttings (143.7 kg/ha) by Othman (2005). 73.4 Mg C/ha of C sequestration in AGB was
estimated by Yuen et al. (2017).
Wahab et al. (2013b) have estimated the specific gravity at 0.75 and 85.08% holocellulose, 33.80 % α cellulose and
26.5 % lignin in the species. Estimates of MOE of 117.31 kg/cm2 and MOR of 3793.31 have been reported (Wahab
et al., 2013a). Zakikhani et al. (2017) reported a fibre length of 1.6–3.2 mm and a fibre diameter of 290.34–375
µm.
The use of the species includes artefacts or handicrafts, for construction and architectural works, furniture, walls,
for household utensils, pulp, and paper. The species produces edible shoots good quality.
Research and information gaps: No Information on genetic diversity, germplasm collections or conservation is or
on cultivation practices is available.
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9. Guadua paraguayana Döll
Synonyms: Bambusa paraguayana (Döll) Bertoni (Vorontsova et al., 2016).
Common names: Picana, Picanilla, Tacuara ganchosa (Argentina); Taquarembo ́ (Bolivia) and Picanilla (Paraguay).
This is a clumping bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes with culms that reaches 13–18 m height.
Internodes are solid and with a diameter 2–4 cm (Lizarazu et al., 2013). The nodal ridges have a clear sheath scar
and claw shaped spines at the lower nodes.
The species is distributed naturally in south America from Bolivia to SE. & S. Brazil and NE. Argentina and Paraguay.
It grows at a temperature range of 13.0–24.0 o C and 1400 and 1600 mm of rainfall. The natural habitat is banks of
the rivers (Lizarazu et al., 2013).
Propagation is naturally through seeds and a flowering cycle of 38 years has been reported (Guerreiro, 2014) but
data on propagation through germination is not available. Neither are any clonal propagation or tissue culture
methods reported.
Galvão et al. (2012) report an annual C sequestration of 2800 kg/ha/year.
Brazil (Galvão et al., 2012) Y = 0.0003x - 0.2568x + 97.13 with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9132.
Y = -0.8934x 2 + 2.9261x + 0.2446, where Y is the amount of root (dry
weight) in kg/m3
The species finds use as posts, fences, flooring and decorative work, construction of traditional buildings (Lizarazu
et al., 2013) and as edible shoots (Judziewicz et al., 1999). It is a species that is ideal for planting in wetlands.
Research and information gaps: No data on mechanical properties or on its status of genetic variability and
conservation efforts is available.
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10. Guadua amplexifolia J. Presl
Synonyms: Arundarbor amplexifolia (J.Presl) Kuntze; Bambusa amplexifolia (J.Presl) Schult.f.
Common names: Guadua, Colombian Timber Bamboo, Colombian Giant Thorny.
G. amplexifolia is a large evergreen clumping bamboo with pachymorph short-necked rhizomes. The culms grow
up to 10–20 m and have a diameter of 6–10 cm. It has thick-walled or solid internodes of 5–20 cm length. Nodes
have thorny branches with prominent white band (Pérez-Alquicira et al., 2021).
The species is naturally distributed from Mexico (Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast), Central
America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá), Northern South America (Venezuela) and Western
South America (Colombia).
This species grows at elevations of 500–1500 m with tropical or subtropical climate and in areas with up to 2000
mm annual rainfall, in well drained alluvial soil. It grows along the riversides as a narrow but continuous band and
occurs in open forest as pure stand or mixed trees and shrubs.
G. amplexifolia has a flowering cycle of 32–35 years but details of propagation through seeds are not available.
Clonal propagation through culm cutting has been reported by Marquez de Hernandez and Marin (2011). The
species is cultivated at a spacing of 200–500 plants/ha.
Mechanical and chemical properties:

