Biological Diversity of Gujarat

Biological Diversity of
Gujarat
Current Knowledge
Published by
Gujarat Ecology Commission

GERI Campus, Race Course Road, Vadodara 390 007, India.
Biological Diversity of
Gujarat
Current Knowledge
Published by

GERI Campus, Race Course Road, Vadodara 390 007, India.
CONTENTS
Biological Diversity: Issues and Options 1
Protection of Biodiversity: Policy Issues

for Preservation and Conservation of Species 7
Biogeography of Gujarat 11
Flora of Gujarat: State of the Art 15
Fauna of Gujarat: State of the Art 40
Important Biodiversity Areas of Gujarat 61
Recommendations of Gujarat Ecology Commission 63
Selected References 65
Appendices 72
ii
Ecoregions of Gujarat
STUDY TEAM FOREWORD
The primary concern of Gujarat Ecology

Coordinators: Prof. Bonny Pilo Commission set up in 1992, is to undertake scientific
Head, Department of studies of various facets of ecological degradation
Zoology and in the State, evolve strategies for restoration of such
Vice-Dean, Faculty of areas and create awareness for sustainable
Science, development based on sound ecological principles.
M. S. University of Baroda The Commission, while setting its priorities, realized
early that there was dearth of data and lack of holistic
Mr. Bharat J. Pathak, IFS understanding. A systematic collection of data has,
Director (Ecology), therefore, been one of the important activities of
Gujarat Ecology Commission the Commission.
Research Personnel: Dr. B. Anoop Kumar The Gujarat Ecology Commission prepared a report
Department of Zoology, on the current ecological status of Kachchh
M. S. University of Baroda followed by a report on stresses on the fragile
marine ecology of the Gulf of Kachchh. Currently,
Dr. V. K. Murukesan the Commission is engaged in delineation of
Department of Botany, ecosystems of the State and strengthening the
M. S. University of Baroda database; making studies of ecological degradation
around the Gulf of Khambhat; examining the process
Mr. K. R. Vinod of desertification in Kachchh and Banaskantha
Department of Zoology, districts; and evolving an approach for ecological
M. S. University of Baroda restoration of mining areas of the State. Other
activities undertaken by the Commission relate to
Ms Sunita Kumari networking of NGOs of the State to organize
Manager (Forest Ecology), people's action to prevent degradation and to work
Gujarat Ecology Commission for restoration of degraded soils and water bodies.
The Commission has, in collaboration with Jacob
Blaustein Institute for Desert Research for Israel,
also set up at Bhuj the Gujarat Institute of Desert
Ecology (GUIDE).
Yet another area which has received special

Gujarat Ecology Commission attention is biodiversity of Gujarat. Gujarat
GERI Campus, Race Course Road, represents nature's unique laboratory for
Vadodara - 390 007. evolutionary development because of its complex
Telephone : 0265-336713, 339115 geological set up, diverse geomorphic variations
Fax : 0265-340036 and wide range of climatic conditions. This is
reflected in its being the only abode of the Asiatic
February, 1996 lions in Gir, the largest congregation of flamingoes,
the habitat of the famed wild ass in the little of Rann
of Kachchh, besides several others that are
Printed at: The M. S. University of Baroda Press, particularly adopted to stress environments
Baroda - 390 001 including arid and saline situations. Biodiversity
studies will have to be sui generis type in view of
the unique but at the same time complex set of
ecological factors.
Gujarat has had several ruling families of the

erstwhile princely States that showed considerable
1
interest in preserving biodiversity and thus species, there is no way one can state its status -
recorded the presence of birds and wildlife. Eminent whether it is endemic, endangered, vulnerable,
scholars such as Prof. G. L. Shah has produced threatened or rare. Thus the State list of fauna and
excellent compendia on the State's biological flora that require immediate conservation efforts,
wealth. However, rather than sustaining such prioritization for preservation and protection
efforts, of late, the focus has shifted to narrow and strategies for species and habitats is purely
more specialized considerations leaving a wide gap presumptive.
in the process.
The fairly adequate data on district-wise livestock
In order to collate the various studies on flora and population indicate the increasing pressure on the
fauna of Gujarat and analyze it from the biodiversity available grazing land. It is estimated that the
perspective, the Gujarat Ecology Commission livestock population in the State has gone up from
constituted a study team consisting of academicians 1,84,40,165 in 1982 to 1,97,60,199 in 1992 indicating
of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda and 7.1 per cent growth. The major increase was in the
experts working in the Commission. The study team, population of buffaloes and goats. A proper
with Prof. Bonny Pilo of the M. S. University and analysis is required to understand the implications
Mr. Bharat Pathak of Gujarat Ecology Commission of population growth of livestock on the
as coordinators, have done extensive research in biodiversity. Gujarat has several indigenous breeds
published sources as well as from getting access of cattle and other livestock. Presently all of them
to about 75 mostly unpublished doctoral theses are in good number and there is no indication of
and dissertations. The study team has completed genetic dilution in them through hybridization and
its work on current knowledge of biodiversity of through introduction of exotic species. A fairly good
Gujarat. deal of information is available about medicinal
plants found in Gujarat. However, a systematic study
The study clearly shows that the recorded data of about their spatial density, rates of exploitation,
flora and fauna of Gujarat are incomplete and regeneration and its over-utilization has not been
inadequate. The information is incomplete because attempted so far. This inadequacy in knowledge
the studies were not conducted in all parts of needs to be quickly overcome to improve our health,
Gujarat, and inadequate because the data did not to provide a sustainable utilization of this valuable
indicate density, distribution and association of the and renewable resource and finally, to preserve our
living forms. Moreover, these studies were of higher proprietary rights for commercial exploitation.
plants and animals while the attention to lower
taxonomic groups of both fauna and flora was not Although Gujarat has longest coastline in India,
given. our understanding of marine biodiversity is far from
complete. Commercially important marine forms are
The present review shows that the recorded well-known but the lower forms of life remains
knowledge of biodiversity in Gujarat is meager with unexplored.
respect to the estimated number of species of biota
in India. About 46,286 species of plants are listed There are no records of correlation between land
in India but the recorded number of species in use patterns, habitat utilization by plants and
Gujarat is only 4320. The corresponding figures for animals and environmental degradation and
fauna are 77,452 and 2720. The records of fauna fragmentation.
and flora mainly highlight the enormous gap that
exists in our knowledge of living forms, their species Only limited studies have been made on
composition, their ecological status and community ethnobiology of plants and animals. The wealth of
structure. Taxonomic studies lost its slender information about ethnobiological uses available
foothold in the universities of Gujarat in recent with our tribal population has not been recorded.
years as there has been considerable decline in such Wild stocks of agriculturally important crop plants
surveys since 1985. have not been properly listed nor there are any
efforts to preserve their germ plasm or genetic
The present study also shows that without regular complexities. Horticulture, tissue culture and other
monitoring and estimation of the density of a in situ and ex situ methods of propagation of species
2
are yet to be carried out extensively for re- PREFACE

introduction, stocking or recruitment.
This Status Report on Biodiversity of Gujarat is
The Gujarat Ecology Commission is happy to make based on the data collected by research team of M.
the study public. The Commission has considered S. University of Baroda and Gujarat Ecology
the findings of the study in depth and holds the Commission under the Biodiversity Research
view that sustained efforts are needed to complete Project initiated and funded by the Gujarat Ecology
the inventory of flora and fauna of Gujarat and also Commission.
to preserve them for the benefit of generations to
come. A set of recommendations made by the On the threshold of 21st century, as we are losing
Commission are given in a separate section. our biological diversity and the delicate balance of
ecosystems, the need to initiate conservation plans
is greater than ever before. Gujarat Ecology
Commission has timely initiated a path-breaking
attempt in India to collect information about what
Vadodara Hasmukh Shah is present around us, what we have lost and what
Republic Chairman is needed to be conserved. This first step
Day, 1996 Gujarat Ecology Commission incidentally also indicate the gap in our knowledge
as well as areas that need prioritization.
The information have been gathered from various

sources which include doctoral theses,
dissertations, scientific papers, reports,
monographs and records of Botanical Survey of
India, Zoological Survey of India, Bombay Natural
History Society and other organizations. While the
list of organisms were placed in proper taxa based
on modern classification, we have not made any
attempt to verify the authenticity or ground truth.
All the sources are indicated and the propriety lies
with the authors or sources.
We have spared no efforts to refer all available

literature published or otherwise on biodiversity
of Gujarat. However, if any inadvertent omissions
are detected it could be brought to the notice of
Gujarat Ecology Commission. This report is aimed
at sensitizing, apprising and familiarising both
laymen and specialists as well as managers and
policy makers alike, the issues of biological
diversity of Gujarat.
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the floral components.
The study team of Biodiversity Project and Gujarat We would like to express our thanks to Dr. M. P.
Ecology Commission appreciate the support and Nayar, Emeritus Scientist, Tropical Botanical Garden
cooperation extended by the following individuals and Research Institute, Thiruvanathapuram for
and institutions during the tenure of the project. thoughtful suggestions on formulating the
approaches towards understanding and managing
For help in the collection of various information on biodiversity and to Prof. Y. D. Singh, Director,
flora and fauna we are indebted to the librarians of Institute of Desert Ecology, Bhuj, for review and
various Universities or Institutes including the comments on the draft proposal.
South Gujarat University, Surat; M. S. University
of Baroda, Baroda; S. P. University, Vallabh We are extremely thankful to Mrs. Padma
Vidyanagar; Gujarat Agricultural University, Anand; Ramachandran, Vice Chancellor, M. S. University
Gujarat University, Ahmedabad; Saurashtra of Baroda for taking keen interest in this
University, Rajkot; Bhavnagar University, Biodiversity Research Project.
Bhavnagar and Central Institute of Fisheries
Technology, Bombay. We are also thankful to the We also extend our thanks to Prof. C. H. Pathak
Directors of various Institutes such as Bombay (former Head of the Botany Department, M. S.
Natural History Society, Bombay; Central Arid Zone University of Baroda) Dr. Y. M. Naik (Department
Research Institute, Jodhpur; Zoological Survey of of Zoology, M. S. University of Baroda) and
India, Jodhpur and Botanical Survey of India, members of the review committee for discussions
Jodhpur; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun; and constructive suggestions.
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education,
Dehra Dun and Central Marine Fisheries Research
Institute, Veraval for allowing us to collect
information from their libraries.
Mr. A. C. Shah, Librarian, Dr. R. M. Oza (Scientist)

and Mr. Sam Cherian (Research Fellow) of the
Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research
Institute, Bhavnagar extended all their help to search
and procure information on marine algae. Dr. M. H.
Parabia, Department of Biosciences, South Gujarat
University provided information on the medicinal
plants of Gujarat; Dr. Raghothaman of the same
department gave information on the algal studies
conducted along the southern coasts of Gujarat.
Dr. S. A. Chavan, Chief Conservator of Forests,

shared his collection of articles on various fauna
and flora of Gujarat. Authorities of the Forest
Department, Government of Gujarat furnished
information on various aspects of wildlife. Dr Raju
Vyas, Assistant Curator, Sayajibaug Zoo provided
the details on the distribution of reptiles and
mammals. Prof. J. D. Patel and Dr. A.S. Reddy of the
Department of Biosciences, S. P. University
provided information on floristic surveys. Dr. G.
Prathapasenan and Dr. G. Pradeep Kumar,
Department of Botany, M. S. University of Baroda
helped us in procuring data from likely sources of
floristic explorations and also corrected and verified
4
EXECUTIVESUMMARY University team in the Narmada valley region in

Gujarat), the Provinces 5A and 5B have been
The concept of biodiversity has been known to extended and shown as reaching up to the left bank
man ever since he began to minutely observe the of Narmada river.
living beings around him. However, the importance
of biodiversity conservation gained international Gujarat has a territory of 196,024 sq. km. and is
concern only recently. The World Commission on endowed with a great diversity of natural
Environment and Development (WCED) ecosystem ranging from desert, semi-arid,
constituted by the General Assembly of the United mangroves, coral reef-rich coast and forests with
Nations published its report in 1987 which provided dry deciduous, moist deciduous and evergreen
a major boost and endorsement to the need for trees. The onus of conserving the biodiversity of
conserving the world's rich biodiversity particularly these biogeographic zones and its provinces is on
that of the tropical areas. The Global Convention the regions declared as protected areas. The
(Earth Summit) adopted at Rio in 1992 under the floristic and vegetational studies in Gujarat
auspices of United Nations Conference on received much attention since the later part of the
Environment and Development (UNCED) laid stress nineteenth century. After a brief gap, floristic
on the integration, conservation and sustainable studies gained momentum especially after the
use of biodiversity. Despite conflicting views bifurcation of Gujarat from erstwhile Bombay State,
among nations, a broad consensus was reached and much information has amassed regarding the
after protracted negotiations; the Biodiversity angiosperm wealth of Gujarat. Although many
Convention is now ratified by 104 countries (42 areas of Gujarat have been thoroughly explored
Articles were adopted). One of the prerequisite in length and breadth by many biologists, none of
tasks as expressed by Article 7 of the Convention them have paid attention either to describe or to
is the identification and monitoring the components comprehend the species richness as a whole.
of biological diversity. Article 12 calls for Research
and Training and suggest programmes for India has over 126,188 species of bacteria, fungi,
identification, conservation and sustainable use of plants and animals already listed, of which nearly
Biological diversity. 7040 species are recorded from Gujarat. These
species occur on land and in freshwater and marine
With this background, a research programme has habitats or as symbionts in mutualistic or parasitic
been undertaken to prepare a status report of state with other organisms.
biodiversity of Gujarat (based on scientifically
recorded species and their distribution) with the There are about 1933 species of Algae reported
following prime objectives: from Gujarat, out of which 210 species are marine.
As a source of food, fodder and fertilizer marine
1. to prepare an inventory of recorded living algae are known since long. Barring a few, all species
organisms and all genera found on the Gujarat coast are
2. to organize the information received in an cosmopolitan. Out of the 23,000 species of Fungi
efficiently retrievable form that meets the reported from the Indian region, only 165 species
needs of science and society are documented from Gujarat. Similarly very scanty
3. to plan futuristic programmes for information is available on the groups like
conservation of the existing biodiversity Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms.
Of the ten biogeographic zones of India, Gujarat The angiosperm flora of Gujarat is mostly varied in
has parts of four zones, Zone 3, 4, 5 and 10. The extent and composition. There are 2198 species of
provinces of this zones in Gujarat are Province higher plants belonging to 902 genera and 155
3A - Kutch, Province 4B -Gujarat-Rajwara, 5A - families which represent 12.91 per cent of the flora
Malabar coast, 5B - Western Ghat Mountains and of the country. So far as the floristic explorations
10A - the West Coast. Based on the physiography, are concerned, the South Gujarat region has been
rainfall pattern and the presence of some indicator intensively studied by several workers. By and
species of Western Ghats (considering the results large, the central part of the State, part of North
of faunal and floral studies carried out by M. S. Gujarat, West Saurashtra and Eastern Kachchh
5
remain virtually unexplored. Sixty-two species of study the taxonomy of this phylum. One species of
plants have been given different conservation planarian is included in the vulnerable category by
status. Majority of them are distributed in the semi- the Marine National Park authorities. Records
arid regions of Kachchh. indicate that among aschelminthes only rotifers
have been systematically studied during 1960's in
Twenty-seven species of mangroves are listed from Gujarat.
Gujarat. Earlier reports show that there was a
luxuriant growth of mangroves at Sikka, Salaya, The molluscan fauna of Gulf of Kachchh is fairly
Jodiya, Jakhau, Modhwa and elsewhere on the well known. About 350 species are identified from
Gujarat coast. However, drastic reduction has been this coast. However, the information available is
noticed in recent years due to extensive cutting for mainly focused on the edible marine molluscs as it
timber, fuel and fodder. is one of the important fisheries in Gujarat.
According to the Marine National Park authorities
The ethnobotanical studies carried out by several many molluscan species are threatened due to over
investigators have identified nearly 1200 plant exploitation in Gulf of Kachchh. In contrast to marine
species used by tribals for meeting their multifarious molluscs little information is available on the
requirements. freshwater molluscs in Gujarat.
The present survey has revealed that though a
good deal of work has been carried out in floristic Annelids constitute one of the largest phyla with
exploration, no comprehensive efforts have been 1093 species reported from India, of which only 69
made to explore the faunal wealth of Gujarat, barring species are reported from Gujarat. The studies were
the avian and mammalian species. Altogether we mainly on marine polychaete worms along the Gulf
have collected references of 2720 species of animals of Kachchh. Little is known about Oligocheates
belonging to different taxa recorded from Gujarat. and Hirudinians. The need of systematic studies of
The fauna recorded from Gujarat is about 3.51 per these two classes is obvious.
cent of the total Indian fauna.
Arthropods, the largest phylum is represented by
Euglenoids and amoeba are the protozoan groups more than 50,000 species in India. Unfortunately,
studied systematically in Gujarat while the only 743 species are reported from Gujarat. Some
remaining phyla (Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, isolated studies on scorpions, pseudoscorpions,
Microspora, Myxozoa) are untouched. Our crop pests and mites have been carried out. Most
knowledge on the Calcareous and Hexactinellid of the forest areas in Gujarat are unexplored. The
sponges of the Indian waters is still confined to the recent studies conducted by M. S. University team
classical monographs appeared in the pre- in Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary suggest that
independence period. According to the Zoological many more species can be reported from the forest
Survey of India (1991) the sponge fauna of West- areas of Gujarat if thorough study is carried out in
coast India is rather poorly worked out compared these regions.
to that of the East Coast. The freshwater sponges
recorded from Gujarat is less than ten species. The bryozoans of Gujarat (42 spp.) comprise a good
proportion of the total 170 species recorded from
Among the colorful marine cnidarians, only India. On the other hand, of the total 765 species of
the corals are studied systematically along the Gulf echinoderms reported from India, only 15 species
of Kachchh while other two classes of Cnidarians are known in Gujarat. Hemichordata is a group
(Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa) have yet to gain which is not studied adequately from Indian waters
attention. All the 37 species of corals in the Marine and there is an urgent need for taxonomic studies
National Park are reported to be in the endangered/ particularly on the families Protobalanidae,
threatened category. Cephalodiscidae and Planctospaeridae.
Platyhelminthes constitute one of the major phyla In comparison to the invertebrates the vertebrate
comprising about 17500 known species of which fauna has been studied fairly well in Gujarat. The
1622 species have been recorded from India. fish fauna is represented by 364 species of which
However, no attempt has been made in Gujarat to 19 species are in the endangered/threatened
6
category. So far the non-edible fishes and Uromastix hardwickii, Wild Ass Sanctuary in Little
freshwater fishes have not received adequate Rann of Kachchh and Gaga Great Indian Bustard
attention in taxonomic surveys. Amphibian fauna Sanctuary are included due to the presence of
of Gujarat is only 19 species, which are mostly unique species of animals.
confined to the southern districts of the State.
Appropriate monitoring and conservation
strategies need to be developed to preserve these
species. Seventy-eight species of reptiles are
reported from Gujarat and eight of them are placed
in the Red Data Book of Zoological Survey of India.
Many reptilian species are facing severe threat due
to habitat destruction.
The avian fauna of Gujarat is unique and

represented by 454 resident/migratory birds. Eight
species are placed under the endangered and five
species in the vulnerable category in Red Data Book.
In addition to this 11 species of birds are listed as
endangered/threatened species by the Marine
National Park authorities. The mammalian fauna of
Gujarat comprises 69 species which is 18.49 per cent
of the total Indian mammals. Four species are
featured in the Red Data Book as endangered while
ten species are in vulnerable category.
Analysis of the livestock population of Gujarat has

shown that over a period of ten years (1982-1992)
the population growth rate is 7.16 per cent.
Analysis of district-wise population growth of
cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goat has also been
carried out. The data indicate that measures are
required to study the carrying capacity of the
districts as well as the grazing practices in some
districts. Altogether, the number of indigenous
breeds of Gujarat are far higher than those of the
exotic.
Based on the available data an attempt has also

been made to categorize the existing forest areas
into Unique', Rich', and Unique and Rich' areas of
biodiversity. The Gir Forest area, Shoolpaneshwar
Wildlife Sanctuary, Marine National Park and Dangs
Forest are classified as Unique and Rich'
biodiversity areas. Vansda National Park, Vajpur
Forests of Surat district, Ratanmahal of Panchmahal
district, Vijayanagar Forests of Sabarkantha district,
Velavadar National Park, Girnar Forests, Grasslands
and Rakhals of North-Western Kachchh are
categorized as Rich' biodiversity areas. Among
Unique' biodiversity areas, the Flamingo City in
Great Rann of Kachchh, North Arid Zones of
Kachchh supporting the spiny-tailed lizard
7
BIOLOGICALDIVERSITY: areas or undocumented number of species, the

