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Biogeography of Gujarat 11
Selected References 65
Appendices 72
ii
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Research Personnel: Dr. B. Anoop Kumar The Gujarat Ecology Commission prepared a report
Department of Zoology, on the current ecological status of Kachchh
M. S. University of Baroda followed by a report on stresses on the fragile
marine ecology of the Gulf of Kachchh. Currently,
Dr. V. K. Murukesan the Commission is engaged in delineation of
Department of Botany, ecosystems of the State and strengthening the
M. S. University of Baroda database; making studies of ecological degradation
around the Gulf of Khambhat; examining the process
Mr. K. R. Vinod of desertification in Kachchh and Banaskantha
Department of Zoology, districts; and evolving an approach for ecological
M. S. University of Baroda restoration of mining areas of the State. Other
activities undertaken by the Commission relate to
Ms Sunita Kumari networking of NGOs of the State to organize
Manager (Forest Ecology), people's action to prevent degradation and to work
Gujarat Ecology Commission for restoration of degraded soils and water bodies.
The Commission has, in collaboration with Jacob
Blaustein Institute for Desert Research for Israel,
also set up at Bhuj the Gujarat Institute of Desert
Ecology (GUIDE).
1
Ecoregions of Gujarat
interest in preserving biodiversity and thus species, there is no way one can state its status -
recorded the presence of birds and wildlife. Eminent whether it is endemic, endangered, vulnerable,
scholars such as Prof. G. L. Shah has produced threatened or rare. Thus the State list of fauna and
excellent compendia on the State's biological flora that require immediate conservation efforts,
wealth. However, rather than sustaining such prioritization for preservation and protection
efforts, of late, the focus has shifted to narrow and strategies for species and habitats is purely
more specialized considerations leaving a wide gap presumptive.
in the process.
The fairly adequate data on district-wise livestock
In order to collate the various studies on flora and population indicate the increasing pressure on the
fauna of Gujarat and analyze it from the biodiversity available grazing land. It is estimated that the
perspective, the Gujarat Ecology Commission livestock population in the State has gone up from
constituted a study team consisting of academicians 1,84,40,165 in 1982 to 1,97,60,199 in 1992 indicating
of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda and 7.1 per cent growth. The major increase was in the
experts working in the Commission. The study team, population of buffaloes and goats. A proper
with Prof. Bonny Pilo of the M. S. University and analysis is required to understand the implications
Mr. Bharat Pathak of Gujarat Ecology Commission of population growth of livestock on the
as coordinators, have done extensive research in biodiversity. Gujarat has several indigenous breeds
published sources as well as from getting access of cattle and other livestock. Presently all of them
to about 75 mostly unpublished doctoral theses are in good number and there is no indication of
and dissertations. The study team has completed genetic dilution in them through hybridization and
its work on current knowledge of biodiversity of through introduction of exotic species. A fairly good
Gujarat. deal of information is available about medicinal
plants found in Gujarat. However, a systematic study
The study clearly shows that the recorded data of about their spatial density, rates of exploitation,
flora and fauna of Gujarat are incomplete and regeneration and its over-utilization has not been
inadequate. The information is incomplete because attempted so far. This inadequacy in knowledge
the studies were not conducted in all parts of needs to be quickly overcome to improve our health,
Gujarat, and inadequate because the data did not to provide a sustainable utilization of this valuable
indicate density, distribution and association of the and renewable resource and finally, to preserve our
living forms. Moreover, these studies were of higher proprietary rights for commercial exploitation.
plants and animals while the attention to lower
taxonomic groups of both fauna and flora was not Although Gujarat has longest coastline in India,
given. our understanding of marine biodiversity is far from
complete. Commercially important marine forms are
The present review shows that the recorded well-known but the lower forms of life remains
knowledge of biodiversity in Gujarat is meager with unexplored.
respect to the estimated number of species of biota
in India. About 46,286 species of plants are listed There are no records of correlation between land
in India but the recorded number of species in use patterns, habitat utilization by plants and
Gujarat is only 4320. The corresponding figures for animals and environmental degradation and
fauna are 77,452 and 2720. The records of fauna fragmentation.
and flora mainly highlight the enormous gap that
exists in our knowledge of living forms, their species Only limited studies have been made on
composition, their ecological status and community ethnobiology of plants and animals. The wealth of
structure. Taxonomic studies lost its slender information about ethnobiological uses available
foothold in the universities of Gujarat in recent with our tribal population has not been recorded.
years as there has been considerable decline in such Wild stocks of agriculturally important crop plants
surveys since 1985. have not been properly listed nor there are any
efforts to preserve their germ plasm or genetic
The present study also shows that without regular complexities. Horticulture, tissue culture and other
monitoring and estimation of the density of a in situ and ex situ methods of propagation of species
2
Ecoregions of Gujarat
3
Ecoregions of Gujarat
The study team of Biodiversity Project and Gujarat We would like to express our thanks to Dr. M. P.
Ecology Commission appreciate the support and Nayar, Emeritus Scientist, Tropical Botanical Garden
cooperation extended by the following individuals and Research Institute, Thiruvanathapuram for
and institutions during the tenure of the project. thoughtful suggestions on formulating the
approaches towards understanding and managing
For help in the collection of various information on biodiversity and to Prof. Y. D. Singh, Director,
flora and fauna we are indebted to the librarians of Institute of Desert Ecology, Bhuj, for review and
various Universities or Institutes including the comments on the draft proposal.
South Gujarat University, Surat; M. S. University
of Baroda, Baroda; S. P. University, Vallabh We are extremely thankful to Mrs. Padma
Vidyanagar; Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand; Ramachandran, Vice Chancellor, M. S. University
Gujarat University, Ahmedabad; Saurashtra of Baroda for taking keen interest in this
University, Rajkot; Bhavnagar University, Biodiversity Research Project.
Bhavnagar and Central Institute of Fisheries
Technology, Bombay. We are also thankful to the We also extend our thanks to Prof. C. H. Pathak
Directors of various Institutes such as Bombay (former Head of the Botany Department, M. S.
Natural History Society, Bombay; Central Arid Zone University of Baroda) Dr. Y. M. Naik (Department
Research Institute, Jodhpur; Zoological Survey of of Zoology, M. S. University of Baroda) and
India, Jodhpur and Botanical Survey of India, members of the review committee for discussions
Jodhpur; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun; and constructive suggestions.
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education,
Dehra Dun and Central Marine Fisheries Research
Institute, Veraval for allowing us to collect
information from their libraries.
4
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Of the ten biogeographic zones of India, Gujarat The angiosperm flora of Gujarat is mostly varied in
has parts of four zones, Zone 3, 4, 5 and 10. The extent and composition. There are 2198 species of
provinces of this zones in Gujarat are Province higher plants belonging to 902 genera and 155
3A - Kutch, Province 4B -Gujarat-Rajwara, 5A - families which represent 12.91 per cent of the flora
Malabar coast, 5B - Western Ghat Mountains and of the country. So far as the floristic explorations
10A - the West Coast. Based on the physiography, are concerned, the South Gujarat region has been
rainfall pattern and the presence of some indicator intensively studied by several workers. By and
species of Western Ghats (considering the results large, the central part of the State, part of North
of faunal and floral studies carried out by M. S. Gujarat, West Saurashtra and Eastern Kachchh
5
Ecoregions of Gujarat
remain virtually unexplored. Sixty-two species of study the taxonomy of this phylum. One species of
plants have been given different conservation planarian is included in the vulnerable category by
status. Majority of them are distributed in the semi- the Marine National Park authorities. Records
arid regions of Kachchh. indicate that among aschelminthes only rotifers
have been systematically studied during 1960's in
Twenty-seven species of mangroves are listed from Gujarat.
Gujarat. Earlier reports show that there was a
luxuriant growth of mangroves at Sikka, Salaya, The molluscan fauna of Gulf of Kachchh is fairly
Jodiya, Jakhau, Modhwa and elsewhere on the well known. About 350 species are identified from
Gujarat coast. However, drastic reduction has been this coast. However, the information available is
noticed in recent years due to extensive cutting for mainly focused on the edible marine molluscs as it
timber, fuel and fodder. is one of the important fisheries in Gujarat.
According to the Marine National Park authorities
The ethnobotanical studies carried out by several many molluscan species are threatened due to over
investigators have identified nearly 1200 plant exploitation in Gulf of Kachchh. In contrast to marine
species used by tribals for meeting their multifarious molluscs little information is available on the
requirements. freshwater molluscs in Gujarat.
The present survey has revealed that though a
good deal of work has been carried out in floristic Annelids constitute one of the largest phyla with
exploration, no comprehensive efforts have been 1093 species reported from India, of which only 69
made to explore the faunal wealth of Gujarat, barring species are reported from Gujarat. The studies were
the avian and mammalian species. Altogether we mainly on marine polychaete worms along the Gulf
have collected references of 2720 species of animals of Kachchh. Little is known about Oligocheates
belonging to different taxa recorded from Gujarat. and Hirudinians. The need of systematic studies of
The fauna recorded from Gujarat is about 3.51 per these two classes is obvious.
cent of the total Indian fauna.
Arthropods, the largest phylum is represented by
Euglenoids and amoeba are the protozoan groups more than 50,000 species in India. Unfortunately,
studied systematically in Gujarat while the only 743 species are reported from Gujarat. Some
remaining phyla (Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, isolated studies on scorpions, pseudoscorpions,
Microspora, Myxozoa) are untouched. Our crop pests and mites have been carried out. Most
knowledge on the Calcareous and Hexactinellid of the forest areas in Gujarat are unexplored. The
sponges of the Indian waters is still confined to the recent studies conducted by M. S. University team
classical monographs appeared in the pre- in Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary suggest that
independence period. According to the Zoological many more species can be reported from the forest
Survey of India (1991) the sponge fauna of West- areas of Gujarat if thorough study is carried out in
coast India is rather poorly worked out compared these regions.
to that of the East Coast. The freshwater sponges
recorded from Gujarat is less than ten species. The bryozoans of Gujarat (42 spp.) comprise a good
proportion of the total 170 species recorded from
Among the colorful marine cnidarians, only India. On the other hand, of the total 765 species of
the corals are studied systematically along the Gulf echinoderms reported from India, only 15 species
of Kachchh while other two classes of Cnidarians are known in Gujarat. Hemichordata is a group
(Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa) have yet to gain which is not studied adequately from Indian waters
attention. All the 37 species of corals in the Marine and there is an urgent need for taxonomic studies
National Park are reported to be in the endangered/ particularly on the families Protobalanidae,
threatened category. Cephalodiscidae and Planctospaeridae.
Platyhelminthes constitute one of the major phyla In comparison to the invertebrates the vertebrate
comprising about 17500 known species of which fauna has been studied fairly well in Gujarat. The
1622 species have been recorded from India. fish fauna is represented by 364 species of which
However, no attempt has been made in Gujarat to 19 species are in the endangered/threatened
6
Ecoregions of Gujarat
category. So far the non-edible fishes and Uromastix hardwickii, Wild Ass Sanctuary in Little
freshwater fishes have not received adequate Rann of Kachchh and Gaga Great Indian Bustard
attention in taxonomic surveys. Amphibian fauna Sanctuary are included due to the presence of
of Gujarat is only 19 species, which are mostly unique species of animals.
confined to the southern districts of the State.
Appropriate monitoring and conservation
strategies need to be developed to preserve these
species. Seventy-eight species of reptiles are
reported from Gujarat and eight of them are placed
in the Red Data Book of Zoological Survey of India.
Many reptilian species are facing severe threat due
to habitat destruction.
7
Ecoregions of Gujarat
8
Ecoregions of Gujarat
knowledge of species is far from complete, Gujarat has several habitats with floristic, faunal
especially that of lower forms of animals and plants. and climatic peculiarities. Biogeographically
This gap in knowledge may have somehow partly Gujarat has four regions that belong to four zones.
contributed to the dwindling fauna and flora. Large Gujarat has not only a rich store of biodiversity but
number of plants and animals have found place in also harbours a variety of livestock. There is also
the 'Red Data Book'. A variety of reasons, both an urgent need to identify factors that affect the
man-made and natural, have been responsible for depletion of biodiversity.
the extinction of about 20 species of flora and fauna
while about 81 species of mammals, 47 forms of
birds, 15 reptiles, 3 amphibians and large number WILDERNESS AND FORESTS: OUR LAST
of fishes, butterflies and other animals and over BASTIONS OF BIODIVERSITY
1500 vascular plants have become vulnerable.
A natural ecosystem that existed prior to human
The reasons for this loss of biodiversity richness encroachment and destruction, was a complex
as well as density can be traced to biotic pressures interlinked, interacting and interdependent
such as expansion of agricultural usage of land populations of plants and animals. They became
and forests, urbanization, industrial and adapted to the geographical and geological
developmental projects that destroy or usurp peculiarities of the habitat and withstood all vagaries
natural habitats, over exploitation of natural of climatic changes. Of all the biomes, the forest
resources, over grazing and above all, pollution. and wilderness are the best preserved biospheres
Man-made alterations of the habitats also produced with maximum species diversity. Sauer (1994)
an imbalance that upset the ecosystem and the defined biodiversity in a given area as "wilderness
age?old interrelationships. Loss of vegetational that existed there before human disturbance or
cover, green house effect, erosion and loss of top that would exist there if left undisturbed." The early
soil too contributed to habitat destruction. concepts that the forests are mere wealth to be
exploited have resulted in dwindling biodiversity.
Constitutionally the government and the citizens Now, most countries have realized that success of
are duty-bound to protect the flora and fauna. preserving biodiversity will depend ultimately on
Several acts and directives have also been passed the quality of the wilderness.
for protection of our natural resources.
Establishment of a network of protected areas was In tropical regions the fragmented forest patches
the first step the Government took for conservation still hold the semblance of old pristine diversity of
of biodiversity. India has about 1,40,675 sq. km. of life forms. The term biodiversity is not just species
protected areas that constitute about four per cent richness, it also includes the coevolutionary bonds
of the land area. The protected areas include 75 evolved over millions of years, such as
national parks and 421 sanctuaries. Plans are afoot predator?prey and plant?pollinator relationships.
to increase the number of national parks to 148 and Forests, whether it is a rain forest or Himalayan,
sanctuaries to 503. India has six wetlands as 'Ramsar dry or moist deciduous are the most rich habitats
sites' and five wildlands as 'world heritage sites.' with several plant?plant or plant?animal associations.
The management of forest then not only should be
Although the need to conserve this biodiversity based on the natural inventory of biota but also
has dawned on us quite early, methods of their associations and interactions. The gaps in our
conservation are still being debated. While some knowledge that deny success in management
plead for sustainable use of biodiversity for human practices are due to the lack in understanding of
benefit and happiness, others demand total the associations and interdependence. What is
protection of the biosphere. The best way to protect required is the preservation of associations on
the biodiversity would be to prepare restoration which the balance of the ecosystem is based. We
plans based on the need of the habitat. Such loose both animal and plant species with the loss of
regional or site?specific eco-restoration plans have habitat. "Plants and animals have co?evolved over
to keep in view bioinventory and the biotic the millennia, and plant reproduction is inextricably
pressures. tied to wildlife for pollination, seed transport,
scarification and cannot separate one from the other.
9
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Habitat protection means the preservation of both results in removal of the saplings, eventually leading
plants and animals and their interactions (Sauer, to inadequate regeneration and recruitment. When
1994)." exotic species compete with native plants and trees,
or where wildlife responsible for pollination and
The lifeline of any forest is the course of water seed dispersal are eliminated from the area,
flowing through it; a stream or a river supports the regeneration becomes inadequate.
life forms. Any major shift in natural hydrology
creates many problems to the biota; (1) Water that One of the most visible aspects of environment
previously infiltrated into the soil now runs off, damage in natural landscapes is the spread of exotic
failing to replenish ground water (2) Streams that invasive vegetation that displaces native
once run year?round have become flashier, subject communities. Forests disturbed and fragmented are
to periods of flooding and periods of drought (3) more vulnerable to invasion. The invasion by plants
Dropping ground water levels, which reduce the is more frequent than animals. Though not all
base flow of streams, also severely affect introduced exotic species become invasive, few
vegetation. If adequate levels of recharge are not that become successful can jeopardize the native
sustained over time, even more dramatic changes habitat.
in vegetation are likely to occur. Alternating periods
of drought and high rainfall may become more
common in future due to global warming. HABITAT DESTRUCTION
Gujarat has vast areas of land that are drought Human beings are totally dependent on the habitat
prone, severity of which varies from year to year. as are all other species. Survival being a selfish
The decline in vegetation will increase the motive, human beings have been showing only a
pressure on existing forest patches, fragmenting limited interest on the preservation of the habitat
the forest stretch even further. Once contiguous and biota. Anything that does not contradict human
forest belts of the eastern border of Gujarat is now well-being or survival was ignored. Up to a certain
represented by patches. The movement of species extent nature withstood the exploitation. With the
will be further hampered by the fragmented population explosion the consumption of natural
condition of the forest. Between these forest resources far surpassed the regeneration and
patches human settlements move in further recruitment and the natural habitats slowly changed
preventing recolonization or even regeneration. into classes of environment based on the
The first casualty of fragmentation of forests will requirement of human society.
be trees and animals of the woodland. When the
number of trees dwindles the remainders become
more vulnerable to insects and diseases. These MAN AND BIODIVERSITY
impacts are greatly seen now even without climatic
changes due to global warming which are yet to The extinction of large number of species at an
manifest. alarming rate is mainly due to human economic
activity and development and the associated
A native forest community cannot maintain itself pressures, e.g., population growth, resource
without successful regeneration of its species which extraction and waste disposal impinged on limited
requires successful reproduction and survival at resources and the environment. "The paradox is
the early life stages of the species that make up the that humans depend for survival on biodiversity,
community (Sauer, 1994). This process called nature and ecological resources subsumed in
recruitment is not taking place in most of the forests landscapes, yet, at the same time, human survival
in Gujarat, which contributes to the rapid decline apparently threatens the survival or existence of
of the forest cover. The failures of recruitment are those very resources (Weaver, 1994)."
due to exotic species, exotic pathogens, altered
water tables, pollution, altered fire patterns, changes In our country with the expanding population,
in populations of grazing animals, landscape migration to urban areas began to increase, mainly
fragmentation, and direct disturbance by humans. driven by demands for jobs, health services,
Illegal grazing of animals in forest areas usually education facilities, and drinking water. Increased
10
Ecoregions of Gujarat
population has led to increased demand for solar power. During the transition period, waste
subsistence food crops. Four important demands minimisation (source reduction), recycling and
by growing populations contribute to deforestation, consumer restraints will buy time to develop new
dwindling biodiversity and rapid species extinction: lifestyles and new technologies in a more
(1) fire wood demand (2) demand for timber, (3) cost?effective way. The present day technology
demand for cropland and (4) fodder and pasture is a definite threat to biodiversity as the world's
land for increasing livestock. Demand for cropland species are being depleted at an alarmingly faster
leads not only to deforestation but also degradation rate and unless dramatic changes occur in the use
of soil. of technology, as much as half the species inhabiting
the planet may vanish in our life time alone (Wilson,
The major impacts of economic activity and 1988; Cairns, 1994). Add to this will be the 10 billion
development on biodiversity and the environment people by next century. The technologies
are (1) habitat alteration (2) changes in harvesting developed in the twentieth century depleted our
rates and patterns, and (3) introduction of species biota on which we depended heavily for genetic
and alteration of interspecies equilibria. stocks, medicines, drugs and ecological balance.
Let the technologies developed in the 21st century
be compatible with the maintenance of global
TECHNOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY biodiversity which means the new technology
should provide clean environment and should be
Evolution of technology has made the man feel pollution free.
free from environment. He no longer has to adapt
to the nature or habitat, unlike all other animals and
of course, plants. Unless we concede that our BIOIVENTORY: SINE QUA NON
technology is changing the environment, we may
continue to ignore the signs of eroding ecosystem In Gujarat, the immediate challenge before us is to
and biodiversity will not survive. If technology and make a complete inventory of the existing flora
biodiversity are to coexist, the technologies must and fauna and their associations, which is a massive
be those that the biota can endure (Cairns Jr., 1994). task. We may have to mobilize a cross section of
populace from biologists to school children to make
McKibben (1989) in his book 'The End of Nature', a swift survey for collecting and identifying the
implores the unwarranted assumption that man can floral and faunal components. In this venture the
ignore with impunity the workings of nature. We ecologists should look for associations and
now know that only a few degrees in the average interactions, biotic pressures and the factors that
global temperature, accompanied by changes in favour or that are detrimental to the survival of
rainfall (both amount and the timing) may have species. We need to know the ecological principles
enormous impact on the world's agricultural systems that create viable communities in each biome.
