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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Ohio naturalist, Vol. 1,
No. 3, January, 1901
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Title: The Ohio naturalist, Vol. 1, No. 3, January, 1901

Creator: Ohio State University. Biological Club

Release date: June 15, 2023 [eBook #70983]

Language: English

Original publication: United States: The Biological Club of the Ohio

State University, 1900

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE OHIO

NATURALIST, VOL. 1, NO. 3, JANUARY, 1901 ***
 THE OHIO

Naturalist
PUBLISHED BY

THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO

STATE UNIVERSITY

EDITORIAL STAFF
E - - —JOHN H. SCHAFFNER, A. M., M.
S.
A E : A B :
Zoology—F. L. LANDACRE, PROFESSOR W. A.
B. Sc. KELLERMAN, Ph. D.
Botany—F. J. TYLER, B. Sc. Department of Botany.
Geology—J. A. PROFESSOR HERBERT
BOWNOCKER, D. Sc. OSBORN, M. Sc.
Archaeology—W. C. MILLS,
Department of Zoology.
B. Sc.
PROFESSOR J. A.
Ornithology—R. F. GRIGGS.
BOWNOCKER, D. Sc.
Department of Geology.

Volume 1. January, 1901 Number 3

COLUMBUS, OHIO
PRESS OF HANN & ADAIR
 A journal devoted more especially to the natural
THE history of Ohio. The official organ of T B
OHIO C O S U . Published
NATURAL monthly during the academic year, from November to
IST June (8 numbers). Price 50 cents per year, payable in
advance. To foreign countries, 75 cents. Single copies 10
cents.
J H. S , Editor.
F. J. T , Subscriptions.
R. F. G , Advertising Agent.
Address
THE OHIO NATURALIST, Ohio State University,
COLUMBUS, OHIO.

CONTENTS

Notes on the Self-pruning of Trees 29

John H. Schaffner and Fred. J. Tyler

Plant Names Commemorative of Ohio Botanists 33

Clara Armstrong

The Maximum Height of Plants II. 39

John H. Schaffner

Campus Birds 40
Robert F. Griggs

Minor Plant Notes No. 1 46

W. A. Kellerman
News and Notes 48
 The Ohio Naturalist
PUBLISHED BY

THE BIOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY

Vol. 1. JANUARY, 1901 No. 3

NOTES ON THE SELF-PRUNING OF

TREES.

J H. S F J. T .

In a dense forest of growing trees the smaller, side branches of the

main stem, as well as those of the larger branches, are continually dying
off. But the tree rids itself of these dead branches by forming a collar of
tissue from the cambium layer around the base of the branch, which
presses more tightly as layer after layer of living wood is added, until the
branch finally falls off and the hole which is left is grown over in a short
time. This process is known as natural pruning. But the process which
we wish to consider is very different from this, and we desire to
distinguish it by the term, self-pruning. In this case the living branches
are cut off or else the cutting-off process is the cause of the death of the
branch. A special adaptation is provided to accomplish the result and the
process is one whose purpose is the shedding of the branches rather than
the attempt to accommodate the plant to conditions of injury brought
about by other causes. In a number of species perfectly formed winter
buds were developed on the branches which were shed, and so far as our
observations go, the twigs are cast in the fall and winter.
Although the shedding of branches is well known, especially in the
conifers, not as much notice has been taken of it as we think it deserves.
We have been taking observations for several years and have been partly
anticipated by Dr. Bessey in a note in Science 12. 650, 1900,—Botanical
Notes—The Annual Shedding of Cottonwood Twigs. Bessey describes
the shedding of the twigs of Populus deltoides as occurring about the
middle of October, and after giving the details of the process, concludes
as follows: “It is an interesting fact that the Tamarisks (Tamarix sp.)
which are held by some botanists to be closely related to the Poplars,
shed their twigs by exactly the same device as that described above. In
the Tamarisks the shedding of the twigs is a part of the annual process of
defoliation, their leaves being so small that it appears to be less trouble
and expense to drop twig and all than to separate every individual leaf.
Possibly in the Cottonwoods, with their large leaves, we have a survival
of the Tamarisk twig-shedding habit long after its original significance
has disappeared.” Dr. Bessey, however, we believe, will not insist on this
supposition when he considers that the same thing occurs in species of
Prunus, Quercus, and other widely separated genera.
 F . 1—Twig of Populus alba, showing large basal joint and scars
where smaller twigs have been detached.
F . 2—View of basal joint of same twig as Fig. 1.
F . 3—Twig of Salix nigra, showing position of the brittle zone
(a).
F . 4—Green twig of Ampelopsis cordata, showing joints (a) at
the leaf nodes.