ISSUES AND OPTIONS figure is about 12,250,000 species. This biodiversity
or the variety of living organisms are not equally
Living components of the planet Earth are exposed distributed all over the world. The maximum
to great danger with the dual crisis, the rapid growth biodiversity is exhibited by tropical regions because
of human population and accelerating deterioration of climatic uniformity, its suitability for primary and
of the environment. Many of our diverse living secondary producers and the stability of the areas.
forms have already disappeared and several of India being part of the tropics, have a variety of
them are on the verge of being pushed into oblivion. niches and habitats. Presently it is estimated that
On the Earth all the life forms are not only adapted India which occupies merely two per cent of the
to a particular habitat but also assigned to play a geographical area of the world supports about eight
specific role within the ecosystem. The finest per cent of the world's living organisms. India has
archetype for these associations can be seen in an about 48,000 species of plants and 80,000 species
area like forest where wilderness exists and the of animals with high level of endemism. This
living beings preserve their centuries' old subcontinent has also provided a rich genetic pool
associations. Besides this, the biological diversity from which a large number of crop plants were
exists all around us, even in man-made derived. Our rich germ plasm resources contributed
environments. There are several genetically to the world cereals, spices, condiments, tobacco,
manipulated livestock, crop plants and microbes sugarcane, tea, coffee, fruits and over 1000 species
which cater to the growing human needs. To of plants with ethnobotanical importance. Around
encompass all existing species, the Convention 2000 species of plants have been used in the
on Biological Diversity held in Rio de Janeiro in preparation of medicines. The country also has a
1992 defined 'Biological Diversity' as "the range of indigenous livestock which includes
variability among organisms from all sources breeds of cattle (27), buffaloes (8), sheep (40) goats
including, inter alia terrestrial, marine and other (22), camels (8), horses (6), donkeys (2) and poultry
aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes (18).
of which they are a part; this includes the diversity
within the species, between the species and the Advances in economic biology and ethnobiology
ecosystems." are facilitating use of several known species. New
discoveries of species and their direct or indirect
The decline in the number of several species of uses, as well as their role in ecosystem functioning
animals and plants began with the human enrich human life and show the possibility of
civilization. Hunting of animals for recreation, discovering many more useful species and their
genetic manipulations of domestic animals and role or use. Genetic variations within species
agricultural crops, indiscriminate use of pesticides, provide an opportunity of selection of genetic
invasion of pests and exotic species, accumulation resources for the benefit of mankind without
of nonbiodegradable products and excessive use disturbing the ecosystem. Such realistic possibilities
of fossil fuels and natural resources have resulted do exist in the fields of medicine, biological control
in decline of several native flora and fauna. of pests, biofertilizers etc. Extinction of species
However, we never know accurately how many and genetic diversity would mean loss of such
animals have disappeared during the past decades. possible future benefits. As long as this valuable
Our knowledge is far from complete, in relation to unknown resources are not valued by mankind,
the number of plant and animal species that exist, we may continue to cause future losses out of
and much of what we know relates to species of ignorance.
economic importance.
India can be proud of its national biological heritage
that includes several unique species of plants and
NEED OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION animals. Of the eighteen recognized 'hot spots' of
the world, India has two; the Eastern Himalaya and
According to the World Conservation Monitoring the Western Ghats. India has about 10
Centre (WCMC), the total global number of species biogeographical zones with distinct geographical
described is 1,604,000. Considering the unexplored and biological characteristics. However, our
8
knowledge of species is far from complete, Gujarat has several habitats with floristic, faunal
especially that of lower forms of animals and plants. and climatic peculiarities. Biogeographically
This gap in knowledge may have somehow partly Gujarat has four regions that belong to four zones.
contributed to the dwindling fauna and flora. Large Gujarat has not only a rich store of biodiversity but
number of plants and animals have found place in also harbours a variety of livestock. There is also
the 'Red Data Book'. A variety of reasons, both an urgent need to identify factors that affect the
man-made and natural, have been responsible for depletion of biodiversity.
the extinction of about 20 species of flora and fauna
while about 81 species of mammals, 47 forms of
birds, 15 reptiles, 3 amphibians and large number WILDERNESS AND FORESTS: OUR LAST
of fishes, butterflies and other animals and over BASTIONS OF BIODIVERSITY
1500 vascular plants have become vulnerable.
A natural ecosystem that existed prior to human
The reasons for this loss of biodiversity richness encroachment and destruction, was a complex
as well as density can be traced to biotic pressures interlinked, interacting and interdependent
such as expansion of agricultural usage of land populations of plants and animals. They became
and forests, urbanization, industrial and adapted to the geographical and geological
developmental projects that destroy or usurp peculiarities of the habitat and withstood all vagaries
natural habitats, over exploitation of natural of climatic changes. Of all the biomes, the forest
resources, over grazing and above all, pollution. and wilderness are the best preserved biospheres
Man-made alterations of the habitats also produced with maximum species diversity. Sauer (1994)
an imbalance that upset the ecosystem and the defined biodiversity in a given area as "wilderness
age?old interrelationships. Loss of vegetational that existed there before human disturbance or
cover, green house effect, erosion and loss of top that would exist there if left undisturbed." The early
soil too contributed to habitat destruction. concepts that the forests are mere wealth to be
exploited have resulted in dwindling biodiversity.
Constitutionally the government and the citizens Now, most countries have realized that success of
are duty-bound to protect the flora and fauna. preserving biodiversity will depend ultimately on
Several acts and directives have also been passed the quality of the wilderness.
for protection of our natural resources.
Establishment of a network of protected areas was In tropical regions the fragmented forest patches
the first step the Government took for conservation still hold the semblance of old pristine diversity of
of biodiversity. India has about 1,40,675 sq. km. of life forms. The term biodiversity is not just species
protected areas that constitute about four per cent richness, it also includes the coevolutionary bonds
of the land area. The protected areas include 75 evolved over millions of years, such as
national parks and 421 sanctuaries. Plans are afoot predator?prey and plant?pollinator relationships.
to increase the number of national parks to 148 and Forests, whether it is a rain forest or Himalayan,
sanctuaries to 503. India has six wetlands as 'Ramsar dry or moist deciduous are the most rich habitats
sites' and five wildlands as 'world heritage sites.' with several plant?plant or plant?animal associations.
The management of forest then not only should be
Although the need to conserve this biodiversity based on the natural inventory of biota but also
has dawned on us quite early, methods of their associations and interactions. The gaps in our
conservation are still being debated. While some knowledge that deny success in management
plead for sustainable use of biodiversity for human practices are due to the lack in understanding of
benefit and happiness, others demand total the associations and interdependence. What is
protection of the biosphere. The best way to protect required is the preservation of associations on
the biodiversity would be to prepare restoration which the balance of the ecosystem is based. We
plans based on the need of the habitat. Such loose both animal and plant species with the loss of
regional or site?specific eco-restoration plans have habitat. "Plants and animals have co?evolved over
to keep in view bioinventory and the biotic the millennia, and plant reproduction is inextricably
pressures. tied to wildlife for pollination, seed transport,
scarification and cannot separate one from the other.
9
Habitat protection means the preservation of both results in removal of the saplings, eventually leading
plants and animals and their interactions (Sauer, to inadequate regeneration and recruitment. When
1994)." exotic species compete with native plants and trees,
or where wildlife responsible for pollination and
The lifeline of any forest is the course of water seed dispersal are eliminated from the area,
flowing through it; a stream or a river supports the regeneration becomes inadequate.
life forms. Any major shift in natural hydrology
creates many problems to the biota; (1) Water that One of the most visible aspects of environment
previously infiltrated into the soil now runs off, damage in natural landscapes is the spread of exotic
failing to replenish ground water (2) Streams that invasive vegetation that displaces native
once run year?round have become flashier, subject communities. Forests disturbed and fragmented are
to periods of flooding and periods of drought (3) more vulnerable to invasion. The invasion by plants
Dropping ground water levels, which reduce the is more frequent than animals. Though not all
base flow of streams, also severely affect introduced exotic species become invasive, few
vegetation. If adequate levels of recharge are not that become successful can jeopardize the native
sustained over time, even more dramatic changes habitat.
in vegetation are likely to occur. Alternating periods
of drought and high rainfall may become more
common in future due to global warming. HABITAT DESTRUCTION
Gujarat has vast areas of land that are drought Human beings are totally dependent on the habitat
prone, severity of which varies from year to year. as are all other species. Survival being a selfish
The decline in vegetation will increase the motive, human beings have been showing only a
pressure on existing forest patches, fragmenting limited interest on the preservation of the habitat
the forest stretch even further. Once contiguous and biota. Anything that does not contradict human
forest belts of the eastern border of Gujarat is now well-being or survival was ignored. Up to a certain
represented by patches. The movement of species extent nature withstood the exploitation. With the
will be further hampered by the fragmented population explosion the consumption of natural
condition of the forest. Between these forest resources far surpassed the regeneration and
patches human settlements move in further recruitment and the natural habitats slowly changed
preventing recolonization or even regeneration. into classes of environment based on the
The first casualty of fragmentation of forests will requirement of human society.
be trees and animals of the woodland. When the
number of trees dwindles the remainders become
more vulnerable to insects and diseases. These MAN AND BIODIVERSITY
impacts are greatly seen now even without climatic
changes due to global warming which are yet to The extinction of large number of species at an
manifest. alarming rate is mainly due to human economic
activity and development and the associated
A native forest community cannot maintain itself pressures, e.g., population growth, resource
without successful regeneration of its species which extraction and waste disposal impinged on limited
requires successful reproduction and survival at resources and the environment. "The paradox is
the early life stages of the species that make up the that humans depend for survival on biodiversity,
community (Sauer, 1994). This process called nature and ecological resources subsumed in
recruitment is not taking place in most of the forests landscapes, yet, at the same time, human survival
in Gujarat, which contributes to the rapid decline apparently threatens the survival or existence of
of the forest cover. The failures of recruitment are those very resources (Weaver, 1994)."
due to exotic species, exotic pathogens, altered
water tables, pollution, altered fire patterns, changes In our country with the expanding population,
in populations of grazing animals, landscape migration to urban areas began to increase, mainly
fragmentation, and direct disturbance by humans. driven by demands for jobs, health services,
Illegal grazing of animals in forest areas usually education facilities, and drinking water. Increased
10
population has led to increased demand for solar power. During the transition period, waste
subsistence food crops. Four important demands minimisation (source reduction), recycling and
by growing populations contribute to deforestation, consumer restraints will buy time to develop new
dwindling biodiversity and rapid species extinction: lifestyles and new technologies in a more
(1) fire wood demand (2) demand for timber, (3) cost?effective way. The present day technology
demand for cropland and (4) fodder and pasture is a definite threat to biodiversity as the world's
land for increasing livestock. Demand for cropland species are being depleted at an alarmingly faster
leads not only to deforestation but also degradation rate and unless dramatic changes occur in the use
of soil. of technology, as much as half the species inhabiting
the planet may vanish in our life time alone (Wilson,
The major impacts of economic activity and 1988; Cairns, 1994). Add to this will be the 10 billion
development on biodiversity and the environment people by next century. The technologies
are (1) habitat alteration (2) changes in harvesting developed in the twentieth century depleted our
rates and patterns, and (3) introduction of species biota on which we depended heavily for genetic
and alteration of interspecies equilibria. stocks, medicines, drugs and ecological balance.
Let the technologies developed in the 21st century
be compatible with the maintenance of global
TECHNOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY biodiversity which means the new technology
should provide clean environment and should be
Evolution of technology has made the man feel pollution free.
free from environment. He no longer has to adapt
to the nature or habitat, unlike all other animals and
of course, plants. Unless we concede that our BIOIVENTORY: SINE QUA NON
technology is changing the environment, we may
continue to ignore the signs of eroding ecosystem In Gujarat, the immediate challenge before us is to
and biodiversity will not survive. If technology and make a complete inventory of the existing flora
biodiversity are to coexist, the technologies must and fauna and their associations, which is a massive
be those that the biota can endure (Cairns Jr., 1994). task. We may have to mobilize a cross section of
populace from biologists to school children to make
McKibben (1989) in his book 'The End of Nature', a swift survey for collecting and identifying the
implores the unwarranted assumption that man can floral and faunal components. In this venture the
ignore with impunity the workings of nature. We ecologists should look for associations and
now know that only a few degrees in the average interactions, biotic pressures and the factors that
global temperature, accompanied by changes in favour or that are detrimental to the survival of
rainfall (both amount and the timing) may have species. We need to know the ecological principles
enormous impact on the world's agricultural systems that create viable communities in each biome.
(Schneider, 1990). It is high time we realize that Subsequently, we can assign strategies to conserve
human society exists today in both total number the biodiversity with priorities to endangered, rare
and quality of life because of the exploitation of and threatened species, while preserving what is
the one time bonanza of fossil fuels, fossil water, left.
world forests, biodiversity and accumulated top soil
(Ehrilich and Ehrilich, 1990). All these are utilized As a preamble to this our current knowledge on
at a faster rate, carelessly and needlessly by few the flora and fauna of Gujarat State is compiled.
millions in the rich, developed countries. It is also The focus of the present task was mainly on
high time the humanity spends less money to send inventorying of the species, both flora and fauna,
man to less hospitable planets and more money to recorded in the past.
make our planet more habitable.
PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY: POLICY
According to Cairns Jr. (1994) the world's present ISSUES FOR PRESERVATION AND
population is heavily dependent upon existing non-
eco-friendly technology and should be rapidly
developing new, eco-friendly technologies such as
11
CONSERVATION OF SPECIES based on the principle of sustained yield with

emphasis on regeneration and recruitment was
Currently about two million species have been initiated in 1871. In 1894, the first forest policy was
identified on earth by man and it is estimated that formulated for conservation of biodiversity and
the total species existing on this planet will be habitat with focus on big mammals and its food web.
ranging from five to fifty million (May, 1988). This The International Institute of Agriculture in 1922,
indicates that during rapid development of the incorporated forest issues in their programme.
human race many species are being wiped out Simultaneously, the concept of sustained yield was
without knowing their existence on the earth. evolved in forest management practices, that not
However, man has constantly been engaged in only included harvesting equivalent to physical
identifying and monitoring several species of growth but also considered successful regeneration
animals for the past several centuries and estimated and recruitment of species as essential elements
that 58 species of mammals and 115 species of birds for sustained yield. The first National Park of India
became extinct during last 400 years. It is estimated was established in 1935. During this time cultivated/
that the rate of natural extinction of species is about domesticated biodiversity were not covered by
one mammal and two birds in a period of 400 years State Policy, and Agricultural Policies mainly
(World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1992). remained in the form of Land policy and Land
This estimation is mainly based on the observations Revenue/Tax Policy.
on higher animals, especially vertebrates. Their
physical size and abundance in an area have made
them easy to be noticeable and several monitoring POST-INDEPENDENCE SCENARIO
strategies were developed for these groups. On
the other hand, the invertebrate groups, though During the post independence period the policy
having rich diversity remain overlooked. focus was mainly on food security, and thrust of
Therefore, it is believed that the actual rate of agriculture policy was on "Grow More Food"
species extinction might be much higher than the programmes and "Green Revolution", which
known rate of extinction. among many actions, included selection of hybrid
crops and cross-bred livestock in place of
As the rich diversity of fauna and flora exists in indigenous varieties and locally evolved livestock
areas like forest/wetlands, etc., the Rulers or the breeds adapted to their environment. This
Governments have given some protection for obviously led to encroachments on forests posing
usage of these areas and to the living forms by serious threat to the wildlife and destruction of
implementing restriction in the form of laws. The wildlife habitat. Accordingly, in 1952, the
policies for the protection of forest areas and its Government of India enunciated a new National
use have been formulated centuries ago both at Forest Policy emphasizing protective role of forests
national and international level and from time to for environmental stability.
time new amendments were incorporated into these
policies. At global level the concern for biological diversity
was evolving through World Forestry Congress
that began with focus on silviculture in the first
POLICY ISSUES: PRE-INDEPENDENCE forestry congress at Rome in 1926, and evolved to
SCENARIO the international concern of "conservation of flora
and fauna" adopted as a theme of the fourth world
Conservation of wild flora and fauna at national forestry congress held at Dehra Dun, India in 1954.
level was initiated at the beginning of the
nineteenth century. A committee was appointed in During late 1960's the size of international trade and
1805 to enquire into the "Capacity of Forests" for commerce in wild flora and fauna grew up to
"Sustained Yield". In 1855, the Governor General unprecedented proportion (CITES in India, Singh,
issued a memorandum to the Government of India, 1994) leading to international concern. As a result,
outlining the forest policy with emphasis on Forest an international treaty - Convention of International
Conservation (100 years of Indian Forestry - FRI, Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
1961). The practice of preparing working plans Flora (CITES) - came into force from July, 1975.
12
Subsequently, for effective implementation of 137 protected areas were established in 1970 which
CITES, IUCN established 'Trade Record Analysis increased to 426 in 1988 and 496 in 1994. So far 21
of Flora and Fauna in Commerce (TRAFFIC) in protected areas have been established in Gujarat
1975. However, such international treaties and and their coverage is shown in table -1.
conventions were of little help to developing
countries with inadequate knowledge of their wealth BIODIVERSITY CONVENTION
of biodiversity. Also, such treaties mainly covered
wild flora and fauna and genetic material of cultivated Considering the inadequacies of existing
biodiversity was freely exchanged. international treaties, several organizations
In response to the global concern and increased

understanding of the values of biological diversity,
its conservation was made a national agenda by
enacting Wildlife (i.e., natural flora and flora)
Protection Act in 1972; applicable to forest as well
as non-forest area and bringing all types of
ecosystems including aquatic and wetland under
its purview. India played important role in enacting
CITES and TRAFFIC and is one of the signatories
of these convention and arrangements. In 1976 by
42nd amendment of the Constitution, conservation
of flora and fauna was made a fundamental duty
and was adopted as one of the directive principles
for the State.
CURRENT POLICY
The National Forest Policy of 1952 has been

revised and replaced by the 'National Forestry
Policy' of 1988 with the following priority objectives:
Basic Objectives:
1. Maintenance of environmental stability

through PRESERVATION and where
necessary through RESTORATION of the
ecological balance that has been adversely
disturbed by serious depletion of the forests
of the country.
2. CONSERVING the natural heritage of the

country by preserving the remaining
natural forests with the vast variety of
FLORA and FAUNA, which represent the
remarkable BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY and
genetic resources of the country.
To achieve these objectives, a network of

Protected Areas, i.e., National Parks, Sanctuaries,
Biosphere Reserves etc., are established in different
biogeographical zones and provinces. Altogether
13
TABLE - 1 :
PROTECTEDAREAS OF GUJARAT
Geogra- Forest Forest % to No. PA % to Biogeo-

% to
Region phical Area Cover column of area column graphical -
column
Area Sq. Sq.km Sq. km. 3 PA's Sq. 3 province
3
km km of PA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Saura-shtra 64335 4484.89 6.9 2346 3.65 14 2466.37 3.83 Gujarat-
Rajwara
and
Western
Coast
Kachchh 45652 2860.61 6.27 1252 2.74 3 12903.92 28.27 Indian

Desert
North Gujarat 29120 2945.46 10.11 1455 5.00 3 729.73 2.51 Gujarat-
Rajwara
Central Gujarat33210 3274.83 9.86 1645 4.95 3 306.85 0.92 Gujarat-

Rajwara
South 23703 5813.00 24.52 5346 22.55 3 792.50 3.34 Western

Gujarat (5142.01) 21.69 21.69 (768.67) 3.24 Ghats
17322.27 8.78%
(17199.41) 8.77%
including World Commission on Environment and of various aspects of biodiversity under 40 central
Development realized the need for a more acts. Their observations on all aspects with respect
comprehensive frame work for international to biological diversity are reproduced in table - 2.
cooperation for preventing biodiversity loss.
Through several drafts and proposals, between Of the total 55 positions (11 aspects ´ 5 positions), 25
1984 and 1992, a final agreement was signed in the have not been covered and 20 positions are
Convention on Biological Diversity in June 1992 partially covered. Only 10 positions are well
by 170 countries. India has played an important covered, calling more legal provisions to bring
role for evolving this international treaty. The issues and aspects of biodiversity conservation
convention has been ratified by 130 countries till under adequate legal cover.
1995. The convention includes a comprehensive
preamble with 23 statements giving rationale and
42 articles. The articles of the convention are
included in Appendix - 1.
The Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA),

New Delhi, has recently evaluated the adequacy
and efficacy of the legal provisions following the
policy decisions. They examined the legal coverage
14
TABLE - 2:
LEGAL COVERAGE OF VARIOUS ASPECTS
OF BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA
Sr.No. Legal coverage by law Wild Domestic Genetic

Materials
Fauna Flora Fauna Flora
1 Identification N N N N N
2 Protection in-situ W W N N N
3 Protection ex-situ W P N N N
4 Access/extraction P P N N N
5 Use W P W N N
6 Trade W P P W P
7 Breeding/cultivation/multiplication W P P P P
8 Introduction/augmentation/re-introduction P P P P P
9 Release N N N N P
10 Movement W P P P P
11 Intellectual Property Rights N N N N N
N - Not covered; P - Partially covered; W - Well covered
15
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF GUJARAT Zone 5. The Western ghats:

Province 5A - Malabar Coast
According to Rodgers and Panwar (1988) Province 5B
biogeographic regions are classified into four Western Ghat Mountains
levels. They are as follows:
Zone 10. The Coast of India:
1. The Biogeographic Zone: L a r g e Province 10A - West Coast
distinctive units of similar ecology, biome
representation, community and species. By and large Zones 3, 4 and 10 delineated by WII
are tenable with geographical, geological and
2. The Biotic Province: Secondary units climatical characteristics. The fauna and flora of
within a zone, giving weight to particular these zones also complement with the
communities separated by dispersal barriers biogeographic demarcation. However, the Zone
or gradual change in environmental factors. 5A and 5B are shown reaching up only to Tapti
river basin. This is mainly due to the fact that
3. The subdivisions or Region: A tertiary set floristic and faunal characteristic of these provinces
of units within a province, indicating were based on the studies of Dangs forest. The
different land forms. recent studies carried out by the M.S. University
of Baroda team and Wildlife Management Group
4. The Biome: This is an ecological unit, not a (Chavan, 1992) in the Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife
biogeographic unit. A biome such as Sanctuary, Rajpipla and Gora ranges have indicated
swamp/wetland or temperate broad leaf that the range of Malabar coast (5A) and Western
forest would be found in several Ghats (5B) fauna extend up to this left bank of
biogeographic provinces. Narmada [Sabnis and Amin, 1992; Chavan, 1992;
Pilo et al., 1993 (birds); Naik and Vinod,
Based on the above classification India has been 1993(amphibians)]. Interestingly, the fauna also
classified into ten biogeographic zones: support the "Satpura Hypothesis" of Hora (1949).
This hypothesis explained that North-East forms
1. Trans-Himalayan with one province migrated along the Satpura range which lines the
2. The Himalayan with one province Narmada river to Western Ghat ranges. The
3. The Indian Desert with one province Western Ghat range become confluent with the
4. The Semi-arid zone with two provinces Satpura range in the Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife
5. The Western ghats with two provinces Sanctuary area. Another interesting obseravation
6. The Deccan peninsula with two provinces is that the Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary is
7. The Gangetic plain with two provinces the northern most range for many amphibians
8. North-east India with two provinces found in both Malabar coast and Western Ghat
9. The Islands with three provinces mountain provinces of Zone 5. Considering these
10. The Coasts with two provinces aspects we have modified the provinces 5A and 5B
as extending up to the left bank of the Narmada
river (Fig. 1).
BIOGEOGRAPHICAREAS OF GUJARAT
STATE
GUJARAT: PHYSIOGRAPHYAND CLIMATE
According to the above classification Gujarat has
parts of four biogeographic zones: The State of Gujarat has a land mass of 1,96,02,400
hectares that accounts for about 6 per cent area of
Zone 3. The Indian Desert the country of which 23,34,400 hectares are under
Province 3A - Kutch irrigation. The State has 8,48,300 hectares under
permanent pasture and grazing land. In addition to
Zone 4. The Semi-arid Zone: this, 8,62,800 hectares are under fodder crops. The
Province 4B - Gujarat - Rajwara State has 1600 km. of coastal area. Considering the
rainfall pattern, topography, soil characteristics and
16
17
18
19
the climate in general the State can be divided into

eight agro-climatic zones (Figs. 2 and 3).
Rainfall varies from about 340 mm in the western

arid district of Kachchh to about 1800 mm in the
southern hills of Dangs and Bulsar. Most parts
receive rainfall of around 800 mm. The climate varies
from arid to dry sub-humid in Kachchh and Bulsar
districts. Nearly 25 per cent of the geographical
area in the western part is arid. Another 34 per cent
of the area in north is semi arid and about 50 per
cent of the talukas in middle Gujarat are arid/
semiarid. Nearly 20 per cent of the area (42 talukas
in 19 districts) is considered drought prone.
A large variation in soil types can be seen across

the State. Deep black and coastal alluvium soils are
predominant in South Gujarat. Medium black is
prevalent in middle Gujarat, gray brown and coastal
alluvial soils are in north and north-west whereas
the Saurastra peninsula has calcareous medium
black and to some extent coastal alluvial soils. The
Bhal region is of peculiar type. The soil is clay in
texture and prevents percolation of water. Though
the rain fall in this area is only about 700 mm
considerable part of the land becomes marshy during
monsoon season. Also, the soil develop salinity.
All along the eastern border of Gujarat State there

is a discontinuous chain of hilly forest areas (Fig.
2). These hilly regions form the part of Aravallis,
Vindhyas and western most spurs of Satpura ranges
and northern spurs of Sahyadri ranges. The
vegetation becomes denser when one moves from
the north to South Gujarat, as the rainfall increases
towards the south and is maximum at Dharampur
and in the Dangs forests. The soils are
20
TABLE - 3:
AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES OF GUJARAT
S.No. Zones Districts Average Climate Soils
Rain fall
in mm
1. Southern hills Dangs, Bulsar 1793 Semi-arid Deep black,

dry sub- humid coastal alluvium
2. Southern Gujarat Surat, Bharuch 974 -do- -do-
3. Middle Gujarat Baroda, Kheda, 904 Semi-arid Medium black

Panchmahals
4. North Gujarat Ahmedabad, 735 Arid to semi-arid Gray brown

Gandhinagar, coastal alluvium
Mehsana,
Sabarkantha,
Banaskantha
5. North West arid Kachchh 340 Arid Gray brown

Deltaic alluvium
6. North Saurashtra Amreli, 537 Semi-arid Medium black

Bhavnagar, calcareous
Jamnagar,
Rajkot,
Surendranagar
7. South Saurashtra Junagadh 844 Dry sub humid Coastal alluvium
Medium black
8. The Bhal Region Two talukas each 700 Dry sub humid, Calcarious soil
in Ahmedabad, and marshy
Bhavnagar and during monsoon
Bharuch,
Khambat taluka
in Kheda district
21
also richer in South Gujarat than in North Gujarat

and Saurashtra. South of the river Narmada patches
of moist deciduous forests start and slowly merge
with the completely moist deciduous forests with
some elements of evergreen species on the southern
side of the Tapti river. On the other hand, the forests
are dry deciduous in the hilly areas in the north and
central Gujarat slowly merging with thorny scrub
jungles, especially where grazing pressures and
other biotic interferences are high. Saurashtra and
Kachchh together form about half of Gujarat State.
Tropical dry deciduous forest also exist in Junagadh
district. Northern part of Saurashtra are more arid
and the vegetation is more like that of the Rann of
Kachchh (scrub jungles). Littoral type of forest is
found in the creeks along the coast line in Kachchh,
Jamnagar and Junagadh district.
Gujarat State is endowed with a great diversity of

natural ecosystem ranging from desert, semi-arid,
mangroves, coral-reefs rich coast and forest with
dry deciduous, moist deciduous and evergreen
trees. The onus of conserving the biodiversity of
these biogeographic zones and its provinces is on
the regions declared as protected areas. Gujarat has
a total of four National Parks and 21 wildlife
sanctuaries. Of the 19,178.89 sq. km of forest area,
17,972.41 sq. km has been declared as protected
area and of which 7506.22 sq. km is occupied by
Kachchh Desert Wildlife Sanctuary.
From preservation of biodiversity point of view

many of the protected areas especially, Gulf of
Kachchh and Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary
need greater protection mainly due to industrial
activities or human encroachments and habitat
degradation in the vicinity.
22
FLORA OF GUJARAT: STATE OF THE ART KINGDOM PLANTAE