(Schneider, 1990). It is high time we realize that Subsequently, we can assign strategies to conserve
human society exists today in both total number the biodiversity with priorities to endangered, rare
and quality of life because of the exploitation of and threatened species, while preserving what is
the one time bonanza of fossil fuels, fossil water, left.
world forests, biodiversity and accumulated top soil
(Ehrilich and Ehrilich, 1990). All these are utilized As a preamble to this our current knowledge on
at a faster rate, carelessly and needlessly by few the flora and fauna of Gujarat State is compiled.
millions in the rich, developed countries. It is also The focus of the present task was mainly on
high time the humanity spends less money to send inventorying of the species, both flora and fauna,
man to less hospitable planets and more money to recorded in the past.
make our planet more habitable.
PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY: POLICY
According to Cairns Jr. (1994) the world's present ISSUES FOR PRESERVATION AND
population is heavily dependent upon existing non-
eco-friendly technology and should be rapidly
developing new, eco-friendly technologies such as
11
Ecoregions of Gujarat
12
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Subsequently, for effective implementation of 137 protected areas were established in 1970 which
CITES, IUCN established 'Trade Record Analysis increased to 426 in 1988 and 496 in 1994. So far 21
of Flora and Fauna in Commerce (TRAFFIC) in protected areas have been established in Gujarat
1975. However, such international treaties and and their coverage is shown in table -1.
conventions were of little help to developing
countries with inadequate knowledge of their wealth BIODIVERSITY CONVENTION
of biodiversity. Also, such treaties mainly covered
wild flora and fauna and genetic material of cultivated Considering the inadequacies of existing
biodiversity was freely exchanged. international treaties, several organizations
CURRENT POLICY
Basic Objectives:
13
Ecoregions of Gujarat
TABLE - 1 :
PROTECTEDAREAS OF GUJARAT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Saura-shtra 64335 4484.89 6.9 2346 3.65 14 2466.37 3.83 Gujarat-
Rajwara
and
Western
Coast
North Gujarat 29120 2945.46 10.11 1455 5.00 3 729.73 2.51 Gujarat-
Rajwara
17322.27 8.78%
(17199.41) 8.77%
including World Commission on Environment and of various aspects of biodiversity under 40 central
Development realized the need for a more acts. Their observations on all aspects with respect
comprehensive frame work for international to biological diversity are reproduced in table - 2.
cooperation for preventing biodiversity loss.
Through several drafts and proposals, between Of the total 55 positions (11 aspects ´ 5 positions), 25
1984 and 1992, a final agreement was signed in the have not been covered and 20 positions are
Convention on Biological Diversity in June 1992 partially covered. Only 10 positions are well
by 170 countries. India has played an important covered, calling more legal provisions to bring
role for evolving this international treaty. The issues and aspects of biodiversity conservation
convention has been ratified by 130 countries till under adequate legal cover.
1995. The convention includes a comprehensive
preamble with 23 statements giving rationale and
42 articles. The articles of the convention are
included in Appendix - 1.
14
Ecoregions of Gujarat
TABLE - 2:
LEGAL COVERAGE OF VARIOUS ASPECTS
OF BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA
1 Identification N N N N N
2 Protection in-situ W W N N N
3 Protection ex-situ W P N N N
4 Access/extraction P P N N N
5 Use W P W N N
6 Trade W P P W P
7 Breeding/cultivation/multiplication W P P P P
8 Introduction/augmentation/re-introduction P P P P P
9 Release N N N N P
10 Movement W P P P P
15
Ecoregions of Gujarat
16
Ecoregions of Gujarat
17
Ecoregions of Gujarat
18
Ecoregions of Gujarat
19
Ecoregions of Gujarat
20
Ecoregions of Gujarat
TABLE - 3:
AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES OF GUJARAT
S.No. Zones Districts Average Climate Soils
Rain fall
in mm
8. The Bhal Region Two talukas each 700 Dry sub humid, Calcarious soil
in Ahmedabad, and marshy
Bhavnagar and during monsoon
Bharuch,
Khambat taluka
in Kheda district
21
Ecoregions of Gujarat
22
Ecoregions of Gujarat
KINGDOM FUNGI
FUNGI Division Mycota DIVISION CYANOCHLORONTA
(CYANOBACTERIA)
23
Ecoregions of Gujarat
24
Ecoregions of Gujarat
derived largely from the works of Boergesen (1929 5 classes from a variety of things likes fruits, leaves,
- 1934) which still remain as a backbone to the museum articles etc. Considering their
checklist. Collections of marine algae in Gujarat have cosmopolitanism, it is doubtless that many more
been made most extensively from certain areas only await discovery.
probably due to the exigencies of travel and
convenience of the collector. In Gujarat Port Okha,
Dwarka, Porbandar and Veravel have been LICHENS
extensively explored. Scientists at the Central Salt
and Marine Chemicals Research Institute at The lichens are a large group of mostly
Bhavnagar have made comprehensive analysis that Ascomycetes that can grow only in intimate
added considerable information about the wealth association with living algal cells. Despite being
of marine algae of Indian coasts in general, and composed of two organisms with symbiotic
Gujarat coasts in particular (Krishnamurthy and organismal association, they exhibit a consistent
Joshi, 1970 and literature cited therein). form that is identifiable as to genus and species.
About 1600 species are so far recorded from India.
Marine algae are the predominant group of Though they are extremely widespread in nature,
photosynthetic organisms in the sea. They include no report is hitherto available from Gujarat.
macroscopic members of three principal divisions
namely Chlorophyta (green algae) Phaeophyta
(brown algae) and Rhodophyta (red algae). To the BRYOPHYTA
lay men they seem rather unpleasant organisms -
very slimy, unpleasant to look at and to touch - but Bryophyta includes liverworts, hornworts and
scientifically explored to greater extent. mosses growing predominantly in warm and moist
Krishnamurthy and Joshi (1970) have reported 501 areas. They are able to live on land and also in
species of marine algae from various coasts of India. water, hence they are generally called as 'amphibians
Out of these 210 species spread over 42 families of plant kingdom.' As they solve the mystery of
and 112 genera are represented from Gujarat that land plants, they carry a very significant place in
make up about 42 per cent of the total. Barring few taxonomy.
ones, all genera found on the Gujarat coasts are
cosmopolitan. According to various estimates, some 600
genera and about 23,600 species belonging 3 main
Classes are included in this Division, out of which
FUNGI 2700 species are recorded from India. In Gujarat,
Chavan and Mahabale (1945) recognized three well-
The tasty mushroom-delight of the gourmet-has marked regions of distribution of bryophytes. In all
much in common with the black mold that forms on they reported 8 species belonging to 3 classes and
stale bread and the mildew that collects on damp 7 genera from Taranga hills, Pavagadh and Rajpipla,
clothes. All of these life forms belong to the and South Gujarat. Desai (1976) documented the
Kingdom Fungi, a diverse group of more than presence of few species in Bansda forest while
100,000 species. They are heterotrophic organisms Sabnis and Amin (1992) observed 6 species in
once considered plants because they have cell walls Narmada Valley reported by earlier workers. It is
and produce spores, but now separated from plants reasonable to believe that a thorough study may
on the basis of their type of nutrition. As reveal the presence of many more.
decomposers, they participate with bacteria in
recycling inorganic and organic molecules in the
environment. Thus, they are important from an DIVISIONTRACHEOPHYTA
ecological point of view. Very few efforts have been
hitherto undertaken in Gujarat to study these Tracheophytes are vascular plants with true, well
decomposers of our biosphere. Of 23,000 species developed conducting tissues. This division
recorded from India, only 164 species are known consists of 5 main subdivisions:
from Gujarat (Desai, 1968; Sabnis and Amin, 1992).
Arya (1988-1994) isolated 29 species belonging to
25
Ecoregions of Gujarat
26
Ecoregions of Gujarat
27
Ecoregions of Gujarat
TABLE - 4 :
DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST
AREAS IN GUJARAT
28
Ecoregions of Gujarat
FLORAL INVENTORY
PREVIOUS STUDIES:
29
Ecoregions of Gujarat
TABLE - 5:
List of Doctoral Theses on Floristics and Ethnobotany (in chronological order)
30
Ecoregions of Gujarat
31
Ecoregions of Gujarat
TABLE - 6:
Proportional Relationship of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons
Leguminosae is the largest family with 293 species. is interesting to note from table - 6 that the
While Orchidaceae, the largest family of flowering percentage occurrence of the genera (77.49%) and
plants in India occupies a lower position, species (72.86%) of Dicotyledons is almost
Asteraceae, the richest family of flowering plants identical. This similarity is also evident in the
in the world, occupies fourth positon in the Gujarat Monocotyledonous genera and species.
state. Other families with large number of species
are Poaceae (284 species), Cyperaceae (125), Figure 4 depicts areas where floristic and/or
Asteraceae (104), Acanthaceae (87), Euphorbiaceae ethnobotanical studies have been carried out.
(79), Convolvulaceae (65), Malvaceae (64), Apparently much of the South Gujarat region has
Scrophulariaceae (54) and Lamiaceae (42). There been intensively explored by several workers. By
are 63 monogeneric families out of which 37 are and large, central part of the State, part of North
monotypic. Leaving Poaceae and Cyperaceae, Gujarat, West Saurashtra and Eastern Kachchh
Monocotyledons are poorly represented. remain virtually unexplored.
Proportion of the Monocotyledons to Dicotyledons
is 1:4.34 of families, 1:3.44 of genera and 1:2.68 of
species. The ratio of total number of genera to MANGROVE AND COASTALVEGETATION
species is 1:2.43, which is rather low in comparison OF GUJARAT
to a corresponding ratio for whole of India (1:7). It
32
Ecoregions of Gujarat
The State of Gujarat has the longest coastline Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.
among all Indian states. Stretching over a length of Rhizophora mucronata Lam.
1663 km, it is the abode of one of the most Rhizopora conjugata L.
fascinating extravaganzas of marine life, both plants Rhizophora apiculata
and animals. Certain regions of the coast both on Salicornia brachiata Roxb.
the west and on the south is surrounded by 10- to Salvadora oleoides Decne.
13 km wide marshy zone occupying the intertidal Salvadora persica L.
limits, and drained only by the muddy channels in Sesuvium portulacastrum L.
which the sea water flows at low tide to join the Sonneratia apetala Buch.- Ham.
main creeks. The swampy coast is dotted with Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum.
mangrove wherever the depth at high tide does not Suaeda nudiflora Moq.
exceed a certain limit. These mangrove formations Suaeda fruticosa Forsk. ex Gmel.
are isolated and discontinuous and occur from Tamarix troupii Hole
Kandla, Navalakhi in the north to Jodia, Jamnagar, Urochondra setulosa (Trin.) C.R. Hubb.
Sikka, Salaya and Okha along the coasts of the Gulf
of Kachchh. Many islands like Pirotan, Bhaidar and Source: Shah, 1978; Rao, 1981; Contractor, 1986;
Dhani also have good mangrove forests. Singh, 1994.
The mangroves of Kachchh in general are of the
Twenty-seven species are reported from Gujarat. open scrubby type with low wooded Avicennia
They are listed below: marina and Rhizophora mucronata . In Dwaraka,
Poshitra and Dohlani mostly a single species is
Acanthus ilicifolius L. seen, i.e., Avicennia marina. The dry climatic
Aegiceras corniculata L. Blanco condition prevailing in the region for about 8
Arthrocnemum indicum (Willd.) Moq. months in a year and poor rainfall (in a place like
Aeluropus lagopoides (Linn.) Trin. ex Thw. Jamnagar the thermal amplitude is about 12 oC and
Artiplex stocksii Boiss. average rainfall is around 470 mm) and also human
Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. var. acutissima interferences acts as limiting factors to mangrove
Mold. vegetation in the region although the estimate
Avicennia officinale L. Blanco coverage is about 213 sq. km.
Borassus flabellifer L.
Bruguiera gymnorhiza (Linn.) Lam. According to Chavan (personal communication)
Ceriopes tagal (Pers.) Rob. total area under mangroves in Jamnagar alone was
Ceriopes candolleana Arn. about 600 sq. km. in the past that got reduced to
Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari 139 sq. km. in 1975 and 33 sq. km. in 1985. According
Cyperus arenarius Retz. to the report of SAC, Ahmedabad (cited from
Excoecaria agallocha Linn. Chavan, personal communication) the total area
Peplidium maritimum (L. f.) Wettst. has improved since the declaration of Marine
National Park (Table - 7).
TABLE - 7:
Area of Mangroves Based on Satellite Data (in sq. km.)
33
Ecoregions of Gujarat
34
Ecoregions of Gujarat
35
Ecoregions of Gujarat
25. Pavonia arabica Steud. (MALVACEAE) 37. Tecomella undulata (Sw.) Seem.
Range - Bhuj; Status - rare. (BIGNONIACEAE)
Range - Chaduvaand Kirgaria Hillocks, Bhuj
26. Pavonia ceratocarpa Mast. (MALVACEAE) and Anjar; Status - rare, solitary tree was
Range- Bhuj; Status - rare. observed at Anjar.
33. Senra incana Cav. (MALVACEAE) These rare plants represent a small but important
Range - Bhuj and Chaduva Hillocks; Status part of the flora. They are very susceptible to the
- rare. effects of environmental damage, because they
occur in small population or at scattered localities
34. Solanum incanum Linn. (SOLANACEAE) and are often confined to unique and localized
Range - Bhuj; Status - rare. habitats. Comparison of the vegetation and floristic
account of Thakar (1926) with latest available
35. Sporobolus virginicus (Linn.) Kunth literature (Rao, 1981; Nayar and Shastry, 1988; Bhatt,
(POACEAE) 1993) clearly points to the process of deterioration
Range - Madvi; Status - rare. that has set in due to various biotic influences.
Further changes in the physical conditions are
36. Sterculia urena Roxb. (STERCULIACEAE) envisaged in the light of extension of irrigational
Range - Chaduva and Kirgaria Hilllocks; facilities to be provided under the Narmada Canal
Status - threatened. Project. It is, highly necessary to make an inventory
36
Ecoregions of Gujarat
of rare, threatened and endangered plant species should be supplemented with the conservation of
and to initiate measures to conserve the specific cultural diversity as it is the essence of knowledge
habitats. on sustainable use of biological resources. The
knowledge now available with the ethnic groups is
Singh (1994) reported nine coastal plant species the result of their close association with the nature
from Marine National Park, Jamnagar that need over the ages, passed down through generations.
immediate conservation strategies: The reason that the knowledge has been conserved
by them is largely due to their realization that the
Species Status edible, medicinal and crop plants are vital life
sustaining sources. This knowledge of tribal people
1. Aegiceras corniculata Threatened can open new doors to find alternate food and drug
(L.) Blanco resource (Annual Report-MSSRF, 1995).
37
Ecoregions of Gujarat
TABLE - 8:
Tribal Communities and their Population in Gujarat State*
38
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Previous studies: Though ethnobotanical studies medicines among the tribals. Due to the constant
in Gujarat were initiated about 27 years ago (Bedi, companionship with forest environs tribals have
1968), very few botanists have been attracted acquired good knowledge about the utility of
towards this discipline (Gopal, 1983; Reddy, 1987; plants. Their valued treasures of information, if
Umadevi, 1988; Joshi, 1994). Gujarat Pustakalaya subjected to scientific scrutiny would benefit the
Sahayak Sahakari Mandal Ltd. has also published humankind in many ways.
few books on ethnobiology especially to popularize
the traditional and indigenous knowledge. Analysis List of medicinal plants of Gujarat and their
of the data of various workers has led to the distribution is given separately (Appendix - 10).
documentation of several plants used by tribals for The area of distribution is classified according to
meeting their multifarious requirements. While few the biogeographical zones to identify the
examples are given in the text, many more plants biodiversity-rich regions. There are about 353 plants
still remain to be identified. The utility of plants is recorded from zone 3A, 540 from zone 4B, and 488
grouped mainly in two broad categories: plants from zone 5. While 271 species of plants
economical and medicinal. The usage for were identified from all zones 174 species were
economical purpose are mainly for fuel, fodder, fibre, mentioned as cultivated. The zone 5 includes areas
fruit, vegetable etc. 5A and 5B corresponding to the western ghat
mountains and malabar coast. Roughly the
About 750 species of medicinally important and geographical area of zone 3A (Kachchh and
450 species of economically important plants used Banskantha districts) has 58,355 sq. km., zone 4B
mostly by the tribals have been identified. (Saurashtra and North Gujarat excluding
Information on the plant species used as cereals Banskantha district and Central Gujarat up to river
and pseudocereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, Narmada) has 11,39,966 sq. km., and the zone 5
fodder, beverages, fibres, piscicides and pesticides (Bharuch, Surat, Valsad and Dangs) has about
etc. is given in appendix - 9 and graphically 23,703 sq. km . Among all the geographic zones
presented in figure 5. maximum number (540) of plants is recorded from
zone 4B, followed by from zone 5. However,
considering the area and number, species richness
PANEL - 3 is observed in zone 5. The zone 4B, largest among
FORESTS AND TRIBALS - THE HOBBESIAN the zones, has about 540 medicinal plants. Most of
TWINS' these species were recorded either from Saurashtra
region or from the forest regions of eastern districts.
Forests and tribals, like the Hobbesian twins coexist
and are inseparable. The dependence of tribals on In zone 3A (Kachchh) though the number of
forests is almost total. Forests have provided the medicinal plants are less, many of them are confined
tribals with home since time immemorial. They also to this geographical area only with restricted
provide shelter and housing material, food, edible distribution.
fruits, nuts, tubers, flowers, seeds, wild game, drugs,
spices, etc., for the tribals and forage for their
livestock. Even today for food the tribals are PLANTS IN ANCIENT LITERATURE
dependent to a great extent on shifting cultivation
and minor forest produce as land ownership is Ancient Indian literature repletes with references
marginal. The variety of trees and plants with of concern for healthy environment and
productive value for the tribals that have been conservation of natural resources, these elements
traditionally available in the forests may be too have been important part in Indian culture. Many
many to identify and list. Traditionally, the tribals Indian plants have been known in the country for
have depended on herbal medicines in times of about fifteen centuries and considerable number
illness. Today, inspite of a well advanced allopathic among them date back to 3,000 years B.C. It is
health care system in the country the tribals still possible, if not certain, that their antiquity of some
have recourse almost exclusively to plant and animal of them may have to be pushed back even further.
products since the hospital system is inaccessible The antiquity of agricultural plants and also of the
to the rural poor. Vegetation forms a vital part of many kinds of trees, shrubs and other flora that are
39
Ecoregions of Gujarat
6. Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. - One of the 13. Ficus benghalensis L. - Finds mention in the
plants referred in the Atharva Veda. To be Atharva Veda._ One of the most long-lived
found in the Dwaita Vana forest trees, the akshaya vata (or eternal banyan),
(Mahabharatha). This is listed among fibre in Prayag and Gaya, under which shradhas
plants in Arthasatra are to be performed. Rama performed the
40
Ecoregions of Gujarat
shrada of King Dasaratha under this tree in underground water (Brihat Samhita).
Prayag. This is also the tree under which in
Gaya the Buddha obtained enlightenment. 24. Abrus precatorius L. - The rounded shiny
seeds of this plant are referred to as being
14. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. - Is among the used as a unit weight just as at present,
trees growing in Chitrakuta hill, in especially for weighing gold and precious
Agasthya's hermitage and in Panchvati gems. The average weight of a seed unit
(Ramayana). Found among the trees in equal to 1 and 5/16 ( one and five-sixteenths)
Dwaita Vana and in Gandamadana forest grains troy weight (Arthasastra).
(Mahabharatha).
25. Psidium guajava L. In Chara Samhita. It is
15. Ricinus communis L. - Finds mention in believed that the 'Guava' was introduced
Atharva Veda and also in Charaka Samhita. only in the 15th century A.D. by the
Portuguese from Brazil. Charaka's list shows,
16. Bombax malabaricum DC. One of the trees however, that it has existed in India through
planted for indicating the boundaries of many centuries before.
villages and other tracts (Arthasastra).
26. Lawsonia alba Lam. - Mentioned in Charaka
17. Saccharum spontaeneum L. - The sacred Samhita.
grass, mentioned along with several other
grasses, said to harbour snakes (Rig Veda). 27. Bassia latifolia Roxb. - One of the trees in
Knotted at the tip and laid with knot pointing Chitrakuta hill (Ramayana) and in Dwaita
east, it is used for sitting on, as a sacred and Vana (Mahabharatha). Mentioned in the
purificatory seat, at all rituals. It is used as a Buddhistic Jatakas, and in Kalidasa.
charm to appease anger (Atharva Veda).
Clothes as well as mats to sleep on were 28. Terminalia catappa L.- The country almond.
made out of the blades of the leaves The lofty tree under which Rama with Sita
(Mahabharatha). and Lakshmana spent the first night of their
exile, after leaving Ayodhya (Ramayana).
18. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. - Included Included among the trees in Dwaita Vana
among the trees growing in Panchvati and Gandamadana forest (Mahabharatha).