The self-pruning of twigs from woody stems, so far as our

observations go at present, is accomplished in three general ways: 1st, by
the formation of a single joint close to the parent branch; 2nd, by the
formation of a brittle zone near the base of the limbs which are to be
shed; 3rd, by a series of transverse joints corresponding to the leaf nodes.
Among the plants which come in the first class, the most striking
perhaps, is Populus alba, in which very large branches are frequently cut
off in such a perfect manner that one might think the pruning had been
done with a sharp knife. Green twigs from one to fifteen years old were
found to be shed and no doubt still older ones are cut off. The twigs have
well-developed winter buds and this is also the case in other species of
Populus and in certain species of Quercus and Prunus. In Quercus alba
shed twigs were found from one to four years old while in Q. acuminata
there were some seven years of age. In Prunus serotina twigs from one to
six years old were cut off. In Ulmus Americana not only are joints
formed at the base of the twigs, but the twigs also break apart at the
nodes, caused by annual growth.
The following species were found belonging to the first class:

Populus alba L.
“ deltoides Marsh.
“ grandidentata Mx.
“ tremuloides Mx.
“ dilatata Ait.
Quercus alba L.
“ robur L.
“ macrocarpa Mx.
“ acuminata (Mx.) Sarg.
Ulmus americana, L.
Prunus serotina, Ehrh.
Tamarix gallica L.
Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.

All the plants found with brittle zones belonged to the willows. It is
interesting to note that the branches shed may be one to several years of
age and that certain branches do not develop a brittle zone. Salix nigra
and S. amygdaloides seem to show the character most perfectly and it is
remarkable to see how readily the branches drop off.
The following species show the adaptation:

Salix nigra Marsh.

“ amygdaloides anders.
“ fragilis L.
“ alba vitellina (L.) Koch.
“ babylonica L.

Among those which come in the third class, the most remarkable
plant observed was Ampelopsis cordata. About the time that the leaves
are shed nearly all the slender green branches literally fall to pieces and
drop off. Most of the fruit is on these branches and the berries are thus
shed at the same time. In the winter the plant is remarkable for the few
branches left and it looks like an artificially pruned vine.
The species observed belonging to this class are the following:

Ampelopsis cordata Mx.

“ tricuspidata Seib. & Zucc.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch.

The shedding of the twigs of woody plants may in many cases be

entirely an adaptation to get rid of the leaves as in the case of the dwarf
branches of Pines and the young twigs of Tamarisks. But even in the
Tamarisks it is doubtful whether the joints formed in the older branches
can be claimed to have such a purpose, since in this case the leaves have
all been shed with the annual twigs. The shedding of the old woody
branches may have a different purpose. In regard to the trees mentioned
above, we think that the process is one primarily to rid the tree of surplus
branches. This would manifestly be an advantage and would give room
and opportunity for the development of many young leafy shoots every
year without accumulating too great a mass of useless members. This is
certainly the case with the poplars and the willows. In no case do we
think it admissible to say that the adaptation is primarily for the purpose
of propagation, although this may be a very important incidental result in
such plants as the willows when growing in wet places. In the case of
Ampelopsis cordata, the only reasonable explanation seems to be a
preparation for the winter condition, since the branches which are shed
do not ripen and the plant has an admirable method for shedding its
leaves. The slender branches would be in great danger of being killed by
the cold of winter. The shedding of the young branches of Taxodium
distichum (L.) Rich. is remarkably like that in Tamarix. The slender,
dwarf branches clothed with the leaves drop off in the fall or the
following spring. The habit must be quite ancient, as such branches of
Taxodium distichum miocenum Hr. are very abundantly preserved as
fossils. In Taxodium mexicanum Carr. the dwarf branches are not shed
until the second year. Glyptostrobus pendulus Endl. and G. heterophyllus
Endl. also have deciduous dwarf branches. There are other conifers and
no doubt many other angiospermous trees which possess these
interesting adaptations and by careful observations, no doubt many
interesting ecological facts will be brought to light.
 PLANT NAMES COMMEMORATIVE
OF OHIO BOTANISTS.
C A .