Division Bryophyta
Plants are so much a part of our environment that Class Musci
they are taken for granted in our everyday life. They BRYOPHYTES Class Anthocerotae
are all around us - weeds defying the inhospitable Class Hepaticae
city by growing out of sidewalks, grass and trees
in city parks and suburban lots, forests and Division Tracheophyta
cultivated fields in the country side. Being Subdivision Psilophytina
autotrophs the demand of plants are limited and PTERIDOPHYTES Subdivision Lycophytina
simple, and being highly adaptable they show Subdivision Sphenophytina
incredible diversity. In spite of striking diversity, Subdivision Filicophytina
the millions of species of plants have close Subdivision
relationship which can be gauged through Spermatophytina
taxonomical correlations. Among various floral
components the diversity of flowering plants is most Class Cycadinae
familiar and most important to people, and the most GYMNOSPERMS Class Ginkgoinae
numerous. However, even the lower forms of plants Class Gnetinae
(those without flowers, e.g., conifers, ferns and
mosses) as well as algae and fungi are also familiar Class Angiospermae
to us. ANGIOSPERMS Subclass
Dicotyledoneae
The Plant Kingdom includes all the multicellular Subclass
photosynthetic organisms. All plants have in Monocotyledoneae
common the presence of chlorophyll a,essential for
oxygen yielding photosynthesis, as well as other
chlorophylls and additional pigments that absorb ALGAE
light and contribute to the photosynthetic process.
Plants range in complexity from filaments, colonies The algae (included are the Cyanobacteria, for
and sheets of the simple green algae to the most description) represents a diverse group of
advanced, the flowering plants, which, with their organisms that are mostly photosynthetic. They
roots, stems, leaves, and characteristic flowers, are range in size from single-celled, microscopic forms
the most recent group of plants to have evolved on to large, multicellular seaweeds (marine algae).
earth. Unlike higher plants, they are found predominantly
in water and thus not subjected to the rigors of
The classification of organisms mentioned in this dry-land existence.
report is based on widely accepted five kingdom
classification of Robert Whittakar (1969). Previous studies: One of the pioneering scientific
studies of fresh water algae of Gujarat was that of
KINGDOM MONERA R.J. Patel of Sardar Patel University, Vallabh
PROKARYOTES Division Cyanochloronta Vidyanagar. His series of papers (1957-1992)
(blue green algae) published in various national and international
journals have become an enduring monument to
KINGDOM PROTISTA Indian Phycology, and form the best possible
Division Chlorophyta reference to the study of fresh water algae of
Division Chrysophyta Gujarat. Contemporary to Patel were few workers
ALGAE Division Bacillariophyta whose works on fresh water algae did much
Division Phaeophyta advance to the study of many Divisions (Gandhi,
Division Rhodophyta 1959-1967; Kamat, 1962-1967; Vaidya, 1966, 1972).
KINGDOM FUNGI
FUNGI Division Mycota DIVISION CYANOCHLORONTA
(CYANOBACTERIA)
23
localities of Gujarat coast namely Okha, Dwarka,

The possession of chlorophyll a and the production Sikka, Porbandar and Veraval. Out of these, 16
of oxygen in photosynthesis distinguish the genera were reported for the first time from Gujarat.
Cyanobacteria (formerly known as the blue green Ragothaman and Johny Thomas (1988) and
algae) from other autotrophic bacteria that use light Ragothaman and Babu (1990) also recorded about
to synthesize food. They are found in ponds, lakes, 97 species from Hajira coast and Devka coast of
swimming pools, and moist soil, as well as on dead Gujarat.
logs and the bark of trees. Some also occur in the
oceans. In Gujarat taxonomic studies of
Cyanobacteria were undertaken mainly by Thaker PANEL - 1
(1981) who reported 266 species from Surat district ALGAE AS INDICATORS OF POLLUTION
and Mahajan (1983) who listed 252 taxa belonging
to 35 genera, 174 species, 35 varieties and 38 forms The effect of pollution on rivers or standing waters
and 5 unnamed types from various paddy fields in can be measured chemically, since it usually
Kaira district. Brahmakshatri (1979) documented involves the addition of toxic substances or of
few species of them from Kachchh district. organic wastes which on decomposition deplete
the oxygen supply. However, the deleterious effects
are on organsims and the degree of pollution can
DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA often be measured most easily by a biological
analysis, in which algae are important indicators.
Of all the algal divisions, the green algae (division In water polluted by toxic chemicals, even the
Chlorophyta) appear to be the most likely ancestors bacterial flora may be killed and no breakdown of
of higher plants. These protists exhibit an amazing the effluents is possible. Short-term pollution of
number of morphologies. There are both aquatic this type may be difficult to detect chemically, but
(fresh water and marine) and terrestrial forms of biological examination will reveal the extent to which
green algae. Among the algal groups, systematics algal flora are suffered. The indicators of the various
and taxonomy of this division has been extensively degrees of pollution will vary with the type of water,
studied. Nearly 1200 species belonging to 9 classes however.
are reported from different localities of Gujarat
(Kumar, 1972; Gajaria, 1979; Jawale, 1980; Daniel, Sharma (1985) noted the dominance of
1981; Vani Manohar, 1986) out of which 24 species Cyanobacteria at different sites of river Vishwamitri.
are marine (Krishnamurthy and Joshi, 1970). Jose (1990) observed the presence of many
Cyanobacteria in Mini river, Bakrol pond, Anand
sewage oxidation pond and Dahod pond. A similar
DIVISION CHRYSOPHYTA hydrobiological study carried out by Shaji (1990)
in river Sabarmati and polluted waters of
The Chrysophyta include filamentous and Nandeshwari industrial area revealed the presence
protistan algae that are golden or yellow-brown in of 321 taxa, most of which were Cyanobacteria.
colour. They are found in fresh and sea water, where Based on the relative abundance, seven species of
many are important in the food chain as major Oscillatoria were recorded as tolerant taxa.
components of plankton. One marine species,
Vaucheria piloboloides is reported from Dwarka by It may be mentioned here that although some
Boergesen in 1932. Few other species are studies of pollution are published in which long
documented by Brahmakshtri (1979) from Kachchh. lists of genera as characteristic of certain states,
such lists are virtually meaning less since few genera
are characteristic of any one state of pollution.
DIVISION BACILLARIOPHYTA
Members of division Bacillariophyta, diatoms as MARINE ALGAE

they commonly known, are unicellular although few
are colonial forms. Patil (1981) has listed 270 species Previous studies: As far as the marine algae
representing 12 families and 57 genera from 5 of Gujarat coasts are concerned, our knowledge is
24
derived largely from the works of Boergesen (1929 5 classes from a variety of things likes fruits, leaves,
- 1934) which still remain as a backbone to the museum articles etc. Considering their
checklist. Collections of marine algae in Gujarat have cosmopolitanism, it is doubtless that many more
been made most extensively from certain areas only await discovery.
probably due to the exigencies of travel and
convenience of the collector. In Gujarat Port Okha,
Dwarka, Porbandar and Veravel have been LICHENS
extensively explored. Scientists at the Central Salt
and Marine Chemicals Research Institute at The lichens are a large group of mostly
Bhavnagar have made comprehensive analysis that Ascomycetes that can grow only in intimate
added considerable information about the wealth association with living algal cells. Despite being
of marine algae of Indian coasts in general, and composed of two organisms with symbiotic
Gujarat coasts in particular (Krishnamurthy and organismal association, they exhibit a consistent
Joshi, 1970 and literature cited therein). form that is identifiable as to genus and species.
About 1600 species are so far recorded from India.
Marine algae are the predominant group of Though they are extremely widespread in nature,
photosynthetic organisms in the sea. They include no report is hitherto available from Gujarat.
macroscopic members of three principal divisions
namely Chlorophyta (green algae) Phaeophyta
(brown algae) and Rhodophyta (red algae). To the BRYOPHYTA
lay men they seem rather unpleasant organisms -
very slimy, unpleasant to look at and to touch - but Bryophyta includes liverworts, hornworts and
scientifically explored to greater extent. mosses growing predominantly in warm and moist
Krishnamurthy and Joshi (1970) have reported 501 areas. They are able to live on land and also in
species of marine algae from various coasts of India. water, hence they are generally called as 'amphibians
Out of these 210 species spread over 42 families of plant kingdom.' As they solve the mystery of
and 112 genera are represented from Gujarat that land plants, they carry a very significant place in
make up about 42 per cent of the total. Barring few taxonomy.
ones, all genera found on the Gujarat coasts are
cosmopolitan. According to various estimates, some 600
genera and about 23,600 species belonging 3 main
Classes are included in this Division, out of which
FUNGI 2700 species are recorded from India. In Gujarat,
Chavan and Mahabale (1945) recognized three well-
The tasty mushroom-delight of the gourmet-has marked regions of distribution of bryophytes. In all
much in common with the black mold that forms on they reported 8 species belonging to 3 classes and
stale bread and the mildew that collects on damp 7 genera from Taranga hills, Pavagadh and Rajpipla,
clothes. All of these life forms belong to the and South Gujarat. Desai (1976) documented the
Kingdom Fungi, a diverse group of more than presence of few species in Bansda forest while
100,000 species. They are heterotrophic organisms Sabnis and Amin (1992) observed 6 species in
once considered plants because they have cell walls Narmada Valley reported by earlier workers. It is
and produce spores, but now separated from plants reasonable to believe that a thorough study may
on the basis of their type of nutrition. As reveal the presence of many more.
decomposers, they participate with bacteria in
recycling inorganic and organic molecules in the
environment. Thus, they are important from an DIVISIONTRACHEOPHYTA
ecological point of view. Very few efforts have been
hitherto undertaken in Gujarat to study these Tracheophytes are vascular plants with true, well
decomposers of our biosphere. Of 23,000 species developed conducting tissues. This division
recorded from India, only 164 species are known consists of 5 main subdivisions:
from Gujarat (Desai, 1968; Sabnis and Amin, 1992).
Arya (1988-1994) isolated 29 species belonging to
25
PTERIDOPHYTA from Gujarat, though few other ornamental species

are common in many gardens.
Pteridophytes form a significant and important
group in the plant kingdom. As the first true land
plants, they offer a very favourable material for the ANGIOSPERMS
study of various adaptations that have made the
colonization of the land possible for the plants. The flowering plants, Class Angiospermae,
comprise about 235,000 species, by far the largest
According to Botanical Survey of India (1994) there number of species of any plant group. They are the
are 1022 species recorded from India. Out of which most successful plants on Earth, adapted to almost
only 16 species are hitherto documented from every habitat, except Antarctica. The diversity of
various localities of Gujarat, many of these angiosperms is especially remarkable since they are
information falls as an offshoot to various the most recently evolved of the plant groups.
angiosperm taxonomical studies carried out in the
respective areas.
GENERALASPECTS OFVEGETATION
PANEL - 2 Gujarat is one of the smaller Indian States. Lying on

PTERIDOPHYTES - 'THE BOTANICAL the Arabian Sea Coast, the State has an area of
SNAKES' over 196,024 sq. km. While the northern boundary
of state is the international boundary between India
Nothing much is known regarding the economic and Pakistan, it is surrounded by Rajasthan on the
value of pteridophytes. This is not because north-east, Madhya Pradesh on the east, and
pteridophytes lack economic value, but because Maharashtra on the south-east and south.
enough attention has not been paid towards
harvesting the potentialities of pteridophytes The State has a great inherent variation in the
towards human welfare. Since a long time they have pattern of vegetation in the different regions ranging
remained the exclusive domain of academicians, from desert, semi-arid, mangroves, coral-reef rich
rarely heard outside the academic world. It is quite coast and forests. Natural vegetation of the State is
evident, however, that further investigation on the restricted to areas that receive adequate rainfall and
practical applications of the study of pteridophytes are also agriculturally unproductive. Ruggedness
would certainly yield very interesting results. of terrain and rocky thin soils have made some parts
of the State unsuitable for cultivation. Such areas,
Most of the pteridophytes, especially ferns are when occurring in the zone of heavy rainfall support
cultivated in green houses and gardens as the growth of forests, in which case the plants like
ornamental plants. A few ornamental species are agricultural crops do not have to reach maturity
listed. and bear fruits in less than a year. Forest trees with
much longer life-cycle than that of the cereal can
grow even on thin soil though their maturity is
GYMNOSPERMS delayed and they become exploitable only after a
longer period.
The term Gymnosperm illustrates the relativity of a
taxonomic nomenclature. It has been used here to The essential criteria for the growth of forests are,
designate a group of classes with the common therefore, suitable conditions of temperature and a
character of having seeds borne in cones. heavy rainfall, but their distribution is governed by
the human selection of cultivated land. It is the left-
Although the gymnosperms arose in the Palaeozoic over land unsuitable for agriculture that goes to
and dominated the world during Mesozoic era - the make forests. In Gujarat, where the rainfall has been
age of the dinosaurs - the earlier members of the essentially guided by orographic features, high
group have become extinct today. The Botanical rugged areas receive a higher rainfall than the
Survey of India identified 64 species from India, of plains. Rainfall in the State increases from the plains
which only 1 species - Ephedra foliata - is reported to the mountains and from north to south. The
26
forests are, therefore, concentrated in the hilly parts

of the State in the south-east and in the hills of
Saurashtra. The hills of Kachchh, on the other hand,
are bare because of low rainfall ascribed to their
northernmost location and the absence of any
orographic feature that could come in the way of
the monsoon clouds and cause precipitation.
South, south-east and east Gujarat, are therefore,
the only areas that have a considerable forest cover.
The total area under forests in Gujarat is 18707.80

sq. km, which accounts for 9.532 per cent of the
area of the State (Table - 4). Four southern districts
of the State, viz., Dangs, Surat, Valsad and Bharuch,
having a sizable area under forest, account for
about 30 per cent of the total forest area of the
State. Districts of Panchmahals and Sabarkantha
in north-east Gujarat and Junagadh in Saurashtra
are other important areas of forest cover. The
forests of the State can be divided into the following
broad categories, depending upon their
environmental adjustments and the general
morphological character of the representative
species.
27
TABLE - 4 :
DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST
AREAS IN GUJARAT
S.No. District Forest area sq. km Percentageof the

total geographical
area
1 Ahmedabad 114.65 0.054

2 Amreli 402.05 0.205
3 Banaskantha 1493.66 0.761
4 Bharuch 1449.68 0.739
5 Bhavnagar 312.41 0.159
6 Dangs 1025.38 0.523
7 Gandhinagar -- 0.00
8 Jamnagar 942.54 0.480
9 Junagadh 1992.85 1.016
10 Kachchh 2860.61 1.459
11 Kheda 98.07 0.050
12 Mehsana 178.16 0.090
13 Panchmahals 2242.62 1.144
14 Rajkot 341.00 0.173
15 Sabarkantha 1273.64 0.649
16 Surat 1417.59 0.723
17 Surendranagar 494.04 0.252
18 Vadodara 819.49 0.418
19 Valsad 1249.36 0.637
Total 18707.80 9.532

Source: Forest Department, Government of Gujarat
28
MOIST DECIDUOUS FORESTS: The floristic and vegetational studies in Gujarat

received much attention since the later part of the
These occur in areas of more than 1,250 mm of nineteenth century. Dalzell and Gibson (1861), Palin
rainfall. Such areas occur in Dangs and parts of (1880), Nairne (1894), Woodrow (1897-1901), Cooke
Vyara in Surat division and Shoolpaneswhar (1901-1908), Talbot (1909-1911), Saxton and
sanctuary area in Bharuch district. These forests Sedgwick (1918), Blatter (1926-1935), Thaker (1926)
are not evergreen and shed their leaves during and Dixit (1940) have worked out flora and
March and April, though the middle layer and vegetation of different parts of Western India,
shrub cover are fairly green. including Kachchh and Saurashtra, but Gujarat
region was poorly represented in many of these
works. After a gestation of brief period, floristic
DRY DECIDUOUS FORESTS: studies gained momentum especially after the
bifurcation of Gujarat from erstwhile Bombay State
These are mixed growth of trees and practically all (Santapau 1962; Santapau and Janardhanan, 1967).
of which are deciduous during the dry season. The Mention may be made here about the significant
lower canopy in these forests is also deciduous contributions of Shah and his co-workers at Sardar
with occasional evergreens or subgreens being Patel University and Sabnis and his team from M.
present in the moist areas. Usually there is an S. University of Baroda who have explored Gujarat
undergrowth of shrubs, but the light reaches the in length and breadth, in phase-manner, and much
surface allowing the growth of grass that information has amassed regarding the angiosperm
occasionally develops into a savanna-type grass wealth of Gujarat (Shah, 1980, and the references
field. Dry deciduous forests with teak occur in cited therein). Isolated but important information
north-east Gujarat, particularly in Sabarkantha about the plant resources of Gujarat are also
district, and in Junagadh where grass is seen available from the works of Vaidya (1952), Chaudhari
growing on the outer margins. (1959) and Jodhani (1955-1956, 1958). However, the
inventory of the Gujarat flora is incomplete, yet an
SCRUB FORESTS: idea of its richness can be had from a synthesis of
several studies carried out in the State (Table - 5,
In the drier north, with decreasing rainfall, the Fig. 4).
forests turn thorny and tend to assume a xerophytic
character. Such forests occur in Kachchh, north
Saurashtra and Banaskantha. The scrub forests of
north Gujarat are sparse and provide sites for cattle-
grazing.
Apart from those categories mentioned above,

vegetation can also be seen along river banks, in
ponds and ditches, along sea shores and saline
ground and in cultivated fields, as ornamentals in
gardens and as avenue trees along roads.
FLORAL INVENTORY
PREVIOUS STUDIES:
The Gujarat region is a well marked geographic

assemblage, limited by effective barriers like the
sea, the lofty Aravallis, Vindhyas and Satpura
range, and the Thar desert. Variety of its climate
and its geographic position has allowed the
penetration of many important floristic elements.
29
TABLE - 5:
List of Doctoral Theses on Floristics and Ethnobotany (in chronological order)
Sr. No Author Year Title of the thesis Study Area
1 Oza, G. M 1962 Flora of Pavagadh Pavagadh

2 Sabnis, S. D 1967 A study of the flora and vegetation Baroda environs
of Baroda and environs including an
account of the Cyperaceae of Gujarat
3 Bedi, S. J. 1968 Floristic study of Ratan -Mahal Ratan- Mahal
and surrounding hills
4 Deshpande, M. B. 1968 Contribution to the flora of Tuwa, Tuwa
Panchmahal district, Gujarat
5 Suryanarayana,B. 1968 A contribution to the flora of Dangs forest
Dangs forest, Gujarat
6 Singh, V. K. 1969 Taxonomical studies on the flora Rajpipla eastern part
of Rajpipla forests (Eastern part)
Gujarat, India
7 Yogi, D. V. 1970 A contribution to the flora of North Gujarat
North Gujarat
8 Bhatt, R. P. 1971 Studies on the flora and vegetation Khedbrahma region
of Khedbrahma region in North of N. Gujarat
gujarat with a note on the
chromosome number and
karyotype of some
taxa therein
9 Patel, R. M. 1971 Flora of Bulsar and environs, Gujarat Bulsar
10 Patel, A. I. 1971 A contribution to the flora of Rajpipla
Rajpipla forest (Gora, Rajpipla
and Netrang Ranges)
11 More , P. G. 1972 A contribution to the flora Parnera hills,
of Parnera hills, Pardi and Pardi and Udhwada
Udhwada area in South Gujarat
12 Padate, S. N. 1973 Studies on the flora and Savli
vegetation of Savli taluka
13 Vyas, K. J. 1973 A contribution to the floristics Narmada
and phytosociology of the river
Narmada in Gujarat State
14 Karatela, Y. Y. 1973 A contribution to the floristics Chotaudepur forest
and phytosociology of the division
Chotaudepur forest division
in Gujarat State
15 Parabia, M. H. 1974 A conntribution to the Gujarat
Cyperaceae of Gujarat state
(floristics, trichomes, glume anatomy
and palynology)
16 Thakker, D. N. 1974 Floristic and ethnobotanical studies Kawant range in
on Kawant range forest in Central Gujarat
Central Gujarat
17 Bhatt, R. G. 1975 A contribution to the floristics Panchmahal
and phytosociology of the
Panchmahal districts in Gujarat
30
18 Desai, M. J. 1976 A contribution to the flora of Bansda forests