(Ramayana).
29. Andropogon sorghum Brot. Pictured
19. Phoenix dactylifera L. - Figures in the pottery conventionally on Mohenjadaro pottery and
paintings of Mohenjadaro. is evidentally a very ancient grain.
20. Echites antidysenterica Heyne ex Roth - 30. Artocarpus integrifolia auct. non L.f. ( A.
Among the trees in Chitrakuta hill. heterophyllus Lam.). - Numerous references
in the Ramayana, being among the trees in
21. Ficus spp. ( Fig) - Rama uses the milky juice, Chitrakuta hill, in the wonder grove or park
for gluing his hair together to form a crown raised by sage Bharadwaja to entertain
of matted locks, jata (Ramayana). Many Bharata and his army, around Agasthya's
species find mention in Vedas, Ramayana hermitage, in Panchvati.
and Mahabharata, being thus among the
oldest kinds trees in India. 31. Eugenia jambolina Lam. - A common tree
evidently from ancient times, itself is
22. Sesamum indicum L. This is probably the 'Jambudvipa', the island of 'jambu' trees. It
oldest among the oil-seeds of the country. abounded in Chitrakuta hill, in the
It finds mention in Vedas. Dandakaranya generally, and in Panchvati.
Also mentioned in Mahabharatha. Buddhist
23. Tribulus terrestris L. One of the creeping or story centering around this fruit, referred in
trailing plants indicating the presence of Manimekalai. The fruits are made use of in
41
Ecoregions of Gujarat
36. Gmeilna arborea Roxb. - Under the name 44. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. - In Vedic
Katuphala is used in a mixture which when times the seeds are said to have been used
administered through the nose cures as dice. Included among the trees in
headache and other diseases of the head Bharadwaja's park (Ramayana), also among
(Arthasastra). the trees in Dwaita Vana (Mahabharatha).
The tree under which King Rituparna and
37. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spr. Mentioned in his charioteer cum cook (the one-time King
Charaka Samhita. Nala incognito) exchange secrets of their skill
in calculation and in horse-lore respectively
38. Butea frondosa Koen. ex Roxb. - One of the and where Sani frees Nala from his baneful
trees around which the wonderful creeper influence and grants him boons, the tree
arundathi climbs (Atharva Veda). Numerous getting an evil repute ever since
references in the Ramayana, the tree with (Nalopakyana, Mahabharatha).
"flowers on leafless sprays."
45. Melia azedarach L. - In the Ramayana King
39. Citrus medica L. - The Arthasastra mentions Dasaratha upraids Queen Kaikeyi, by
it as acid fruit. quoting the proverb the 'neem distilled will
yield no honey', referring to the character of
40. Cassia fistula L. - One of the beautiful her mother which was demoniacal
flowering trees in Janasthana, in Panchvati, (Ramayana).
around Pamba lake, a tree unfolding its
treasures of gold (Ramayana). 46. Borassus flabellifer L. - Frequently
mentioned in the Ramayana. Rama's cottage
41. Nelumbium speciosum Willd. - The Rig Veda in Chitrakuta hill was roofed over with palm
refers to it as a source of fibre, thus: 'She leaves. Also mentioned in the
descends the precipice, like a digger for the Mahabharatha.
lotus fibres'. The Arthasastra describes the
characteristic of one variety (out of many) 47. Nyctanthes arbortristis L. - Many references
42
Ecoregions of Gujarat
43
Ecoregions of Gujarat
44
Ecoregions of Gujarat
45
Ecoregions of Gujarat
46
Ecoregions of Gujarat
47
Ecoregions of Gujarat
SUMMARY
TABLE - 9:
Phytowealth of Gujarat
Gymnosperms 64 1 1.562
48
Ecoregions of Gujarat
49
Ecoregions of Gujarat
are untouched.
In 1957 Gideon et al. recorded four genera of corals
Protozoans can serve as useful indicator organisms from Gulf of Kachchh. An elaborate description of
in assessing water purity or pollution; the presence the coral fauna of this region was presented more
of certain species being indicative of whether recently by Pillai and Patel (1988). They listed 37
oxidation or reduction of organic material is in species belonging to 24 genera. There are about
progress. Ciliates in particular have an important 199 species belonging to 71 genera of corals
role in sewage treatment, their grazing on bacteria hitherto reported from India.
being responsible for the production of a clear
effluent. The significance of protozoan diseases Other two classes of Cnidarians in Gujarat are less
in human health can be gauged from the fact that of studied. Our checklist includes only 17 species of
the six most important tropical diseases listed on hydrozoans and 4 species of scyphozoans
the World Health Organization as subjects of an collected from some sporadic reports. The total
intensive control programme, three - malaria, number of species in India belonging to these
trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis - are caused by classes is not available.
parasitic protozoans.
PANEL - 4
NONCHORDATE ANIMALS SIGNIFICANCE OF CORAL REFS
50
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Kachchh is to be stopped immediately. It is an polar, temperate and tropical seas. They have also
ecosystem that needs immediate attention for been collected from the floor of ocean at great
preservation and conservation of its resources. depths. The sipunculan fauna of the Indian Ocean
is fairly rich, represented by about 104 species of
the total 202 of which 38 species are reported from
PHYLUM CTENOPHORA (COMBJELLIES) the Indian Coast. There are 15 species reported
from Northwestern Coast (Gujarat and Maharastra).
The Ctenophora is a small phylum comprising only The sipunculan studies in Gujarat are being carried
about 100 species, of which 10 species are reported out by Zoological Survey of India.
from India. Though combjellies are found in the
rocky shores of Kathiawar (George, 1955) no
records are available on the systematics of this PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
phylum in Gujarat.
Molluscs constitute the second largest phylum
comprising about 80,000 species. About 5,000
PHYLUMPLATYHELMINTHES species have been reported from India of which
(FLATWORMS) about 350 species occur in Gujarat coast. James
Hornell has mentioned various aspects of shell
Platyhelminthes constitute one of the major phyla fishes of Gujarat as early as 1909 in his paper Marine
comprising about 17500 known species of which Zoology of Okhamandal. Moses (1927, 1940, 1947,
1622 species have been recorded from India. It is 1948) dealt with the fishery of Placuna and
quite unfortunate that no attempt has been made in Cephalopods of Gulf of Kachchh. Molluscs of
Gujarat to study the taxonomy of this phylum. Pirotan and Gulf of Kachchh were studied by
According to a report from the Marine National Gideon et al. in 1957. Menon et al. in 1961 have
Park, Jamnagar (1991) the Planaria sp. found in the reported 72 species of gastropods beonging to 51
Gulf of Kachchh can be categorized as vulnerable. genera and 35 families from the Gulf of Kachchh.
Kundu (1965) made a survey of pelecypods in
different localities of Pirotan island as well as Port
PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES Okha, Belarpur Bay, Hanuman Dandi and Veravel.
He reported 91 species of pelecypods, belonging
The Phylum Aschelminthes contains several to 27 families. The Opisthobranch fauna of Gulf of
miscellaneous groups of animals belong to six Kachchh was studied by Narayan (1968, 1981, 1974)
classes. At first sight, these six classes appear to be and Burn (1970). The composition of amphineura
unrelated, and many scientists prefer to regard them and Gastropoda of Saurastra coast was studied by
as separate phyla. They are mostly free living Sarvaiya (1977, a,b,c). An exhaustive list of marine
bottom dwellers in marine and freshwater edible molluscs of the Saurastra coast was also
environments and in the soil; many nematodes are presented by Sarvaiya (1983) on the basis of survey
parasitic on plants and animals. conducted from 1975 to 1976 along the Saurastra
Coast. In contrast to marine molluscs little
Records indicate that only rotifers have been information is available on the freshwater molluscs
systematically studied in Gujarat. Wulfert (1966) in Gujarat apart from a few common species
examined collections, from Ajwa river and Nimeta reported by M. S. University team from the
Water works, Baroda and dealt with 87 species Narmada Valley region.
including 9 new taxa and one new combination.
Apart from the nematodes worms infecting bats in The information available is mainly confined to the
Gujarat (studied by ZSI) no studies have been edible marine molluscs as it is one of the important
carried on other nematodes or helminths in Gujarat. fisheries in Gujarat especially in the Gulf of Kachchh
and areas nearby. The commercially important
PHYLUM SIPUNCULA varieties of molluscs include Sacred Chank,
(PEA-NUT WORMS) Cowries, Pearl Oyster, Window Pane Oysters, Squid
and Cuttle?fish. Molluscan shells have been used
Sipuncula are common inhabitants of shores of to be an important raw material for various
51
Ecoregions of Gujarat
52
Ecoregions of Gujarat
on some Neuroptera of Gujarat were conducted belonging to 4 genera of 4 families were reported
by Ghosh in 1983. Vazirani (1973, 1977) reported by the study.
27 species of water beetles (Dysticidae) from
Gujarat. About 250 species of insects belonging
several orders were reported by Radhakrishnan MITES
et al.(1995) from the Narmada valley in Gujarat
region during the faunal survey conducted during The significance of mites is in their manifold
the years 1990-1992. Some species of butterflies economic importance in agriculture, poultry,
were reported by Wildlife study group (Chavan, medical and veterinary sciences as well as public
1992) from the Shoolpaneshwar wildlife sanctuary. wealth. Many of them are serious pests of
Fauna of arthropod pests infesting various crops agriculture, horticulture and commercial crops,
of Saurastra was reported by College of causing severe economic loss of several cores of
Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, rupees in India. About 1500 species of mites are
Junagadh (1995). Their list includes 198 species of reported from India.
insect pests. Some Odonata species in Gujarat were
studied by Prasad and Thakur in 1984. Our checklist An intensive survey for plant mites in Gujarat was
contains 511 species of insects, which we hope carried out by Gujarat Agricultural University
includes more than 95% of the total species mainly through an ICAR project based at Navsari.
reported from Gujarat. The record of specimens collected from
agricultural crops, fruit trees, vegetable crops,
Insect studies in Gujarat are scanty in comparison ornamental plants, weeds etc., revealed the
to other Indian States. Even Zoological Survey has occurrence of 38 species of phytophagous mites
not yet initiated any comprehensive attempt to study under seven families. Other parasitic and free living
the fauna of Gujarat. The studies conducted by mites are yet to be studied in Gujarat.
M.S. University team in Shoolpaneshwar sanctuary
suggest that many more species can be reported
from the forest areas of Gujarat if thorough study TICKS
is carried out in these regions. Most of the forest
areas in Gujarat are unexplored. Ticks live as ectoparasites on vertebrates. They
transmit a number of diseases of man and domestic
animals. They cause paralysis and anemia and serve
SCORPIONS as reservoirs and vectors of many infective viruses,
bacteria and protozoan parasites.
More than 100 species of scorpions have been
reported from India. ZSI has carried out scorpion Hoogstraal at the Medical Zoology Department,
collections from most of the Indian states, but not U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Cairo, Egypt
from Gujarat. Our checklist contains only 3 species and his coworkers studied the Indian ticks mostly
which were identified from the Narmada valley in of the genus Haemaphysalis collected by the
the Gujarat region by M.S. University team. National Institute of Virology, Pune. They have
described several species of Ixodid ticks from
Gujarat. Seven species of ticks infesting livestock
PSEUDOSCORPIONS of Gujarat, studied by Jhala (1971) are included in
the checklist.
These `false scorpions' resemble scorpions in the
general form of their pedipalps and body, except
that the hind part of the abdomen is not narrow as SPIDERS
in the post-abdomen or metasoma of scorpions.
They have no caudal sting. Indian fauna of this Spider fauna of Gujarat was extensively studied by
group comprises more than 100 species distributed Patel (1971). He reported 76 species belonging 50
under 47 genera and 13 families according to the genera and 20 families. Of these, nearly 15 species
report in 1980. In Gujarat, pseudoscorpions were were new to science and 5 species were recorded
studied by Kareemullah (1989). Eleven species for the first time from India. About 50 species of
spiders were collected from the Shoolpaneshwar
53
Ecoregions of Gujarat
wildlife sanctuary during a short study conducted bacterial and anti-carcinogenic properties. Studies
by the M.S. University team (Radhakrishnan et al., also suggest that bryozoa are a potentially valuable,
1994) hitherto unexploited biological resource in
environmental impact studies, and some species
appear to be very useful indicators for metal
CLADOCERANS (WATERFLEAS) pollution, etc.
Cladocerans form an integral link in aquatic food- The studies on marine bryozoans in Gulf of
chain. They contribute significantly to biological Kachchh were conducted by James Hornell in
productivity and energy flow in the aquatic 1906. This report deals with 42 species, which is
ecosystem. Various species are regarded as included in the checklist. Freshwater bryozoans
valuable bio-indicators of the water quality and of the Narmada river system were studied by Rao
have been utilized as experimental models in in 1973.
ecological, ecophysiological and environmental
toxicological studies. Petkovski (1966) examined
the collections from Ajwa reservoir and Nimeta PHYLUM PHORONIDA
water works, Baroda City and documented 11
species of cladocerans including a description of Phoronids are exclusively marine slender worms
Indialona ganapti, a new species. There are about that inhabit leathery tubes, glued with particles of
14 species of cladocerans hitherto reported from foreign matter. These lophophorate animals are
Gujarat out of 109 species found in India. commonly associated together, their tubes being
twisted one another, but their bodies are separate.
The species Phoronis australis occupy the
EDIBLE CRUSTACEANS interstices of the cnidarian cerainthus and when
the host withdraws inside its tube, the phoronid is
Crustaceans such as prawns, crabs, shrimps and seen radiating in the expanded state from the
lobsters constitute one of the important components aperture. The Phoronida is a small phylum
of fisheries in Gujarat. Though no attempts have comprising about 11 species. Three species are
been made to study the taxonomy of this group of reported from India. One species Phoronis australis
arthropods in Gujarat, some sporadic reports are was reported by Nair and Shaw (1956) from the
available. Our checklist contains 32 species of Beyt Island of Okhamandal.
shrimps and prawns from the information collected
from various reports including the Marine Fisheries
Information Service. Apart from the common PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA
edible crab Charybdis cruciata there are 12 more
species of true crabs and 9 species of hermit crabs Brachiopods were abundant at the beginning of
reported from Gujarat. Our checklist contains 62 the Cambrian era, about 600,000,000 years ago. But
species of malacostracans. today only 300 species are still alive, distributed
sporadically around the world as last members of
the once widespread animal groups. These sessile
PHYLUM BRYOZOA slow moving shelled animals were classified as
molluscs until about a hundred years ago. A great
Bryozoans (Moss animals) are aquatic, sessile, deal more in known about brachiopod shells than
colonial, coelomate invertebrates. Though this about the animals that occupy them. Very little is
phylum comprises about 20,000 species, only 170 known about the brachipods in India; only three
are reported from India. species have been reported from Indian waters.
Awati and Kshirsagar (1953) recorded three
The greatest importance of Bryozoa in shallow varieties related to Lingula anatina from different
waters concerns their role in marine biofouling, a localities of West Coast, while Gideon et al. (1957)
problem of immense economic importance. In recent recorded the same species from Dwarka.
years, a number of bioactive compounds have been
isolated from bryozoa that possess anti-septic, anti-
54
Ecoregions of Gujarat
55
Ecoregions of Gujarat
cephalochordates comprise about 30 species of fishes of the Gujarat sea coast was published in
marine protochordates usually known as technical bulletin of the CMFRI (1994). Studies on
amphioxus. Of the 24 known cephalochordates 14 freshwater fishes of Gujarat, especially in Narmada
species are reported from India. Though Gujarat river were initiated after the proposal to construct
state has the longest sea-coast, little information exist the Sardar Sarovar Dam. These impact assessment
on these two subphyla which include exclusively studies were carried out by M.S. University (1982,
marine invertebrates. 1992 and 1995) and CICFRI.
Sessile tunicates can be studied only by dredging Our checklist contains 351 species of fishes
over the ocean and its insular waters. Among sessile identified from Gujarat. Of this 240 species are
tunicates, families Polycitridae, Dideminidae, marine or estuarine and 111 are freshwater
Diazinidae, Cionidae, Corellidae, Octonimidae, species. Apart from the information on edible fishes
Sortillidae and Molgulidae are yet to be worked and the fish catch statistics, some data are available
out in India (ZSI, 1990). on the marine fishes along the coast of Okha,
published by the Marine National Park at Jamnagar
which includes several endangered and
VERTEBRATES threatened species of fishes (Singh, 1994). The list
of the endangered/threatened fishes are listed
PISCES (FISHES) separately. It is identified that Hippocampus kuda,
and Amphinion polymnous are endangered along
Gujarat with its longest sea coast of 1,663 kms has a the coast of Gulf of Kachchh.
diverse fish fauna which cater to the need of human
population along the western regions besides The ZSI has recently (1991) identified four species
gaining valuable foreign exchange through of freshwater fishes as endangered and 17 species
export. The inland water bodies are also a good as threatened. Among these threatened fishes,
source of edible freshwater fishes. The fish fauna Notopterus chitala, Tor khudrea, T. putitora, T.
not only add economic wealth to the State but many tor and Labeo kontius are found in freshwaters of
of the marine fishes also attract the nature lovers Gujarat. Desai (1992) listed 17 species of fishes
and scientists due to their peculiar mode of life. which are endangered in Narmada river. In
Unfortunately we pay more attention towards addition to this, a report of the CICFRI (undated)
means to increase the edible fish catch every year mentioned eight species of vulnerable fishes from
rather than a thoughtful utilization of marine fish Narmada river. Their report also comment that
resource. the information on the freshwater fishes are
inadequate to categorize them as endangered/
The taxonomy of the fish fauna of India has been threatened. However, based on the available data
described by Day (1878), Jordhan (1895), Axelord rehabilitation methodologies are suggested by them
and Schultz (1905), Jinghran (1975) and Whiteland in the report (Singh, undated) submitted to Narmada
and Talwar (1976). It is estimated that the fish fauna Control Authority. The Marine National Park
of India comprises 2546 species belonging to 969 authorities are also proposed a list of endangered/
genera and 254 families (ZSI, 1991). Some isolated threatened fishes of the Gulf of Kachchh and have
studies were carried out by few workers in post proposed action plans and management strategies
independence era in Gujarat. Ranade in 1952 (Singh, 1994).
published a checklist of freshwater fishes of Baroda
district. In 1973, Ramachandran published a list of Our present survey reveals that though several
marine and freshwater fishes of Gujarat. Later on studies have been carried out on marine fishes, a
identification and description of marine and systematic list describing the taxonomic status of
freshwater fishes have been carried out by the fishes is lacking. The available information are
Gujarat Fisheries Aquatic Science Research mainly in the form of checklists without proper
Institute. In 1979 Patel and Chhaya published a classification. Studies on marine and estuarine fish
field key to the identification of fishes in Gujarat. fauna with emphasis on the possible threatened
They have described 304 species of marine and species should be carried out and various factors
freshwater species. Recently, a list of marine edible causing their depletion need to be listed as a
56
Ecoregions of Gujarat
separate programme. Little is known about the geographical ranges along with the impact of
freshwater fishes of Gujarat other than those in the environmental stresses. Gujarat is a highly
Narmada river. Therefore, taxonomic survey in industrialized State and also a region faced with
the rivers of Gujarat should be carried out. As heavy pollution, No serious attempt is made yet to
fishes are good bioindicators of pollution more monitor the chronic or acute effects of pollutants
studies should be directed in these lines. on ecosystems in areas near industrial belts and
rural regions. Such studies require extensive field
work including general analysis of status of wetlands
AMPHIBIANS in Gujarat. Studies on amphibians should include
monitoring of hatching and development of larvae
Very few reports are available on the amphibian in pesticide - and nutrient stressed watersheds,
fauna of Gujarat. Some earlier studies have inventorying and monitoring of amphibian
provided short accounts of the amphibian fauna of assemblages and geographical ranges.
Kachchh and Surat-Dangs (McCann, 1938; Soman,
1960; Daniel and Shull, 1963). A study carried out
by Zoological Survey of India (Sarkar, 1984) REPTILES
reported the presence of 9 species in Gujarat.