a. C e l l u l o s e / l i g n i n / s i l i c a : Cellulose 47.8 %, Hemicellulose 26.3 %, Lignin 21.5% (Salas-Enríquez
content et al., 2016).
b. MOE : 13,811.5 MPa (basal), 18,179.4 MPa (mid), 23,108.7 MPa (top) for
fresh culm (Ordóñez-Candelaria, 1999).
c. MOR : 73.3 MPa (base), 92.63 MPa (mid), 103. 82 MPa (top) for fresh culm
(Ordóñez-Candelaria, 1999).
Uses: G. amplexifolia is traditionally used for posts, fences, flooring and decorative work and as edible shoots. The
culms have been used as frames of the roofs of rustic buildings (Lizarazu and Vega, 2012) and as edible shoots
(Judziewicz et al., 1999). It is a potential species for activated charcoal production (Salas-Enríquez et al., 2016).
Research and information gaps: Genetic diversity and conservation status of the species is not known. Data on
productivity as well as carbon sequestration potential are not available.
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11. Guadua trinii (Nees) Rupr.
Synonyms: Bambusa trinii Nees, Arundarbor trinii (Nees) Kuntze, Guadua trinii var. scabra Döll, Bambusa tacuara
Arechav., Guadua ribbentropii Herter, Guadua tomentosa Hack. & Lindm., Bambusa tomentosa (Hack. & Lindm.)
McClure, Bambusa riograndensis Dutra, Guadua riograndensis (Dutra) Herter, Bambusa ribbentropii Herter
(Vorontsova et al., 2016).
Common names: Tacuaruzú, Tacuara brava, Cañabrava, Yatevó, Tacuara (Argentina); Tacuara brava, Taquaruçu,
Taboca, Taquara, Taquara-assú, Tacuarussú, Yatevo (Brazil) (Judziewicz et al., 1999).
This is a densely clumped bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes with culms reaching a height of 8–10 m.
The hollow culms have a diameter of 3–5 cm, wall thickness of 5–7 mm and internodal length of 50–55 cm (Lizarazu
et al., 2013).
The species is native to Southeast and South Brazil to Northeast Argentina and Uruguay. It is naturally found on
riversides in Atlantic forests, prefers sandy to silty, clayey soil and comes up well in areas with precipitation greater
than 1000 mm and average temperatures of 16–18 °C.
Flowering cycle is reported as 30–33 years by Guerreiro et al. (2020). No information on propagation methods
is available, including seed germination potential. This species is not under cultivation and therefore data on
productivity, carbon sequestration potential and other parameters are also not available.
Prado Gárate et al. (2021) report a density of 0.53 g/cm3, fibre length and diameter 1.044 mm and 24.4 µm
respectively. The timber contains 23.9 % lignin and 65.6 % carbohydrates (Prado Gárate et al., 2021).
Traditionally the species is used to build huts, to make musical instruments, for rural construction. It has also been
used in the paper industry. Information on ecosystem service values, genetic variability and conservation are not
available.
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12. Phyllostachys glauca McClure
Subspecies/variety/clone: Phyllostachys glauca var. variabilis J.L. Lu; Phyllostachys glauca f. yuozhu J.L. Lu
(Vorontsova et al., 2016).
Common names: Leopard bamboo, hedge bamboo.
This is a woody, perennial, and evergreen bamboo with leptomorph rhizomes. Culms of the species have brown
spots and blotches and attain a height of 5–12 m and diameter 2–5 cm. Internodes are long and with a length of
40 cm and wall thickness of 3 mm. Nodes are slightly prominent.
P. glauca grows in China South-Central, China North-Central, China Southeast and is cultivated in the Eastern
Himalayan region of the Indian Subcontinent. The species prefers to grow at a temperature range of 12–26 °C,
precipitation of 800–1600 mm and grows well in alkaline soil.
Flowering cycle is reported as 50–60 years or 120 years by Zheng et al. (2020) but information on propagation,
cultivation and productivity are not available.
Jiang (2016) report fibre length and diameter in the species as 1.11 mm and 9.79 µm respectively and 74.67 %
cellulose content, 22.76 % of lignin and 0.18 % silica. This species is traditionally used for weaving, water pipes,
furniture, for construction, as an ornamental and as edible shoots.
Research and information gaps: Large-scale propagation methods need to be standardised and physicochemical
properties and carbon sequestration potential need to be assessed.