Though Ohio has had fewer botanists than many other States, some of
these became known wherever botany was cultivated. Riddell was one of
the pioneer botanists of the west and for six years he was a resident of
this State. By the publication of his Synopsis he contributed largely to
Ohio Botany. The names of Sullivant and Lesquereux shed still greater
luster on our state. Most of the work of the former and all of that of the
latter was done in Ohio. Several others whose names are given below
have been industrious students of our Flora, and have spent many years
if not all their lives within our territory. It is a long and interesting list of
botanical names which commemorates their scientific labors. In the
preparation of this paper I have been aided materially by Prof. W. A.
Kellerman.
J L R .—Born in Leyden, Mass., Feb. 20th, 1807;
died in New Orleans, La., Oct. 7, 1863. He graduated from Rensseler
Institute, Troy, N. Y. He came to Ohio in 1830 and became professor of
Botany and adjunct Professor of Chemistry in the Medical College of
Cincinnati. He was an enthusiastic and industrious botanist, and
collected extensively in many parts of our State. Scarcely any of his
specimens seem now to be in existence though he prepared sets for sale
and accumulated a large herbarium. His most important publication was
the Synopsis of the Flora of the Western States. He also published a
Supplementary Catalogue of Ohio Plants. In 1836 he left Ohio, carrying
his botanical specimens to New Orleans where he became professor in a
Medical College; he was also in the employ of the government until his
death. He furnished many notes and longer articles to scientific journals
and was the author of many new species of plants. The following have
been named in his honor:
 Riddellia, synonym of Psilostrophe, a genus of the Compositae
family.
Solidago Riddellii, a species of Golden Rod.
Senecio Riddellii, synonym of S. Douglasii, a species of
Compositae.

W S S .—Born in Franklinton, Ohio, Jan. 18,

1803, died in Columbus, Ohio, April 30, 1873. He was educated at Ohio
University and Yale. The death of his father at the time of his graduation
prevented him from studying for one of the learned professions and he
became a surveyor and practical engineer, which occupation he followed
until late in life. During this time he collected and studied the plants of
central Ohio, and in 1840 he began to pay particular attention to Mosses;
this became the subject of his special study, and he was soon recognized
as the most eminent bryologist that this country has ever produced.
In 1864 the degree of LL.D. was conferred on Sullivant by Gambier
College. He was elected to membership in many scientific societies both
in the United States and Europe. At his death his bryological books,
collections and preparations of Mosses were given to the Gray
Herbarium of Harvard University. The remainder of his botanical library
was bequeathed to the Ohio State University then called the Agricultural
and Mechanical College. His microscopes were given to Starling
Medical College. Of this institution he was senior trustee. He was the
author of many new species and the plants named for him by other
botanists are as follows:

Sullivantia, a genus of the Saxifrages. The name first proposed

by Gray (1840) for the species discovered by Sullivant
was Saxifraga Sullivantii; two years later Gray
established the genus Sullivantia and published the name
of the plant in question as Sullivantia Ohionis. According
to the rules of priority that name now stands as Sullivantia
Sullivantii.
Discina Sullivantii, a species of discomycetous fungi.
Panus Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae.
Lentinus Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae.
Marasmius Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae.
Psilocybe Sullivantii, a species of Agaricineae.
Boletus Sullivantii, a species of the Polyporeae.
Polystictus Sullivantii, a species of the Polyporeae.
 Thelephora Sullivantii, a species of the Thelephoreae.
Cephalozia Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort.
Jubula Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort.
Kantia Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort.
Porella Sullivantii, a species of Liverwort.
Hypnum Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Astomum Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Amphoridium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Brachythecium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Bruchia Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Cylindrothecium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Fontinalis Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Macromitrium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Neckera Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Phascum Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Pleuridium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Schlotheimia Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Eurhynchium Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Hookeria Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Zygodon Sullivantii, a species of Moss.
Sphagnum Sullivantianum, a species of Moss.
Asclepias Sullivantii, a species of Milkweed.
Lonicera Sullivantii, a species of Honeysuckle.
Carex Sullivantii, a species of Sedge.
Callipteridium Sullivantii, a fossil plant.

There were also two species of Mosses named for Mrs. Sullivant as
follows:

Hypnum Sullivantiae, a pleurocarpous Moss.

Plagiothecium Sullivantiae, a pleurocarpous Moss.