Further, six more species were reported from the The reptiles and amphibians of Kachchh were
state in addition to the above list (Naik, 1984, Naik studied by Stoliczka in 1872 and McCann in 1938.
and Patel, 1986; Naik and Vinod, 1992, Naik and In 1963 Daniel and Shull studied the reptiles and
Vinod, 1992; Naik et al., 1992). Recently, Naik and amphibians of Surat Dangs. Though Zoological
Vinod (1993) have reported the distribution of 15 Survey of India conducted taxonomical and
species of amphibians from the state. This report ecological studies on the reptiles in the State
however, does not include four species: (Sharma, 1982) only 15 species of reptiles were
Ichthyophis bombayensis and Ramanella montana reported in this study. Vyas (1993) studied the
(Daniel and Shull, 1963) Bufo viridis (Sarkar 1984) snakes of Gujarat. A checklist of snakes of Gujarat
and Rana leithii (Daniel and Sekar 1991). Including state by Vyas (1995) includes 45 species. Naik et al.
these four species, there are 19 species of (1993) have described 15 species of reptiles from
amphibians hitherto reported from Gujarat. Most the Narmada valley region in Gujarat. A rare
of the new species were reported from species of skink, Lygosoma lineata reported by
Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary which is part Naik and Vinod (1994) was a new record for Gujarat
of Rajpipla forest division, Bharuch district (Naik and second report from India. Several other works
and Vinod, 1992). The importance of preservation ( Acharya, 1949; Smith, 1953; Kapadia, 1951; Das,
of the biodiversity of amphibians in this area has 1994) have also been considered to prepare an
also been reported (Naik et al., 1995). update checklist of reptiles. Our checklist include
78 species of reptiles belonging 18 families.
The recorded amphibian species belong to five
families: One species from Icthyophidae, eight from The endangered species of reptiles reported from
Ranidae, one from Rhacophoridae, six from Gujarat include the Marsh Crocodile (Mugger),
Microhylidae, and three from Bufonidae. three species of marine turtles (Green Sea Turtle,
Olive Ridley Turtle and Leatherback Turtle),
PANEL - 5 monitor lizard and a snake, Python. Two species
THE DECLINING AMPHIBIAN POPULATION of freshwater turtles (Flap-shelled Turtle and Soft-
shelled Turtle) are in the vulnerable category.
Recently, there is a worldwide concern over the
amphibians and their decline. Amphibians the
excellent bioindicators of environmental health - AVES (BIRDS)
are declining all around the world but the reasons
remain unknown. Scientists admit the need of The avifauna of Gujarat is rich which attracted
systematic field studies. To deal with the declining several ornithologists and nature lovers. The
amphibian population in India, there is a need to wetlands and the mangrove rich sea coast of
study the ecology of species, taconomy and Saurashtra attract large number of migratory birds
from Europe and other Asian countries to these
57
Ecoregions of Gujarat
areas. The birds of Gujarat have been documented area provides the habitat for 173 species of birds
well in several publications and popular articles belonging to 48 families (Desai et al., 1993). The
written by ornithologists as well as nature lovers. surveys revealed the presence of unique birds
In early century Jerdon (1862) published the book, like the Hodgson's Frogmouth and 19 species of
'Birds of India' in two volumes with descriptions raptors in this forest patch. Several isolated studies
on birds of India known to that period. Later on were also conducted by investigators on
Humes (1869), Humes and Oates (1889 & 1890) endangered and threatened species of birds and
published a book on Eggs, nesting and behaviour their habitat.
of birds of India. Following this Oates (1889 &
1890) published Birds Vol I & II in the series Fauna Our present checklist includes 453 species of birds
of India. Blanford added volumes III & IV to this belonging to 65 families sighted in Gujarat. Among
series in 1895 and 1898 respectively. Paulin in 1905 this 13 species of birds are included in the Red
published the book Birds of Cutch. Later on the Data Book of ZSI, of which eight species are
ornithological investigations in Gujarat were endangered. In addition to this, the Marine
carried out by Salim Ali (1954, 1956). His book on National Park authorities have also proposed a list
'The Birds of Gujarat' described 423 species of of endangered and vulnerable coastal birds of
birds. Simultaneously, Dharamkumarsingji (1956) Gujarat.
published an elagent account on "The Birds of
Saurashtra, India'. He has described 444 species As the bird fauna of Gujarat is fairly known, more
of birds seen in Saurashtra region. The marine attention should be paid to the causes of habitat
coastal birds of the Gulf of Kachchh have been degradation and conservation strategies. In
subsequently studied by Abudali (1962, 1963), Naik addition to this, studies in forest area and wetlands
and his students (1970-1991) and Himatsinhji (1960- should be directed to ecological interactions and
1970). The work of Naik extended to the breeding community structure of the bird population rather
biology, nesting and ecology of selected species than recording sightings of birds.
of coastal birds of Saurashtra and migratory birds
in Kachchh. Banergee (1990) studied the bird fauna
of Gir forest. Some of the wetlands (Lalpuri, Nyari MAMMALS
and Aji) and its birds were studied by Gopakumar
in 1985. Apart from this, periodical surveys were The Indian mammalian fauna comprises 8.79 per
conducted by several nature clubs of Gujarat. The cent of the total mammals of the world. There are
Forest Department of Gujarat is also active in bird 372 species of mammals in India of which Gujarat
census and educating people through its has 69 species (18.55%). In mammalian fauna, the
publications. The Information Department of big game mammals are well studied compared to
Gujarat has also published a book "Pankhi Jagat" any other group. Taxonomy and distribution of
in 1991 for educating the people on the diversity many mammals have also been documented. The
and uniqueness of birds in Gujarat. Raol Lalsing ecology and behaviour of some endangered
(1986, 1991) published a detailed account of the species such as Wild Ass and Asiatic Lion are also
birds found in Gujarat in his books under the nature well studied. Survey on Indian mammals began in
education series. eighteenth century. Valuable contributions the
studies on Indian mammals were made by Lt. Col.
The Southern parts of Gujarat have received little Thomas Hardwickie (1756-1835). A good account
attention compared to the Saurashtra region. The of Indian mammals was published by Thomas
ornithological studies were mainly concentrated Camerhill Jerdon (1867) in his book entitled 'The
in the forest areas of Dangs, Rajpipla and other Mammals of India: A natural history of all the animals
forest patches along the eastern sector. The birds known to inhabit continental India', describing
of the Rajpipla forest were studied by Monga and morphology, habitat and distribution. The Fauna
Naoroji in 1984. Recently, the Shoolpaneshwar of India was published by Blanford in 1888 and
Wildlife Sanctuary has been surveyed by the M. S. 1891 in two parts. A greater alms towards
University team (1992) and Wildlife Management understanding the mammalian fauna of India
Study Group (Chavan, 1992) under Sardar Sarovar appeared in the Mammal Survey of India by
Narmada Nigam Limited sposored project. This Bombay Natural History Society during 1911 to
58
Ecoregions of Gujarat
1928. The findings of this survey were published Sinha, 1983; Shah, 1993) and leopard (Chavan, 1980)
in a series of papers in BNHS journal. Based on of Gujarat listed in the Red Data Book. The
this survey Pocock (1939, 1941) published the community structure of wild ruminants of Gir forest
revised editions of Fauna of India: Mammalia. An ecosystem was studied by Berwick in 1974. In the
overview of the mammalian fauna of India and the Marine habitat of Gulf of Kachchh marine mammals
work carried out by various investigators have like Dugong, Whales and Dolphins face severe
been reviewed by ZSI in its publication, The threat due to increased human pressure in their
Animal Resources of India (1991). habitat. Though these animals are given the
endangered status, population studies and census
Among the 69 species of mammals identified in data are lacking.
Gujarat, 14 species are placed in endangered/
threatened category by the ZSI (1994) in its Red Though the big cats and ungulates received
Data Book. As all these mammals are placed in significant attention in wildlife conservation,
Schedule I as per the Wildlife Protection Act of population census of the small mammals has not
the Government of India, and are restricted to the gained consideration. These small mammals should
forest areas, they fortunately survive despite the receive equal status in population census, though
anthropogenic pressure and degradation of the there are several obstacles in monitoring and
habitat. Periodical survey and census of wildlife in estimating their number.
major National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries have
been carried out by the Forest Department of the
Government of Gujarat. The population census LIVESTOCK OF GUJARAT
by the Gujarat Forest Department shows an upward
trend in the number of Lions, Leopard, and many Gujarat has its own native breed of cattle, buffaloes,
ungulates in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary over a period sheep and horse. They are Kankrej and Gir breed
of 10 years (Table - 10). of cattle, Surti, Mehsani, and Jafrabadi breed of
buffalos, Marwari and Patanwadi sheep and the
TABLE - 10 : Kathiawar horse. Dhori, the pure Kutchi camel is
Population Growth of Major Wildlife Species in also belonging to Gujarat. The goat population
Gir National Park during comprises five breeds, Kutchi, Gohilwadi,
1985 to 1995. Zalawadi, Mehasani and Surti. These distinctive
breeds of livestock are well-known for their
Sr.No Species Yearwise adaptability to the semi-arid agro-climatic conditions
break-up besides their good yield and draft capability. The
Kankrej breed of cattle which belongs to the
1985 1995 southeast tract of Rann of Kachchh is a powerful
draft breed and being exported to Latin American
1 Lion 239 304 countries. The Gir breed of cattle, a good yielder,
2 Leopard 201 268 is a favourable breed in Brazil and North America.
3 Hyaena 192 137 Similarly the Kathiawar horse is also being
4 Spotted Deer 10466 32061 exported.
5 Sambar 772 2262
6 Blue Bull 2081 1856 The 1992 census data show that of the 10,65,343
7 Four-horned Antelope 1063 441 productive cattle in Gujarat, the Gir breed accounts
8 Chinkara 311 387 for 39.51%, Kankrej 34.43% and nondescript/
Dangi 19.18%. Among the 18,01,616 breedable
Source: Forest Department, Government of buffalos the Jafrabadi represents 23.42%, Mehsani
Gujarat 23.43%, Surti 39.44%, Murrah 6.76% and
nondescript 6.95% (Fig. 8). Among the cattle
Several ecological studies have been carried out wealth, the native breeds are dominant over the
on endangered mammals, especially, lions (Joslin, exotic or nondescript category. This can be
1973; Rasheed, 1986; Sinha,1987; Chavan, 1993), attributed to the competence of these native breeds
the Wild Ass (Salim Ali, 1946; Winter-Blyth, 1956; to varying climatic conditions and their good milk
Gee, 1963; Shaller and Simon, 1970; Kupper, 1978;
59
Ecoregions of Gujarat
yield and the draft capabilities of bullocks. respectively. The growth rate of total livestock in
Dangs district worth consideration. From 85,386 in
The sheep population in Gujarat is 16,81,209 of 1982 the cattle wealth increased to 1,29,782 in 1992
which Patanwadi is 46.65%, Marwari is 50.84% and representing 33% growth while buffalos increased
nondescript is 2.51%. The Marwadi and Patanwadi by 60%. The sheep population increased by 38%
sheep are known for the quality carpet wool and and goats 111.11%. Of the 72,000 cattle in Dangs
the majority of the sheep population are confined district 66,624 are present in Ahwa (Tribal Area
to Kachchh, Saurashtra and Banaskantha districts. Subplan, 1988 data). Analysis of the data on tribal
The number of Goats (in milk) is 14,41,023 of which area action subplan shows that the live stock
Zalwadi is represented by 28.38%, Kachchhi 8.37%, population increased in all areas covered in the
Mehsani 28.52% and Surti 34.73%. The poultry programme. Though the increase in livestock
population is 27,89,473. The Deshi variety wealth is corresponding to the tribal welfare
comprises 47.70% and Improved variety is 52.30%. programme, the availability of fodder for the
growing cattle wealth and the feeding practices
The livestock census data (1992) show that livestock prevailing in this area need monitoring. The 1993
population of Gujarat is 1,97,60,000 and poultry Animal Status Paper (GAU) describes that the
56,86,640 with an average density of 1008 per 1000 feeding practices of cattle have been studied in
ha (Table-11). The district-wise population of Panchamahals, Kheda, Vadodara and Bharuch
livestock (1992 census) is given in table-12. A districts where it was observed that the tribal people
comparison of the livestock growth rate over a prefer to maintain large number of cattle and they
period of 10 years (1982-1992) shows average are released for free grazing in forest and
growth of 7.1% in total livestock by that increasing grassland. Over- grazing has tremendous impact
the density from 941 in 1982 to 1004 in 1992, which on the ecosystem health especially in forest and its
correspond to 7.12% increase in density per 1000 adjacent patches.
ha. The percentage-wise increase in cattle, buffalo,
sheep and goat population is given in table-13 and The increase in sheep population is another aspect,
figure 9. This indicates that the northern districts that needs emphasis. The sheep population entirely
and Saurashtra region of the State (biogeographical depends upon the grassland and their marked
area 3A and parts of 4B) suffered a decline while increase will have tremendous grazing pressure
in southern districts (5A, 5B and parts of 4B) the on the fragile grassland ecosystem. In addition to
cattle wealth increased over a period of 10 years. this, the sheep population migrates to the southern
The decline of cattle population in northern districts parts of the State during unfavourable climatic
may be attributed to the unfavourable climatic conditions which increase the grazing pressure in
conditions prevailed during the last decade. The these areas. Therefore, to ascertain the carrying
population of Buffalos increased in all districts of capacity of each district of the state concerning
the State, the highest record was in Dangs (60%) livestock population and fodder availability, an in-
followed by Valsad (48.41%) and Surat (34.39%). depth analysis is required which will provide
However, analysis of the sheep population shows adequate information to formulate management
that in Kachchh district their number increased from practices for preservation of biodiversity and its
1,87,000 in 1982 to 4,76,000 in 1992 indicating sustainable use.
154.55% growth. Similarly, in Panchmahal
(116.66%), Ahmedabad (107.40%), Vadodara
(100%), Kheda (83.33%) and Sabarkantha (45.45%) OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS
districts also showed increase in sheep population
during the past ten years. The goat population A check list of domestic animals of Gujarat is given
increased in all districts except Kachchh and the in appendix - 24 which includes both native and
highest growth rate was observed in Dangs district exotic animals.
(111.11%).
60
Ecoregions of Gujarat
1 Jamnagar 14125 950903 898486 -5.51 31967 38263 19.70 673 636 -5.50
2 Rajkot 11203 1250279 1222673 -2.21 19085 60696 218.03 1116 1091 -2.24
3 Surendranagar 10489 793141 731387 -7.79 8096 14091 74.05 756 697 -7.80
4 Bhavanagr 11155 1332000 1262870 -5.19 32219 174399 441.29 1194 1132 -5.19
5 Amreli 6760 750941 732041 -2.52 29177 30176 3.42 1111 1083 -2.52
6 Junagadh 10607 1104132 1100206 -0.36 76744 114285 48.92 1041 1037 -0.38
7 Kachchh 45652 1721803 1462858 -15.04 32713 25647 -21.60 377 320 -15.12
8 Banaskantha 12703 1653217 1683764 1.85 42045 163843 289.68 1307 1325 1.38
9 Sabarkantha 7390 1114471 1247911 11.97 182971 237639 29.88 1508 1689 12.00
10 Mahesana 9027 1263076 1278189 1.20 34438 45578 32.35 1399 1416 1.22
11 Gandhinagar 649 109860 130281 18.59 9719 51922 434.23 1693 2007 18.55
12 Ahmedabad 8707 716945 850859 18.68 78969 153036 93.79 823 977 18.71
13 Kheda 7194 1073630 1289081 20.07 353676 1067831 201.92 1492 1792 20.11
14 Panchmalas 8866 1703201 2147958 26.11 704397 778263 10.49 1921 2423 26.13
15 Vadodara 7794 876219 1146482 30.84 275084 379178 37.84 1124 1471 30.87
16 Bharuch 9038 552275 703551 27.39 163604 273673 67.28 611 778 27.33
17 Surat 7657 712148 829277 16.45 659113 648383 -1.63 930 1083 16.45
18 Valsad 5254 676538 912543 34.88 785149 1241058 58.07 1290 1740 34.88
19 Dangs 1764 85386 129782 51.99 53329 188709 253.86 484 736 52.07
TOTAL 196024 18440165 19760199 7.16 3275495 5686670 59.18 941 1008 7.16
Source: Bulletin of Animal Husbandry and dairying Statistics 1983-1984 and 1994-1995
61
Ecoregions of Gujarat
No. District Cattle Buff- Sheep Goats Horses Pigs Camels Mules, Total Poultry
aloes and Donkeys Live Deshi Impr-
Poneys and dogs stock ved
11 Gandhinagar 22 79 4 15 N N 1 9 130 5 47
TOTAL 6815 5311 2037 4242 13 114 62 1167 19760 3317 2369
Source: Bulletin of Animal Husbandry and Dairying Statistics, 1994-1995 N - Less than 500 (figures are in
'000s)
62
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Table - 13: Population Growth Rate of Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep and Goats over a Period of Ten Years
(1982-1992)
No. Districts Cattle Growth Buffaloes Growth Sheep Growth Goats Growth
('00s) (000's) (000's) (000's)
1 Jamnagar 370 328 -11.35 123 137 11.38 261 223 -14.56 116 143 23.28
2 Rajkot 494 443 -10.32 179 206 15.08 309 283 -8.41 171 223 30.41
3 Surendranagar 294 283 -3.74 102 113 10.78 171 99 -42.11 155 179 15.48
4 Bhavnagar 437 348 -20.37 249 279 12.05 353 312 -11.61 222 251 13.06
5 Amreli 331 289 -12.69 140 151 7.86 124 126 1.61 104 120 15.38
6 Junagadh 539 480 -10.95 264 308 16.67 92 85 -7.61 109 134 22.94
7 Kachchh 418 346 -17.22 117 129 10.26 187 476 154.55 492 436 -11.38
8 Banaskantha 550 437 -20.55 358 452 26.26 289 215 -25.61 346 456 31.79
9 Sabarkantha 417 421 0.96 374 419 12.03 33 48 45.45 222 294 32.43
10 Mehasana 349 298 -14.61 573 633 10.47 53 36 -32.08 154 192 24.68
12 Ahmedabad 272 260 -4.41 249 305 22.49 27 56 107.41 88 126 43.18
13 Kheda 274 307 12.04 583 709 21.61 18 33 83.33 93 140 50.54
14 Panchmahals 853 955 11.96 365 464 27.12 6 13 116.67 403 614 52.36
15 Vadodara 370 441 19.19 250 315 26.00 4 8 100.00 188 301 60.11
16 Bharuch 246 289 17.48 130 156 20.00 7 8 14.29 131 203 54.96
17 Surat 340 365 7.35 189 254 34.39 5 3 -40.00 140 158 12.86
18 Valsad 360 434 20.56 126 187 48.41 10 9 -10.00 138 218 57.97
TOTAL 7218 6818 -5.54 4443 5034 13.30 1952 2037 4.35 3299 4241 28.55
Source: Bulletin of Animal Husbandry and Dairying Statistics 1983-1984 and 1994-1995; Census Data -
1982 and 1992 (provisional); N - Less than 500
63
Ecoregions of Gujarat
TABLE - 14:
NUMBER OFRECORDED BIOTA
64
Ecoregions of Gujarat
65
Ecoregions of Gujarat
66
Ecoregions of Gujarat
67
Ecoregions of Gujarat
68
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Distinctive geomorphological features, strategic Based on the above criteria the following areas
geographical location, convergence of four have been identified in the state; however, detailed
mountain ranges, the longest sea coast in India with studies and future explorations would certainly help
two sheltered gulf are unique to the State of Gujarat to clarify and update the information of such areas.
which harbours rich biodiversity. However, the
population growth and increased economic Unique
activities over the past several generations 1. Flamingo city between Khadir and Pahchhm
significantly reduced the biodiversity throughout belts in Great Rann of Kachchh which is
the State. The extinction of Hunting Leopard from the breeding ground of migratory
the grassland ecosystem is a typical example. Once flamingos.
widely distributed Asiatic Lions are now sheltered 2. Northern arid regions of Kachchh, the
in the narrow forest of Gir. The Rusty Spotted Cat habitat for the Spiny-tailed lizard, Uromastix
and Flying Squirrels which were once found in hardwickii
the Western Ghat extensions of South Gujarat are 3. Wild Ass Sanctuary of Little Rann of
seldom sighted in these forests. Similarly, several Kachchh, the home for last surviving
birds (Great Indian Bustard, Lesser Florican, population of Indian Wild Ass.
Houbara Bustard) which were common in Gujarat 4. Gaga Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary - the
State have become rare and listed in the Red Data grasslands supporting the majestic bird, The
Book. These are few examples of the animals Great Indian Bustard listed as endangered
which have been observed and recorded for the in the Red Data Book.
last several decades. However, several smaller
taxa, especially the invertebrates, which are the
intricate link of food chain in an ecosystem might Rich
also have been vanished being unnoticed. 1. Vansda National Park, Valsad district
2. Vajpur forests of Surat district
3. Vijayanagar Forests of Sabarkantha district
For the equitable and sustainable management of 4. Velvadar National Park
our biodiversity it is necessary to know its status 5. Girnar forests of Junagadh district
including richness, rarity, distribution etc. 6. Narayan Sarovar Chinkara Sanctuary
However, the present survey has revealed that 7. Ratanmal Sloth Bear Sanctuary
the biological wealth of Gujarat State is not 8. Nal-sarovar Bird Sanctuary
thoroughly estimated and several lacunae remain.