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13. Phyllostachys nidularia Munro
Subspecies/variety/clone: Phyllostachys nidularia f. farcta; Phyllostachys nidularia f. vexillaris; Phyllostachys
nidularia f. glabrovagina; Phyllostachys nidularia f. mirabilis; Phyllostachys nidularia f. speciosa; Phyllostachys
nidularia f. sulfurea.
Synonyms: Phyllostachys subulata, Phyllostachys cantoniensis (Vorontsova et al., 2016).
Common names: Nidularia, Big-Node Bamboo, Broom bamboo.
P. nidualaria is running bamboo with a leptomorph rhizome and culms that reach a height of 4.4–6 m and diameter
of 4 cm. The internodes are solid to nearly solid (3 mm) with 30–36.5 cm length (Stokes et al., 2007). Nodal ridge
conspicuously elevated.
P. nidularia is native to Central and South China and is cultivated in the Wolong nature reserve, China. It grows well
at altitude of 1800–2000 m region with temperature of 12.3–32.7 °C and precipitation of 1300–1450 mm. It grows
on red clay soil accompanied by brown forest soil in mountainous regions at depth of 0.5–1.3 m (Stokes et al.,
2007).
Frequent sporadic flowering was reported without seed production (Zheng et al., 2020).
Successful propagation through rhizome offsets was reported by Stokes et al. (2007). Cultivation details such as
plantation type, possible species mixed, harvesting period etc are not available with this species.
Annual AGB of 38 t/ha (Zhang et al., 1996) and annual C sequestered of 26.7 Mg C/ha (Yuen et al., 2017) have
been reported.
Jiang (2002) report Hemicellulose (21.91 %), Lignin (20.20 %), α-Cellulose (58.55 %) in the species. Jie et al. (2021)
have elucidated the complete chloroplast genome of a solid form of the species.
The species is traditionally used for construction, furniture, water pipes. The shoots are a main food of giant
panda. It is also used in paper industry. It is a suitable species for erosion control but as pure stand it is ineffective
in preventing landslides (Stokes et al., 2007).
Research and information gaps: Data on physicochemical and mechanical properties in the species is needed. The
genetic diversity and allometric equations for this species is not available.
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14. Phyllostachys propinqua McClure
Synonyms: Phyllostachys propinqua f. lanuginose.
Common names: Beijing Bamboo, zao yuan zhu (Chinese).
This species is a medium sized running bamboo with culms attaining a height of 6 m and culm diameter of 3–4
cm. The internodes are 20 cm long and the wall thickness of 4 mm. The nodal ridges are slightly elevated and
prominent as sheath scar.
It is a native of Southern China but cultivated in other parts of China. P. propinqua prefer sites with a warm, moist
climate and the average annual temperature is 17.3 °C but tolerates extremes of 41. 0 °C and -11.4 °C. The annual
average precipitation is 1621.9 mm The species is found growing on river sides and on red soil in hilly areas in
clayey, barren soil or saline-alkali soil with pH 4.5−7.5 and soil organic matter is 43 g kg-1.
Information on propagation methods is not available.
It is cultivated as block plantation at 900 plants/ha (Chen et al., 2005) and is used for ecological restoration
planting. Culm production of 2970 fresh culms/ha in second year (Chen et al., 2005). New shoots form in late mid-
season (McClure, 1957).
The species is traditionally used for weaving and for making tool handles but appears to have great potential for
use in ecological restoration projects since it has good eco-adaptability for land restoration and erosion control
(Chen et al., 2005).
Research and information gaps: Information on physicochemical properties, large-scale propagation methods and
on the genetic diversity in the species or efforts at conservation is needed.
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15. Pseudoxytenanthera madhavii sp.nov.
Common names: Mes (Maharastra, India).
P. madhavii is a deciduous gregarious loosely clumped bamboo with short-necked pachymorph rhizomes. The
culms are erect and reach a height of 9–16 m and diameter of 6–10 cm (DBH of 8.5 cm). The internodes are 22–70 cm
long, solid at base up to one meter and culm wall thickness ranging from 0.9–1.9 cm higher up. Branching is mid-
culm upwards, and nodes are slightly swollen.