Bansda forests
19 Parabia, D. M. 1977 Pollen flora of Gujarat Gujarat
20 Yadav, S. R. 1979 A contribution to the floristics South Gujarat
and phytosociology of some
parts of South Gujarat
21 Menon, A. R. R. 1979 Floristics and phytosociological Saurashtra
studies of some parts of Saurashtra
22 Patil, S. N. 1980 Studies on the residual urban Baroda
vegetational systems at baroda
23 Joshi, J. V. 1980 A study of the flora of Surat and Surat
its environs
24 Vora, H. M. 1980 Contribution to the flora of Bulsar district
Dharmpur Kaprdada and
Nana-Pondra ranges
25 Rao, K. S. S. 1981 Flora of South-Eastern Kutch South eastern Kutch
26 Mac, R. N. 1982 A contribution to the flora of Surat district
Surat district, Gujarat (Kamrej, Vyara,
Songadh, Uchchhal and Nizan taluka)
27 Gopal, G. V. 1983 Ethnobotanical studies in the Gujarat
forest areas of some parts of Gujarat
28 Vashi, B.G. 1985 Floristic phytosociology and Umarpada forest,
ethnobotanical study of Umarpada South Gujarat
forest in South Gujarat
29 Contractor, G.J. 1986 Floristic phytosociology and Vapi, Umargaon
ethnobotanical study of Vapi and
Umargaon area in South Gujarat
30 Thakker, N. K. 1987 Biological flora of Rajkot Rajkot
31 Bhatt, M. P. 1987 A contribution to the flora of Navsari Navsari
area with special refernce to
ethnobotany
32 Reddy, A. R. 1987 Flora of Dharmpur forest Dharampur forest area
33 Jani, S. R. 1988 Flora around the river Mohr Mohr River, Kaira dist.
(Kaira district) from origin to mouth
34 Umadevi, A. J. 1988 Identification and status survey of Gujarat

medicinal plants of Gujarat
35 Oza, A. R. 1991 Taxonomical and ecological studies Bhavnagar
of the flora of and around Bhavnagar
36 Pradeep Kumar,G. 1993 Vegetational and ecological studies Shoolpaneshwar
of Shoolpaneshwar Wwildlife
Ssanctuary
37 Bhatt, J. B. 1993 Studies on the flora of Western W. Kachchh
Kachchh
38 Raole, V. M. 1993 Studies on endangered and Kachchh

endemic desert taxa
39 Chavan, S. A. 1993 Vegetational and wildlife studies Gir forest area
in Gir
40 Joshi, K. I. 1994 Floristic, phytosociological Cambay taluka
and ethnobotanical study of
Cambay taluka
31
SYNOPSIS OF THE FLORA:

concentration. Within the State highest floristic
There are about 2198 flowering plants belonging to diversity is encountered in the 5A and 5B regions
902 genera and 155 families so far recorded from (whole of south Gujarat region, beyond river
Gujarat (Appendix - 7), which represent 12.91% of Narmada. Refer Biogeographic classification) where
the flora of the country. The richness of the flora incidentally repeated searches were carried out by
may be attributed to the variety of niches available. many workers. The reasons for the high biological
Though most parts of Gujarat support a diversity diversity of this area is mainly topography, altitude
of flora, some regions have especially high and precipitation.
TABLE - 6:
Proportional Relationship of Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons
Family Genera Species
Groups No. % No. % No. %
Dicots 126 81.29 699 77.49 1602 72.87
Monocots 29 18.71 203 22.51 596 27.13
Total 155 100.00 902 100.00 2198 100.00
Leguminosae is the largest family with 293 species. is interesting to note from table - 6 that the
While Orchidaceae, the largest family of flowering percentage occurrence of the genera (77.49%) and
plants in India occupies a lower position, species (72.86%) of Dicotyledons is almost
Asteraceae, the richest family of flowering plants identical. This similarity is also evident in the
in the world, occupies fourth positon in the Gujarat Monocotyledonous genera and species.
state. Other families with large number of species
are Poaceae (284 species), Cyperaceae (125), Figure 4 depicts areas where floristic and/or
Asteraceae (104), Acanthaceae (87), Euphorbiaceae ethnobotanical studies have been carried out.
(79), Convolvulaceae (65), Malvaceae (64), Apparently much of the South Gujarat region has
Scrophulariaceae (54) and Lamiaceae (42). There been intensively explored by several workers. By
are 63 monogeneric families out of which 37 are and large, central part of the State, part of North
monotypic. Leaving Poaceae and Cyperaceae, Gujarat, West Saurashtra and Eastern Kachchh
Monocotyledons are poorly represented. remain virtually unexplored.
Proportion of the Monocotyledons to Dicotyledons
is 1:4.34 of families, 1:3.44 of genera and 1:2.68 of
species. The ratio of total number of genera to MANGROVE AND COASTALVEGETATION
species is 1:2.43, which is rather low in comparison OF GUJARAT
to a corresponding ratio for whole of India (1:7). It
32
The State of Gujarat has the longest coastline Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.
among all Indian states. Stretching over a length of Rhizophora mucronata Lam.
1663 km, it is the abode of one of the most Rhizopora conjugata L.
fascinating extravaganzas of marine life, both plants Rhizophora apiculata
and animals. Certain regions of the coast both on Salicornia brachiata Roxb.
the west and on the south is surrounded by 10- to Salvadora oleoides Decne.
13 km wide marshy zone occupying the intertidal Salvadora persica L.
limits, and drained only by the muddy channels in Sesuvium portulacastrum L.
which the sea water flows at low tide to join the Sonneratia apetala Buch.- Ham.
main creeks. The swampy coast is dotted with Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum.
mangrove wherever the depth at high tide does not Suaeda nudiflora Moq.
exceed a certain limit. These mangrove formations Suaeda fruticosa Forsk. ex Gmel.
are isolated and discontinuous and occur from Tamarix troupii Hole
Kandla, Navalakhi in the north to Jodia, Jamnagar, Urochondra setulosa (Trin.) C.R. Hubb.
Sikka, Salaya and Okha along the coasts of the Gulf
of Kachchh. Many islands like Pirotan, Bhaidar and Source: Shah, 1978; Rao, 1981; Contractor, 1986;
Dhani also have good mangrove forests. Singh, 1994.
The mangroves of Kachchh in general are of the
Twenty-seven species are reported from Gujarat. open scrubby type with low wooded Avicennia
They are listed below: marina and Rhizophora mucronata . In Dwaraka,
Poshitra and Dohlani mostly a single species is
Acanthus ilicifolius L. seen, i.e., Avicennia marina. The dry climatic
Aegiceras corniculata L. Blanco condition prevailing in the region for about 8
Arthrocnemum indicum (Willd.) Moq. months in a year and poor rainfall (in a place like
Aeluropus lagopoides (Linn.) Trin. ex Thw. Jamnagar the thermal amplitude is about 12 oC and
Artiplex stocksii Boiss. average rainfall is around 470 mm) and also human
Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. var. acutissima interferences acts as limiting factors to mangrove
Mold. vegetation in the region although the estimate
Avicennia officinale L. Blanco coverage is about 213 sq. km.
Borassus flabellifer L.
Bruguiera gymnorhiza (Linn.) Lam. According to Chavan (personal communication)
Ceriopes tagal (Pers.) Rob. total area under mangroves in Jamnagar alone was
Ceriopes candolleana Arn. about 600 sq. km. in the past that got reduced to
Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari 139 sq. km. in 1975 and 33 sq. km. in 1985. According
Cyperus arenarius Retz. to the report of SAC, Ahmedabad (cited from
Excoecaria agallocha Linn. Chavan, personal communication) the total area
Peplidium maritimum (L. f.) Wettst. has improved since the declaration of Marine
National Park (Table - 7).
TABLE - 7:
Area of Mangroves Based on Satellite Data (in sq. km.)
1975 1982 1985 1992
Dense mangroves 58.4 21.8 23.4 24.8
Sparse mangroves 80.1 28.2 10.0 188.3
Total 138.5 50.0 33.4 213.1
33
Mangrove ecosystem, an important coastal 4. Ceropegia odorata Nimmo ex Hook.f.

wetland, is economically important for the people (ASCLEPIADACEAE)
living around. The leaf-litter of mangroves is the Status - rare; Distribution - Pavagadh Hills,
main source of nitrogen that makes the gulf water only one plant was found.
highly productive for various life-forms. Having
the longest coastline of the country, Gujarat can 5. Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant et Fernand
accommodate many more representative species (LILIACEAE)
of these halophytes which provide protective and Status - rare; Distribution - Gujarat (Ahwa
economic benefits to the coastal communities. in Dangs), Maharashtra (Borivili, Kanheri
caves), endemic.
RARE, ENDANGERED AND ENDEMIC 6. Cyperus dwarakensis Sahni et Naithani

PLANTS OF GUJARAT (CYPERACEAE)
Status- rare; Distribution - Dwaraka,
The major threat to biological diversity in Gujarat restricted to Gujarat.
is the threat to the different ecosystems harbouring
this biodiversity. Increased human population in 7. Helichrysum cutchicum (C.B. CI.) Rolla Rao
the last few decades demanding development in et Deshpande (ASTERACEAE)
various spheres has resulted directly or indirectly Status - rare; Range - Kutch and North Coast
in sudden and often far-reaching disturbances in of Saurashtra.
the natural ecosystem.
8. Indigofera coerulea Roxb. var. monosperma
The published record shows about 53 species of (Sant.) Sant. (FABACEAE)
plants which are rare and are restricted to certain Status - rare; Distribution - Kutch,
localities only. Majority of these plants belong to Bhadreshwar, Saurashtra, Rajasthan (Pali),
the arid regions of Kachchh. In the enumeration 53 endemic.
species of Angiosperms are listed, according to
the informations available from various sources. 9. Tephrosia jamnagarensis Sant.
For each taxa, the maximum known range of (FABACEAE)
distribution is given, followed by notes, if any. Status - rare; Distribution - Gujarat
(Jamnagar, Bhat-bunt, Broach, Udhna),
SOURCE: RED DATA BOOK endemic.
(NAYAR AND SHASTRY, 1988)
1. Ammannia desertorum Blatt. & Hallb. RAO, K.S.S. 1981.

(LYTHRACEAE)
Status - rare; Distribution - Gujarat 1. Anticharis senegalensis (Walp.) Bhandari
(Jamnagar), Rajasthan (Jodhpur, Devikot), (SCROPHULARIACEAE)
Pakistan (Sind). Range - Anjar; Status - rare.
2. Anogeissus sericea var. nummuaria King ex 2. Astragalus prolixus Sieb. (FABACEAE)

Duthie (COMBRETACEAE) Range- Mundra, Bhadreshwar, Broach ;
Status - rare; Distribution- Gujarat Status - rare.
(Ahmedabad), Rajasthan (Ajmer, Jodhpur,
Pali, Udaipur), endemic to North Western 3. Bouchea marrubifolia Schauer
India. (VERBENACEAE)
Range- Anjar; Status- rare
3. Campylanthus ramosissimus Wt.
(SCROPHULARIACEAE) 4. Cassia holosericea Fresen
Status - rare; Distribution - Gujarat (Kutch, (CAESALPINIACEAE)
Chadua, Rakhal in Bhuj), Pakistan (Sind). Range - Anjar, North Gujarat; Status -
threatened in the area due to ploughing of
34
waste land. suberosum (Clarke) Bhandari

(BORAGINACEAE)
5. Cassia senna Linn. (CAESALPINIACEAE) Disrtibution - So far observed only at
Range - Anjar, Adipur and Gandhidham; Mandvi. In India the plant is confined to
Status - threatened in the area due to North-West Rajasthan and Kutch; Status -
exploitation of the plant for medicinal rare.
purpose. 16. Hibiscus obtusifolius Garcke
(MALVACEAE)
6. Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari Range - Bhuj; Status - rare.
(BURSERACEAE)
Range- Bhuj; Status -rare, threatened in the 17. Hyphaene indica Beccari (FABACEAE)
area due to illegal exploitation of the plant Range - Two plants one at Mundra and
by pharmaceutical and perfume industries. Mandvi were noted; Status - the species is
endemic to western coast. The presence of
7. Convolvulus stocksii Boiss. this plant along the Kutch coast is probably
(CONVOLVULACEAE) a further extension of its range towards
Range - Bhuj; Status - rare and threatened north.
due to overgrazing of ceratain grasslands.
18. Indigofera argentea Burm. f. (FABACEAE)
8. Corbichonia decumbens (Forsk.) Exell Range - so far noted only in Mandvi; Status
(CHENOPODIACEAE) - the plant is confined to North-Western
Range - Anjar, Bhuj; Status - rare Kutch.
9. Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. 19. Indigofera coerulea Roxb. var. monosperma

(CYPERACEAE) Sant. (FABACEAE)
Range - Mandvi; Status - rare. Range - Bhadreshwar;
Status - rare and endemic to Saurashtra and
10. Dignathia hirtella Stapf (CYPERACEAE) Kutch
Range - Kandla; Status - rare, in India the
plant is located in North Western Rajasthan 20. Ipomoea kotschyana Hochst. ex Choisey
and Kutch. (CONVOLVULACEAE)
Range - All over South Eastern Kutch;
11. Dipcadi erythraeum Webb. & Berth. Status - though the plant is common in the
(LILIACEAE) area; so far it has not been reported from
Range - Bhuj; tatus - rare, collected once in any locality outside this range.
1978, restricted to North Western Rajasthan
and Kutch. 21. Launaea resedifolia (Linn.) Druce
(ASTERACEAE)
12. Ephedra foliata Boiss. & Kotschy ex Boiss. Range - Mandvi; Status - rare.
(GNETACEAE)
Range - Bharapur; Status - rare. 22. Limonium stocksii (Boiss.) O. Ktze.
((RUTACEAE)
13. Halopyrum mucronatum (Linn.) Stapf Range - Bhadreshwar; Status - rare.
(CHENOPODIACEAE)
Range - so far observed only at Mandvi; 23. Micrococca mercurialis (Linn.)
Status - rare. Benth.(EUPHORBIACEAE)
Range- Anjar; Status - rare.
14. Haloxylon recurvum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss
(CHENOPODIACEAE) 24. Monsonia senegalensis Guill. Perr.
Range - Bhuj; Status - rare. (GERANIACEAE)
Range - Bhuj; Status - rare.
15. Heliotropium bacciferum Forsk. var.
35
25. Pavonia arabica Steud. (MALVACEAE) 37. Tecomella undulata (Sw.) Seem.
Range - Bhuj; Status - rare. (BIGNONIACEAE)
Range - Chaduvaand Kirgaria Hillocks, Bhuj
26. Pavonia ceratocarpa Mast. (MALVACEAE) and Anjar; Status - rare, solitary tree was
Range- Bhuj; Status - rare. observed at Anjar.
27. Polycarpaea spicata Wt. & Arn.

(CARYOPHYLLACEAE) BHATT, J.B. 1993.
Range - Bhuj; Status - rare, short-lived
ephimeral 1. Capparis cartilaginea (CAPPARACEAE)
Range: Nalia, Narayan Sarovar; Status - rare.
28. Premna resinosa Schau (VERBENACEAE)
Range - Bharapur and Bhuj;Status - in 2. Fagonia indica Burm.f.
India the plant is restricted to Kutch district (ZYGOPHYLLACEAE)
only. Range - Western Kachchh; Status - rare.
29. Psoralea plicata Del. (ACANTHACEAE) 3. Sedera latifolia Hocht. ex Steud.

Range - Bhuj and Bhadreshwar; Status - (CONVOLVULACEAE)
rare. Range - Western Kachchh.
30. Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt 4. Solanum albicaule Kotschy ex Dunal

(ASCLEPIADAECEAE) (SOLANACEAE)
Range - Bhuj; Status - endangered, a solitary Range - Nakhtrana; Status - rare.
specimen was noticed in 1979.
5. Chascanum marrubifolium Fenzel ex Walp
31. Schweinfurthia papilionacea (Linn.) Merrill (VERBENACEAE)
(SCROPHULARIACEAE) Range - Nakhtrana; Status - rare.
Range - Anjar, Gandhigham, Kandla; Status
- abundant locally but rare in the area. In 6. Aeluropus lagopiodes (Linn.) Trin.
India the plant is confined to North-West (POACEAE)
Rajasthan and Kutch. Range - Jakhao, Naryan Sarovar;
Status - rare.
32. Schweinfurthia pterosperma A. Braun
(SCROPHULARIACEAE) 7. Urochondra setulosa (Trin.) Hubb.
Range - Bhuj and along Gandhidham - (POACEAE)
Kandla railway line; Status - rare, the plant Range - Jakhao, Narayan Sarovar;
is so far reported only from Kutch. Status - rare.
33. Senra incana Cav. (MALVACEAE) These rare plants represent a small but important
Range - Bhuj and Chaduva Hillocks; Status part of the flora. They are very susceptible to the
- rare. effects of environmental damage, because they
occur in small population or at scattered localities
34. Solanum incanum Linn. (SOLANACEAE) and are often confined to unique and localized
Range - Bhuj; Status - rare. habitats. Comparison of the vegetation and floristic
account of Thakar (1926) with latest available
35. Sporobolus virginicus (Linn.) Kunth literature (Rao, 1981; Nayar and Shastry, 1988; Bhatt,
(POACEAE) 1993) clearly points to the process of deterioration
Range - Madvi; Status - rare. that has set in due to various biotic influences.
Further changes in the physical conditions are
36. Sterculia urena Roxb. (STERCULIACEAE) envisaged in the light of extension of irrigational
Range - Chaduva and Kirgaria Hilllocks; facilities to be provided under the Narmada Canal
Status - threatened. Project. It is, highly necessary to make an inventory
36
of rare, threatened and endangered plant species should be supplemented with the conservation of
and to initiate measures to conserve the specific cultural diversity as it is the essence of knowledge
habitats. on sustainable use of biological resources. The
knowledge now available with the ethnic groups is
Singh (1994) reported nine coastal plant species the result of their close association with the nature
from Marine National Park, Jamnagar that need over the ages, passed down through generations.
immediate conservation strategies: The reason that the knowledge has been conserved
by them is largely due to their realization that the
Species Status edible, medicinal and crop plants are vital life
sustaining sources. This knowledge of tribal people
1. Aegiceras corniculata Threatened can open new doors to find alternate food and drug
(L.) Blanco resource (Annual Report-MSSRF, 1995).
2. Bruguiera gymnorhiza Vulnerable The State of Gujarat is inhabited by more than 41

(L.) Lam. million people of different ethnic origins, belonging
3. Borassus flabellifer L. Endangered to different social communities and following
different religious beliefs. The forest area all along
4. Ceriops tagal (Pers.) Roxb. Vulnerable the eastern boundary of the State is predominantly
inhabited by tribal population, spread over 8
5. Commiphora wightii Rare and districts viz., Dangs, Valsad, Surat, Bharuch,
(Arn.) Bhandari threatened Vadodara, Panchmahals, Sabarkantha and
Banaskantha (Table - 8). According to the 1991
6. Phoenix sylvestris Threatened population census, their population is 61,61,775
(L.) Roxb. which accounts for 14.92 per cent of the total
population of the State compared with 8.01 per cent
7. Rhizophora mucronata Vulnerable tribal population of the country. These forest
Lam. inhabitors are to a large extent, cut off from the
civilized urban societies mainly due to lack of proper
8. Sonneratia apetala Vulnerable communication systems. Tied down to their
Buch.-Ham. ancestral and social traditions, living in a microcosm
of their own where they are governed by thier own
9. Urochondra setulosus Rare and social laws, the tribals of Gujarat have yet to develop
(Trin.) Hubb. endangered an awareness of the fast-changing social and
economic conditions of life in the outer world.
ETHNOBOTANY OF GUJARAT STATE
Man's vital interest in plants primarily as a source

of food, shelter and clothing dates from the very
origin of human civilization. Plants play an
important role in any ecosystem and also contribute
to the welfare of the humankind by providing the
so-called 4 F's, i.e., food, fodder, fuel and fibre.
Importance of ethnobotany has been realized
chiefly in respect of the varied economic uses of
plants among the primitive human societies. It
brings to light many little?known or unknown uses
of plants, some of which have potential for
commercial exploitation. To have safety for the
sustenance of all life forms which are related each
other, it is imperative that biological diversity is
conserved. Conservation of biological diversity
37
TABLE - 8:
Tribal Communities and their Population in Gujarat State*
Sr.No. Name of Tribal Communities Population Percentage
1 Barda 757 0.02

2 Bavacha, Bamcha 3,714 0.08
3 Bharwad (in the nesses) 519 0.01
4 Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil 20,30,438 41.88
5 Charan (in the nesses) 1,426 0.03
6 Chaudhri 2,19,897 4.54
7 Chodhara 5,464 0.11
8 Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria, Valvi 1,85,091 3.82
9 Dhodia 4,49,130 9.26
10 Dubla, Talavia, Halpati 4,69,855 9.69
11 Gamit, Gamata, Gavit, Mavchi, Padvi 2,50,837 5.17
12 Gond, Rajgond 1,056 0.02
13 Kathodi, Katkari 2,546 0.05
14 Kokna, Kokni, Kukna 2,03,511 4.20
15 Koli 47,876 0.99
16 Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolgha, Kolcha 62,232 1.28
17 Kunbi 35,214 0.73
18 Naikda, Nayaka 2,80,230 5.78
19 Padhar 10,587 0.22
20 Paradhi, Advichincher 814 0.02
21 Paradhi (Kachchh District) 4,416 0.09
22 Patelia 70,230 1.45
23 Pomla 793 0.02
24 Rabari (in the nesses) 5,047 0.10
25 Rathawa 3,08,640 6.37
26 Siddi 5,429 0.11
27 Vaghri 7,806 0.16
28 Varli 1,52,883 3.15
29 Vitolia Kotwalia, Barodia 17,759 0.37
30 Others 14,389 0.30
Total 48,48,586 100.00
* As per 1981 census

Source: Tribal Sub Plan, Annual Development Programme, Govt. of Gujarat, 1994.
38
Previous studies: Though ethnobotanical studies medicines among the tribals. Due to the constant
in Gujarat were initiated about 27 years ago (Bedi, companionship with forest environs tribals have
1968), very few botanists have been attracted acquired good knowledge about the utility of
towards this discipline (Gopal, 1983; Reddy, 1987; plants. Their valued treasures of information, if
Umadevi, 1988; Joshi, 1994). Gujarat Pustakalaya subjected to scientific scrutiny would benefit the
Sahayak Sahakari Mandal Ltd. has also published humankind in many ways.
few books on ethnobiology especially to popularize
the traditional and indigenous knowledge. Analysis List of medicinal plants of Gujarat and their
of the data of various workers has led to the distribution is given separately (Appendix - 10).
documentation of several plants used by tribals for The area of distribution is classified according to
meeting their multifarious requirements. While few the biogeographical zones to identify the
examples are given in the text, many more plants biodiversity-rich regions. There are about 353 plants
still remain to be identified. The utility of plants is recorded from zone 3A, 540 from zone 4B, and 488
grouped mainly in two broad categories: plants from zone 5. While 271 species of plants
economical and medicinal. The usage for were identified from all zones 174 species were
economical purpose are mainly for fuel, fodder, fibre, mentioned as cultivated. The zone 5 includes areas
fruit, vegetable etc. 5A and 5B corresponding to the western ghat
mountains and malabar coast. Roughly the
About 750 species of medicinally important and geographical area of zone 3A (Kachchh and
450 species of economically important plants used Banskantha districts) has 58,355 sq. km., zone 4B
mostly by the tribals have been identified. (Saurashtra and North Gujarat excluding
Information on the plant species used as cereals Banskantha district and Central Gujarat up to river
and pseudocereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, Narmada) has 11,39,966 sq. km., and the zone 5
fodder, beverages, fibres, piscicides and pesticides (Bharuch, Surat, Valsad and Dangs) has about
etc. is given in appendix - 9 and graphically 23,703 sq. km . Among all the geographic zones
presented in figure 5. maximum number (540) of plants is recorded from
zone 4B, followed by from zone 5. However,
considering the area and number, species richness
PANEL - 3 is observed in zone 5. The zone 4B, largest among
FORESTS AND TRIBALS - THE HOBBESIAN the zones, has about 540 medicinal plants. Most of
TWINS' these species were recorded either from Saurashtra
region or from the forest regions of eastern districts.
Forests and tribals, like the Hobbesian twins coexist
and are inseparable. The dependence of tribals on In zone 3A (Kachchh) though the number of
forests is almost total. Forests have provided the medicinal plants are less, many of them are confined
tribals with home since time immemorial. They also to this geographical area only with restricted
provide shelter and housing material, food, edible distribution.
fruits, nuts, tubers, flowers, seeds, wild game, drugs,
spices, etc., for the tribals and forage for their
livestock. Even today for food the tribals are PLANTS IN ANCIENT LITERATURE
dependent to a great extent on shifting cultivation
and minor forest produce as land ownership is Ancient Indian literature repletes with references
marginal. The variety of trees and plants with of concern for healthy environment and
productive value for the tribals that have been conservation of natural resources, these elements
traditionally available in the forests may be too have been important part in Indian culture. Many
many to identify and list. Traditionally, the tribals Indian plants have been known in the country for
have depended on herbal medicines in times of about fifteen centuries and considerable number
illness. Today, inspite of a well advanced allopathic among them date back to 3,000 years B.C. It is
health care system in the country the tribals still possible, if not certain, that their antiquity of some
have recourse almost exclusively to plant and animal of them may have to be pushed back even further.
products since the hospital system is inaccessible The antiquity of agricultural plants and also of the
to the rural poor. Vegetation forms a vital part of many kinds of trees, shrubs and other flora that are
39
met with at the present time, would be of great