L L .—Born in Fleurier, Switzerland, Nov. 18, 1806,

died in Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 25, 1889. On entering the Academy of
Neuchatel he met Arnold Guyot and together they became devoted to
natural science. In 1822 he went to Eisenach preparatory to entering the
University of Berlin, supporting himself by teaching French. He was
principal of a college at Chaux de Fonds but had to give this up on
account of deafness. From this time he did engraving, made watch
springs, and studied Mosses and fossil plants.
 In 1848 Lesquereux came to America settling at Cambridge, where he
assisted Louis Agassiz; but he soon removed to Columbus, Ohio, where
he lived until his death. He was a worthy associate of William S.
Sullivant to whom in fact he was indebted by the most commendable
generosity. He was a paleo-botanist and a student of Mosses. Many
plants are named for him including a large number of fossil forms.

Lesquerella, a genus of Cruciferae.

Lesquereuxia, synonym of Siphonostegia, a genus of
Scrophulariaceae.
Hysterographium Lesquereuxii, a species of Pyrenomycetous
Fungi.
Webera Lescuriana, a species of Moss.
Bryum Lescurianum, a species of Moss.
Archidium Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Atrichum Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Fontinalis Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Hypnum Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Orthotrichum Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Sphagnum Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Thelia Lescurii, a species of Moss.
Alyssum Lescurii, a species of the Mustard Family.
Lepidophoroxs Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Lepidodendrum Lesquereuxii, synonym of L. clypeatum, a
fossil plant.
Sphenopteris Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Sphaerites Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Persoonia Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Buthotrephis Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Pecopteris Lesquereuxii, a fossil plant.
Cardiocarpon Lescurianum, a fossil plant.
Triphyllopteris Lescuri, a fossil plant.
Odontopteris Lescurii, a fossil plant.
Sigillaria Lescurii, a fossil plant.
Sphenopteris Lescuriana, a fossil plant.
Taeniopteris Lescuriana, a fossil plant.
Triphyllopteris Lescuriana, a fossil plant.
Rhabdocarpus Lescurianus, a fossil plant.
Thinfeldia Lesquereuxiana, a fossil plant.
Laurinoxylon Lesquereuxiana, a fossil plant.
 J S N .—Born at Windsor, Conn., Dec. 22, 1822,
died in New York, Dec. 7, 1892. He graduated from Western Reserve
College 1846 and from Cleveland Medical College 1848. He studied
abroad for two years and then practiced medicine in Cleveland until
1855 when he was appointed acting Surgeon and Geologist to an
exploring expedition through the country between San Francisco and the
Columbia River. He went on several of these expeditions studying the
botanical, zoological, and geological features of the country. In 1869 he
was appointed Chief Geologist to the Geological Survey of Ohio.
In 1859 Newberry published the first State Catalogue of Ohio Plants.
About 1865 he was made professor of Geology and palaeontology at
Columbia College School of Mines which position he held until his
death. His chief botanical work was in palaeo-botany though quite a
number of living plants as well as many fossil species commemorate his
name.

Newberrya, a genus of the Indian Pipe Family.

Gentiana Newberryi, a species of Gentian.
Abutilon Newberryi, a species of Malvaceae.
Leptosyne Newberryi, a species of Compositae.
Pentstemon Newberryi, synonym of P. menziesii, a species of
Scrophulariaceae.
Potentilla Newberryi, synonym of Ivesia gracillis, a species of
Rosaceae.
Ferula Newberryi, synonym of Peucedanum Newberryi, a
species Umbellifereae.
Astagolyous (Oxytropis) Newberryi, a species of the
Leguminous Family.
Notholaena Newberryi, a species of Fern.
Physaria Newberryi, a species of Fern.
Coloptera Newberryi, a species of Fern.
Leucampyx Newberryi, a species of Fern.
Cardiocarpon Newberryi, a fossil plant.
Dadoxylon Newberryi, a fossil plant.
Odontopteris Newberryi, a fossil plant.
Cordaites Newberryi, a fossil plant.
Pseudopecopteris Newberryi, a fossil plant, synonym of
Sphenopteris Newberryi.
Dictyophylon Newberryi, a fossil plant.
Cardiocarpus Newberryi, a fossil plant.
 Archaeopholon Newberryanum, a fossil plant.
Viburnum Newberryanum, a fossil plant.
Celastrophyllum Newberryanum, a fossil plant.
Pecopteris Newberryana, a fossil plant.
Taeniopteris Newberryana, a fossil plant.
Platanus Newberryana, a fossil plant.
Laurus Newberryana, a fossil plant.
Myrica Newberryana, a fossil plant.
Salix Newberryana, a fossil plant.