Therefore, it is not possible to clearly designate
importance status to areas as biodiversity rich. Unique and Rich
However, with these limitations, presently an 1. Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary,
attempt has been made to categorize certain areas Bharuch district.
of Gujarat into areas of (1) Unique, (2) Rich, and 2. Purna Wildlife Sanctuary, Dangs district
(3) Rich and Unique areas of biodiversity, based 3. Gir Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park,
on the presence of certain indicator species and Junagadh district
the available information on the biota (Fig. 12). The 4. Marine Sanctuary National Park in the Gulf
Rich areas include the forest/wetland where the of Kachchh.
floral and faunal components are abundant and/or
it is frequented by migratory birds and as indicated
by the earlier surveys/studies. An area has been
considered as unique if it is a habitat for any
threatened species of plant or animal listed in the
Red Data Book and either not found elsewhere or
found only at few other places. The rich and
unique category includes those areas which
69
Ecoregions of Gujarat
70
Ecoregions of Gujarat
RECOMMENDATIONS OFGUJARAT
ECOLOGY COMMISSION b. Gujarat Ecology Commission will invite Vice
Chancellors of various universities of
The Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC) has Gujarat including Agricultural and
carefully considered the findings of the study. The Ayurvedic universities and Directors of
commission is of the view that their is need for a scientific institutes to prepare a strategy
sustained programme to complete the inventory of paper for government approval which
species of flora and fauna, identify the rare and would inter-alia provide for inclusion of
the vulnerable and set priorities for action. It is biodiversity as a subject of undergraduate
also understood that such programmes on an courses.
ongoing basis cannot be undertaken by one
agency. It would be necessary to involve colleges c. A Biodiversity Centre may be set up in a
and universities of the State with such a programme university in the State which has a good
which will not only ensure widespread coverage track record of research in the field of
and academic rigour but also help in enriching the biosciences and has a large faculty available
curricula at undergraduate and postgraduate at one place. The Biodiversity Centre of
levels. There is also need for urgent action in the Gujarat will in due course deal with studies,
context of Biodiversity Convention and the TRIP monitoring, networking, research, training
agreement under GATT Uruguay Round. and extension in the field of biodiversity.
Keeping the findings of the study in view and the Gujarat Ecology Commission recommends
need for a sustained programme of studies and the State Government to initiate action to
monitoring, the Commission makes following set up such a Centre by appointing a
recommendations: Committee of experts for which GEC will
send detailed recommendations.
1. There is an immediate need for
identification of flora and fauna which are 3. Gujarat Ecology Commission will, within
endangered/vulnerable and for drawing up one year, recommend to the State
of an action plan for priority implementation Government, policies and administrative
with the help of forest and agriculture measures to protect and conserve
departments of the State Government, other biodiversity of Gujarat. While working on
relevant agencies, departments of biological this, GEC will keep in view the current
science of universities, and NGOs in the thinking on the subject at national and
State. Gujarat Ecology Commission will international levels and the special feature
constitute a task force to identify and requirements of Gujarat.
endangered/vulnerable species and
prepare an action plan for presentation to 4. Adivasis, whose understanding of and
the State Government within six months. relationship with the flora and fauna is
intimate, are the most knowledgeable
2. There is urgent need for bridging the wide people on biodiversity in our society.
gap in the knowledge of biodiversity in the Unfortunately, these most knowledgeable
State and ensuring continuous monitoring people have been kept out of all studies
and research. Gujarat Ecology Commission made so far. Gujarat Ecology Commission
proposes to adopt the following action plan: would, with the help of Department of Tribal
Welfare and other government and non-
a. Involve the science colleges, universities government agencies, involve adivasis in
and institutes of research of Gujarat to gathering data, on an ongoing basis, to
undertake primary research, initially to foster the sustainable utilization of
create a comprehensive database and biodiversity.
subsequently to regularly monitor changes.
Gujarat Ecology Commission will organize 5. The Biodiversity Convention (1992) and
appropriate training programes for those the TRIPS Agreement under GATT Uruguay
who will undertake these tasks. Round (1994) raise complex issues on
71
Ecoregions of Gujarat
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Ecoregions of Gujarat
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Indian animals, Part I: Vertebrata, Zoological Survey Mahajan, A.D. 1983. Algal flora of paddy fields in
of India. Kaira district, Gujarat: Cyanophyceae. Ph. D. thesis,
S.P. University, Vallabh Vidyanagar.
Gopal, G.V. 1983. Ethnobotanical studies in the
forest areas of some parts of Gujarat. Ph. D. thesis, Mc Cann, C. 1938. The reptiles and amphibians of
S.P. University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. Cutch State. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 40: 425-427
Griffith, R.T. 1915. Ramayana of Valmiki. McCann, C. 1938. The reptiles and amphibia of
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Hornell, J. 1909. Marine Zoology of Okhamandal in
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Jairajpuri, M.S. (ed.) 1991. Animal Resources of Mehta, A.R. and Sabnis, S.D. 1983. The Sardar
India (Protozoa to Mammalia): State of the art. Sarovar (Narmada) project studies on ecology and
Zoological Survey of India environment. Report submitted to NPG,
Government of Gujarat.
Jawale, A.K. 1980. Study of Charophytes of Gujarat.
Ph. D. thesis,S.P. University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. Minton, S. A. 1966. A contribution to the
herpetology of West Pakisthan. Bull. Amer. Nat.
Jhingran, V.G. 1983. Fish and fisheries of India. Hist. 134: 27-184.
Hindustan Publishing Corporation, Delhi.
Monga, S.G. and Naoroji,R.K. 1984. Birds of the
Jodhani, M.L. 1958. Forest Plants (In Gujarati). Rajpipla forests, South Gujarat. J. Bom. nat. Hist.
Soc., 80: 575-612.
John Marshall. 1931. Mohenjadaro and Indus
Civilization. Murray, J.A. 1886. The reptiles of Sind. The
Educaton Society's Press. Bomaby. 192 p.
Jose, L. 1990. Floristics and ecological studies of
algae in polluted waters of Gujarat. Ph. D. thesis, S. Naik, Y. M., Vinod, K.R. and Pilo, B. 1995. Importance
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Naik, Y. M. and Vinod, K.R. and Patel, C.S. 1993. Pillai, C.S.G. and Patel, M.I. 1988. The coral fauna of
Record of a frog Kaloula pulchra from Mal-Samot, Gulf of Kutch. J. Mar. Biol. Assn., India, 30: 54-64.
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of Shoolpaneshwar sanctuary. Cobra. 8: 7-10. command area of the Sardar Sarovar (Narmada)
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Naik, Y. M. and Vinod, K.R. 1993. Record of a
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Gujarat. J. Bom. nat. Hist. Soc., 90: 521-522. Porter, London.
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Noting also that where there is a threat of significant Noting in this regard the special conditions of the
reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full least developed countries and small island States,
scientific certainity should not be used as a reason
for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such Acknowledging that substantial investments are
a threat, required to conserve biological diversity and that
there is the expectation of a broad range of
Noting further that the fundamental requirement environmental, economic and social benefits from
for the conservation of biological diversity is the those investments,
in-situ conservation of ecosystem and natural
habitats and the maintenance and recovery of Recognizing that economic and social
viable population of species in their natural development and poverty eradication are the first
surrounding, and overriding priorities of developing countries,
77
Ecoregions of Gujarat
The objectives of this Convention, to be pursued "Ex-situ conservation" means the conservation of
in accordance with its relevant provisions, are the components of biological diversity outside their
conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable natural habitats.
use of its components and the fair and equitable
sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization "Genetic material" means any material of plant,
of genetic resources and by appropriate transfer animal, microbial or other origin containing
of relevant technologies taking into account all functional units of heredity.
rights over those resources and to technologies
and by appropriate funding. "Genetic resources" means genetic material of
actual or potential value.
ARTICLE 2. USE OF TERMS "Habitat" means the place or type of site where an
organism or population naturally occurs.
For the purposes of this Convention:
"In-situ conditions" mean conditions where genetic
"Biological diversity" means the variability among resources exist within ecosystem and natural
living organisms from all sources including, inter habitats, and, in the case of domesticated or
alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic cultivated species, in the surroundings where they
ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which have developed their distinctive properties.
they are part; this includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems. "In-situ conservation" means the conservation of
ecosystem and natural habitats and the maintenance
"Biological resources" includes genetic resources, and recovery of viable populations of species in
organisms or parts thereof, population or any other their natural surroundings and, in the case of
biotic component of ecosystem with actual of domesticated or cultivated species, in the
78
Ecoregions of Gujarat
surroundings where they have developed their beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
distinctive properties.
ARTICLE 4. JURISDICTIONAL SCOPE Each contracting party shall, as far as possible and
as appropriate, in particular for the purposes of
Subject to the right of other states, and except as Articles 8 to 10:
otherwise expressly provided in this Convention,
the provisions of this Convention apply, in relation (a) Identify components of biological diversity
to each contracting party: important for its conservation and
sustainable use having regard to the
(a) In the case of components of biological indicative list of categories set down in
diversity, in areas within the limits of its Annexure I;
national jurisdiction; and
(b) In the case of processes and activities, (b) Monitor, through sampling and other
regardless of where their effects occur, techniques, the components of biological
carried out under its jurisdiction or control, diversity identified pursuant to
within the area of its national jurisdiction or subparagraph (a) above, paying particular
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Ecoregions of Gujarat
(d) Maintain and organize, by any mechanism (h) Prevent the introduction of control or
data, derived from identification and eradicate those alien species which
monitoring activities pursuant to threaten ecosystem habitats or species;
subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c) above.
(i) Endeavour to provide the conditions
ARTICLE 8. IN-SITU CONSERVATION needed for compatibility between present
uses and the conservation of biological
Each contracting party shall, as far as possible and diversity and the sustainable use of its
as appropriate: components;
(a) Establish a system of protected areas or (j) Subject to its national legislation, respect,
areas where special measures need to be preserve and maintain knowledge,
taken to conserve biological diversity; innovations and practices of indigenous and
local communities and embodying traditional
(b) Develop, where necessary, guidelines for life styles relevant for the conservation and
the selection, establishment and sustainable use of biological diversity and
management of protected areas or areas promote their wider application with the
where special measures need to be taken approval and involvement of the holders
to conserve biological diversity; of such knowledge, innovations and
practices and encourage the equitable
(c) Regulate or manage biological resources sharing of the benefits arising from the
important for the conservation of biological utilization of such knowledge, innovations
diversity whether within or outside and practices;
protected areas, with view to ensuring their
conservation and sustainable use; (k) Develop or maintain necessary legislation
and/or are other regulatory provisions for
(d) Promote the protection of ecosystems, the protection of threatened species and
natural habitats and the maintenance of populations;
viable populations of species in natural
surroundings; (l) Where a significant adverse effect on
biological diversity has been determined
(e) Promote environmentally sound and pursuant to Article 7, regulate or manage
sustainable development in areas adjacent the relevant processes and categories of
to protected areas with a view to furthering activities; and
protection of these areas;
(m) Cooperate in providing financial and other
(f) Rehabilitate and restore degraded support for in-situ conservation outlined in
ecosystem and promote the recovery of subparagraphs (a) to (l) above, particularly
threatened species, inter alia, through the to developing countries.
development and implementation of plans
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Ecoregions of Gujarat
(c) Adopt measures for the recovery and Each contracting party shall, as far as possible and
rehabilitation of threatened species and for as appropriate, adopt economically and socially
their reintroduction into their natural habitats sound measures that act as incentives for the
under appropriate conditions; conservation and sustainable use of components
of biological diversity.
(d) Regulate and manage collection of
biological resources from natural habitats
for ex?situ conservation purposes so as not ARTICLE 12. RESEARCH AND TRAINING
to threaten ecosystem and in?situ population
of species, except where special temporary The Contracting Parties, taking into account the
ex-situ measures are required under special needs of developing countries, shall:
subparagraph (c) above; and
(a) Establish and maintain programmes for
(e) Cooperate in providing financial and other scientific and technical education and
support for ex?situ conservation outlined training in measures or the identification,
in subparagraph (a) to (d) above and in the conservation and sustainable use of
establishment and maintenance of ex?situ biological diversity and its components and
conservation facilities in developing provide support for such education and
countries. training for the specific needs of developing
countries;
Article 10. Sustainable Use of Components of (b) Promote and encourage research which
Biological Diversity contributes to the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity,
Each contracting party shall, as far as possible and particularly in developing countries, inter
as appropriate: alia, in accordance with decisions of the
Conference of the Parties taken in
(a) Integrate consideration of the conservation consequence of recommendations of the
and sustainable use of biological resources subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and
into national decision-making; Technological Advice; and
(b) Adopt measures relating to the use of
biological resources to avoid or minimize (c) In keeping with the provisions of Articles
adverse impacts on biological diversity; 16, 18 and 20, promote and cooperate in the
(c) Protect and encourage customary use of use of scientific advances in biological
biological resources in accordance with diversity research in developing methods
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Ecoregions of Gujarat
(b) Cooperate, as appropriate, with other States (e) Promote national arrangements for
and international organizations in emergency responses to activities or
developing educational and public events, whether caused naturally,
awareness programmes, with respect to otherwise which present a grave or
conservation and sustainable use of imminent danger to biological diversities
biological diversity. and encourages international cooperation
to supplement such national efforts and,
where appropriate and agreed by the State
ARTICLE 14. IMPACT ASSESSMENTSAND or regional economic integration
MINIMIZINGADVERSE IMPACTS organizations concerned, to establish joint
contingency plans.
1. Each contracting party, as far as possible
and as appropriate, shall: 2. The Conference of the Parties shall
examine, on the basis of studies to be carried
(a) Introduce appropriate procedures out, the issue of liability and redress,
requiring environmental impact assessment including restoration and compensation, for
of its proposed project that are likely to have damage to biological diversity, except
significant adverse effect on biological where such liability is a purely internal
diversity with a view to avoiding or matter.
minimizing such effects and, where
appropriate, allow for public participation
in such procedures; ARTICLE 15. ACCESS TO GENETIC
RESOURCES
(b) Introduce appropriate arrangements to
ensure that the environmental 1. Recognizing the sovereign rights of States
consequences of its programmes and over their natural resources the authority
policies that are likely to have significant to determine access to genetic resources
adverse impacts on biological diversity are rests with the national government and is
duly taken into account; subject to national legislation.
(c) Promote, on the basis of reciprocity, 2. Each contracting party shall endeavour to
notification, exchange of information and create conditions to facilitate access to
consultation on activities under their genetic resources for environmentally
jurisdiction or control which are likely to sound uses by other Contracting Parties and
significantly affect adversely the biological not to impose restrictions that run counter
diversity of other states or areas beyond to the objectives of this Convention.
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use of any living modified organism resulting country Parties. The Conference of the
from biotechnology that may have adverse Parties shall periodically review and if
effect on the conservation and sustainable necessary amend the list. Contributions from
use of biological diversity. other countries and sources on a voluntary
basis would also be encouraged. The
4. Each contracting party shall, directly or by implementation of these commitments shall
requiring any natural or legal person under take into account the need for adequacy,
its jurisdiction providing the organisms predictability and timely flow of funds and
referred to in paragraph 3 above, provide the importance of burden?sharing among
any available information about the use and the contributing Parties included in the list.
safety regulations required by that
contracting party in handling such 3. The developed country Parties may also
organisms, as well as any available provide, and developing country Parties
information on the potential adverse impact avail themselves of, financial resources
of the specific organism concerned to the related to the implementation of this
contracting party into which those organisms Convention through bilateral, regional and
are to be introduced. other multilateral channels.
85
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ARTICLE 21. FINANCIAL MECHANISM established under this Article, including the
criteria and guidelines referred to in
1. There shall be a mechanism for the paragraph 2 above, not less than two years
provision of financial resources to after the entry into force of this Convention
developing country Parties for purpose of and thereafter on a regular basis. Based on
this Convention on a grant or concessional such review, it shall take appropriate action
basis the essential elements of which are to improve the effectiveness of the
described in this Article. The mechanism mechanism if necessary.
shall function under the authority and
guidance of, and be accountable to, the 4. The Contracting Parties shall consider
Conference of the Parties for purpose of strengthening existing financial institutions
this Convention. The operations of the to provide financial resources for the
mechanism shall be carried out by such conservation and sustainable use of
institutional structure as may be decided biological diversity.
upon by the Conference of the Parties at its
first meeting. For purpose of this ARTICLE 22. RELATIONSHIPWITH OTHER
Convention, the Conference of the Parties INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
shall determine the policy, strategy,
programme priorities and eligibility criteria 1. The provisions of this Convention shall not
relating to the access to and utilization of affect the rights and obligations of any
such resources. The contributions shall be contracting Party deriving from any existing
such as to take into account the need for international agreement, except where the
predictability, adequacy and timely flow of exercise of those rights and obligations
funds referred to in Article 20 in accordance would cause a serious damage or threat to
with the amount of resources needed to be biological diversity.
decided periodically by the Conference of
the Parties and the importance of 2. Contracting Parties shall implement this
burden?sharing among the contributing Convention with respect to marine
Parties included in the list referred to in environment consistently with the rights and
Article 20, Paragraph 2. Voluntary obligations of states under the law of the
contributions may also be made by the sea.
developed country Parties and by other
countries and sources. The mechanism ARTICLE 23. CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES
shall operate within a democratic and
transparent system of governance. 1. A Conference of the Parties is hereby
established. The first meeting of the
2. Pursuant to the objective of this conference of the Parties shall be convened
Convention, the Conference of the Parties by the Executive Director of the United
shall at its first meeting determine the policy, Nations Environment Programme not later
strategy and programme priorities, as well than one year after the entry into force of
as detailed criteria and guidelines for this Convention. Thereafter, ordinary
eligibility for access to and utilization of the meetings of the Conference of the Parties
financial resources including monitoring shall be held at regular intervals to be
and evaluation on a regular basis of such determined by the Conference at its first
utilization. The Conference of the Parties meeting.
shall decide on the arrangements to give 2. Extraordinary meetings of the Conference
effect to para 1 after consultation with the of the Parties shall be held at such other
institutional structure entrusted with the times as may be deemed necessary by the
operation of the financial mechanism. Conference, or at the written request of any
party, provided that, within six months of
3. The Conference of the parties shall review the request being communicated to them by
the effectiveness of the mechanism the Secretariat, it is supported by at least
86
Ecoregions of Gujarat
(f) Consider and adopt, as required, in (c) To prepare reports on the execution of its
accordance with Article 30, additional functions under this Convention and
annexes to this Convention; present them to the Conference of the
Parties;
(g) Establish such subsidiary bodies,
particularly to provide scientific and (d) To coordinate with other relevant
technical advise, as are deemed necessary international bodies and, in particular to
for the implementation of this Convention; enter into such administrative and
contractual agreements as may be required
(h) Contact, through the secretariat, the for the effective discharge of its functions ;
executive bodies of Convention dealing and
with matters covered by this Convention
with a view to establishing appropriate forms (e) To perform such other function as may be
of cooperation with them; and determined by the Conference of the Parties.
87
Ecoregions of Gujarat
2. At its first ordinary meeting, the Conference (e) Respond to scientific, technical,
of the Parties shall designate the secretariat technological and methodological questions
from amongst those existing competent that the Conference of the Parties and its
international organizations which have subsidiary bodies may put to the body.
signified their willingness to carry out the
secretariat under this Convention. 3. The functions, terms of reference,
organization and operations of this body
ARTICLE 25. SUBSIDIARY BODY ON may be further elaborated by the
SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND Conference of the Parties.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE
(a) Provide scientific and technical assessments 2. If the parties concerned cannot reach
of the status of biological diversity; agreement by negotiation, they may jointly
seek the good offices of, or request
(b) Prepare scientific and technical assessments mediation by, a third Party.
of the effects of types of measures taken in
accordance with the provisions of this 3. When ratifying, accepting, approving or
Convention; acceding to this Convention, or at any time
thereafter, a state or regional economic
(c) Identify innovative, efficient and integration organization may declare in
state?of?the?art technologies and writing to the Depositary that for a dispute
know?how relating to the conservation and not resolved in accordance with paragraph
sustainable use of biological diversity and 1 or paragraph 2 above, it accepts one or
advise on the ways and means of promoting both of the following means of dispute
development and/or transferring such settlement as compulsory;
technologies;
(a) Arbitration in accordance with the
(d) Provide advice on scientific programmes procedure laid down in part I of the Annex
and international cooperation in research II;
and development related to conservation
and sustainable use of biological diversity; (b) Submission of the dispute to the International
and Court of Justice
88
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89
Ecoregions of Gujarat
proposal, adoption and entry into force of Convention or to any protocol shall have
additional annexes to this Convention or of one vote.
annexes to any protocol;
2. Regional economic integration
(a) Annexes to this Convention or to any organizations, in matters within their
protocol shall be proposed and adopted competence, shall exercise their right to
according to the procedure laid down in vote with a number of votes equal to the
Article 29; number of their member States which are
Contracting Parties to this Convention or to
(b) Any Party that is unable to approve an the relevant protocol. Such organization
additional annex to this Convention or an shall not exercise their right to vote if their
annex to any protocol to which it is Party to member states exercise theirs, and vice
shall so notify the Depositary, in writing, versa.
within one year from the date of the
communication of the adoption by the
Depositary. The Depositary shall without ARTICLE 32. RELATIONSHIP BETWEENTHIS
delay notify all Parties of any such CONVENTION AND ITS PROTOCOLS
notification received. A party may at any
time withdraw a previous declaration of 1. A state or a regional economic integration
objection and the annexes shall thereupon organization may not become a party to a
enter into force for that party subject to protocol unless it is, or becomes at the same
subparagraph (c) below; time a Contracting Party to this Convention.