interest to science. Accordingly, we made it a point 7. Saraca indica auct. non L. (Saraca asoca
as far as possible to make a note of any mention of Roxb.) de Willde - Bears a profusion of red
any of them in our ancient works, as these ancient flowers, spread with all glory. Found in
texts indicate how long they have been known in Panchvati, in Agasthya's hermitage, as also
this country or the extent of their antiquity. Many in Lanka. One of the trees questioned by
of the plants now common in Gujarat have had a Rama about Sita's disappearance
mention in ancient works like Vedic Samhitas and (Ramayana). The tree became famous, as
Upanishads, the Ramayana, Mahabharatha, forming the grove under which Sita was
Kalidasa's works, the Arthasastra, Brahat Samhita, confined by Ravana in Lanka (Ramayana).
Charaka Samhita, Buddhistic Jatakas etc. Whie Found in Dwaita Vana forest and around
only the names of few common plants have been Indraprastha (Mahabharatha). Referred to
listed, names of many more crops of the present by Kalidasa, as the tree which bursts into
day find a mention in the Vedic Samhitas and Sir flower when struck by the foot of a lady
John Marshall's Mohenjadaro and the Indus wearing jingling anklet.
Civilization.
8. Ficus religiosa L. - The Pipal tree is among
1. Spondias mangifera Willd. - The Indian hog- the oldest flora in India as the tree has been
plum. One of the trees in Gandamadana found pictured in the seals found in the ruins
forest (Mahabharatha). One of the trees of Mohenjadaro. The wood was used as the
indicating the presence of underground lower block of Arani or the apparatus for
water (Brihat Samhita). making fire by friction, in Vedic times.
9. Mimusops elengi L. - A flowering tree
2. Alangium lamarckii Thw. - One of the trees growing in the Gandamadana forest; also
indicating the presence of underground among the trees planted around
water (Brihat Samhita). Included among the Indraprastha (Mahabharatha). Referred to
trees planted around Indraprastha by Kalidasa. The fibre from this tree is used
(Mahabharatha). Also in Charaka Samhita. in making garments (Arthasastra). One of
the trees fit for worship and to be planted
3. Achyranthes aspera L. - The Atarva Veda near houses (Brihat Samhita).
mentions this plant as being specific against
hunger, thirst and loss of vigour. 10. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. - One of the plants
furnishing rope-making material
4. Acacia leucocephala (Roxb.) Willd. - One of (Arthasastra).
the trees listed as giving strong timber
(Arthasastra). 11. Bambusa spp. - Included among the trees in
Chitrakuta hill, in Panchvati and elsewhere.
5. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) W. & A. - Included Rama's cottage in Panchvati had its roof
among the trees in Panchvati, which Sita made of bamboo poles and rafters
loved to touch and feel the smoothness of (Ramayana). In the Arthasastra, the bamboo
the bark, almost like ivory. It is also one of is referred to among forest timber and eght
the trees that Rama questions about her different varieties are specified.
disapperance (Ramayana). One of the trees
growing in the Dwaita Vana forest 12. Ixora coccinea L. - A beautiful flowering
(Mahabharatha). Also mentioned by shrub, with flowers likely to be mistaken for
Kalidasa. Asoka, is referred to by Kalidasa.
6. Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. - One of the 13. Ficus benghalensis L. - Finds mention in the
plants referred in the Atharva Veda. To be Atharva Veda._ One of the most long-lived
found in the Dwaita Vana forest trees, the akshaya vata (or eternal banyan),
(Mahabharatha). This is listed among fibre in Prayag and Gaya, under which shradhas
plants in Arthasatra are to be performed. Rama performed the
40
shrada of King Dasaratha under this tree in underground water (Brihat Samhita).
Prayag. This is also the tree under which in
Gaya the Buddha obtained enlightenment. 24. Abrus precatorius L. - The rounded shiny
seeds of this plant are referred to as being
14. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. - Is among the used as a unit weight just as at present,
trees growing in Chitrakuta hill, in especially for weighing gold and precious
Agasthya's hermitage and in Panchvati gems. The average weight of a seed unit
(Ramayana). Found among the trees in equal to 1 and 5/16 ( one and five-sixteenths)
Dwaita Vana and in Gandamadana forest grains troy weight (Arthasastra).
(Mahabharatha).
25. Psidium guajava L. In Chara Samhita. It is
15. Ricinus communis L. - Finds mention in believed that the 'Guava' was introduced
Atharva Veda and also in Charaka Samhita. only in the 15th century A.D. by the
Portuguese from Brazil. Charaka's list shows,
16. Bombax malabaricum DC. One of the trees however, that it has existed in India through
planted for indicating the boundaries of many centuries before.
villages and other tracts (Arthasastra).
26. Lawsonia alba Lam. - Mentioned in Charaka
17. Saccharum spontaeneum L. - The sacred Samhita.
grass, mentioned along with several other
grasses, said to harbour snakes (Rig Veda). 27. Bassia latifolia Roxb. - One of the trees in
Knotted at the tip and laid with knot pointing Chitrakuta hill (Ramayana) and in Dwaita
east, it is used for sitting on, as a sacred and Vana (Mahabharatha). Mentioned in the
purificatory seat, at all rituals. It is used as a Buddhistic Jatakas, and in Kalidasa.
charm to appease anger (Atharva Veda).
Clothes as well as mats to sleep on were 28. Terminalia catappa L.- The country almond.
made out of the blades of the leaves The lofty tree under which Rama with Sita
(Mahabharatha). and Lakshmana spent the first night of their
exile, after leaving Ayodhya (Ramayana).
18. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. - Included Included among the trees in Dwaita Vana
among the trees growing in Panchvati and Gandamadana forest (Mahabharatha).
(Ramayana).
29. Andropogon sorghum Brot. Pictured
19. Phoenix dactylifera L. - Figures in the pottery conventionally on Mohenjadaro pottery and
paintings of Mohenjadaro. is evidentally a very ancient grain.
20. Echites antidysenterica Heyne ex Roth - 30. Artocarpus integrifolia auct. non L.f. ( A.
Among the trees in Chitrakuta hill. heterophyllus Lam.). - Numerous references
in the Ramayana, being among the trees in
21. Ficus spp. ( Fig) - Rama uses the milky juice, Chitrakuta hill, in the wonder grove or park
for gluing his hair together to form a crown raised by sage Bharadwaja to entertain
of matted locks, jata (Ramayana). Many Bharata and his army, around Agasthya's
species find mention in Vedas, Ramayana hermitage, in Panchvati.
and Mahabharata, being thus among the
oldest kinds trees in India. 31. Eugenia jambolina Lam. - A common tree
evidently from ancient times, itself is
22. Sesamum indicum L. This is probably the 'Jambudvipa', the island of 'jambu' trees. It
oldest among the oil-seeds of the country. abounded in Chitrakuta hill, in the
It finds mention in Vedas. Dandakaranya generally, and in Panchvati.
Also mentioned in Mahabharatha. Buddhist
23. Tribulus terrestris L. One of the creeping or story centering around this fruit, referred in
trailing plants indicating the presence of Manimekalai. The fruits are made use of in
41
the preparation of astringents (Arthasastra). of sandal wood, as possessing the perfume

of lotus. Frequently referred to especially
32. Jasminum spp. - References are numerous as a simile to denote beauty, fragrance,
in the works studied especially in Kalidasa coolness etc. Mentioned in Mahabharatha.
in his Ritusamhara.
42. Nelumbium spp. - Known also by the name
33. Zizyphus jujuba Lam. - A tree surmised to Pankaja and Kamala. In Gandamadana forest
be 'jijube', or 'jandi', is pictured on two of the (Mahabharatha) and listed by Kalidasa. In
Mohenjadaro seals. A specially praised fruit addition is the golden or divine lotus, to be
tree, mentioned as growing in Dwaita Vana found near the source of the Ganga and in
and in Gandamadana forest; a large honey quest of which Bhima walks up the
sweet variety free from the attacks of the Himalayan forests and mountain slopes
fruit-fly pest, near the source of Ganga, is (Mahabharatha).
specially mentioned (Mahabharatha).
43. Mangifera indica L. - In the Brihadaranyaka
34. Cardiospermum halicababum L. - One of the Upanishad occurs the passage: 'just as a
trees indicating the presence of ripe mango parts company with the stalk and
underground water (Brihat Samhita). drops down, even so the Purusa leaves the
body when the latter dies'. Mango groves
35. Nerium odorum Sol. - Among the flowering abounded in Kosala. Found among the trees
plants mentioned in the Mahabharatha, as in Chitrakuta hill, in Bharadwaja's wonder
being one of the kinds planted around park and in Panchvati. Also mentioned in
Indraprastha. Mahabharatha and by Kalidasa.
36. Gmeilna arborea Roxb. - Under the name 44. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. - In Vedic
Katuphala is used in a mixture which when times the seeds are said to have been used
administered through the nose cures as dice. Included among the trees in
headache and other diseases of the head Bharadwaja's park (Ramayana), also among
(Arthasastra). the trees in Dwaita Vana (Mahabharatha).
The tree under which King Rituparna and
37. Murraya koenigii (L.) Spr. Mentioned in his charioteer cum cook (the one-time King
Charaka Samhita. Nala incognito) exchange secrets of their skill
in calculation and in horse-lore respectively
38. Butea frondosa Koen. ex Roxb. - One of the and where Sani frees Nala from his baneful
trees around which the wonderful creeper influence and grants him boons, the tree
arundathi climbs (Atharva Veda). Numerous getting an evil repute ever since
references in the Ramayana, the tree with (Nalopakyana, Mahabharatha).
"flowers on leafless sprays."
45. Melia azedarach L. - In the Ramayana King
39. Citrus medica L. - The Arthasastra mentions Dasaratha upraids Queen Kaikeyi, by
it as acid fruit. quoting the proverb the 'neem distilled will
yield no honey', referring to the character of
40. Cassia fistula L. - One of the beautiful her mother which was demoniacal
flowering trees in Janasthana, in Panchvati, (Ramayana).
around Pamba lake, a tree unfolding its
treasures of gold (Ramayana). 46. Borassus flabellifer L. - Frequently
mentioned in the Ramayana. Rama's cottage
41. Nelumbium speciosum Willd. - The Rig Veda in Chitrakuta hill was roofed over with palm
refers to it as a source of fibre, thus: 'She leaves. Also mentioned in the
descends the precipice, like a digger for the Mahabharatha.
lotus fibres'. The Arthasastra describes the
characteristic of one variety (out of many) 47. Nyctanthes arbortristis L. - Many references
42
in the Mahabharatha. One of the trees

planted around Indraprastha. Flourished
also in Gandamadana forest; among the
many flowering trees mentioned by Kalidasa.
48. Musa paradisiaca L. - As commonly grown

even in the days of the Ramayana and
Mahabharatha as at present. The havoc of
strong gales on these trees and their leaves
is a favourite simile of Valmiki for intense
mental anguish. Large specimens were met
with by Bhimasena in the Gandamadana
forest (Mahabharatha). Plantain bunches
were brought as presents to the king by the
hill people (Silappadikaram).
49. Santalum album L. - The most favourite

perfume from the earliest times. King Janaka
preserved the great bow of God Shiva in
sandal and aloe. Loads of sandal wood and
sandal oil are brought as tributes by the
Chola and Pandya Kings for Yudhishthira's
Rajasuya sacrifice. Also mentioned by
Kalidasa, and referred in Arthasastra and
Charaka Samhita.
50. Michelia champaca L. - References are

numerous both in the Ramayana and in the
Mahabharatha.
51. Tamarindus indica L. - Referred to in

Buddhistic Jataka stories. Also in Charaka
Samhita.
52. Tectona grandis L. - Is classed among the

trees yeilding good timber (Arthasastra).
Also referred in Manimekalai.
43
44
45
46
47
SUMMARY
This brief account of the Plant Kingdom of Gujarat

has hit only the high spots; much of importance
has, by necessity, been omitted, only divisions with
living representatives and for which informations
are available have been included. Angiosperms
literally blanket the land in all habitats, but other
plant groups prefer only certain types of
environment. If these short description fire one's
curiosity, it is hoped that one can seek additional
information from reading the list appended
(Appendices 2-10). Percentage-wise distribution
of different taxa in Gujarat is shown graphically
(Table - 9 and Figs. 6 and 7).
TABLE - 9:
Phytowealth of Gujarat
Taxon Number of species in India Number of species in Gujarat Percentage
Algae 2500 1933 77.320
Fungi 23,000 164 0.717
Bryophyta 2700 8 0.296
Pteridophyta 1022 16 1.565
Gymnosperms 64 1 1.562
Angiosperms 17,000 2198 12.923
Total 46,286 4320 9.331
48
FAUNA OF GUJARAT: STATE OF THE ART Phylum : Nemertina

Phylum : Aschelminthes
The fauna of Gujarat has a worldwide concern Phylum : Priapula
being the home of the Asiatic Lion and the Indian Phylum : Sipuncula
Wild Ass which are unique and confined to the Phylum : Mollusca
narrow forest patches in Gir and arid-zones of Phylum : Echiura
Kachchh respectively. Besides this, the State is also Phylum : Annelida
endowed with a rich avifauna. The fauna of Gujarat Phylum : Onychophora
was given attention and authentically recorded by Phylum : Arthropoda
the former rulers of the Princely States of Gujarat. Phylum : Phoronida
Though the ruling family of the State used several Phylum : Ectoprocta (Bryozoa)
forest areas for hunting, they have also paid
attention to guard these areas and its rich fauna. A The present status of knowledge available on each
good description on the wildlife of the area is also phylum has been dealt with as follows.
given in the old district gazettes. The vertebrate
fauna is well-studied in comparison to the
invertebrate fauna. Apart from some edible
molluscs, scleratine corals and sponges, nothing is PART - I:
known about many of the invertebrate phyla while PROTOZOANS AND NONCHORDATE
much of this available information have been ANIMALS
obtained from the work done during pre-
independence period.
PROTOZOANS
Presently, a checklist is prepared from the available
records on the fauna of Gujarat and is presented Protozoans constitute a major subkingdom of the
in appendices 11 to 25. The classification of the Kingdom Protista (previously placed under the
organisms is as given below. Kingdom Animalia as a subkingdom and Phylum).
This subkingdom comprises about 31250 known
acellular organisms grouped under seven phyla
KINGDOM PROTISTA (Among these Phyla Labrynthomorpha and
Ascetospora are known by a few species only) of
Subkingdom Protozoa which 2577 species are reported from India (ZSI,
(Animal-like Protists) 1991). According to ZSI report Gujarat is one of
the few states in India where little information exists
Phylum : Sarcomastigophora on protozoa. The only extensive study conducted
Phylum : Ciliophora in the state is that of Singh et al. (1952-1981) on soil
Phylum : Apicomplexa inhabiting amoeba. However, literature includes a
Phylum : Microspora study of Euglenoids (Phylum Sarcomastigophora)
Phylum : Myxozoa in Gujarat (Waghodekar, 1980). The author in his
Ph.D thesis describes 255 species and 88 varieties
belonging to 20 genera collected from 54 localities
KINGDOM ANIMALIA (Animals) of Gujarat. According to him 242 species and 82
varieties are reported for the first time from Gujarat
Subkingdom Parazoa while three species Notosolenus, Anisonema and
Entosiphon are new records from India. We feel
Phylum : Porifera that ZSI might have overlooked this study as their
list includes only 8 species reported from South
Subkingdom Metazoa India (Naidu, 1962) and 24 species from West Bengal
(Das et al., in press). Euglenoids and perhaps the
Phylum : Cnidaria amoeba are the protozoan groups studied
Phylum : Ctenophora systematically in Gujarat while the remaining phyla
Phylum : Platyhelminthes (Ciliophora, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Myxozoa)
49
are untouched.
In 1957 Gideon et al. recorded four genera of corals
Protozoans can serve as useful indicator organisms from Gulf of Kachchh. An elaborate description of
in assessing water purity or pollution; the presence the coral fauna of this region was presented more
of certain species being indicative of whether recently by Pillai and Patel (1988). They listed 37
oxidation or reduction of organic material is in species belonging to 24 genera. There are about
progress. Ciliates in particular have an important 199 species belonging to 71 genera of corals
role in sewage treatment, their grazing on bacteria hitherto reported from India.
being responsible for the production of a clear
effluent. The significance of protozoan diseases Other two classes of Cnidarians in Gujarat are less
in human health can be gauged from the fact that of studied. Our checklist includes only 17 species of
the six most important tropical diseases listed on hydrozoans and 4 species of scyphozoans
the World Health Organization as subjects of an collected from some sporadic reports. The total
intensive control programme, three - malaria, number of species in India belonging to these
trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis - are caused by classes is not available.
parasitic protozoans.
PANEL - 4
NONCHORDATE ANIMALS SIGNIFICANCE OF CORAL REFS
Corals are the most important benthic marine

PHYLUM PORIFERA (SPONGES) community in tropical waters and the chief agents
in building mighty reefs of different kinds. In
Sponges have an evolutionary history of about 570 Gujarat, coral reefs are found on the tiny islands in
million years. This phylum is represented in Indian Pirotan, Paga and Boria in Gulf of Kutch. Corals
seas by 203 genera and 486 species. Among these have great importance in interpretation of past
64 species are reported from Gujarat. Our environments and petroleum production from sea
knowledge on the calcareous and Hexactinellid erosion and shelter to many crustaceans,
sponges of the Indian waters is still confined to the ornamental reef fishes and molluses. However,
classical monographs appeared in the pre- indiscriminative use of our reefs for industrial
independence period. According to the Zoological pruposes coupled with natural interference have
Survey of India (1991) the fauna of West-coast caused great damage to reefs in this region. The
India is rather poorly worked out compared to that calcareous sand formed as a result of the bioerosion
of the East Coast. The major contributions dealing of the reefs also contains CaCO3 and was mined in
with the fauna of the Gulf of Kachchh are those of Gulf of Kutch. Corals are also used as building
Dendy (1915,1916) on calcarea and non-calcarea blocks in several parts of the world including India
respectively collected by Mr. James Hornell at and are still a source of lime. Pillai (1971) has
Okhamandal in Kathiawar in 1905-1906. The estimated that in India, as much as 250 cubic meters
knowledge on freshwater sponges in Gujarat is of reef material are removed per day for use in
confined to a partial survey carried out by ZSI production of cement, lime, calcium carbonate, and
(Soota et al., 1983) in which five species were other products.
reported.
The coral fauna from Bathnian-Oxfordian strata of
Kachchh, Western India, originally described by
PHYLUM CNIDARIA (COELENTERATES) Gregory (1990) was recently revised by Pandey
and Fursich (1993). They have described 52 taxa of
The taxonomy of the Phylum Cnidaria is poorly corals with the distribution of various taxa within
known in India because of lack of expertise the Kachchh basin.
available for the identification of soft corals and
the related groups. Some zoantharians and Coral reefs have the most varied and abundant
alcyonarians of Gulf of Kachchh were studied by collection of animal life of any natural habitat.
James Hornell in 1906. Indiscriminative use of coral reefs in Gulf of
50
Kachchh is to be stopped immediately. It is an polar, temperate and tropical seas. They have also
ecosystem that needs immediate attention for been collected from the floor of ocean at great
preservation and conservation of its resources. depths. The sipunculan fauna of the Indian Ocean
is fairly rich, represented by about 104 species of
the total 202 of which 38 species are reported from
PHYLUM CTENOPHORA (COMBJELLIES) the Indian Coast. There are 15 species reported
from Northwestern Coast (Gujarat and Maharastra).
The Ctenophora is a small phylum comprising only The sipunculan studies in Gujarat are being carried
about 100 species, of which 10 species are reported out by Zoological Survey of India.
from India. Though combjellies are found in the
rocky shores of Kathiawar (George, 1955) no
records are available on the systematics of this PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
phylum in Gujarat.
Molluscs constitute the second largest phylum
comprising about 80,000 species. About 5,000
PHYLUMPLATYHELMINTHES species have been reported from India of which
(FLATWORMS) about 350 species occur in Gujarat coast. James
Hornell has mentioned various aspects of shell
Platyhelminthes constitute one of the major phyla fishes of Gujarat as early as 1909 in his paper Marine
comprising about 17500 known species of which Zoology of Okhamandal. Moses (1927, 1940, 1947,
1622 species have been recorded from India. It is 1948) dealt with the fishery of Placuna and
quite unfortunate that no attempt has been made in Cephalopods of Gulf of Kachchh. Molluscs of
Gujarat to study the taxonomy of this phylum. Pirotan and Gulf of Kachchh were studied by
According to a report from the Marine National Gideon et al. in 1957. Menon et al. in 1961 have
Park, Jamnagar (1991) the Planaria sp. found in the reported 72 species of gastropods beonging to 51
Gulf of Kachchh can be categorized as vulnerable. genera and 35 families from the Gulf of Kachchh.
Kundu (1965) made a survey of pelecypods in
different localities of Pirotan island as well as Port
PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES Okha, Belarpur Bay, Hanuman Dandi and Veravel.
He reported 91 species of pelecypods, belonging
The Phylum Aschelminthes contains several to 27 families. The Opisthobranch fauna of Gulf of
miscellaneous groups of animals belong to six Kachchh was studied by Narayan (1968, 1981, 1974)
classes. At first sight, these six classes appear to be and Burn (1970). The composition of amphineura
unrelated, and many scientists prefer to regard them and Gastropoda of Saurastra coast was studied by
as separate phyla. They are mostly free living Sarvaiya (1977, a,b,c). An exhaustive list of marine
bottom dwellers in marine and freshwater edible molluscs of the Saurastra coast was also
environments and in the soil; many nematodes are presented by Sarvaiya (1983) on the basis of survey
parasitic on plants and animals. conducted from 1975 to 1976 along the Saurastra
Coast. In contrast to marine molluscs little
Records indicate that only rotifers have been information is available on the freshwater molluscs
systematically studied in Gujarat. Wulfert (1966) in Gujarat apart from a few common species
examined collections, from Ajwa river and Nimeta reported by M. S. University team from the
Water works, Baroda and dealt with 87 species Narmada Valley region.
including 9 new taxa and one new combination.
Apart from the nematodes worms infecting bats in The information available is mainly confined to the
Gujarat (studied by ZSI) no studies have been edible marine molluscs as it is one of the important
carried on other nematodes or helminths in Gujarat. fisheries in Gujarat especially in the Gulf of Kachchh
and areas nearby. The commercially important
PHYLUM SIPUNCULA varieties of molluscs include Sacred Chank,
(PEA-NUT WORMS) Cowries, Pearl Oyster, Window Pane Oysters, Squid
and Cuttle?fish. Molluscan shells have been used
Sipuncula are common inhabitants of shores of to be an important raw material for various
51
commercially useful products. Gujarat Fisheries PHYLUM ECHIURA (SPOON-WORMS)