The species is found naturally and in cultivation in Pune and Satara districts of Maharashtra, India. It is native to
moist and dry deciduous forests. The species grows on well-drained loamy soil.
Flowering in the species is sporadic and no seed set has been reported (Tetali et al., 2021). The species is
propagated through rhizome offsets. Branch cuttings and tissue culture methods have not been standardised.
P. madhavii is cultivated as block plantations or as an agroforestry planting. A spacing of 4x4 m or 5x5 m is adopted.
Intercropping with vegetable crops and agroforestry with tree crops such as mango and jackfruit are commonly
practiced.
The species is used in construction. It has good potential for furniture and housing industry due to smooth surface,
good mechanical strength, slivering, and strip making qualities.
The species is suited for stabilisation of hilly terrain in the humid tropics.
Research and information gaps: Studies on large scale propagation, physicochemical properties are required. Live
germplasm collections and selection of superior genotypes for planting stock production are urgently needed.
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16. Schizostachyum dullooa (Gamble)
Majumdar
Synonyms: Teinostachyum dullooa Gamble; Neohouzeaua dullooa (Gamble) A. Camus (Vorontsova et al., 2016).
Common names: Dullu (Assam, Tripura, India); wadlok (Kokbarok, Tripura); pogslo and puksalu (Lepcha, India);
shlu and siej la (Khasi, Meghalaya, India); tarang (Jaintia, Meghalaya, India); wadrow (Garo, Meghalaya, India);
unap and unal, (Manipuri, Manipur, India); guh [Rongmai Naga, Tamenglong (Manipur)]; rawthla (Mizoram, India);
dalu bans (CHT, Chittagong, Sylhet); tokhre bans (Nepal, Bhutan); wa- byauk, gya-wa and thai-kwaba (Myanmar);
lakhra (Kachin).
The species is a medium-sized, evergreen, densely clumping bamboo with very short-necked pachymorph
rhizomes. The culms are erect or scandent and reach a height of 8–22 m thin walled and a diameter of 3–7 cm.
The culms have long internodes of 50–150 cm and with thin walls of 2–5 mm. Branches occur from mid-culm
upwards.
The species is distributed from East Himalaya to Indo-China and mainly in Assam, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Viet
Nam. S. dullooa is commonly found in moist semievergreen forests of the Northeast region of India. Moist and
shady valleys are preferred sites for the species. It occurs as understory in the deciduous forests (Banik, 2016).
The species prefers an average temperature range of 5–35 °C and annual rainfall of 3000–6000 mm and grows at
elevations of 1200–2000 m (Banik, 2016). The species is seen on well-drained soil with low pH (4.5−6.5) and on
soils originating from sandstones and capable of growing on the coarse-textured soil provided there is moisture
(Banik, 2016).
The species has a flowering cycle of 35–47 years (Banik, 2016). Seed weight is 39–41 seeds/gram. Viability of seed
is very short. Transplanting of wildlings (1–3 months old) from forest is recommended. Clonal propagation with
one-node cutting and use of hormones is reported (Banik, 2016) and tissue culture are available for this species.
The species is cultivated in plantation. Spacing of 3×3 m is recommended by Banik (2016) to obtain erect culms.
S. dullooa is considered as a threatened bamboo species of Northeast India and nearby Bangladesh forests (Banik,
2000); however, no efforts at conservation or study of genetic variability are known.
The species is traditionally used for making water containers, umbrella sticks, flutes, mats, baskets, and incense
sticks. It has potential for manufacture of matboard.
The species provides an ideal habitat for voles, water rats, field mice, rodents, and pythons (Banik, 2016). Due to
its adaptability to shady areas and understory of forest and gullies it has potential for ecological restoration of river
and stream sides.
Research and information gaps: Studies on physicochemical and anatomical properties are needed to explore
potential uses. Large scale clonal propagation methods would be useful for raising plantations.
183
Habitat culm sheath
New shoot branching pattern
184
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2022 Global Priority Species of Economically Importance Bamboo