(c) On the expiry of one year from the date of 2. Decisions under any protocol shall be taken
the communication of the adoption by the only by the parties to the protocol
Depositary the annex shall enter into force concerned. Any Contracting Party that has
for all parties to this Convention or to any not ratified, accepted or approved a
protocol concerned which have not protocol may participate as an observer in
submitted a notification in accordance with any meeting of the Parties to that protocol.
the provisions of subparagraph (b) above.
3. The proposal, adoption and entry into force ARTICLE 33. SIGNATURE
of amendments to annexes to this
Convention or to any protocol shall be This Convention shall be open for signature at Rio
subject to the same procedure as for the de Janeiro by all states and any regional economic
proposal, adoption and entry into force of integration organization from 5 June 1992 until 14
annexes to the Convention or annexes to June 1992, and at the United Nations Headquarters
any protocol. in New York from 15 June 1992 to 4 June 1993.
90
Ecoregions of Gujarat
3. The provisions of Article 34, paragraph 2, No reservations may be made to this Convention.
shall apply to regional economic integration
organizations which accede to this
91
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92
Ecoregions of Gujarat
APPENDIX - 2
CHLOROPHYTA
CHLOROPHYCEAE
ULVALES
ULVACEAE
CLADOPHORALES
CLADOPHORACEAE
CHAETOPHORALES
CHAETOPHORACEAE
SIPHONALES
PROTOSIPHONACEAE
93
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CAULERPACEAE
DASYCLADACEAE
Acetabularia calyculus Quoit et Guimard Okha
CODIACEAE
VALONIACEAE
94
Ecoregions of Gujarat
PHYLLOSIPHONACEAE
CHRYSOPHYTA
XANTHOPHYCEAE
HETEROSIPHONALES
VAUCHERIACEAE
PHAEOPHYTA
PHAEOPHYCEAE
ECTOCARPALES
ECTOCARPACEAE
SPHACELARIALES
SPHACELARIACEAE
Sphacelaria furcigera Kuetz. Dwarka
Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini Dwarka
DICTYOTALES
DICTYOTACEAE
95
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CHORDARIALES
MYRIONEMATACEAE
CORYNOPHLACACEAE
CHORDARIACEAE
Levringia boergensenii Kylin Dwarka, Veraval
SPERMATOCHNACEAE
DICTYOSIPHONALES
PUNCTARIACEAE
96
Ecoregions of Gujarat
FUCALES
CYSTOSEIRACEAE
SARGASSACEAE
RHODOPHYTA
BANGIOPHYCEAE
GONIOTRICHALES
GONIOTRICHACEAE
FIORIDEOPHYCEAE
NEMALIONALES
CHANTRANSIACEAE
HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE
97
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CHAETANGIACEAE
BONNEMAISONIACEAE
GELIDIALES
GELIDIACEAE
GELIDIELLACEAE
CRYPTONEMIALES
CORALLINACEAE
GRATELOUPIACEAE
98
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CORYNOMORPHACEAE
GIGARTINALES
SEBDENIACEAE
GRACILARIACEAE
SOLIERIACEAE
RHABDONIACEAE
RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE
HYPNEACEAE
GIGARTINACEAE
99
Ecoregions of Gujarat
RHODYMENIALES
RHODYMENIACEAE
LOMENTARIACEAE
CERAMIALES
Ceramiaceae
Callithamnion byssoides Arn. Okha
Centroceras clavulatum (Ag.) Mont. Dwarka
Ceramium sp. (Roth)
Gulf of Kachchh
Griffithsia rhizophora (Gruenow) Web. v. Bosse Porbandar, Dwarka, Okha
Haploplegma duperreyi Mont. Okha, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
Spyridia aculeata J. Ag. Dwarka
Spyridia alternans Boergs. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
DELESSERIACEAE
RHODOMELACEAE
100
Ecoregions of Gujarat
DASYACEAE
101
Ecoregions of Gujarat
102
Ecoregions of Gujarat
103
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APPENDIX - 4
CLASS HEPATICOPSIDA
ORDER MARCHANTIALES
CLASS ANTHOCEROPSIDA
ORDERANTHOCEROTALES
Anthoceros sp.
Notothylas levieri Panchmahal
CLASS BRYOPSIDA
SUBCLASS BRYIDAE
Funaria sp. Bansda forest
104
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APPENDIX - 5
DIVISION LYCOPHYTA
ORDER SELAGINELLALES
ORDER ISOETALES
DIVISION SPHENOPHYTA
ORDER EQUISETALES
DIVISION PTEROPHYTA
ORDER OPHIOGLOSSALES
ORDER FILICALES
ORNAMENTALSPECIES
Adiantum aethiopicum
A. decorum
A. formosum
A. pectinatum
105
Ecoregions of Gujarat
A. tenerum
A. villosum
Asplenium bulbiferum
A. caudatum
A. dimorphum
A. lunulatum
Blechnum occidentale
Davallia bullata
D. tenuifolia
D. strigosa
Drynaria quercifolium
Nephrolepis acuminata
N. cordifolia
N. rufescens var. tripinnatifida
N. mucosa
Platycerium alicorne
Pteris cretica
P. longifolia
P. ludens
P. serrulata
P. tremula
Selaginella caulescens
106
Ecoregions of Gujarat
APPENDIX - 6
ORNAMENTAL SPP.
Araucaria cookii
Cycas circinalis
C. revoluta
Cupressus sempervirens
Juniperus bermudiana
J. procumbens
Pinus roxburghiana
Platycladus orientalis
Zamia integrifolia
107
Ecoregions of Gujarat
APPENDIX - 7
RANUNCULACEAE
DILLENIACEAE
MAGNOLIACEAE
ANNONACEAE
MENISPERMACEAE
108
Ecoregions of Gujarat
NYMPHAEACEAE
PAPAVERACEAE
FUMARIACEAE
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
CAPPARACEAE
109
Ecoregions of Gujarat
RESEDACEAE
VIOLACEAE
COCHLOSPERMACEAE
FLACOURTIACEAE
POLYGALACEAE
110
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
PORTULACACEAE
TAMARICACEAE
ELATINACEAE
MALVACEAE
111
Ecoregions of Gujarat
112
Ecoregions of Gujarat
BOMBACACEAE
STERCULIACEAE
TILIACEAE
113
Ecoregions of Gujarat
C. olitorius L.
C. tridens L.
C. trilocularis L.
C. urticaefolius W. & A. Khetrau Surval
LINACEAE
MALPIGHIACEAE
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
113
Ecoregions of Gujarat
GERANIACEAE
AVERRHOACEAE
OXALIDACEAE
BALSAMINACEAE
RUTACEAE
SIMAROUBACEAE
BALANITACEAE
BURSERACEAE
114
Ecoregions of Gujarat
MELIACEAE
OPILIACEAE
OLACACEAE
CELASTRACEAE
RHAMNACEAE
VITACEAE
115
Ecoregions of Gujarat
LEEACEAE
SAPINDACEAE
ANACARDIACEAE
MORINGACEAE
116
Ecoregions of Gujarat
PAPILIONACEAE
117
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Ranmethi
C. mysorensis Roth
C. nana Burm. f.
C. notonii W. & A. C. orixensis Willd. Tripani-Fatakiya
C. prostrata Rottl.
C. pusilla Heyne ex Roth
C. retusa L. Gughro
C. spectabilis Roth
C. triquetra Dalz.
C. verrucosa L.
C. vestita Baker
Cyamopsis tetragnoloba (L.) Taub. Gawar, Guwar
Cylista scariosa Roxb.
Dalbergia lanceolaria L. f. Tantoshi
D.latifolia Roxb. Sisam
D. paniculata Roxb. Pararal, Patarali,
Pathad, Patrado
D. sissoo Roxb. Motosisam
D. sympathetica Nimmo ex Grah.
D. volubilis Roxb. Nilsoti
Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet Karanj
D. scandens (Roxb.) Bth.
D. trifoliata Lour. (Fabaceae)
Desmodium alysicarpoides Kannap van Meeuvan
D. dichotomum (Klein ex Willd.) DC. Pandariyo Samervo
D. dolabriforme Bth.
D. gangeticum (L.) DC. var. gangeticum
D. gangeticum (L.) DC. var. maculatum (L.) Baker
D. heterocarpon (L.) DC.
D. laxiflorum DC.
D. motorium (Houtt.) Merr.
D. neomexicanum A. Gray
D. renifolium (L.) Schindl. Mano-Pandariyo
D. repandum (Vahl) DC.
D. rotundifolium Baker
D. triangulare (Retz.) Santapau
var. congestum (Prain) Santapau
D. triflorum (L.) DC.
D. triquetrum (L.) DC.
D. umbellatum (L.) DC.
D. velutinum (Willd.) DC.
Dolichos trilobus L. Jungli papdi
Dunbaria glandulosa (Dalz. & Gibs.) Prain
Eleiotis monophylla (Burm. f.) DC.
Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Jagraiyo-Khakharo, Janghariyo
E. variegata L. Pangaro, Pangara
Flemingia lineata (Roxb.) ex Ait.
F. macrophylla (Willd.) Prain ex Merr.
F. strobilifera (L.) Ait.
F. tuberosa Dalz.
Giessaspis cristata W. & A.
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.
118
Ecoregions of Gujarat
119
Ecoregions of Gujarat
120
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CAESALPINIACEAE
121
Ecoregions of Gujarat
C. mimosoides L.
C. montana Heyne ex Roth Motiaval
C. obtusifolia L. Punvadio
C. occidentalis L. Sundro, Vadi-sundri
C. pumila Lam. Nidhecholjozad,
Chimediyo, Nani Chimed, Bethi
Chimed
C. roxburghii DC.
C. siamea Lam.
C. sophera L. var. purpurea (Roxb.) Baker Jambli Sundri
C. sophera L. var. sophera Sundri, sundri, Nindhi Sundari
C. surattensis Burm. f.
C. tora L. Kuvandio, Pochandio, Dadhajozad
Delonix elata (L.) Gamble. Sandsro
D. regia (Boj.) Raf. Gulmohor
Hardwickia binata Roxb. Anjan
Parkinsonia aculeata L. Rambaval
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne Tamrafali
Phanera integrifolia (Roxb.) Bth.
Piliostigma foveolatum (Dalz.) Thoth. Chamuli
P. malabaricum (Roxb.) Bth.
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde Ashok
Tamarindus indica L. Amli, Amblijo-zad
Wagatea spicata Dalz.
MIMOSACEAE
122
Ecoregions of Gujarat
ROSACEAE
Potentilla supina L.
VAHLIACEAE
HALORAGACEAE
RHIZOPHORACEAE
COMBRETACEAE
123
Ecoregions of Gujarat
MYRTACEAE
LECYTHIDACEAE
MELASTOMATACEAE
Osbeckia truncata
Sonerila tenera Royle
LYTHRACEAE
PUNICACEAE
124
Ecoregions of Gujarat
TURNERACEAE
Turnera ulmifolia L.
ONAGRACEAE
TRAPACEAE
PASSIFLORACEAE
CARICACEAE
CUCURBITACEAE
125
Ecoregions of Gujarat
C. setosus Cogn.
Cucurbita maxima Duch. Kolu, Patkolu, Lalkolu
C. moschata Duch. ex Poir.
Dactyliandra welwitschii Hk. f. Ankphu-tamani
Diplocylos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey Shivlingi
Kedrostis rostrata (Rottl.) Cogn. Nurkvel
Lagenaria laucantha (Duch) Rusby Duthie, Kadri Tunedi
Laggera falcata (D.Don) O. Kuntze
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. var. acutangula Turiya
L. acutangula (L.) Roxb. var. amara (Lam.) Cl. Dodki, Kadvi Ghishodi,
Jungli-Turiya
L. cylindrica (L.) M.J. Roem. Ghee-Turai, Galku,
Marti-gonsali, Ghosale
L. echinata Roxb. Kukadvel
L.tuberosa Roxb.
Momordica balsamina L. Vadkarela, Patola, Chochidan
M. charantia L. Karela, Kareli
M. cochinchinensis Spr.
M. denudata (Thw.) Cl.
M. dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Kankoda, Kantola, Vanzkantoli
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Chanak-chibhdi
Solena heterophylla Lour. Gometi
S. perpusilla Lour.
Trichosanthes anguina L. Pandola
T. bracteata (Lam.) Voigt Ratani, Indra-damni, KalulanaAmba
T. cucumerina L. Jangli Parval
T. dioica Roxb. Padval, Parval
BEGONIACEAE
CACTACEAE
MOLLUGINACEAE
AIZOACEAE
126
Ecoregions of Gujarat
APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)
ALANGIACEAE
RUBIACEAE
Anthocephalus indicus
A. chinensis (Lamk.) A. Rich. ex Walp.
Borreria articularis (L.f.) F.N. Will. Ganthiyu, Kharsat Shankhlo
B. stricta (L. f.) Schum.
Canthium parviflorum Lam.
Dentella repens (L.) Forst.
Gardenia resinifera Roth Pendri, Jangli Champo, Dikamli
G. turgida Roxb. var. montana (Roxb.) Hk. f.
G. turgida Roxb. var. turgida Gangdi, Tadholi, Findarko
Hydrophylax maritima L. f.
127
Ecoregions of Gujarat
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Samara Kokdi
B. sulphurea (Cav.) Schultz.-Bip.
Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philip. Dholu, Fuldu
Blumea belangeriana DC.
B. bifoliata (L.) DC.
128
Ecoregions of Gujarat
129
Ecoregions of Gujarat
GOODENIACEAE
CAMPANULACEAE
130
Ecoregions of Gujarat
LOBELIACEAE
PLUMBAGINACEAE
PRIMULACEAE
MYRSINACEAE
SAPOTACEAE
Chrysophyllum cainito L.
Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel. Mahuvo, Mahudo
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dub. Rayana
M. zapota (L.) van Royen Chikoo
Mimusops elengi L. Bakul, Bakuli
EBENACEAE
OLEACEAE
131
Ecoregions of Gujarat
SALVADORACEAE
APOCYNACEAE
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Asclepias curassavica L.
Brachystelma laevigatum Hk. f.
Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Akado
C. procera (Ait.) R. Br. Akado, Nano,
Akado, Nani Rui
Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.
C. candelabrum L.
C. odorata Hk. f.
Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) Wt.
Cynanchum callialata Ham. ex Wt.
132
Ecoregions of Gujarat
PERIPLOCACEAE
BUDDLEJACEAE
LOGANIACEAE
GENTIANACEAE
133
Ecoregions of Gujarat
C. pauciflora Dalzell
C. perfoliata Lam.
C. sessiliflora R.& S.
Centaurium centaurioides (Roxb.) Rolla Rao & Hemadri Zinku-Kariatu
Enicostema hyssopifolium (Willd.) Verdoon Zinku Kariyatu,
Kadvinai, Mamejevo
Exacum bicolor Roxb.
E. carinatum Roxb.
E. pedunculatum L.
E. petiolare Griseb.
E. pumilum Griseb.
Hoppea dichotoma Willd.
Nymphoides cristatum (Roxb.) O. Ktze. Poyana, Kumudini
N. indicum (L.) O. Ktze. Poyana, Kumudini
N. parvifolium (Griseb.) O. Ktze.
Swertia minor (Griseb.) Cooke
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
EHRETIACEAE
BORAGINACEAE
134
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CONVOLVULACEAE
135
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CUSCUTACEAE
SOLANACEAE
136
Ecoregions of Gujarat
SCROPHULARIACEAE
137
Ecoregions of Gujarat
OROBANCHACEAE
138
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Aeginetia indica L.
Cistanche tubulosa Wt.
Orobanche cernua Loefl. var. nepalensis DC. Vakumbho
O. aegyptiaca Pers. Vakubmbho
LENTIBULARIACEAE
GESNERIACEAE
BIGNONIACEAE
PEDALIACEAE
139
Ecoregions of Gujarat
MARTYNIACEAE
ACANTHACEAE
Acanthus ilicifolius L.
Adhatoda vasica (L.) Nees Arduso
Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees Kariyatu
A. paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees Kala-methi, Kariyatu,
Lilu kariatu
Asystasia dalzelliana Santapau
A. gangetica (L.) T. Anders.
Barleria acanthoides Vahl
B. cristata L.
B. cuspidata Heyne ex Nees
B. gibsoni Dalz.
B. hochstetteri Nees
B. lawii T. Anders
B. montana Nees
B. prattensis Santapau
B. prionitis L.
B. prionitis L. ssp. pubiflora (Bth. & Hohen)
Blepharis asperrima Nees
B. linariaefolia Pers.
B. maderaspatensis (L.) Roth Untigan, Untanjan Chokdi
B. repens (Vahl) Roth Zinku Utingan
B. sindica T. Anders.
Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek. Karvi, Kurvi
Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees Aboli
Dicliptera leonotis Dalz. ex C.B. Cl.
D. roxburghiana Nees
D. verticillata (Forsk.) Christ.
Dipteracanthus patulus (Jacq.) Nees
D. prostratus (Poir.) Nees Kal Ghavani
Dyschoriste dalzellii (T. Anders. ex Bedd.) O. Ktze.
D. erecta (Burm. f.) O. Ktze.
D. vagans (Wt.) O. Ktze.
Elytraria acaulis (L. f.) Lindau
Eranthemum nervosum (Vahl) R.Br.
E. purpurascens Nees
E. roseum (Vahl) R. Br. Dishmuli
Gantelbua urens (Heyne ex Roth) Bremek
Haplanthus neilgherryensis Wt.
H. tentaculatus Nees var. tentaculatus
H. verticillatus (Roxb.) Nees Kalu Kariyatu
Hemiadelphus polyspermus (Roxb.) Nees
Hemigraphis crenata (Bth. ex Hohenack.) Bremek.
H. crossandra (Steud.) Bremk.
140
Ecoregions of Gujarat
AVICENNIACEAE
141
Ecoregions of Gujarat
A. officinalis L. Tavariya
VERBENACEAE
LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE)
142
Ecoregions of Gujarat
PLANTAGINACEAE
NYCTAGINACEAE
AMARANTHACEAE
143
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CHENOPODIACEAE
144
Ecoregions of Gujarat
BASELLACEAE
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Rivinia humilis L.
POLYGONACEAE
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
PIPERACEAE
LAURACEAE
Cassytha filiformis L.
Helicanthes elastica (Desv.) Densr.
Litsea chinensis Lamk.
Macrosolen parasiticus (L.) Danser
Scurrula philippensis (Cham. & Schlecht.) G. Don.
PROTEACEAE
145
Ecoregions of Gujarat
LORANTHACEAE
SANTALACEAE
EUPHORBIACEAE
146
Ecoregions of Gujarat
E. elegans Spr.
E. fusiformis Buch.-Ham.
E. geniculata Ort.
E. granulata Forsk.
E. heterophylla L.
E. hirta L.
E. linearifolia Roth
E. milli Ch. des Moulins
E. nerifolia L.
E. nivulia Buch.-Ham. Thor
E. orbiculata H. B. & K.
E. parviflora L.
E. perbracteata Gage
E. prostrata Ait.
E. pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotz.
E. pycnostegia Boiss.
E. pycnostegia var. zornioides (Boiss.) Sant.
E. rosea Retz.
E. rothiana Spr.
E. thymifolia L.
E. tirucalli L. Kharsani
E. zornioides Boiss.
Homonoia retusa (Grah.) Muell.-Arg.
H. riparia Lour. Chandri
Jatropha curcas L. Vilaytiarandi, Jamal Gota
J. gossypifolia L.
J. hastata Jacq.
Kirganelia reticulata (Poir.) Baill. Kamboi, Picharun
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. Shendri, Kapilo
Micrococca mercuralis (L.) Bth.
Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poir
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels
P. amarus Schum. & Thonn.
P. debilis Klein ex Willd.
P. fraternus Webster Bhonya Amli
P. lawii Grah.
P. maderaspatensis L. Bakarato, Kanochha
P. simplex Retz.
P. urinaria L. Kharsad Bhonyamli
P. virgatus Forst. Moti Bhonyamli
Ricinus communis L.