Aquatic Sciences Research Institute (G.F.A.S.R.I),
Okha Port prepares some dried products such as Echiura are unsegmented, coelomate and soft-
squid rings and dried mantle from Loligo sp. for the bodied marine invertebrates. This small phylum
benefit of fishermen, cooperatives and processors. constitutes 127 species in 32 genera. Of these 33
Other products useful for cottage and small scale species under 9 genera are reported from the
industries such as lime, cement, washing soda etc., Indian coast. Gideon et al. (1956) and Jose (1964)
are also successfully prepared by G.F.A.S.R.I. Tooth made some contribution on echiuran taxonomy of
powder from edible Oyster shells has been Gulf of Kachchh. Datta Gupta et al. (1962, 1966)
perfected at Rander (Surat) laboratory of this studied taxonomy, ecology and zoogeograpahy
institute. The laboratory is on the way to standardise of some bonellids of Gujarat. Eleven species of
dental cream and talcum powder. Bonnelids that have been reported from Pirotan
island in Gulf of Kachchh are included in the
Molluscs are also used for the preparation of checklist.
jewellery and beautiful interior decoration items
as well as toys and curios. Some molluscs are used
as medicine since long. Flesh of some species of PHYLUM ANNELIDA (ANNELIDS)
univalves as Lambis is said to have narcotic effect.
Chank powder and Cowrie powder prepared in Annelids constitute one of the largest phyla of about
specific ways are used in some skin ailments, eye 12620 known species of which 1093 species have
diseases, asthma, rickets, cough and cold etc. The been reported from India. Annelids fall into three
ark shell meat is often used as medicine in cases of major classes, Oligochaetes (earthworms)
pregnancy; `surma' an ayurvedic medicine used Hirudinea (leeches) and Polychaeta (Polychaete
for some eye treatments is prepared from the pearl worms). Among these only polychaetes are
of window oyster. Cuttle bone powder is mixed taxonomically dealt with in Gujarat. The reports
with oil is used for some ear troubles in coastal from ZSI (Soota et al ., 1981; Rao et al., 1981) indicate
areas. Local inhabitants of Okhamandal and the collection of 65 species of polychaetes from
surrounding areas consider dry chank flesh to be Gujarat Coast.
very useful in certain ailments.
About 585 species of oligochaetes and 59 species
Thus molluscs of Gulf of Kachchh and the Gujarat of hirudinea are reported from India. Little is known
coastline could form an important source of food, about these classes in Gujarat. The need of
raw material for village industries, indigenous sytematic studies of these two classes is obvious.
medicine etc. However, over-exploitation of
molluscs in these areas may cause depletion of
stocks and wiping out of natural resources PHYLUM ONYCHOPHORA
especially particular type of shelled molluscan
species. Considering these aspects, a survey was Though this phylum comprises about 100 known
carried out by Saraviya et al. in 1975 and 1976 in species only one species (Typholperipatus
different coastal belts of Gujarat. It was primarily williamsoni) was reported from India. This
found that Maroli area of Bulsar district, Sikka endangered species was recorded from the
coastline in Jamnagar district and Jakhan Coastline foothills of Himalaya.
in Kachchh district present favourable condition
for development and cottage/home industries and
village industries, manufacturing shell grit, tooth PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
powder, chalk sticks, dental cream, talcum powder
etc. According to Sarvaiya (1983) what is needed is INSECTS
long range multidimensional programme including
survey, research, development and transfer of Insects form the largest class of Phylum arthropoda.
technology. More than 5,000 species are reported from India.
However, no systematic studies on insects have
been carried out in Gujarat barring few sporadic
works on certain families and crop pests. Studies
52
on some Neuroptera of Gujarat were conducted belonging to 4 genera of 4 families were reported
by Ghosh in 1983. Vazirani (1973, 1977) reported by the study.
27 species of water beetles (Dysticidae) from
Gujarat. About 250 species of insects belonging
several orders were reported by Radhakrishnan MITES
et al.(1995) from the Narmada valley in Gujarat
region during the faunal survey conducted during The significance of mites is in their manifold
the years 1990-1992. Some species of butterflies economic importance in agriculture, poultry,
were reported by Wildlife study group (Chavan, medical and veterinary sciences as well as public
1992) from the Shoolpaneshwar wildlife sanctuary. wealth. Many of them are serious pests of
Fauna of arthropod pests infesting various crops agriculture, horticulture and commercial crops,
of Saurastra was reported by College of causing severe economic loss of several cores of
Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, rupees in India. About 1500 species of mites are
Junagadh (1995). Their list includes 198 species of reported from India.
insect pests. Some Odonata species in Gujarat were
studied by Prasad and Thakur in 1984. Our checklist An intensive survey for plant mites in Gujarat was
contains 511 species of insects, which we hope carried out by Gujarat Agricultural University
includes more than 95% of the total species mainly through an ICAR project based at Navsari.
reported from Gujarat. The record of specimens collected from
agricultural crops, fruit trees, vegetable crops,
Insect studies in Gujarat are scanty in comparison ornamental plants, weeds etc., revealed the
to other Indian States. Even Zoological Survey has occurrence of 38 species of phytophagous mites
not yet initiated any comprehensive attempt to study under seven families. Other parasitic and free living
the fauna of Gujarat. The studies conducted by mites are yet to be studied in Gujarat.
M.S. University team in Shoolpaneshwar sanctuary
suggest that many more species can be reported
from the forest areas of Gujarat if thorough study TICKS
is carried out in these regions. Most of the forest
areas in Gujarat are unexplored. Ticks live as ectoparasites on vertebrates. They
transmit a number of diseases of man and domestic
animals. They cause paralysis and anemia and serve
SCORPIONS as reservoirs and vectors of many infective viruses,
bacteria and protozoan parasites.
More than 100 species of scorpions have been
reported from India. ZSI has carried out scorpion Hoogstraal at the Medical Zoology Department,
collections from most of the Indian states, but not U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Cairo, Egypt
from Gujarat. Our checklist contains only 3 species and his coworkers studied the Indian ticks mostly
which were identified from the Narmada valley in of the genus Haemaphysalis collected by the
the Gujarat region by M.S. University team. National Institute of Virology, Pune. They have
described several species of Ixodid ticks from
Gujarat. Seven species of ticks infesting livestock
PSEUDOSCORPIONS of Gujarat, studied by Jhala (1971) are included in
the checklist.
These `false scorpions' resemble scorpions in the
general form of their pedipalps and body, except
that the hind part of the abdomen is not narrow as SPIDERS
in the post-abdomen or metasoma of scorpions.
They have no caudal sting. Indian fauna of this Spider fauna of Gujarat was extensively studied by
group comprises more than 100 species distributed Patel (1971). He reported 76 species belonging 50
under 47 genera and 13 families according to the genera and 20 families. Of these, nearly 15 species
report in 1980. In Gujarat, pseudoscorpions were were new to science and 5 species were recorded
studied by Kareemullah (1989). Eleven species for the first time from India. About 50 species of
spiders were collected from the Shoolpaneshwar
53
wildlife sanctuary during a short study conducted bacterial and anti-carcinogenic properties. Studies
by the M.S. University team (Radhakrishnan et al., also suggest that bryozoa are a potentially valuable,
1994) hitherto unexploited biological resource in
environmental impact studies, and some species
appear to be very useful indicators for metal
CLADOCERANS (WATERFLEAS) pollution, etc.
Cladocerans form an integral link in aquatic food- The studies on marine bryozoans in Gulf of
chain. They contribute significantly to biological Kachchh were conducted by James Hornell in
productivity and energy flow in the aquatic 1906. This report deals with 42 species, which is
ecosystem. Various species are regarded as included in the checklist. Freshwater bryozoans
valuable bio-indicators of the water quality and of the Narmada river system were studied by Rao
have been utilized as experimental models in in 1973.
ecological, ecophysiological and environmental
toxicological studies. Petkovski (1966) examined
the collections from Ajwa reservoir and Nimeta PHYLUM PHORONIDA
water works, Baroda City and documented 11
species of cladocerans including a description of Phoronids are exclusively marine slender worms
Indialona ganapti, a new species. There are about that inhabit leathery tubes, glued with particles of
14 species of cladocerans hitherto reported from foreign matter. These lophophorate animals are
Gujarat out of 109 species found in India. commonly associated together, their tubes being
twisted one another, but their bodies are separate.
The species Phoronis australis occupy the
EDIBLE CRUSTACEANS interstices of the cnidarian cerainthus and when
the host withdraws inside its tube, the phoronid is
Crustaceans such as prawns, crabs, shrimps and seen radiating in the expanded state from the
lobsters constitute one of the important components aperture. The Phoronida is a small phylum
of fisheries in Gujarat. Though no attempts have comprising about 11 species. Three species are
been made to study the taxonomy of this group of reported from India. One species Phoronis australis
arthropods in Gujarat, some sporadic reports are was reported by Nair and Shaw (1956) from the
available. Our checklist contains 32 species of Beyt Island of Okhamandal.
shrimps and prawns from the information collected
from various reports including the Marine Fisheries
Information Service. Apart from the common PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA
edible crab Charybdis cruciata there are 12 more
species of true crabs and 9 species of hermit crabs Brachiopods were abundant at the beginning of
reported from Gujarat. Our checklist contains 62 the Cambrian era, about 600,000,000 years ago. But
species of malacostracans. today only 300 species are still alive, distributed
sporadically around the world as last members of
the once widespread animal groups. These sessile
PHYLUM BRYOZOA slow moving shelled animals were classified as
molluscs until about a hundred years ago. A great
Bryozoans (Moss animals) are aquatic, sessile, deal more in known about brachiopod shells than
colonial, coelomate invertebrates. Though this about the animals that occupy them. Very little is
phylum comprises about 20,000 species, only 170 known about the brachipods in India; only three
are reported from India. species have been reported from Indian waters.
Awati and Kshirsagar (1953) recorded three
The greatest importance of Bryozoa in shallow varieties related to Lingula anatina from different
waters concerns their role in marine biofouling, a localities of West Coast, while Gideon et al. (1957)
problem of immense economic importance. In recent recorded the same species from Dwarka.
years, a number of bioactive compounds have been
isolated from bryozoa that possess anti-septic, anti-
54
PHYLUM CHAETOGNATHA (1969). The Zoological survey of India (1991)

records that there have been only partial or
This small phylum includes about 100 species of scattered reports on the echinoderm fauna of Gulf
which 30 are reported from India. They are of Kachchh. Though 765 species have been
popularly known as arrow worms or glass worms reported from India, only 15 species are known in
because of the torpedo-like shape and transparent Gujarat.
nature of the body. They form one of the major
constituents of the marine zooplankton and play a
prominent role in the food cycle. They could be PHYLUMHEMICHORDATA
used as indicators of watermasses and their
movements, because certain species are seen Hemichordate constitutes a small invertebrate
closely associated with particular type of watermass. phylum of 118 known species. Twelve species are
This association is useful in identifying a particular reported from India. These marine organisms
watermass in a region, where there are several occurring from tidal areas to great depths with few
bodies of water in which the salinity differences planktonic representatives. Pillay (1950)identified
are not well marked. It has been already some specimens of enterpnuest worms collected
established by Srinivasan (1976) along the west from the Okha coast. Nothing is known about the
coast of India. In 1979, Srinivasan also published a other two classes - Pterobranchia and
monograph on Chaetognatha incorporating the Planctosphaeroidea. According to ZSI (1991)
detailed descriptions of 22 species found in the dredging should be done beyond 100 m level all
Indian seas and the discussion on the possibility of over the Indian ocean and its island waters; and
using certain species as indicators of upwelling efforts should be made to look for hemichordates.
along the west coast of India. He has pointed out This group is not studied adequately from Indian
that the density of chaetognath population is very waters and there is an urgent need for taxonomic
high near the Kandla coast as in Mangalore and studies particularly on the families Protobalanidae,
Cochin coasts. Cephalodiscidae and Planctospaeridae.
PHYLUMECHINODERMATA PART II: CHORDATE ANIMALS (PHYLUM

CHORDATA)
The phylum includes some conspicuous
constituents of marine biota such as sea-lilies, The chordates are divided into three subphyla:
starfish, sea-urchins, sea-cucumbers etc., most of Urochordata and Cepahalochordata, which are
them are spectacular in form and colours. together grouped under Protochordata; and
Vertebrata.
The ripe gonads of sea urchins and processed body
wall of holothurians are considered as delicacies in
several parts of the world particularly in SE Asia. PROTOCHORDATES
Attempts are also on the way to explore the echinoid
resources of the Indian seas for a similar The Tunicates or Urochordata, include 2,000
exploitation. Sea urchin eggs are also very handy species, most of which possess all basic chordate
material in the fields of experimental embryology, characterisitics as larvae, but many of them lose
pollution control etc. They are being extensively the notochord and dorsal nerve cord during
used in the biomedical research for the extraction metamorphosis into adulthood. All tunicates are
of various compounds of pharmacological marine; some of them are colonial. Lal Mohan (1965)
importance. studied the swarming behaviour of salpas of Gujarat
coast. Apart from this single report no information
About a century back, Stolickzka (1873) studied is available on the protochordates in Gujarat. Of
the fossil echinoids of Gujarat coast. Gideon et al the 149 pelagic tunicates, 62 species are reported
(1957) mentioned some echinoderms from the Gulf from India. In contrast, sessile tunicates are less
of Kachchh with incomplete identity, while studied, only 40 species are recorded though about
holothurians were studied by Gopalakrishnan 2000 species are known. The subphylum
55
cephalochordates comprise about 30 species of fishes of the Gujarat sea coast was published in
marine protochordates usually known as technical bulletin of the CMFRI (1994). Studies on
amphioxus. Of the 24 known cephalochordates 14 freshwater fishes of Gujarat, especially in Narmada
species are reported from India. Though Gujarat river were initiated after the proposal to construct
state has the longest sea-coast, little information exist the Sardar Sarovar Dam. These impact assessment
on these two subphyla which include exclusively studies were carried out by M.S. University (1982,
marine invertebrates. 1992 and 1995) and CICFRI.
Sessile tunicates can be studied only by dredging Our checklist contains 351 species of fishes
over the ocean and its insular waters. Among sessile identified from Gujarat. Of this 240 species are
tunicates, families Polycitridae, Dideminidae, marine or estuarine and 111 are freshwater
Diazinidae, Cionidae, Corellidae, Octonimidae, species. Apart from the information on edible fishes
Sortillidae and Molgulidae are yet to be worked and the fish catch statistics, some data are available
out in India (ZSI, 1990). on the marine fishes along the coast of Okha,
published by the Marine National Park at Jamnagar
which includes several endangered and
VERTEBRATES threatened species of fishes (Singh, 1994). The list
of the endangered/threatened fishes are listed
PISCES (FISHES) separately. It is identified that Hippocampus kuda,
and Amphinion polymnous are endangered along
Gujarat with its longest sea coast of 1,663 kms has a the coast of Gulf of Kachchh.
diverse fish fauna which cater to the need of human
population along the western regions besides The ZSI has recently (1991) identified four species
gaining valuable foreign exchange through of freshwater fishes as endangered and 17 species
export. The inland water bodies are also a good as threatened. Among these threatened fishes,
source of edible freshwater fishes. The fish fauna Notopterus chitala, Tor khudrea, T. putitora, T.
not only add economic wealth to the State but many tor and Labeo kontius are found in freshwaters of
of the marine fishes also attract the nature lovers Gujarat. Desai (1992) listed 17 species of fishes
and scientists due to their peculiar mode of life. which are endangered in Narmada river. In
Unfortunately we pay more attention towards addition to this, a report of the CICFRI (undated)
means to increase the edible fish catch every year mentioned eight species of vulnerable fishes from
rather than a thoughtful utilization of marine fish Narmada river. Their report also comment that
resource. the information on the freshwater fishes are
inadequate to categorize them as endangered/
The taxonomy of the fish fauna of India has been threatened. However, based on the available data
described by Day (1878), Jordhan (1895), Axelord rehabilitation methodologies are suggested by them
and Schultz (1905), Jinghran (1975) and Whiteland in the report (Singh, undated) submitted to Narmada
and Talwar (1976). It is estimated that the fish fauna Control Authority. The Marine National Park
of India comprises 2546 species belonging to 969 authorities are also proposed a list of endangered/
genera and 254 families (ZSI, 1991). Some isolated threatened fishes of the Gulf of Kachchh and have
studies were carried out by few workers in post proposed action plans and management strategies
independence era in Gujarat. Ranade in 1952 (Singh, 1994).
published a checklist of freshwater fishes of Baroda
district. In 1973, Ramachandran published a list of Our present survey reveals that though several
marine and freshwater fishes of Gujarat. Later on studies have been carried out on marine fishes, a
identification and description of marine and systematic list describing the taxonomic status of
freshwater fishes have been carried out by the fishes is lacking. The available information are
Gujarat Fisheries Aquatic Science Research mainly in the form of checklists without proper
Institute. In 1979 Patel and Chhaya published a classification. Studies on marine and estuarine fish
field key to the identification of fishes in Gujarat. fauna with emphasis on the possible threatened
They have described 304 species of marine and species should be carried out and various factors
freshwater species. Recently, a list of marine edible causing their depletion need to be listed as a
56
separate programme. Little is known about the geographical ranges along with the impact of
freshwater fishes of Gujarat other than those in the environmental stresses. Gujarat is a highly
Narmada river. Therefore, taxonomic survey in industrialized State and also a region faced with
the rivers of Gujarat should be carried out. As heavy pollution, No serious attempt is made yet to
fishes are good bioindicators of pollution more monitor the chronic or acute effects of pollutants
studies should be directed in these lines. on ecosystems in areas near industrial belts and
rural regions. Such studies require extensive field
work including general analysis of status of wetlands
AMPHIBIANS in Gujarat. Studies on amphibians should include
monitoring of hatching and development of larvae
Very few reports are available on the amphibian in pesticide - and nutrient stressed watersheds,
fauna of Gujarat. Some earlier studies have inventorying and monitoring of amphibian
provided short accounts of the amphibian fauna of assemblages and geographical ranges.
Kachchh and Surat-Dangs (McCann, 1938; Soman,
1960; Daniel and Shull, 1963). A study carried out
by Zoological Survey of India (Sarkar, 1984) REPTILES
reported the presence of 9 species in Gujarat.
Further, six more species were reported from the The reptiles and amphibians of Kachchh were
state in addition to the above list (Naik, 1984, Naik studied by Stoliczka in 1872 and McCann in 1938.
and Patel, 1986; Naik and Vinod, 1992, Naik and In 1963 Daniel and Shull studied the reptiles and
Vinod, 1992; Naik et al., 1992). Recently, Naik and amphibians of Surat Dangs. Though Zoological
Vinod (1993) have reported the distribution of 15 Survey of India conducted taxonomical and
species of amphibians from the state. This report ecological studies on the reptiles in the State
however, does not include four species: (Sharma, 1982) only 15 species of reptiles were
Ichthyophis bombayensis and Ramanella montana reported in this study. Vyas (1993) studied the
(Daniel and Shull, 1963) Bufo viridis (Sarkar 1984) snakes of Gujarat. A checklist of snakes of Gujarat
and Rana leithii (Daniel and Sekar 1991). Including state by Vyas (1995) includes 45 species. Naik et al.
these four species, there are 19 species of (1993) have described 15 species of reptiles from
amphibians hitherto reported from Gujarat. Most the Narmada valley region in Gujarat. A rare
of the new species were reported from species of skink, Lygosoma lineata reported by
Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary which is part Naik and Vinod (1994) was a new record for Gujarat
of Rajpipla forest division, Bharuch district (Naik and second report from India. Several other works
and Vinod, 1992). The importance of preservation ( Acharya, 1949; Smith, 1953; Kapadia, 1951; Das,
of the biodiversity of amphibians in this area has 1994) have also been considered to prepare an
also been reported (Naik et al., 1995). update checklist of reptiles. Our checklist include
78 species of reptiles belonging 18 families.
The recorded amphibian species belong to five
families: One species from Icthyophidae, eight from The endangered species of reptiles reported from
Ranidae, one from Rhacophoridae, six from Gujarat include the Marsh Crocodile (Mugger),
Microhylidae, and three from Bufonidae. three species of marine turtles (Green Sea Turtle,
Olive Ridley Turtle and Leatherback Turtle),
PANEL - 5 monitor lizard and a snake, Python. Two species
THE DECLINING AMPHIBIAN POPULATION of freshwater turtles (Flap-shelled Turtle and Soft-
shelled Turtle) are in the vulnerable category.
Recently, there is a worldwide concern over the
amphibians and their decline. Amphibians the
excellent bioindicators of environmental health - AVES (BIRDS)
are declining all around the world but the reasons
remain unknown. Scientists admit the need of The avifauna of Gujarat is rich which attracted
systematic field studies. To deal with the declining several ornithologists and nature lovers. The
amphibian population in India, there is a need to wetlands and the mangrove rich sea coast of
study the ecology of species, taconomy and Saurashtra attract large number of migratory birds
from Europe and other Asian countries to these
57
areas. The birds of Gujarat have been documented area provides the habitat for 173 species of birds
well in several publications and popular articles belonging to 48 families (Desai et al., 1993). The
written by ornithologists as well as nature lovers. surveys revealed the presence of unique birds
In early century Jerdon (1862) published the book, like the Hodgson's Frogmouth and 19 species of
'Birds of India' in two volumes with descriptions raptors in this forest patch. Several isolated studies
on birds of India known to that period. Later on were also conducted by investigators on
Humes (1869), Humes and Oates (1889 & 1890) endangered and threatened species of birds and
published a book on Eggs, nesting and behaviour their habitat.
of birds of India. Following this Oates (1889 &
1890) published Birds Vol I & II in the series Fauna Our present checklist includes 453 species of birds
of India. Blanford added volumes III & IV to this belonging to 65 families sighted in Gujarat. Among
series in 1895 and 1898 respectively. Paulin in 1905 this 13 species of birds are included in the Red
published the book Birds of Cutch. Later on the Data Book of ZSI, of which eight species are
ornithological investigations in Gujarat were endangered. In addition to this, the Marine
carried out by Salim Ali (1954, 1956). His book on National Park authorities have also proposed a list
'The Birds of Gujarat' described 423 species of of endangered and vulnerable coastal birds of
birds. Simultaneously, Dharamkumarsingji (1956) Gujarat.
published an elagent account on "The Birds of
Saurashtra, India'. He has described 444 species As the bird fauna of Gujarat is fairly known, more
of birds seen in Saurashtra region. The marine attention should be paid to the causes of habitat
coastal birds of the Gulf of Kachchh have been degradation and conservation strategies. In
subsequently studied by Abudali (1962, 1963), Naik addition to this, studies in forest area and wetlands
and his students (1970-1991) and Himatsinhji (1960- should be directed to ecological interactions and
1970). The work of Naik extended to the breeding community structure of the bird population rather
biology, nesting and ecology of selected species than recording sightings of birds.
of coastal birds of Saurashtra and migratory birds
in Kachchh. Banergee (1990) studied the bird fauna
of Gir forest. Some of the wetlands (Lalpuri, Nyari MAMMALS
and Aji) and its birds were studied by Gopakumar
in 1985. Apart from this, periodical surveys were The Indian mammalian fauna comprises 8.79 per
conducted by several nature clubs of Gujarat. The cent of the total mammals of the world. There are
Forest Department of Gujarat is also active in bird 372 species of mammals in India of which Gujarat
census and educating people through its has 69 species (18.55%). In mammalian fauna, the
publications. The Information Department of big game mammals are well studied compared to
Gujarat has also published a book "Pankhi Jagat" any other group. Taxonomy and distribution of
in 1991 for educating the people on the diversity many mammals have also been documented. The
and uniqueness of birds in Gujarat. Raol Lalsing ecology and behaviour of some endangered
(1986, 1991) published a detailed account of the species such as Wild Ass and Asiatic Lion are also
birds found in Gujarat in his books under the nature well studied. Survey on Indian mammals began in
education series. eighteenth century. Valuable contributions the
studies on Indian mammals were made by Lt. Col.
The Southern parts of Gujarat have received little Thomas Hardwickie (1756-1835). A good account
attention compared to the Saurashtra region. The of Indian mammals was published by Thomas
ornithological studies were mainly concentrated Camerhill Jerdon (1867) in his book entitled 'The
in the forest areas of Dangs, Rajpipla and other Mammals of India: A natural history of all the animals
forest patches along the eastern sector. The birds known to inhabit continental India', describing
of the Rajpipla forest were studied by Monga and morphology, habitat and distribution. The Fauna
Naoroji in 1984. Recently, the Shoolpaneshwar of India was published by Blanford in 1888 and
Wildlife Sanctuary has been surveyed by the M. S. 1891 in two parts. A greater alms towards
University team (1992) and Wildlife Management understanding the mammalian fauna of India
Study Group (Chavan, 1992) under Sardar Sarovar appeared in the Mammal Survey of India by
Narmada Nigam Limited sposored project. This Bombay Natural History Society during 1911 to
58
1928. The findings of this survey were published Sinha, 1983; Shah, 1993) and leopard (Chavan, 1980)
in a series of papers in BNHS journal. Based on of Gujarat listed in the Red Data Book. The
this survey Pocock (1939, 1941) published the community structure of wild ruminants of Gir forest
revised editions of Fauna of India: Mammalia. An ecosystem was studied by Berwick in 1974. In the
overview of the mammalian fauna of India and the Marine habitat of Gulf of Kachchh marine mammals
work carried out by various investigators have like Dugong, Whales and Dolphins face severe
been reviewed by ZSI in its publication, The threat due to increased human pressure in their
Animal Resources of India (1991). habitat. Though these animals are given the
endangered status, population studies and census
Among the 69 species of mammals identified in data are lacking.
Gujarat, 14 species are placed in endangered/
threatened category by the ZSI (1994) in its Red Though the big cats and ungulates received
Data Book. As all these mammals are placed in significant attention in wildlife conservation,
Schedule I as per the Wildlife Protection Act of population census of the small mammals has not
the Government of India, and are restricted to the gained consideration. These small mammals should
forest areas, they fortunately survive despite the receive equal status in population census, though
anthropogenic pressure and degradation of the there are several obstacles in monitoring and
habitat. Periodical survey and census of wildlife in estimating their number.
major National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries have
been carried out by the Forest Department of the
Government of Gujarat. The population census LIVESTOCK OF GUJARAT
by the Gujarat Forest Department shows an upward
trend in the number of Lions, Leopard, and many Gujarat has its own native breed of cattle, buffaloes,
ungulates in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary over a period sheep and horse. They are Kankrej and Gir breed
of 10 years (Table - 10). of cattle, Surti, Mehsani, and Jafrabadi breed of
buffalos, Marwari and Patanwadi sheep and the
TABLE - 10 : Kathiawar horse. Dhori, the pure Kutchi camel is
Population Growth of Major Wildlife Species in also belonging to Gujarat. The goat population
Gir National Park during comprises five breeds, Kutchi, Gohilwadi,
1985 to 1995. Zalawadi, Mehasani and Surti. These distinctive
breeds of livestock are well-known for their
Sr.No Species Yearwise adaptability to the semi-arid agro-climatic conditions
break-up besides their good yield and draft capability. The
Kankrej breed of cattle which belongs to the
1985 1995 southeast tract of Rann of Kachchh is a powerful
draft breed and being exported to Latin American
1 Lion 239 304 countries. The Gir breed of cattle, a good yielder,
2 Leopard 201 268 is a favourable breed in Brazil and North America.
3 Hyaena 192 137 Similarly the Kathiawar horse is also being
4 Spotted Deer 10466 32061 exported.
5 Sambar 772 2262
6 Blue Bull 2081 1856 The 1992 census data show that of the 10,65,343
7 Four-horned Antelope 1063 441 productive cattle in Gujarat, the Gir breed accounts
8 Chinkara 311 387 for 39.51%, Kankrej 34.43% and nondescript/
Dangi 19.18%. Among the 18,01,616 breedable
Source: Forest Department, Government of buffalos the Jafrabadi represents 23.42%, Mehsani
Gujarat 23.43%, Surti 39.44%, Murrah 6.76% and
nondescript 6.95% (Fig. 8). Among the cattle
Several ecological studies have been carried out wealth, the native breeds are dominant over the
on endangered mammals, especially, lions (Joslin, exotic or nondescript category. This can be
1973; Rasheed, 1986; Sinha,1987; Chavan, 1993), attributed to the competence of these native breeds
the Wild Ass (Salim Ali, 1946; Winter-Blyth, 1956; to varying climatic conditions and their good milk
Gee, 1963; Shaller and Simon, 1970; Kupper, 1978;
59
yield and the draft capabilities of bullocks. respectively. The growth rate of total livestock in
Dangs district worth consideration. From 85,386 in
The sheep population in Gujarat is 16,81,209 of 1982 the cattle wealth increased to 1,29,782 in 1992
which Patanwadi is 46.65%, Marwari is 50.84% and representing 33% growth while buffalos increased
nondescript is 2.51%. The Marwadi and Patanwadi by 60%. The sheep population increased by 38%
sheep are known for the quality carpet wool and and goats 111.11%. Of the 72,000 cattle in Dangs
the majority of the sheep population are confined district 66,624 are present in Ahwa (Tribal Area
to Kachchh, Saurashtra and Banaskantha districts. Subplan, 1988 data). Analysis of the data on tribal
The number of Goats (in milk) is 14,41,023 of which area action subplan shows that the live stock
Zalwadi is represented by 28.38%, Kachchhi 8.37%, population increased in all areas covered in the
Mehsani 28.52% and Surti 34.73%. The poultry programme. Though the increase in livestock
population is 27,89,473. The Deshi variety wealth is corresponding to the tribal welfare
comprises 47.70% and Improved variety is 52.30%. programme, the availability of fodder for the
growing cattle wealth and the feeding practices
The livestock census data (1992) show that livestock prevailing in this area need monitoring. The 1993
population of Gujarat is 1,97,60,000 and poultry Animal Status Paper (GAU) describes that the
56,86,640 with an average density of 1008 per 1000 feeding practices of cattle have been studied in
ha (Table-11). The district-wise population of Panchamahals, Kheda, Vadodara and Bharuch
livestock (1992 census) is given in table-12. A districts where it was observed that the tribal people
comparison of the livestock growth rate over a prefer to maintain large number of cattle and they
period of 10 years (1982-1992) shows average are released for free grazing in forest and
growth of 7.1% in total livestock by that increasing grassland. Over- grazing has tremendous impact
the density from 941 in 1982 to 1004 in 1992, which on the ecosystem health especially in forest and its
correspond to 7.12% increase in density per 1000 adjacent patches.
ha. The percentage-wise increase in cattle, buffalo,
sheep and goat population is given in table-13 and The increase in sheep population is another aspect,
figure 9. This indicates that the northern districts that needs emphasis. The sheep population entirely
and Saurashtra region of the State (biogeographical depends upon the grassland and their marked
area 3A and parts of 4B) suffered a decline while increase will have tremendous grazing pressure
in southern districts (5A, 5B and parts of 4B) the on the fragile grassland ecosystem. In addition to
cattle wealth increased over a period of 10 years. this, the sheep population migrates to the southern
The decline of cattle population in northern districts parts of the State during unfavourable climatic
may be attributed to the unfavourable climatic conditions which increase the grazing pressure in
conditions prevailed during the last decade. The these areas. Therefore, to ascertain the carrying
population of Buffalos increased in all districts of capacity of each district of the state concerning
the State, the highest record was in Dangs (60%) livestock population and fodder availability, an in-
followed by Valsad (48.41%) and Surat (34.39%). depth analysis is required which will provide
However, analysis of the sheep population shows adequate information to formulate management
that in Kachchh district their number increased from practices for preservation of biodiversity and its
1,87,000 in 1982 to 4,76,000 in 1992 indicating sustainable use.
154.55% growth. Similarly, in Panchmahal
(116.66%), Ahmedabad (107.40%), Vadodara
(100%), Kheda (83.33%) and Sabarkantha (45.45%) OTHER DOMESTIC ANIMALS
districts also showed increase in sheep population
during the past ten years. The goat population A check list of domestic animals of Gujarat is given
increased in all districts except Kachchh and the in appendix - 24 which includes both native and
highest growth rate was observed in Dangs district exotic animals.
(111.11%).
In southern districts of the State, the cattle and