H. C. B .—Born in Connecticut. Died December, 1884, in

Painesville, O. He came to Ohio and became a practicing physician at
Painesville. He published the second State Catalogue of Ohio Plants in
1874. This was a pamphlet of nineteen pages; it was reprinted in the
State Agricultural reports of 1877. After his death Dr. Beardslee’s
herbarium of about 4000 species, especially rich in Carices, Grasses, and
Salices, was given to Oberlin College. The following species was named
in his honor:

Chantransia violacea Beardslei, a species of fresh-water Alga.

A P M .—Born at Centerville near Dayton, Oct. 27,

1836, now living in Hamilton County. He has done much toward the
development of Mycology in this country. He has made known a large
number of higher fungi of the south-eastern part of Ohio. He is the
author of many new species. A number of plants belonging to the group
of Fungi have been named in his honor, as follows:

Boletus Morgani, a species of Polyporeae.

Polyporus Morgani, a species of Polyporeae.
Lepiota Morgani, a species of Leucosporeae.
Russela Morgani, a species of Leucosporeae.
Cantharellus Morgani, a species of Leucosporeae.
Hypoxylon Morgani, a species of Pyrenomycetaceae.

There is also one species of Agaricineae named for Mrs. Morgan:

Hygrophorus Laurae, a species of Fungus.

W A K .—Born at Ashville, Ohio May 1,

1850. He was educated at Cornell and the German Universities,
receiving the degree of Ph.D. in 1881.
For a time he was teacher of natural science in the Wisconsin State
Normal School, later was professor of Botany and Zoology at the Kansas
Agricultural College, State Botanist of Kansas, and Botanist of the
Kansas Experiment Station. He was the founder and editor (for four
years) of the Journal of Mycology. He has held the position of Professor
of Botany in the Ohio State University since 1890 and is the author of a
number of text-books and articles for botanical journals. He has
accumulated a very large and valuable private Herbarium of parasitic
fungi, and a State Herbarium of the Flora of Ohio for the Ohio State
University that already numbers many thousands of mounted sheets. The
names given by botanists complimentary to his work are as follows:

Kellermannia, a genus of Sphaeropsideous fungi.

Aecidium Kellermannii, a species of Uredineae.
Plasmopora Kellermannii, a species of Phycomycetous Fungi.
Rosellinia Kellermannii, a species of Sphaeriaceous Fungi.
Rhabdospora Kellermannii, a species of Sphaeropsideous
Fungi.
Diaporthe Kellermanniana, a species of Pyrenomycetous
Fungi.
Physcomitrium Kellermani, a species of acrocarpous Moss.

M H. F. B .—Of Columbus, formerly of Springfield,

assiduously collected and studied the flora of Greene and Champaign
counties, Ohio. She discovered a species of Moss and one of Liverwort
which have been named in her honor.

Bryum Biddlecomiae, a pleurocarpous Moss.

Trichocolea Biddlecomiae, a species of Hepaticae, or
Liverwort.

F. D. K .—Born at New Washington, Ind., Feb. 15, 1849, but

early moved to southern Ohio where he lived until 1856, when he moved
to Columbus. He was graduated from Marietta College in 1870. The next
year he went to Andover Theological Seminary where he graduated in
1874. He served Congregational Churches until 1885 when he moved to
Helena, Montana. Here he made collections and distributed the local
flora. The College of Montana conferred on him the degree of Sc. D.
 In 1892 he was elected Professor of Botany at Oberlin College, which
position he held until 1897, when he accepted the pastorate of the
Central Congregational Church in Toledo, which he now holds. He is
also lecturer on Botany at the Smead School for Girls at Toledo, Ohio.
While professor at Oberlin he published several bulletins of local
interest, and one monograph of Uncinula, with microscopic drawings of
all American species. There are several species named in his honor, as
follows:

Kelseya, a monotypic genus of Rosaceae.

Cucurbitaria Kelseyi, a species of Pyrenomycetous fungi.
Homostegia Kelseyi, a species of Pyrenomycetous fungi.
Cryptanthe Kelseyi, a species of Boraginaceae.
Phlox Kelseyi, a species of Polemoniaceae.