Sapium insigne Bth. var. malabaricum (Wt.) Hk. f. Sherod
Sebestiana chamaelea (L.) Muell.-Arg.
Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. Chhini, Thumari
S. virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Pax & Hoffm. Pichrun, Safedfali
Tragia hildebrandtii Muell.-Arg.
T. muelleriana var. unicolor (Muell.-Arg.) Pax & Hoffm.
Trewia polycarpa Bth. & Hk. f. ex Hk. f. Petar
ULMACEAE
147
Ecoregions of Gujarat
URTICACEAE
MORACEAE
CANNABINACEAE
CASUARINACEAE
148
Ecoregions of Gujarat
SALICACEAE
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Ceratophyllum demersum L.
HYDROCHARITACEAE
ORCHIDACEAE
149
Ecoregions of Gujarat
ZINGIBERACEAE
MUSACEAE
CANNACEAE
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Crinum asiaticum L.
C. brachynema Herb.
C. defixum Ker-Gawl.
C. latifolium L.
C. pratense Herb.
Pancratium parvum Dalz.
P. triflorum Roxb.
HYPOXIDACEAE
AGAVACEAE
Agave americana L.
150
Ecoregions of Gujarat
A. cantula Roxb.
A. ingens Berg.
A. lurida Ait.
A. veracruz Mill.
A. wightii Drum & Prain.
Furcraea sp.
Polianthes tuberosa L. Gulchadi
Sanseviera roxburghiana J. & J. Schult.
S. thyrsiflora Thunb.
Yucca gloriosa L.
TACCACEAE
DIOSCOREACEAE
LILIACEAE
151
Ecoregions of Gujarat
SMILACACEAE
PONTERIDACEAE
COMMELINACEAE
JUNCACEAE
Juncus bufonius L.
J. maritimus Lam.
J. prismatocarpus R.Br.
ARECACEAE (PALMAE)
Borassus flabellifer L.
Calamus rotang L. Netar
Caryota urens L. Shivjata
Cocos nucifera L. Nariel, Tarafoo
Hyphaene indica Becc. Ravan Tad, Div Tad
Nipa fruticans Thunb.
Phoenix acaulis Roxb.
P. dactylifera L.
152
Ecoregions of Gujarat
PANDANACEAE
TYPHACEAE
ARACEAE
Acorus calamus L.
Alocasia indica Schott
Amorphophallus bulbifer
A. campanulatus (Roxb.) Bl. ex Decne. Suran
A. commutatus (Schott) Engler Jangli Suran
A. sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth Jungli Suran
Arisaema murrayi Hk. f.
A. neglectum Schott
A. tortuosum (Wall.) Schott
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
Cryptocoryne retrospiralis Kunth
Pistia stratiotes L. Jalsankhala
Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott.
Sauromatum pedatum (Willd.) Schott
S. venosum (Ait.) Kunth
Synantherias sylvatica Schott
Typhonium amboinense (Rumph.) Blatt. & Mc Cann
T. flagelliformii (Lodel) Blume
T. trilobatum (Linn.) Scholt
LEMNACEAE
Lemna gibba L.
L. paucicostata Hegelm.
L. perpusilla Torr.
L. trisulca L.
Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid.
Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Wimmer
W. microscopica (Griff.) Kurz
153
Ecoregions of Gujarat
ALISMATACEAE
BUTOMACEAE
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Potamogeton crispus L.
P. nodosus Poir.
P. pectinatus L.
P. perfoliatus L.
NAJADACEAE
APONOGETONACEAE
ZANNICHELLIACEAE
Zannichellia palustris L.
subsp. pedicellata Wahlenb. & Rosin.
RUPPIACEAE
Ruppia maritima L.
ERIOCAULACEAE
154
Ecoregions of Gujarat
E. quinquangulare L.
E. sollyanum Royle
E. truncatum Buch.- Ham. ex Mart.
CYPERACEAE
155
Ecoregions of Gujarat
156
Ecoregions of Gujarat
F. tenera R. & S.
F. tetragona R. Br.
F. woodrowii Cl.
Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb.
F. pubescens Kunth
F. umbellata Rottb.
F. uncinata Kunth
F. tuwensis Deshpande et Shah
Lipocarpha chinensis (Osb.) Kern
Remirea maritima Aubl.
Rhynchospora glauca Vahl
R. wightiana (Nees) Steud.
Scirpus affinis Roth in R. & S.
S. articulatus L.
S. brachyceras Hochst. ex A. Rich.
S. grossus L. f.
S. jacobi Fischer
S. juncoides Roxb.
S. kyllingioides Boeck.
S. lateriflorus Gmel.
S. littoralis Schrad. var. subulatus (Vahl) Choiv.
S. michelianus L.
S. roylei (Nees) Parker
S. squarrosus L.
S. triangulatus Roxb.
S. tuberosus Desf.
Scleria annularis (Nees) Kunth
S. parvula Steud.
S. stocksiana Boeck.
S. tessellata Willd.
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
157
Ecoregions of Gujarat
158
Ecoregions of Gujarat
159
Ecoregions of Gujarat
160
Ecoregions of Gujarat
I. timorense Kunth
Iseilema anthephoroides Hack.
I. laxum Hack.
I. prostratum (L.) Anderss.
Latipes senegalensis Kunth
Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Jhiriu
L. neesii (Thw.) Bth.
L. panicea (Retz.) Ohwi
Lophopogon tridentatus (Roxb.) Hack.
Manisuris clarkei (Hack.) Bor
M. forficulata C.E.C. Fischer
Melanocenchris abyssinica (R. Br.) Hochst.
M. jacquemontii J. & S.
Mnesithea laevis (Retz.) Kunth
Ophiuros exaltatus (L.) O. Ktze.
Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv.
O. compositus (L.) P. Beauv.
Oropetium thomaeum (L. f.) Trin.
Oryza glaberrima Steud.
O. minuta J S. Presl. ex C.B.
O. nivara Sharma & Shashtri
O. sativa L. Bhat, Chokha
Panicum antidotale Retz. Dhun, Dhunsado
P. maximum Jacq. Gini-Ghas
P. miliaceum L. Varai, Bhagar, Chena, Moraiyo
P. notatum Retz. Narhali
P. paludosum Roxb.
P. psilopodium Trin. var. coloratum Hk. f.
P. psilopodium Trin. var. psilopodium Mor-Danuro
P. repens Linn.
P. sumatranse Roth ex R. & S. Varai, Hacki-Varai
P. trypheron Schult.
P. turgidum Forsk.
Parahyparrhenia bellariensis (Hack.) Clayton
Paspilidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus Jinko-samo,
Goriu, Jangli-Bervat
P. geminatum (Forsk.) Stapf
P. punctatum (Burm. f.) A. Camus
Paspalum compactum Roth
P. distichum L.
P. longifolium Roxb.
P. scrobiculatum L. Kadro, Kodri,
Mania-Kodra
P. vaginatum Sw.
Pennisetum divisum (Forsk. ex Gmel.) Henr.
P. orientale L.C. Rich.
P. hohenackeri Hochst. ex Steud. Morthuthli
P. pedicellatum Trin.
P. purpureum Schum.
P. satosum (Sw.) L.C. Rich.
P. typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf & Hubb. Bajri, Bajro
161
Ecoregions of Gujarat
162
Ecoregions of Gujarat
T. triandra Forsk.
Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Ktze.
Trachys muricata (L.) Pers. ex Trin.
Tragus biflorus (Roxb.) Schult. Vandariu Ghas
Trilobachne cookei (Stapf) Schenck ex Henr.
Triplopogon ramosissimus (Hack.) Bor
Tripogon capillatus J. & S.
T. jacquemontii Stapf
T. lisboae Stapf
T. purpurascens Duthie
T. aestivum L. Ghahun
Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv. var. panicoides
U. panicoides P. Beauv. var. pubescens (Kunth) Bor
Urochodra setulosa (Trin.) Hubb.
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Valo, Khus
Zea mays L. Makai
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.
163
Ecoregions of Gujarat
164
Ecoregions of Gujarat
165
Ecoregions of Gujarat
166
Ecoregions of Gujarat
167
Ecoregions of Gujarat
PALMS ROSES:
Areca lutescens (Butterfly palm) Red variety: Papa Milleand, Red Masterpiece,
Areca catechu Helene Schou, Harjas, Oklohoma, Black Prince,
Caryota mitis Christian Dior, Norita, Ena Har Kness, Alex Red,
Caryota urens Divine, Luzambo, Chrysler Imperial, American Pride,
Hyphaene indica Avon, Samurai, Gladiator, Red Chief.
Latania loddigesii (Blue latan palm)
Licuala spinosa (Spiny fan palm) Pink variety: Marria Callass, Peter Fran Kenfild,
Licuala grandis (Fan palm) Swarthmore, First Love, Confidence, First Prize,
Livistonia rotundifolia (Table palm) Queen Elizabeth, Sonia Meilland, Opera, Eiffel
Livistonia chinensis Tower, Fountain Beauty, Royal Highness, South
Muscarena lagenicaulis (Bottle palm) Seas, City of Lucknow, Tiffany, Madam President.
Muscarena verschafelti (Spindle palm)
Oredoxa regia (Royal palm) Yellow variety: Landora, Summer Sunshine, King's
Phoenix roebelenii Ransome, Sun King, Mabella, Lemon Elegans, Miss
Pritchardia pacifera Harp, Golden Shower, Speak's Yellow, Mc Sunset,
Ptychosperma sp. Gold Medal.
Rhaphis excelsa (Chinese fan palm)
Orange variety: Super star, Summer Holiday, Coallaie
Flame, Montezuma, Come Lot, Pandit Nehru.
HIBISCUS
Multicolour Variety: American Heritage, Akebono,
Alipore beauty (Red double) Granada, Helene Trouble, Kiss of Fire, Rose Gaujard,
Achania (Red, Pink, White) Double Delight, Peace, Chicago Peace.
Crimson king (Double red)
Daffodil (Double yellow) Bicolour Variety: Ingehorstman, Kronenburg,
Gaekwad of Baroda (Pink, Red, Pink in double) Mexicana, Seapearl, Fanette, Folk Lore.
Hawain (White, Pink, Red, Yellow orange)
Kennedy budded (Single yellow) White variety: Materhorn, Pascali, John F. Kennedy,
Krishna (Dark red double) Happy Wedding Bells, Honour.
Mahatma (Reddish orange)
168
Ecoregions of Gujarat
169
Ecoregions of Gujarat
APPENDIX - 9
Hordeum vulgare L.
170
Ecoregions of Gujarat
PULSES
VEGETABLES
Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. Abbo, Alad, Tarvardi, Fofal Young pods and
seeds
171
Ecoregions of Gujarat
172
Ecoregions of Gujarat
flowers
173
Ecoregions of Gujarat
174
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mat. & Nakai Kalingar, Tadbuch Ripe fruits
175
Ecoregions of Gujarat
176
Ecoregions of Gujarat
the
children of tribals
Trewia polycarpa Bth. & Hk. ex Hk. f. Petar Ripe fruits seldom
edible
177
Ecoregions of Gujarat
FODDER PLANTS
178
Ecoregions of Gujarat
179
Ecoregions of Gujarat
BEVERAGES
180
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Kush, Kusumdi, Kosimb Fruits and seeds
TOOTH BRUSHES
181
Ecoregions of Gujarat
BIDI WRAPPERS
TIMBER TREES
182
Ecoregions of Gujarat
183
Ecoregions of Gujarat
TABOOS
a) Sacred trees:
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Bili Whole tree
184
Ecoregions of Gujarat
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
NARCOTICS
185
Ecoregions of Gujarat
186
Ecoregions of Gujarat
HEDGE PLANTS
Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. subsp. Baval, Bavalo, Ram Baval Whole plant
indica (Bth.) Brenan
187
Ecoregions of Gujarat
MISCELLANEOUS
Z. nummularia (Burm. f.) Wt. & Arn. Chania Bor Bark in tanning
188
Ecoregions of Gujarat
189
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Typha angustata Bory & Chaub. Ghabajariu The long leaves are
tied vertically on the
hut walls made up of
mud to prevent
against rain
190
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Appendix - 10
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF GUJARAT
RANUNCULACEAE
DILLENIACEAE
MAGNOLIACEAE
ANNONACEAE
MENISPERMACEAE
191
Ecoregions of Gujarat
5B
NYMPHAEACEAE
PAPAVERACEAE
BRASSICACEAE
CAPPARACEAE
192
Ecoregions of Gujarat
VIOLACEAE
COCHLOSPERMACEAE
FLACOURTIACEAE
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
193
Ecoregions of Gujarat
PORTULACACEAE
TAMARICACEAE
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. Laljhav 3A
T. troupii Hole Jarnu-Jhadu 3A, 4B,5A
ELATINACEAE
MALVACEAE
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Bhinda C
A. manihot (L.) Medic. Ran shindi 4B, 5
A. moschatus Medic. Muskdana 4B, 5B
Abutilon glaucum (Cav.) Sw. 3A, 4B,
A. hirtum (Lam.) G. Don 4B
A. indicum (L.) Sw. Dabaliar T
A. theophrasti Medic. Nani Khapat 3A, 4B
Althea rosea (L.) Cav. C
Azanza lampas (Cav.) Alef. Jangli Bhindi T
Gossypium arboreum L. C
G. barbadense L. Vilayati Kapas C
G. herbaceum L. var. acerifolium (Guill. & Perr.) Chevalier Desi Kapas C
Hibiscus cannabinus L. Chanak Bhindo C
H. furcatus Willd. 5B
H. ovalifolius (Forsk.) Vahl Chanak Bhindo T
H. rosa-sinensis L. Jasunt C
194
Ecoregions of Gujarat
H. sabdariffa L. Lalambadi C
Kydia calycina Roxb. Mhotihircoani 5B
Malva parviflora L. Panirak 3A, 4B
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 4B
Pavonia odorata Willd. Sugandhabala 3A
Sida acuta Burm. f. Bala T
S. alba L. Kantalobal T
S. cordata (Burm. f.) Boiss. Bhoyabala T
S. cordifolia L. Baladana T
S. retusa L. Baladana 4B, 5
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Corr. Paras Piplo C
Urena lobata L. Vagadau Bhindo T
BOMBACACEAE
STERCULIACEAE
TILIACEAE
195
Ecoregions of Gujarat
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
AVERRHOACEAE
OXALIDACEAE
BALSAMINACEAE
196
Ecoregions of Gujarat
SIMAROUBACEAE
BALANITACEAE
BURSERACEAE
MELIACEAE
CELASTRACEAE
RHAMNACEAE
197
Ecoregions of Gujarat
VITACEAE
Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Junglidraksh T
A. tomentosa (Heyne ex Roth) Planch. 4B
Cayratia carnosa (Lam.) Gagnep. Khattemdu T
Cissus quadrangulare L. Chodhari T
LEEACEAE
SAPINDACEAE
ANACARDIACEAE
198
Ecoregions of Gujarat
FABACEAE
199
Ecoregions of Gujarat
200
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CAESALPINIACEAE
201
Ecoregions of Gujarat
MIMOSACEAE
CRASSULACEAE
RHIZOPHORACEAE
COMBRETACEAE
202
Ecoregions of Gujarat
MYRTACEAE
LECYTHIDACEAE
LYTHRACEAE
PUNICACEAE
203
Ecoregions of Gujarat
ONAGRACEAE
Ludwigia octovalvis subsp. sessiliflora (Mich.) Raven Panlawang T
TRAPACEAE
PASSIFLORACEAE
CARICACEAE
CUCURBITACEAE
204
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CACTACEAE
MOLLUGINACEAE
Gisekia pharnaceoides L. T
Glinus lotoides L. Mitho- okharad T
G. oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. Kadvo- Okharad T
Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. 4B, 5B
M. nudicaulis Lam. 4B, 5B
M. pentaphylla L. T
AIZOACEAE
APIACEAE
205
Ecoregions of Gujarat
ALANGIACEAE
RUBIACEAE
206
Ecoregions of Gujarat
207
Ecoregions of Gujarat
GOODENIACEAE
LOBELIACEAE
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Anagalis arvensis L. var. coerulea (Schreb.) Gren. & Godr. Golo phuldi T
MYRSINACEAE
SAPOTACEAE
EBENACEAE
208
Ecoregions of Gujarat
OLEACEAE
SALVADORACEAE
APOCYNACEAE
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Asclepias curassavica L. C
Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Akado T
C. procera (Ait.) R. Br. Nano Akado T
94
Ecoregions of Gujarat
PERIPLOCACEAE
BUDDLEJACEAE
LOGANIACEAE
GENTIANACEAE
Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. Zinku Kariatu 4B, 5
Centaurium centaurioides (Roxb.) Zinku Kariatu 3A, 4B, 5
Rolla Rao & Hemandri
95
Ecoregions of Gujarat
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
EHRETIACEAE
Cordia dichotoma Forst. Vadgunda 4B, 5
C. gharaf (Forsk.) Ehrenb. & Asch. Liar Gundi 3A, 4B, 5A
C. macleodii Hk. f. & Th. Dahivi 5B
C. wallichii G. Don Gadgundi 4B, 5
Ehretia aspera Roxb. Nandh Kajiyari 3A, 4B, 5
BORAGINACEAE
CONVOLVULACEAE
94
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CUSCUTACEAE
95
Ecoregions of Gujarat
SCROPHULARIACEAE
OROBANCHACEAE
PEDALIACEAE
94
Ecoregions of Gujarat
MARTYNIACEAE
AVICENNIACEAE
95
Ecoregions of Gujarat
VERBENACEAE
LAMIACEAE
94
Ecoregions of Gujarat
P. purpurascens Dalz. 5B
Salvia plebeia R. Br. 4B, 5
S. santolinaefolia Boiss. 3A, 4B, 5
PLANTAGINACEAE
NYCTAGINACEAE
AMARANTHACEAE
CHENPODIACEAE
95
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Beta vulgaris L. C
Chenopodium album L. Chilni Bhaji T
Salicornia brachiata Roxb. 4B, 5A
Salsola baryosma (R. & S.) Dandy 4B
BASELLACEAE
Basella rubra L. Poi T
POLYGONACEAE
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
LAURACEAE
LORANTHACEAE
SANTALACEAE
209
Ecoregions of Gujarat
EUPHORBIACEAE
210
Ecoregions of Gujarat
ULMACEAE
URTICACEAE
MORACEAE
211
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CANNABINACEAE
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
ORCHIDACEAE
ZINGIBERACEAE
MUSACEAE
CANNACEAE
Canna indica L. C
212
Ecoregions of Gujarat
BROMELIACEAE
AMARYLLIDACEAE
HYPOXIDACEAE
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Musalikand 4B, 5B
AGAVACEAE
DIOSCOREACEAE
LILIACEAE
213
Ecoregions of Gujarat
A. sativum L. Lasan C
Aloe barbadensis Mill. Kunvarpato T
Asparagus adscendens Roxb. Safed Murli ?
A. gonoclados Baker Shatavari 4B, 5B
A. racemosus Willd. var. javanicus (Kunth) Baker Satavar C, T
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Dungro T
Gloriosa superba L. Khadyanag T
Iphigenia indica (L.) A. Gray 4B, 5B
Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth Junglipyaz 4B, 5
SMILACACEAE
PONTEDERIACEAE
COMMELINACEAE
ARECACEAE
214
Ecoregions of Gujarat
PANDANACEAE
ARACEAE
ALISMATACEAE
CYPERACEAE
215
Ecoregions of Gujarat
POACEAE
216
Ecoregions of Gujarat
217
Ecoregions of Gujarat
FAMILY : DESMACIDONIDAE
(B) NON CALCAREOUS SPONGES Esperella plumosa (Carter)
Desmacidon minor
CLASS : DEMOSPONGIA Iotrochota baculifera Ridley
ORDER : TETRAXONIDA Guitarra indica
FAMILY : STELLETTIDAE Psammochela elegans
Myriastra haeckeli Sollas Chondropsis kirkii (Carter)
Jaspis reptans (Dendy) Myxilla arenaria Dendy
Asteropus simplex (Carter) Clathria corallitincta Dendy
C. spiculosa Dendy
FAMILY : GEODIIDAE Echinodictylum gorgonoides
Geodia varispiculosa Thiele Raspailia fruticosa var. tenuiramosa Dendy
Acarnus tortilis Topsent
FAMILY : DONATIIDAE Bubaris radiata
Donatia seychellensis (Wright)
Tuberella aaptos (Schmidt) FAMILY : SPIRASTRELLIDAE
Spirastrella vagabunda var. tubulodigitata Dendy
FAMILY :CHONDROSITIIDAE Placospongia carinata (Bowerbank)
Chondrilla australiensis Carter
Chondrilla agglutinans FAMILY : CLIONIDAE
Cliona coronaria (Carter)
SUBORDER SIGMATOTETRAXONIDA
FAMILY : SEBERITIDAE
Tetilla dactyloidea (Carter) Suberites carnosus (Johnston)
T. hirsula Dendy S. flabellatus Carter
T. pilula S. cruciatus Dendy
T. barodensis Polymastia gemmipara
218
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CLASS : ANTHOZOA
SUBCLASS: HEXACORALLIA
ORDER: MADREPORARIA (STONY CORALS)
Psammocora digitata
Acropora humilis
A. squarrosa
A. variabilles (extinct?)
Montipora explanata
M. venosa
M. turgescens
M. hispida
M. foliosa
M. monasteriata
M. verrucosa
Coscinaraea monile
219
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Stoichacts gigantrum
Anemonia sp.