buffalo population was notably increased over 10
years. In Valsad district the cattle and buffalo
population increased by 20.55 and 48.41%
60
TABLE - 11 : Livestock Population of Gujarat (1982 and 1992 Census Data)
No. Districts Geogra- Total Growth Total Growth Livestock Growth

phical Livestock Rate Polutry Rate Density Rate
1982 1992 % 1982 1992 % 1982 1992 %
1 Jamnagar 14125 950903 898486 -5.51 31967 38263 19.70 673 636 -5.50
2 Rajkot 11203 1250279 1222673 -2.21 19085 60696 218.03 1116 1091 -2.24
3 Surendranagar 10489 793141 731387 -7.79 8096 14091 74.05 756 697 -7.80
4 Bhavanagr 11155 1332000 1262870 -5.19 32219 174399 441.29 1194 1132 -5.19
5 Amreli 6760 750941 732041 -2.52 29177 30176 3.42 1111 1083 -2.52
6 Junagadh 10607 1104132 1100206 -0.36 76744 114285 48.92 1041 1037 -0.38
7 Kachchh 45652 1721803 1462858 -15.04 32713 25647 -21.60 377 320 -15.12
8 Banaskantha 12703 1653217 1683764 1.85 42045 163843 289.68 1307 1325 1.38
9 Sabarkantha 7390 1114471 1247911 11.97 182971 237639 29.88 1508 1689 12.00
10 Mahesana 9027 1263076 1278189 1.20 34438 45578 32.35 1399 1416 1.22
11 Gandhinagar 649 109860 130281 18.59 9719 51922 434.23 1693 2007 18.55
12 Ahmedabad 8707 716945 850859 18.68 78969 153036 93.79 823 977 18.71
13 Kheda 7194 1073630 1289081 20.07 353676 1067831 201.92 1492 1792 20.11
14 Panchmalas 8866 1703201 2147958 26.11 704397 778263 10.49 1921 2423 26.13
15 Vadodara 7794 876219 1146482 30.84 275084 379178 37.84 1124 1471 30.87
16 Bharuch 9038 552275 703551 27.39 163604 273673 67.28 611 778 27.33
17 Surat 7657 712148 829277 16.45 659113 648383 -1.63 930 1083 16.45
18 Valsad 5254 676538 912543 34.88 785149 1241058 58.07 1290 1740 34.88
19 Dangs 1764 85386 129782 51.99 53329 188709 253.86 484 736 52.07
TOTAL 196024 18440165 19760199 7.16 3275495 5686670 59.18 941 1008 7.16
Source: Bulletin of Animal Husbandry and dairying Statistics 1983-1984 and 1994-1995
61
TABLE - 12 : District-wise Livestock Population in Gujarat (1992, provisional)
No. District Cattle Buff- Sheep Goats Horses Pigs Camels Mules, Total Poultry
aloes and Donkeys Live Deshi Impr-
Poneys and dogs stock ved
1 Jamnagar 358 137 223 143 1 3 2 62 898 29 8
2 Rajkot 443 206 283 223 1 3 N 63 1223 14 47
3 Surendranagar 283 113 99 179 1 6 1 50 731 6 8
4 Bhavnagar 348 279 312 251 2 8 N 64 1263 18 156
5 Amreli 289 151 126 120 1 3 N 42 732 29 2
6 Junagadh 480 308 85 134 1 10 1 82 1100 57 57
7 Kachchh 346 129 476 436 1 5 18 52 1463 14 12
8 Banaskantha 437 452 215 456 1 1 15 106 1684 50 114
9 Sabarkantha 421 419 48 294 N 3 4 60 1248 225 13
10 Mahesana 298 633 36 192 1 2 13 105 1278 28 18
11 Gandhinagar 22 79 4 15 N N 1 9 130 5 47
12 Ahmedabad 260 305 56 126 1 28 3 71 851 51 102
13 Kheda 307 709 33 140 N 7 2 91 1289 117 951
14 Panchmahals 955 464 13 614 N 6 1 94 2148 758 20
15 Vadodara 441 315 8 301 1 8 N 73 1146 331 49
16 Bharuch 289 156 8 203 1 7 1 39 704 225 48
17 Surat 365 254 3 158 N 8 N 41 829 361 287
18 Valsad 434 187 9 218 N 7 N 58 913 816 425
19 Dangs 72 16 N 38 0 N 0 5 130 184 5
TOTAL 6815 5311 2037 4242 13 114 62 1167 19760 3317 2369
Source: Bulletin of Animal Husbandry and Dairying Statistics, 1994-1995 N - Less than 500 (figures are in
'000s)
62
Table - 13: Population Growth Rate of Cattle, Buffaloes, Sheep and Goats over a Period of Ten Years
(1982-1992)
No. Districts Cattle Growth Buffaloes Growth Sheep Growth Goats Growth
('00s) (000's) (000's) (000's)
1982 1992 % 1982 1992 % 1982 1992 % 1982 1992 %
1 Jamnagar 370 328 -11.35 123 137 11.38 261 223 -14.56 116 143 23.28
2 Rajkot 494 443 -10.32 179 206 15.08 309 283 -8.41 171 223 30.41
3 Surendranagar 294 283 -3.74 102 113 10.78 171 99 -42.11 155 179 15.48
4 Bhavnagar 437 348 -20.37 249 279 12.05 353 312 -11.61 222 251 13.06
5 Amreli 331 289 -12.69 140 151 7.86 124 126 1.61 104 120 15.38
6 Junagadh 539 480 -10.95 264 308 16.67 92 85 -7.61 109 134 22.94
7 Kachchh 418 346 -17.22 117 129 10.26 187 476 154.55 492 436 -11.38
8 Banaskantha 550 437 -20.55 358 452 26.26 289 215 -25.61 346 456 31.79
9 Sabarkantha 417 421 0.96 374 419 12.03 33 48 45.45 222 294 32.43
10 Mehasana 349 298 -14.61 573 633 10.47 53 36 -32.08 154 192 24.68
11 Gandhinagar 25 22 -12.00 62 79 27.42 3 4 33.33 9 15 66.67
12 Ahmedabad 272 260 -4.41 249 305 22.49 27 56 107.41 88 126 43.18
13 Kheda 274 307 12.04 583 709 21.61 18 33 83.33 93 140 50.54
14 Panchmahals 853 955 11.96 365 464 27.12 6 13 116.67 403 614 52.36
15 Vadodara 370 441 19.19 250 315 26.00 4 8 100.00 188 301 60.11
16 Bharuch 246 289 17.48 130 156 20.00 7 8 14.29 131 203 54.96
17 Surat 340 365 7.35 189 254 34.39 5 3 -40.00 140 158 12.86
18 Valsad 360 434 20.56 126 187 48.41 10 9 -10.00 138 218 57.97
19 Dangs 54 72 33.33 10 16 60.00 -- N -- 18 38 111.11
TOTAL 7218 6818 -5.54 4443 5034 13.30 1952 2037 4.35 3299 4241 28.55
Source: Bulletin of Animal Husbandry and Dairying Statistics 1983-1984 and 1994-1995; Census Data -
1982 and 1992 (provisional); N - Less than 500
63
SUMMARY from Gujarat and India is given in figures 10 and

11. A list of endangered /threatened and rare
The information on the fauna of Gujarat, compiled animals of Gujarat is also listed in appendix - 25.
from available sources show that about 2720 species
have been hitherto recorded from Gujarat (Table-
14). This include taxa from protozoans to mammalia.
A comparative assessment of various taxa recorded
TABLE - 14:
NUMBER OFRECORDED BIOTA
Taxon No. of Species in India No. of Species in Gujarat Percentage

Protozoans 2577 255 9.89
Porifera 519 69 13.29
Cnidaria 237 78 32.91
Ctenophora 10 - -
Platyhelminthes 1622 - -
Nematoda 2350 - -
Rotifera 310 87 28.06
Kinoryncha 10 - -
Gastrotricha 88 - -
Acanthocephala 110 - -
Sipuncula 38 15 39.47
Mollusca 5042 350 6.94
Echiura 33 11 33.3
Annelida 1093 69 6.31
Onychophora 1 - -
Arthropoda 57,525 743 1.29
Phoronida 3 1 33.33
Bryozoa 170 42 24.71
Entoprocta 10 - -
Brachiopoda 3 1 33.33
Chaetognatha 30 - -
Echinodermata 765 15 1.96
Hemichordata 12 - -
Protochordata 116 - -
Fishes 2546 364 14.30
Amphibians 204 19 9.31
Reptiles 428 78 18.22
Birds 1228 454 36.97
Mammals 372 69 18.55
TOTAL 77452 2720 3.51
(based on available data)
The vertebrates are recorded in good numbers,

however, their ecological relationships have not
been studied in detail, barring of some endangered
mammals and birds in major forest areas. In Gujarat
the invertebrate fauna has not given adequate
attention in taxonomic surveys.
64
65
66
67
68
IMPORTANT BIODIVERSITY AREAS OF possess both the characteristics of 1 and 2 as

GUJARAT described above.
Distinctive geomorphological features, strategic Based on the above criteria the following areas
geographical location, convergence of four have been identified in the state; however, detailed
mountain ranges, the longest sea coast in India with studies and future explorations would certainly help
two sheltered gulf are unique to the State of Gujarat to clarify and update the information of such areas.
which harbours rich biodiversity. However, the
population growth and increased economic Unique
activities over the past several generations 1. Flamingo city between Khadir and Pahchhm
significantly reduced the biodiversity throughout belts in Great Rann of Kachchh which is
the State. The extinction of Hunting Leopard from the breeding ground of migratory
the grassland ecosystem is a typical example. Once flamingos.
widely distributed Asiatic Lions are now sheltered 2. Northern arid regions of Kachchh, the
in the narrow forest of Gir. The Rusty Spotted Cat habitat for the Spiny-tailed lizard, Uromastix
and Flying Squirrels which were once found in hardwickii
the Western Ghat extensions of South Gujarat are 3. Wild Ass Sanctuary of Little Rann of
seldom sighted in these forests. Similarly, several Kachchh, the home for last surviving
birds (Great Indian Bustard, Lesser Florican, population of Indian Wild Ass.
Houbara Bustard) which were common in Gujarat 4. Gaga Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary - the
State have become rare and listed in the Red Data grasslands supporting the majestic bird, The
Book. These are few examples of the animals Great Indian Bustard listed as endangered
which have been observed and recorded for the in the Red Data Book.
last several decades. However, several smaller
taxa, especially the invertebrates, which are the
intricate link of food chain in an ecosystem might Rich
also have been vanished being unnoticed. 1. Vansda National Park, Valsad district
2. Vajpur forests of Surat district
3. Vijayanagar Forests of Sabarkantha district
For the equitable and sustainable management of 4. Velvadar National Park
our biodiversity it is necessary to know its status 5. Girnar forests of Junagadh district
including richness, rarity, distribution etc. 6. Narayan Sarovar Chinkara Sanctuary
However, the present survey has revealed that 7. Ratanmal Sloth Bear Sanctuary
the biological wealth of Gujarat State is not 8. Nal-sarovar Bird Sanctuary
thoroughly estimated and several lacunae remain.
Therefore, it is not possible to clearly designate
importance status to areas as biodiversity rich. Unique and Rich
However, with these limitations, presently an 1. Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary,
attempt has been made to categorize certain areas Bharuch district.
of Gujarat into areas of (1) Unique, (2) Rich, and 2. Purna Wildlife Sanctuary, Dangs district
(3) Rich and Unique areas of biodiversity, based 3. Gir Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park,
on the presence of certain indicator species and Junagadh district
the available information on the biota (Fig. 12). The 4. Marine Sanctuary National Park in the Gulf
Rich areas include the forest/wetland where the of Kachchh.
floral and faunal components are abundant and/or
it is frequented by migratory birds and as indicated
by the earlier surveys/studies. An area has been
considered as unique if it is a habitat for any
threatened species of plant or animal listed in the
Red Data Book and either not found elsewhere or
found only at few other places. The rich and
unique category includes those areas which
69
70
RECOMMENDATIONS OFGUJARAT
ECOLOGY COMMISSION b. Gujarat Ecology Commission will invite Vice
Chancellors of various universities of
The Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC) has Gujarat including Agricultural and
carefully considered the findings of the study. The Ayurvedic universities and Directors of
commission is of the view that their is need for a scientific institutes to prepare a strategy
sustained programme to complete the inventory of paper for government approval which
species of flora and fauna, identify the rare and would inter-alia provide for inclusion of
the vulnerable and set priorities for action. It is biodiversity as a subject of undergraduate
also understood that such programmes on an courses.
ongoing basis cannot be undertaken by one
agency. It would be necessary to involve colleges c. A Biodiversity Centre may be set up in a
and universities of the State with such a programme university in the State which has a good
which will not only ensure widespread coverage track record of research in the field of
and academic rigour but also help in enriching the biosciences and has a large faculty available
curricula at undergraduate and postgraduate at one place. The Biodiversity Centre of
levels. There is also need for urgent action in the Gujarat will in due course deal with studies,
context of Biodiversity Convention and the TRIP monitoring, networking, research, training
agreement under GATT Uruguay Round. and extension in the field of biodiversity.
Keeping the findings of the study in view and the Gujarat Ecology Commission recommends
need for a sustained programme of studies and the State Government to initiate action to
monitoring, the Commission makes following set up such a Centre by appointing a
recommendations: Committee of experts for which GEC will
send detailed recommendations.
1. There is an immediate need for
identification of flora and fauna which are 3. Gujarat Ecology Commission will, within
endangered/vulnerable and for drawing up one year, recommend to the State
of an action plan for priority implementation Government, policies and administrative
with the help of forest and agriculture measures to protect and conserve
departments of the State Government, other biodiversity of Gujarat. While working on
relevant agencies, departments of biological this, GEC will keep in view the current
science of universities, and NGOs in the thinking on the subject at national and
State. Gujarat Ecology Commission will international levels and the special feature
constitute a task force to identify and requirements of Gujarat.
endangered/vulnerable species and
prepare an action plan for presentation to 4. Adivasis, whose understanding of and
the State Government within six months. relationship with the flora and fauna is
intimate, are the most knowledgeable
2. There is urgent need for bridging the wide people on biodiversity in our society.
gap in the knowledge of biodiversity in the Unfortunately, these most knowledgeable
State and ensuring continuous monitoring people have been kept out of all studies
and research. Gujarat Ecology Commission made so far. Gujarat Ecology Commission
proposes to adopt the following action plan: would, with the help of Department of Tribal
Welfare and other government and non-
a. Involve the science colleges, universities government agencies, involve adivasis in
and institutes of research of Gujarat to gathering data, on an ongoing basis, to
undertake primary research, initially to foster the sustainable utilization of
create a comprehensive database and biodiversity.
subsequently to regularly monitor changes.
Gujarat Ecology Commission will organize 5. The Biodiversity Convention (1992) and
appropriate training programes for those the TRIPS Agreement under GATT Uruguay
who will undertake these tasks. Round (1994) raise complex issues on
71
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) regarding

plant genetic material. Plant resources are
sought by industrialized countries which are
technology rich but gene poor. In the past,
products (eg., reserpine, camposecin) were
developed from plant material. Gujarat as a
part of India, has a wealth of medicinal plants.
Under the new patent regime, the active
ingredients responsible for effectiveness of
these plants, can be protected, if they are
not known before the new legislation is
brought about. The implications of the new
regime being complex and far-reaching, wide
ranging discussions are being held at
national and international level. Gujarat
Ecology Commission recommends that an
interdisciplinary high level committee be
appointed by the State Government to
collate on a continuing basis, the available
information at the national level and analyse
it for local application by interfacing with
the proposed Biodiversity Centre. Gujarat
Ecology Commission offers to provide the
Secretariat for this committee.
Vadodara Hasmukh Shah

Republic Day, 1996 Chairman
72
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76
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Noting further that ex?situ measures, preferably
PREAMBLE in the country of origin, also have an important
role to play,
The Contracting Parties,
Recognizing the close and traditional dependence
Conscious of the intrinsic value of biological of many indigenous and local communities
diversity and of the ecological, genetic, social, embodying traditional lifestyles on biological
economic, scientific, educational, cultural, resources, and the desirability of sharing equitably
recreational and aesthetic values of biological benefits arising from the use of traditional
diversity and its components, knowledge, innovations and practices relevant to
the conservation of biological diversity and the
Conscious of the importance if biological diversity sustainable use of its components,
for evolution and for maintaining life sustaining
systems of the biosphere, Recognizing also the vital role that women play in
the conservation and sustainable use of biological
Affirming that the conservation of biological diversity and affirming the need for the full
diversity is a common concern of humankind, participation of women at all levels of
policy?making and implementation for biological
Reaffirming also that states have sovereign right diversity conservation,
over their own biological resources,
Stressing the importance of, and the need to
Reaffirming also that States are responsible for promote, international, regional and global
conserving their biological diversity and for using cooperation among states and intergovernmental
their biological resources in a sustainable manner, organizations and the non?governmental sector
for the conservation of biological diversity and the
Concerned that biological diversity is being sustainable use of its components,
significantly reduced by certain human activities,
Acknowledging that the provision of new and
Aware of the general lack of information and additional financial resources and appropriate
knowledge regarding biological diversity and of access to relevant technologies can be expected
the urgent need to develop scientific, technical and to make a substantial difference in the world's ability
institutional capacities to provide the basic to address the loss of biological diversity,
understanding upon which to plan and implement
appropriate measures, Acknowledging further that special provision is
required to meet the needs of developing
Noting that it is vital to anticipate, prevent and attack countries, including the provision of new and
the causes of significant reduction or loss of additional financial resources and appropriate
biological diversity at source, access to relevant technologies,
Noting also that where there is a threat of significant Noting in this regard the special conditions of the
reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full least developed countries and small island States,
scientific certainity should not be used as a reason
for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such Acknowledging that substantial investments are
a threat, required to conserve biological diversity and that
there is the expectation of a broad range of
Noting further that the fundamental requirement environmental, economic and social benefits from
for the conservation of biological diversity is the those investments,
in-situ conservation of ecosystem and natural
habitats and the maintenance and recovery of Recognizing that economic and social
viable population of species in their natural development and poverty eradication are the first
surrounding, and overriding priorities of developing countries,
77
potential use or value for humanity.