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INBAR Technical Report 44

Global Priority Species

About the International Bamboo and Rattan Organization

About this Technical Paper

International Bamboo and Rattan Organization

Daniel Rothilsberger (page 170, Guadua paraguayana);

Juan Carlos Salazar (page 105, Guadua angustifolia [new shoot]);

Rajesh Kaushal (page 162, Dendrocalamus somdevae);

Sathyam Bordoloi (page 158, Bambusa cacharensis [habit]);

Stephanie Hill Michelini (page 60, Chusquea culeou);

Trieu Dang Thinh (page 66, Dendrocalamus barbatus);

Earlier efforts at priority species selection............................................................................................................1

Need for revision of priority species ........................................................................................................................2

Criteria for selection of priority species..................................................................................................................2

Layout of datasheets for priority bamboo species................................................................................................4

Updated priority list of economically important bamboo species by category.................................5

List of priority species by region........................................................................................................................................6

Action needs for priority species .....................................................................................................................................7

1. Survey, collection, and conservation of germplasm.................................................................................7

3. Production of quality planting material ...........................................................................................................8

Emerging industrial uses of bamboo .........................................................................................................................11

Research and information requirements..................................................................................................................12

Datasheets on global priority bamboo species....................................................................................................15

Additional list of economically important bamboo species......................................................................156

Earlier efforts at priority species selection

Need for revision of priority species

Criteria for selection of priority species

Layout of datasheets for

Category I (Global priority list of bamboo species)

1. Bambusa balcooa 23. Dendrocalamus strictus

Category II (Additional list of bamboo species)

1. Bambusa cacharensis 9. Guadua paraguayana

List of priority species by region

1. Survey, collection, and conservation of germplasm

3. Production of quality planting material

Research and information requirements

a. Specific gravity or density (specify whether in air-dried, oven-dried, green condition)

Characterisation of germplasm accessions to understand the diversity of morphological, anatomical and

1. Bambusa balcooa Roxb.

India 1 (Nath et al., 2009) log Biomass=2.476+0.997*(log(DBH))

b. Basic density : Krishnakumar et al. (2017) reported a value of 0.46 oven-dried.

New shoot Culm sheath

2. Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss

a. Specific gravity : 0/641–0.664 (Tewari, 1992).

h. Other : Lumen diameter 7.44 µm (Seethalakshmi and Muktesh Kumar, 1998);

New shoot Culm sheath

3. Bambusa multiplex (Lour.)

a. Culm production : 2500−3000 culms/ha (Yuan et al., 2010).

India 2 (Agarwal and Purwar, 2010) Y=(-0.16)+(0.07)b1+(4.41)b2+(-2.54)b3 (Fresh wt.)

New shoot Culm sheath

4. Bambusa nutans Wall. ex Munro

Nepal (Oli and Kandel, 2015) W = 1.426 + 0.0091 * (D2 L).

Habit Culm and branching pattern

New shoot Culm sheath

Mexico (Castañeda-Mendoza et al., ln Y ln (6.85)+1.24 (1st yr.)

New shoots Culm sheath

6. Bambusa polymorpha Munro

Genetic diversity and conservation status: No germplasm collections exist.

Habit Culm and branching pattern

New shoot Culm sheath

Common names (language/area in parenthesis): ying tou huang zhu (China).

Climatic parameters: No data.

h. Fibre length : 1362–1848 mm (Huang et al., 2018).

Genetic diversity and conservation status: Not known.

　　　　　　　Habit 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Culm and branching pattern

　　　　　　New shoot 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Culm sheath

Habit　　　　　　Culm and branching pattern

New shoot　　　 Culm sheath

　　　　　　　Habit　　　 Culm and branching pattern

New shoot　　 Culm sheath

　　　　　　　　　Habit 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Culm and branching pattern

　　　　　　　　New shoot 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Culm sheath

Habit　　Culm and branching pattern

New shoot　　 Culm sheath

Habit　　 Culm and branching pattern

New shoot　　 Culm sheath

Habit　　Culm and branching pattern

New shoot　　 Culm sheath

Habit　　Culm and branching pattern

New shoot　　 Culm sheath

China 2 (You, 2002) W=0.1478244D1.815716H0.1221029 (1 yr, dry wt, kg)

Habit　　 Culm and branching pattern

New shoot　　 Culm sheath

India (Rawat et al., 2018) Y=-3.53+0.71DBH+0.33ht

Habit　　 Culm and branching pattern

New shoot　　 Culm sheath