Bunodactis sp.
Paracondylactis sp.
Anthopleura sp.
Meteapeachia sp.
ORDER : CERIANTHARIA
Cerianthus
ORDER : ZOANTHIDEA
Gemmaria sp.
220
Ecoregions of Gujarat
SUBORDER : CHEILOSTOMATA
PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA
Aetea anguina (Linn.)
Brettia tropica Waters
CLASS : INARTICULATA
Catenicella buskii Wyv.Thomson
ORDER :ATREMATA
Scrupocellaria pilosa Busk.
Lingula anatima (Lamarck)
S. cervicornis Busk
S. macandrei Busk
Canda retiformis Pourtales
PHYLUM PHORONIDA
Nellia oculata Busk
Bicellaria glabra (Hincks)
Phoronis australis Haswell
Bugula neritina var. rubra
B. neritina var. fastigata nov.
Beania regularis, n.sp.
Synnotum aviculare (Pieper)
Membranipora serrata Mac Gillivray
M. curvirostris Hincks
Thalamoporella rozieri (Andouin)
Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk)
Cellaria gracilis Busk
Retepora monilifera MacGillivray
Microporella ciliata (Pallas)
Lepralia gigas Hincks.
L. japonica Busk
Mucronella thenardii (Aud.)
M. coccinea Abild
Porella compressa Sowerby
P. concinna var. gracilis Hincks.
Smittina trispinosa Hincks.
Haswellia australiensis (Haswelf)
Cellepora tridenticulata Busk
C. megasoma MacGillivray
C. bispinata Busk.
C. albirostris (Smitt)
221
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Family Fissurellidae
Family Turritellidae (Turrent or Screw shells)
Family Patellidae
Architectonica laevigata Lamarck
Vermetes sp.
Family Trochidae
Family Neritidae
Family Naticidae
222
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Fusus sp.
Family Volemidae (Knobbed chanks)
Family Pyrulidae
Family Bullidae (Bubble shells)
Pyrulaficus (Linn.)
Ficidae sp. Bulla ampulla Linn.
223
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Family Unionidae
Family Ellobiidae (Ear shells)
Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck)
Cassidula nucleus Gmelin L. consobrinus (Lea)
Indonaia caerulea (Lea)
224
Ecoregions of Gujarat
225
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Family Lolignidae
Family Semelidae
Loligo indices Pfeffer
Semele crenulata (Sowerby) Loligo sp.
Semele striata (Ruppell)
Family Sepiidae
Family Tellinidae (Paper shells)
Sepiella inermis (F'erussac & d'Orbigny)
Tellina coarctata Philippi Sepis aculeatus (F'erussae & d'Orbigny)
T. pristis Lamarck Sepia sp.
T. ala Hanley
T. emarginata Sowerby
T. bruguieri Hanley Family Octopodidae
Gastrana polygona Hanley
Octopus honkongensis Hoyle
Family Glaucomyidae
Family Mitridae
Glaucomya cerea Reeve
Mitra (nebularia) aurantia aurantia Gmelin
M. aurantia subruppeli Finlay
Family Solenidae (Razor shells) Mitra (Stigatella ) Gmelin
Family Gastrochaenidae
226
Ecoregions of Gujarat
APPENDIX - 15 APPENDIX - 16
FAMILY : PHYLLOCIDAE
Williams, 1851
Eulalia viridis (Muller, 1771)
FAMILY : HESIONIDAE
Maimgren, 1867
Hesione splendida Savigny, 1818
Leocrates claparedii (Coasta, 1868)
227
Ecoregions of Gujarat
228
Ecoregions of Gujarat
APPENDIX - 17 C. lyoni
FAMILY : THEREDIIAE
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Genus : Theredion
CLASS ARACHNIDA (SPIDERS,
T. manjithar
SCORPIONS, TICKS AND MITES)
T. tikaderi
SPIDERS
Genus : Latrodectus
L. hasseltii
FAMILY : ULOBORIDAE
Genus : Argurodes
Genus : Uloborus
A. gazedes
U. khasiensis
A. dipali
U. danolius
A.cyrtophore
U. krishnae
A. jamkhedes
A. projiciens
FAMILY : AMOUROBIIDAE
Genus : Cyllognatha
Genus : Amourobius
C. surajbae
A. nathabhaii
Genus : Thwaitesia
T. dangensis
FAMILY : OECOBIIDAE
Genus : Oecobius
FAMILY : ARGIOPIDAE
0. putus
Genus : Argiope
A. pulchella
FAMILY : ERESIDAE
A. arcuata
Genus : Stegodyphus
Genus : Cyrtophora
S. sarasinorum
C. citricola
S. pacificus
C. cicatrosa
S. socialis
Genus : Gasteracantha
G. brevispira
FAMILY : FISTATIDAE
Genus : Leucauge
Genus : Filistata
L. decorata
F. poonaensis
L. tesselata
F. napadensis
Genus : Nephila
N. maculata
FAMILY : SCYTODIDAE
Genus : Araneus
Genus : Scytodes
A.laglaizei
S. thoracica
A.theisi
Genus : Loxoscleles
A.lagubris
L. kinsukus
A.cytrachoides
Genus : Cyclosa
FAMILY : GNAPHOSIDAE
C. insulana
Genus : Drassodes
C.mooduensis
D. guj'aratensis
Genus : Chorizopes
Genus : Scotophaeus
C. Khanjanes
S. chohanius
Genus : Phaeocedus
FAMILY : XI TETRAGNATHIDAE
P. haribhaiius
Genus : Tetragnatha
T. fletcheri
FAMILY : PHOLCIDAI
T. grachis
Genus : Pholcus
Genus : Tylorida
P. phalangioides
T. sdricita
Genus : Artema
A. atlenta
FAMILY : XII HERSILIIDAE
Genus : Crosopriza
229
Ecoregions of Gujarat
230
Ecoregions of Gujarat
FAMILY : CHELIFERIDAE
Hagen SECTION 2 ANOMURA (HERMIT CRABS
SUBFAMILY : CHELIFERINAE ETC.)
Simon
GENUS : INDOCHELIFER FAMILY : PAGURIDAE
Madani & Murthy (HERMIT CRABS)
I. hoffi Clibanarius zebra
I. tuberculatus C. nathi
I. murthyi C. signatus
I. pateli C. infraspinatus
C. humulis
Diogenes investigagatoris
MITES Porcellana serratifrons
P. gaekwari
An elaborate list of phytophagus and predacious P. tuberculosa
mites infesting various crop plants in Gujarat is
given elsewhere
SECTION 3: BRACHYURA (TRUE CRABS)
TICKS
Peratelphues (Brytelphusa) jaquenwnti (Rathbun)
Argas persicus Charybdis cruciata
Ornithodoros savignyi Scilla serrata
Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Neptunus pilagicus
yaloma marginatum isaaci Thalamita pryma
Boophilus bipinosa Uca sp.
Rhipiceplialus sangui'neus Eriphia laevimanas
Carybdis sp.
CLASS : CRUSTACEA Attegeratis inermis
SUBCLASS : MALACOSTRACA Pagarus sp.
SUPERORDER : HAPLOCARIDA Hyas sp. (Spider Crab)
ORDER : STOMATOPODA Pilumnus sp. (Furry Crab)
(MANTIS SHRIMPS) Atergatis inermis
Oratosquilla nepa
Squilla
Gonodactylus SUBORDER NATANTIA (SHRIMPS AND
Periclimnus brevicarpalis PRAWNS)
FAMILY : PENACIDAE
SUPERORDER : EUCARIDA Penaeus indicus
ORDER : DECAPODA P. latisulcatus
SUBORDER : REPANTIA (CRABS, P. merguiensis
LOBSTERS AND P. monodon
CRAY FISH)
P. penicillatus
SECTION 1 MACURA P. semisulcatus
(LOBSTERS AND CRAYFISH) Metapenaeus affinis
M. brevicornis
FAMILY : SCYLLARIDAE M. burkenroadi
231
Ecoregions of Gujarat
SUBCLASS : BRANCHIOPODA
ORDER : DIPLOSI'RACA Family : Ashnidae
SUBOREDR : CLADOCERA Aeshna sp.
FAMILY : CHYDORIDAE A nax sp.
232
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Family : Platycnemidae
ORDER : EMBIOPTERA (WEBSPINNERS)
Copera annulata (Selys)
Family : Embidae
Embia sp.
ORDER : ORTHOPTERA (GRASSHOPPERS
AND CRICKETS)
ORDER :DICTYPOPTERA (COCKROACHES
Sub-order : Ensifera AND MANTIDS)
Family : Tettigoniidae
Conocephalu indicus (Redt.) Sub-order : Blattaria
Holochlora albida (Cockroaches)
Liogryllus bimaculatus (de G) Family : Blattelidae
Blatta gernwnica (Linn.)
Family : Grillidae Periplaneta americana (Linn.)
Ceuthophilus sp.
Gryllus bimaculatus Family : Epilampridae
Gryllus domesticus Stictolampra plicata (Navais)
Oecanthus indicus
Neombius sp. Sub-order : Mantodea
Family :Mantidae
Family : Gryllotalpidae Deiphobe ocellata
Gryllotalpa africana (Pal.B) Gongylus gongyloides (Linn.)
Hierodula coarctata (West.)
Sub-order : Caelifera Humbertiella indices (Ss.)
Family : Arididae
233
Ecoregions of Gujarat
234
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Sub-order :Cyclorrhapha
Family :Coccinellidae Family :Muscidae
Chilomens sexmaculata (Fabr.) Musca domestica (Linn.)
Coccinella septempunctata (linn.)
Epilachna viginti octopunctata (Fabr.) Family : Syrphidae
Helophilus bengalensi's
Family : Cassididae Microdon stilbodies
Aspidomorpha millaris (Fabr.)
Sub-order :Nemetocera
235
Ecoregions of Gujarat
236
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Sub-family : Xylocopinae
Xylocopa aestuans (Linn.)
Family : Chrydididae
Chrysis oculata (Fabr.)
Family : Euminidae
Eumenes esuriens (Fabr.)
Eumenes petilata (Fabr.)
Family : Formicidae
Camponotus compressus (Fabr.)
Dorylus labiatus
Eridomyrme anceps
Oecophylia smargdina (Fabr.)
Family : Pompilidae
Pompilus analis
Pseudogenia honesta
Family : Scoliidae
Elis grossa
Scolia quadripustulata (Fabr.)
Family : Sphegidae
Ammophila atrips (Smith)
Ammophila lavigata (Smith)
Ampulex compresses
Philanthus pulchrrimns (Smith)
Sceliphron madraspattanam (Fabr.)
Sphex lobatus (Fabr.)
Stizus prismaticus
237
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CEREAL CROPS
1. BAJRA
2.SORGHUM
3. MAIZE
4. WHEAT
238
Ecoregions of Gujarat
5.PADDY
FIBRE CROP
6. COTTON
7. GROUND NUT
8. CASTOR
239
Ecoregions of Gujarat
9. MUSTARD
9a. SESAMUM
10. SUNFLOWER
11. SAFFLOWER
12.SOYABEAN
PULSE CROPS
13. PIGEONPEA
240
Ecoregions of Gujarat
14. COWPEA
17. BEAN
241
Ecoregions of Gujarat
19.SUGARCANE
FRUIT CROPS
20. COCONUT
21. MANGO
242
Ecoregions of Gujarat
22. CHIKU
23. CITRUS
24. BER
25. GUAVA
243
Ecoregions of Gujarat
26. BRINJAL
27. TOMATO
244
Ecoregions of Gujarat
31. OKRA
32. RADISH
33. CABBAGE
37. WAL
38. CHILLIES
245
Ecoregions of Gujarat
39. CUMIN
40. FENNEL
41. FENUGREEK
42. CORIANDER
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
44. CROTON
246
Ecoregions of Gujarat
45. ROSE
46. MULBERRY
47. TAGAR
Phytophagous and predatory mites infesting various agrcultural crops in Gujarat have been identified
under ICAR sponsored poject on Agricultural Acarology at the Department of Entomology, N.M. College
of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari. The published report on their findings highlight
various technologies developed for the management of mite pests, information on the life cycle and
period of occurrence of various species of mites as well as the the economically important mites for
biological control of other pest mites. Altogether 59 species of phytophagous and predatory mites have
been identified.
247
Ecoregions of Gujarat
FAMILY : ACARIDAE
Caloglyphus chinensis
248
Ecoregions of Gujarat
APPENDIX - 18 APPENDIX - 19
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA PISCES (FISHES)
FAMILY : SCYLIORHINIDAE
Atelomycterus nwrmoratum (Bennett)
FAMILY : CARCHARHINIDAE
(Muller & Henle)
Carcharhinus dusswnieri (Muller & Henle)
C. limbatus (Millier & Henle)
C. ellioti (Day)
C. melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard)
C. menisorrah (Muller & Henle)
Galeocerdo cuvieri (Le Sueur)
Hypoprion macloti Miiller & Henle
Mobula diabolus
Rhizoprionodon acutus (Riippell)
Scoliodon laticaudus Miiller & Henle
S. plassorah
FAMILY : SPHYRNIDAE
(Hammerhead sharks)
Sphyrna blochii (Cuvier)
S. eludes
249
Ecoregions of Gujarat
250
Ecoregions of Gujarat
251
Ecoregions of Gujarat
252
Ecoregions of Gujarat
253
Ecoregions of Gujarat
254
Ecoregions of Gujarat
FAMILY : CENTROPOMIDAE
APPENDIX - 20
Chanda nama Hamilton
C.ranga Hamilton
AMPHIBIA
FAMILY : NANDIDAE
ORDER : APODA
Badia badis Hamilton
Nandus nandus Hamilton
FAMILY : ICTHYPOPHIDAE
Icthypophis bombayensis Taylor, 1960
FAMILY : GOBIIDAE (Gobies)
Glessogobius giuris (Hamilton)
ORDER : ANURA
FAMILY : MASTACEMBELIDAE
FAMILY : RANIDAE
Vastocembelus armatus (Lacepedo)
M.pancalus (Hamilton)
Rana limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829) Indian
Cricket Frog
Rana tigerina (Daudin, 1802) Indian Bull Frog
Rana keralensis (Dubois. 1980) Verrucose Frog
Rana hexadactyla (Lesson, 1834) Indian Pond Frog
Rana cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) Skipper Frog
Rana malabarica Tschudi, 1838 Fungoid Frog
Rana leithii Boulenger, 1888 Leith's Frog
Tomopterna breviceps (Schneider, 1799) Indian
Burrowing rog
FAMILY : RHACOPHORIDAE
Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1834) Common Tree
Frog
FAMILY : MICRORYLIDKE
Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 Ceylon Kaloula
Ramanella montana (Jerdon) 1854 Jerdon's
Ramanella
Uperodon globulosus (Gunther, 1854) Baloon
Frog
1Jperodon system (Schneider, 1799) Marbled
Baloon Frog
Microhyla ornate (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841)
Ornate Microhylid
Microhyla rubra Jerdon, 1854 Red Microhylid
FAMILY : BUFONIDAE
Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799 Common
Indian Toad
Bufo stomaticus Lutken, 1862 Marbled Toad
Bufo viridis, Laurenti, 1768 Green Toad
255
Ecoregions of Gujarat
CROCODILES
FAMILY : CROCODYLIDAE
Crocodylus palustris Lesson
(Marsh Crocodile)
FAMILY : CHELONIDAE
Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus)
(Green turtle)
FAMILY : DERMOCHELIIDAE
Dermochelys ceriacea (Vandelli)
(Leatherback Turtle)
FAMILY : TRIONYCHIDAE
Lissemys punctata punctata Lacepede
(Indian Flap-shell Turtle)
GECKOS
FAMILY : GEKKONIDAE
Hemidactylus brookii (Gray)
(Spotted Indian house gecko)
Crytopodion (Cyrtodactylus)
kachhensis (Stolliczkal)
256
Ecoregions of Gujarat
(Banded Gecko)
SNAKES
AGAMES
FAMILY : TIYPHLOPIDAE
FAMILY : AGAMIDAE Ramphotyphlolps braminus (Daudin) (Brahminy
Sitana ponticeriana Cuvier Snake, Common Blind Snake)
(Sargota lizard)
Typhlops acutus (Dumeril & Bibron) Beaked blind
Calotes versicolor (Daudin) snake
(Indian Bloodsucker, Indian Garden lizard)
Typhlops porrectus Stoliczka
Calotes rouxii Dumeril & Bibron (Forest Calotes) (Slender Blind Snake)
257
Ecoregions of Gujarat
FAMILY : HYDROPHIDAE
258
Ecoregions of Gujarat
APPENDIX - 22
AVES (BIRDS)
259
Ecoregions of Gujarat
260
Ecoregions of Gujarat
261
Ecoregions of Gujarat
262
Ecoregions of Gujarat
263
Ecoregions of Gujarat
264
Ecoregions of Gujarat
265
Ecoregions of Gujarat
266
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Family PITTIDAE:Pittas
267
Ecoregions of Gujarat
268
Ecoregions of Gujarat
269
Ecoregions of Gujarat
270
Ecoregions of Gujarat
271
Ecoregions of Gujarat
APPENDIX - 23
Bandicota indica indica (Bechstein)
(Large Bandicot Rat)
MAMMALIA (MAMMALS)
272
Ecoregions of Gujarat
273
Ecoregions of Gujarat
FAMILY : DUGONGIDAE
Dugong dugong (Muller)
(Dugong)
FAMILY : PHYSETERIDAE
Physter microcephalus Gray
(Sperm Whale)
FAMILY : DELPHINIDAE
Delphinus delphis Linnaeus
(Common Dolphin)
274
Ecoregions of Gujarat
APPENDIX - 24 APPENDIX - 25
DOMESTIC ANIMALS RARE AND THREATENED ANIMALS
OF GUJARAT
Bos indicus (Cattle)
Bos bubalis (Buffalo) 1. Threatened species of animals found in
Ovis aries (Sheep) Gujarat according to Red Data Book of the
Capra hircus (Goat) Zoological Survey of India.
Equs caballus (Horse)
Camelus dromedarius (Camel) MAMMALS
Sus scrofa (Pig),
Canisfamiliaris (Dog) Endangered species
Felis domesticus (Cat) Equs onager khur (Indian Wild Ass)
oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit) Felis libyca (Desert Cat)
Coturnix coturnixjaponica (Japanese Quail) Felis carcal schmitzi (Caracal)
Columba livia domestica (Pigeon) Panthera leo persica (Asiatic Lion)
Anser domesticus (Geese)
Atias platyrhynchos (Duck) Vulnerable Species
Gallus domesticus (Fowl) Antelope cervicapra (Black Buck)
Canis lupus (Wolf)
Dugong dugong (Dugong)
Felis bengalensis (Leopard Cat)
Gazella gazella benneti (Chinkara)
Manis crassicaudata (Indian Pangolin)
Panthera pardus (Common Indian Leopard)
Panthera tigris tigris (Tiger)
Tetracerus quadricornis (Four-homed Antelope)
BIRDS
Endangered Species
Ardeotis nigriceps (Great Indian Bustard)
Chlamydotis undulata nwccqueeni (Houbara
Bustard)
Ciconia ciconia (White stork)
Falco peregrinus peregrinator (Shaheen Falcon)
Falco biarmicus (Lagger Falcon)
Leptoptiilos dubius (Adjutant Stork)
Leptoptilosjavanicus (Lesser Adjutant)
Platelia leucorodia (Spoonbill)
Vulnerable Species
Haliaeetus leucogaster (White-bellied Sea Eagle)
Pandion haliaeatus (Osprey)
Pavo cristatus (Common Peafowl)
Pelecanus philippensis (Dalmatian Pelican)
Syphiotides indices (Likh or Lesser Florican)
REPTILES
275
Ecoregions of Gujarat
276
Ecoregions of Gujarat
Tor tor
T. putitora
T. khudree
Labeo fimbriatus
Notopterus chitala
Rita rita
Tenualosa ilisha
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Amphibians
Rana malabarica (Malabar Fungoid Frog)
Rana keralensi, (Verr-ucose Frog)
Uperodon systoma (Marbled Baloon Frog)
Kaloula Pulchra (Ceylon Kaloula)
Reptiles
Lygosoma lineata (Little skink)
Birds
Hodgson's Frogmouth
Vulnerable Species
Uromastix hardwickii
277