Aware that conservation and sustainable use of
biological diversity is of critical importance for "Biotechnology" means any technological
meeting the food, health and other needs of the application that uses biological systems, living
growing world population, for which purpose organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify
access to and sharing of both genetic resources products of processes for specific use.
and technologies are essential,
"Country of origin of genetic resources" means
Noting that, ultimately, the conservation and the country which possesses those genetic
sustainable use of biological diversity will resources in in?situ conditions.
strengthen friendly relations among states and
contribute to peace for humankind, "Country providing genetic resources" means the
country supplying genetic resources collected from
Desiring to enhance and complement existing in?situ sources, including population of both wild
international arrangements for the conservation of and domesticated species, or taken from ex?situ
biological diversity and sustainable use of its sources, which may or may not have originated in
components, and that country.
Determined to conserve and sustainably use "Domesticated or cultivated species" means

biological diversity for the benefit of present and species in which the evolutionary process has been
future generations, influenced by human to meet their needs.
Have agreed as follows: "Ecosystem" means a dynamic complex of plant,

animal and micro?organism communities and their
non?living environment interacting as a functional
ARTICLE 1. OBJECTIVES unit.
The objectives of this Convention, to be pursued "Ex-situ conservation" means the conservation of
in accordance with its relevant provisions, are the components of biological diversity outside their
conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable natural habitats.
use of its components and the fair and equitable
sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization "Genetic material" means any material of plant,
of genetic resources and by appropriate transfer animal, microbial or other origin containing
of relevant technologies taking into account all functional units of heredity.
rights over those resources and to technologies
and by appropriate funding. "Genetic resources" means genetic material of
actual or potential value.
ARTICLE 2. USE OF TERMS "Habitat" means the place or type of site where an
organism or population naturally occurs.
For the purposes of this Convention:
"In-situ conditions" mean conditions where genetic
"Biological diversity" means the variability among resources exist within ecosystem and natural
living organisms from all sources including, inter habitats, and, in the case of domesticated or
alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic cultivated species, in the surroundings where they
ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which have developed their distinctive properties.
they are part; this includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems. "In-situ conservation" means the conservation of
ecosystem and natural habitats and the maintenance
"Biological resources" includes genetic resources, and recovery of viable populations of species in
organisms or parts thereof, population or any other their natural surroundings and, in the case of
biotic component of ecosystem with actual of domesticated or cultivated species, in the
78
surroundings where they have developed their beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
distinctive properties.
"Protected area" means a geographically defined ARTICLE 5. COOPERATION

area which is designated or regulated and managed
to achieve specific conservation objectives. Each contracting party shall, as far as possible and
as appropriate, cooperate with other Contracting
"Regional economic integration organization" Parties, directly or, where appropriate, through
means an organization constituted by sovereign competent international organizations, in respect
states of a given region, to which its member states of areas beyond national jurisdiction and on other
have transferred competence in respect of matters matters of mutual interest, for the conservation and
governed by this Convention and which has been sustainable use of biological diversity.
duly authorized, in accordance with its internal
procedures, to sign, ratify, accept, approve or
accede to it. Article 6. General Measures for Conservation
and Sustainable Use
"Sustainable use" means the use of components of
biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does Each contracting party shall, in accordance with its
not lead to the long?term decline of biological particular conditions and capabilities:
diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet
the needs and aspirations of present and future (a) Develop national strategies, plans or
generations. programmes for the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity or
"Technology" includes biotechnology. adapt for this purpose existing strategies,
plans or programmes which shall reflect,
inter alia, the measures set out in this
ARTICLE 3. PRINCIPLE Convention relevant to the contracting party
concerned; and
States have, in accordance with the charter of the
United Nations and principles of international law, (b) Integrate, as far as possible and as
the sovereign right to exploit their own resources appropriate, the conservation and
pursuant to their own environmental policies, and sustainable use of biological diversity into
the responsibility to ensure that activities within their relevant sectorial or cross?sectorial plans,
jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the programmes and policies.
environment of other states or of areas beyond
the limits of national jurisdiction. ARTICLE 7. IDENTIFICATIONAND
MONITORING
ARTICLE 4. JURISDICTIONAL SCOPE Each contracting party shall, as far as possible and
as appropriate, in particular for the purposes of
Subject to the right of other states, and except as Articles 8 to 10:
otherwise expressly provided in this Convention,
the provisions of this Convention apply, in relation (a) Identify components of biological diversity
to each contracting party: important for its conservation and
sustainable use having regard to the
(a) In the case of components of biological indicative list of categories set down in
diversity, in areas within the limits of its Annexure I;
national jurisdiction; and
(b) In the case of processes and activities, (b) Monitor, through sampling and other
regardless of where their effects occur, techniques, the components of biological
carried out under its jurisdiction or control, diversity identified pursuant to
within the area of its national jurisdiction or subparagraph (a) above, paying particular
79
attention to those requiring urgent or other management strategies;

conservation measures and those which
offer the greatest potential for sustainable (g) Establish or maintain means to regulate,
use; manage or control the risks associated with
the use and release of living modified
(c) Identify processes and categories of organisms resulting from biotechnology
activities which have or are likely to have which are likely to have adverse
significant adverse impacts on the environmental impacts that could affect the
conservation and sustainable use of conservation and sustainable use of
biological diversity, and monitor their effects biological diversity, taking also into account
through sampling and other techniques: and the risk to human health;
(d) Maintain and organize, by any mechanism (h) Prevent the introduction of control or
data, derived from identification and eradicate those alien species which
monitoring activities pursuant to threaten ecosystem habitats or species;
subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c) above.
(i) Endeavour to provide the conditions
ARTICLE 8. IN-SITU CONSERVATION needed for compatibility between present
uses and the conservation of biological
Each contracting party shall, as far as possible and diversity and the sustainable use of its
as appropriate: components;
(a) Establish a system of protected areas or (j) Subject to its national legislation, respect,
areas where special measures need to be preserve and maintain knowledge,
taken to conserve biological diversity; innovations and practices of indigenous and
local communities and embodying traditional
(b) Develop, where necessary, guidelines for life styles relevant for the conservation and
the selection, establishment and sustainable use of biological diversity and
management of protected areas or areas promote their wider application with the
where special measures need to be taken approval and involvement of the holders
to conserve biological diversity; of such knowledge, innovations and
practices and encourage the equitable
(c) Regulate or manage biological resources sharing of the benefits arising from the
important for the conservation of biological utilization of such knowledge, innovations
diversity whether within or outside and practices;
protected areas, with view to ensuring their
conservation and sustainable use; (k) Develop or maintain necessary legislation
and/or are other regulatory provisions for
(d) Promote the protection of ecosystems, the protection of threatened species and
natural habitats and the maintenance of populations;
viable populations of species in natural
surroundings; (l) Where a significant adverse effect on
biological diversity has been determined
(e) Promote environmentally sound and pursuant to Article 7, regulate or manage
sustainable development in areas adjacent the relevant processes and categories of
to protected areas with a view to furthering activities; and
protection of these areas;
(m) Cooperate in providing financial and other
(f) Rehabilitate and restore degraded support for in-situ conservation outlined in
ecosystem and promote the recovery of subparagraphs (a) to (l) above, particularly
threatened species, inter alia, through the to developing countries.
development and implementation of plans
80
ARTICLE 9. traditional cultural practices that are

EX-SITU CONSERVATION compatible with conservation or sustainable
use requirements;
Each contracting party shall, as far as possible and
as appropriate, and predominantly for the purpose (d) Support local populations to develop and
of complementing in-situ measures: implement remedial action in degraded
areas where biological diversity has been
(a) Adopt measures for ex?situ conservation reduced; and
of components of biological diversity,
preferably in the country of origin of such (e) Encourage cooperation between its
components; governmental authorities and its private
sector in developing methods for
(b) Establish and maintain facilities for ex?situ sustainable use of biological resource.
conservation of and research on plants,
animals and micro?organisms, preferably in
the country of origin of genetic resources; ARTICLE 11. INCENTIVE MEASURES
(c) Adopt measures for the recovery and Each contracting party shall, as far as possible and
rehabilitation of threatened species and for as appropriate, adopt economically and socially
their reintroduction into their natural habitats sound measures that act as incentives for the
under appropriate conditions; conservation and sustainable use of components
of biological diversity.
(d) Regulate and manage collection of
biological resources from natural habitats
for ex?situ conservation purposes so as not ARTICLE 12. RESEARCH AND TRAINING
to threaten ecosystem and in?situ population
of species, except where special temporary The Contracting Parties, taking into account the
ex-situ measures are required under special needs of developing countries, shall:
subparagraph (c) above; and
(a) Establish and maintain programmes for
(e) Cooperate in providing financial and other scientific and technical education and
support for ex?situ conservation outlined training in measures or the identification,
in subparagraph (a) to (d) above and in the conservation and sustainable use of
establishment and maintenance of ex?situ biological diversity and its components and
conservation facilities in developing provide support for such education and
countries. training for the specific needs of developing
countries;
Article 10. Sustainable Use of Components of (b) Promote and encourage research which
Biological Diversity contributes to the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity,
Each contracting party shall, as far as possible and particularly in developing countries, inter
as appropriate: alia, in accordance with decisions of the
Conference of the Parties taken in
(a) Integrate consideration of the conservation consequence of recommendations of the
and sustainable use of biological resources subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and
into national decision-making; Technological Advice; and
(b) Adopt measures relating to the use of
biological resources to avoid or minimize (c) In keeping with the provisions of Articles
adverse impacts on biological diversity; 16, 18 and 20, promote and cooperate in the
(c) Protect and encourage customary use of use of scientific advances in biological
biological resources in accordance with diversity research in developing methods
81
for conservation and sustainable use of the limits of national jurisdiction, by

biological resources. encouraging the conclusions of bilateral,
regional or multilateral arrangements, as
appropriate;
ARTICLE 13. PUBLIC EDUCATIONAND
AWARENESS (d) In the case of imminent or grave danger or
damage, originating under its jurisdiction or
The contracting party shall: control, to biological diversity within the
area under jurisdiction of other States or in
(a) Promote and encourage understanding of areas beyond the limits of national
the importance of, and the measures jurisdiction, notify immediately the
required for, the conservation of biological potentially affected States of such danger
diversity, as well as its propagation through or damage, as well as initiate action to
media, and the inclusion of these topics in prevent or minimize such danger or
educational programmes; and damage; and
(b) Cooperate, as appropriate, with other States (e) Promote national arrangements for
and international organizations in emergency responses to activities or
developing educational and public events, whether caused naturally,
awareness programmes, with respect to otherwise which present a grave or
conservation and sustainable use of imminent danger to biological diversities
biological diversity. and encourages international cooperation
to supplement such national efforts and,
where appropriate and agreed by the State
ARTICLE 14. IMPACT ASSESSMENTSAND or regional economic integration
MINIMIZINGADVERSE IMPACTS organizations concerned, to establish joint
contingency plans.
1. Each contracting party, as far as possible
and as appropriate, shall: 2. The Conference of the Parties shall
examine, on the basis of studies to be carried
(a) Introduce appropriate procedures out, the issue of liability and redress,
requiring environmental impact assessment including restoration and compensation, for
of its proposed project that are likely to have damage to biological diversity, except
significant adverse effect on biological where such liability is a purely internal
diversity with a view to avoiding or matter.
minimizing such effects and, where
appropriate, allow for public participation
in such procedures; ARTICLE 15. ACCESS TO GENETIC
RESOURCES
(b) Introduce appropriate arrangements to
ensure that the environmental 1. Recognizing the sovereign rights of States
consequences of its programmes and over their natural resources the authority
policies that are likely to have significant to determine access to genetic resources
adverse impacts on biological diversity are rests with the national government and is
duly taken into account; subject to national legislation.
(c) Promote, on the basis of reciprocity, 2. Each contracting party shall endeavour to
notification, exchange of information and create conditions to facilitate access to
consultation on activities under their genetic resources for environmentally
jurisdiction or control which are likely to sound uses by other Contracting Parties and
significantly affect adversely the biological not to impose restrictions that run counter
diversity of other states or areas beyond to the objectives of this Convention.
82
other Contracting Parties of technologies

3. For the purpose of this Convention, the that are relevant to the conservation and
genetic resources being provided by a sustainable use of biological diversity or
contracting party, as referred to in this make use of genetic resources and do not
Article and Article 16 and 19, are only those cause significant damage to the environment.
that are provided by Contracting Parties that
are countries of origin of such resources or 2. Access to and transfer of technology
by the parties that have acquired the genetic referred to in paragraph 1 above to
resources in accordance with this developing countries shall be provided
Convention. and/or facilitated under fair and most
favourable terms, including on concessional
4. Access where granted, shall be on mutually and preferential terms where mutually
agreed terms and subject to the provisions agreed, and where necessary in accordance
of this Article. with the financial mechanism established by
Articles 20 and 21. In the case of technology
5. Access to genetic resources shall be subject subject to patents and other intellectual
to prior informed consent of the contracting property rights, such access and transfer
party providing such resources, unless shall be provided on terms which recognize
otherwise determined by that party. and are consistent with the adequate and
effective protection of intellectual property
6. Each contracting party shall endeavour to rights. The application of this paragraph
develop and carry out scientific research shall be consistent with paragraph 3, 4 and 5
based on genetic resources provided by below.
other Contracting Parties with the full
participation of, and where possible in, such 3. Each contracting party shall take legislative,
Contracting Parties. administrative or policy measures, as
appropriate, with the aim that Contracting
7. Each contracting party shall take legislative, Parties, in particular those that are
administrative or policy measures, as developing countries, which provide
appropriate, and in accordance with Articles genetic resources are provided access to
16 and 19 and, where necessary, through and transfer of technology which makes use
the financial mechanism established by of those resources, on mutually agreed
Article 20 and 21 with the aim of sharing in a terms, including technology protected by
fair and equitable way the results of research patents and other intellectual property rights,
and development and the benefits arising where necessary, through the provisions
from the commercial and other utilization of of Articles 20 and 21 and in accordance with
genetic resources with the contracting party international law and consistent with
providing such resources. Such sharing paragraphs 4 and 5 below.
shall be upon mutually agreed terms.
4. Each contracting party shall take legislative,
administrative or policy measures, as
ARTICLE 16. ACCESS TO AND TRANSFER appropriate, with the aim that the private
OF TECHNOLOGY sector facilitates access to, join development
and transfer of technology referred to in para
1. Each contracting party, Recognizing that 1 above for the benefit of both governmental
technology includes biotechnology, and that institutions and the private sector of
both access to and transfer of technology developing countries and in this regard shall
among Contracting Parties are essential abide by the obligations included in
elements for the attainment of the objectives paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 above.
of this Convention, undertakes subject to 5. The Contracting Parties, recognizing that
the provisions of this Article to provide patents and other intellectual property rights
and/or facilitate access for and transfer to may have an influence on the
83
implementation of this Convention, shall clearing- house mechanism to promote and

cooperate in this regard subject to national facilitate technical and scientific cooperation.
legislation and international law in order to
ensure that such rights are supportive of 4. The Contracting Parties shall, in
and do not run counter to its objectives. accordance with national legislation and
policies, encourage and develop methods
of cooperation for the development and use
ARTICLE 17. EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION of technologies, including indigenous and
traditional technologies, in pursuance of the
1. The Contracting Parties shall facilitate the objectives of this Convention. For this
exchange of information, from all publicly purpose, the Contracting Parties shall also
available sources, relevant to the promote cooperation in the training of
conservation and sustainable use of personnel and exchange of experts.
biological diversity, taking into account the
special needs of developing countries. 5. The Contracting Parties shall, subject to
mutual agreement, promote the
2. Such exchange of information shall include establishment of joint research programmes
exchange of results of technical, scientific and joint ventures for the development of
and socio?economic research, as well as technologies relevant to the objectives of
information on training and surveying this Convention.
programmes, specialized knowledge,
indigenous and traditional knowledge as
such and in combination with the ARTICLE 19. HANDLING OF
technologies referred to in Article 16, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF
paragraph 1. It shall also, where feasible, ITS BENEFITS
include repatriation of information.
1. Each contracting party shall take legislative,
administrative or policy measures, as
ARTICLE 18. TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC appropriate, to provide for the effective
COOPERATION participation in biotechnological research
activities by those Contracting Parties,
1. The Contracting Parties shall promote especially developing countries which
international technical and scientific provide the genetic resources for such
cooperation in the field of conservation and research, and where feasible in such
sustainable use of biological diversity, Contracting Parties.
where necessary, through the appropriate
international and national institutions. 2. Each contracting party shall take all
practicable measures to promote and
2. Each contracting party shall promote advance priority access on a fair and
technical and scientific cooperation with equitable basis by Contracting Parties,
other Contracting Parties, in particular especially developing countries, to the
developing countries, in implementing this results and benefits arising from
Convention, inter alia, through the biotechnologies based upon genetic
development and implementation of national resources provided by those Contracting
policies. In promoting such cooperation, Parties. Such access shall be on mutually
special attention should be given to the agreed terms.
development and strengthening of national
capabilities by means of human resources 3. The Contracting Parties shall consider the
development and institution building. need for and modalities of a protocol setting
out appropriate procedures, including, in
3. The Conference of the Parties, at its first particular, advance informed agreement, in
meeting, shall determine how to establish a the field of the safe transfer, handling and
84
use of any living modified organism resulting country Parties. The Conference of the
from biotechnology that may have adverse Parties shall periodically review and if
effect on the conservation and sustainable necessary amend the list. Contributions from
use of biological diversity. other countries and sources on a voluntary
basis would also be encouraged. The
4. Each contracting party shall, directly or by implementation of these commitments shall
requiring any natural or legal person under take into account the need for adequacy,
its jurisdiction providing the organisms predictability and timely flow of funds and
referred to in paragraph 3 above, provide the importance of burden?sharing among
any available information about the use and the contributing Parties included in the list.
safety regulations required by that
contracting party in handling such 3. The developed country Parties may also
organisms, as well as any available provide, and developing country Parties
information on the potential adverse impact avail themselves of, financial resources
of the specific organism concerned to the related to the implementation of this
contracting party into which those organisms Convention through bilateral, regional and
are to be introduced. other multilateral channels.
4. The extent to which developing country

ARTICLE 20. FINANCIAL RESOURCES Parties will effectively implement their
commitments under this Convention will
1. Each contracting party undertakes to depend on the effective implementation by
provide, in accordance with its capabilities, developed country parties of their
financial support and incentives in respect committments under this Convention related
of those national activities which are to financial resources and transfer of
intended to achieve the objectives of this technology and will take fully into account
Convention, in accordance with its national the fact that economic and social
plans, priorities and programmes. development and eradication of poverty are
the first and over?riding priorities of the
2. The developed country parties shall developed country Parties.
provide new and additional financial
resources to enable developing country 5. The Parties shall take full account of the
parties to meet the agreed full incremental specific needs and special situation of least
costs to them to implementing measures developed countries in their actions with
which fulfill the obligations of this regard to funding and transfer of
Convention and to benefit from its provisions technology.
and which costs are agreed between
adeveloping country party and the 6. The Contracting Parties shall also take into
institutional structure referred to in Article consideration the special conditions
21, in accordance with policy, strategy, resulting from the dependence on,
programme priorities and eligibility criteria distribution and location of, biological
and an indicative list of incremental costs diversity within developing country Parties,
established by the Conference of the in particular small island States.
Parties. Other Parties, including countries
undergoing the process of transition to a 7. Consideration shall also be given to the
market economy, may voluntarily assume special situation of developing countries,
the obligations of the developed country including those that are most
Parties. For the purpose of this Article, the environmentally vulnerable such as those
Conference of the Parties, shall at its first with arid and semi?arid zones coastal and
meeting establish a list of developed country mountainous areas.
Parties and other Parties which voluntarily
assume the obligation of the developed
85
ARTICLE 21. FINANCIAL MECHANISM established under this Article, including the
criteria and guidelines referred to in
1. There shall be a mechanism for the paragraph 2 above, not less than two years
provision of financial resources to after the entry into force of this Convention
developing country Parties for purpose of and thereafter on a regular basis. Based on
this Convention on a grant or concessional such review, it shall take appropriate action
basis the essential elements of which are to improve the effectiveness of the
described in this Article. The mechanism mechanism if necessary.
shall function under the authority and
guidance of, and be accountable to, the 4. The Contracting Parties shall consider
Conference of the Parties for purpose of strengthening existing financial institutions
this Convention. The operations of the to provide financial resources for the
mechanism shall be carried out by such conservation and sustainable use of
institutional structure as may be decided biological diversity.
upon by the Conference of the Parties at its
first meeting. For purpose of this ARTICLE 22. RELATIONSHIPWITH OTHER
Convention, the Conference of the Parties INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
shall determine the policy, strategy,
programme priorities and eligibility criteria 1. The provisions of this Convention shall not
relating to the access to and utilization of affect the rights and obligations of any
such resources. The contributions shall be contracting Party deriving from any existing
such as to take into account the need for international agreement, except where the
predictability, adequacy and timely flow of exercise of those rights and obligations
funds referred to in Article 20 in accordance would cause a serious damage or threat to
with the amount of resources needed to be biological diversity.
decided periodically by the Conference of
the Parties and the importance of 2. Contracting Parties shall implement this
burden?sharing among the contributing Convention with respect to marine
Parties included in the list referred to in environment consistently with the rights and
Article 20, Paragraph 2. Voluntary obligations of states under the law of the
contributions may also be made by the sea.
developed country Parties and by other
countries and sources. The mechanism ARTICLE 23. CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES
shall operate within a democratic and
transparent system of governance. 1. A Conference of the Parties is hereby
established. The first meeting of the
2. Pursuant to the objective of this conference of the Parties shall be convened
Convention, the Conference of the Parties by the Executive Director of the United
shall at its first meeting determine the policy, Nations Environment Programme not later
strategy and programme priorities, as well than one year after the entry into force of
as detailed criteria and guidelines for this Convention. Thereafter, ordinary
eligibility for access to and utilization of the meetings of the Conference of the Parties
financial resources including monitoring shall be held at regular intervals to be
and evaluation on a regular basis of such determined by the Conference at its first
utilization. The Conference of the Parties meeting.
shall decide on the arrangements to give 2. Extraordinary meetings of the Conference
effect to para 1 after consultation with the of the Parties shall be held at such other
institutional structure entrusted with the times as may be deemed necessary by the
operation of the financial mechanism. Conference, or at the written request of any
party, provided that, within six months of
3. The Conference of the parties shall review the request being communicated to them by
the effectiveness of the mechanism the Secretariat, it is supported by at least
86
one third of the Parties.

(i) Consider and undertake any additional
3. The Conference of the Parties shall by action that may be required for the
consensus agree upon and adopt rules of achievement of the purposes of this
procedure for itself and for any subsidiary Convention in light of experience gained
body it may establish, as well as financial in its operation.
rules governing the funding of the
Secretariat. At each ordinary meeting, it 5. The United Nations, its specialized
shall adopt a budget for the financial period agencies and the International Atomic
until the next ordinary meetings. Energy Agency, as well as any state not
party to this Convention, may be
4. The Conference of the Parties shall keep represented as observers at meetings of the
under review the implementations of this conference of the parties. Any other body
Convention, and, for this purpose, shall: of agency whether governmental or
non?governmental qualified in fields
(a) Establish the form and the intervals for relating to conservation and sustainable use
transmitting the information to be submitted of biological diversity, which has informed
in accordance with Article 26 and consider the secretariat of its wish to be represented
such information as well as reports submitted as an observer at a meeting of the
by any subsidiary body; conference of the parties, may be admitted
unless at least one third of the parties
(b) Review scientific, technical and present object. The admission and
technological advice on biological diversity participation of observers shall be subjected
provided in accordance with Article 25; to the rules of procedures adopted by the
conference of the parties.
(c) Consider and adopt, as required, protocols
in accordance with Article 28; ARTICLE 24. SECRETARIAT
(d) Consider and adopt, as required, in 1. A secretariat is hereby established. Its

accordance with Article 29 and 30, functions shall be:
amendments to this Convention and its
annexes; (a) To arrange for and service meetings of the
Conference of the Parties provided for in
(e) Consider amendments to any protocol, as Article 23;
well as to any annexes thereto, and, if so
decided, recommend their adoption to the (b) To perform the functions assigned to it by
parties to the protocol concerned; any protocol;
(f) Consider and adopt, as required, in (c) To prepare reports on the execution of its
accordance with Article 30, additional functions under this Convention and
annexes to this Convention; present them to the Conference of the
Parties;
(g) Establish such subsidiary bodies,
particularly to provide scientific and (d) To coordinate with other relevant
technical advise, as are deemed necessary international bodies and, in particular to
for the implementation of this Convention; enter into such administrative and
contractual agreements as may be required
(h) Contact, through the secretariat, the for the effective discharge of its functions ;
executive bodies of Convention dealing and
with matters covered by this Convention
with a view to establishing appropriate forms (e) To perform such other function as may be
of cooperation with them; and determined by the Conference of the Parties.
87
2. At its first ordinary meeting, the Conference (e) Respond to scientific, technical,
of the Parties shall designate the secretariat technological and methodological questions
from amongst those existing competent that the Conference of the Parties and its
international organizations which have subsidiary bodies may put to the body.
signified their willingness to carry out the
secretariat under this Convention. 3. The functions, terms of reference,
organization and operations of this body
ARTICLE 25. SUBSIDIARY BODY ON may be further elaborated by the
SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND Conference of the Parties.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE
1. A subsidiary body for the provision of ARTICLE 26. REPORTS

scientific, technical and technological
advice is hereby established to provide the Each Contracting Party shall, at intervals to be
Conference of the Parties and, as determined by the Conference of the Parties,
appropriate, its other subsidiary bodies with present to the Conference of the Parties, reports
timely advice relating to the implementation on measures which it has taken for the
of this Convention. This body shall be open implementation of the provisions of this Convention
to participation by all Parties and shall be and their effectiveness in meeting the objectives
multidisiplinary. It shall comprise of this Convention.
government representatives competent in
the relevant field of expertise. It shall report
regularly to the Conference of the Parties ARTICLE 27. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
on all aspects of its work.
1. In the event of a dispute between
2. Under the authority of and in accordance Contracting Parties concerning the
with guidelines laid down by the interpretation or application of this
Conference of the Parties, and upon its Convention, the Parties concerned shall
request, this body shall seek solution by negotiation.
(a) Provide scientific and technical assessments 2. If the parties concerned cannot reach
of the status of biological diversity; agreement by negotiation, they may jointly
seek the good offices of, or request
(b) Prepare scientific and technical assessments mediation by, a third Party.
of the effects of types of measures taken in
accordance with the provisions of this 3. When ratifying, accepting, approving or
Convention; acceding to this Convention, or at any time
thereafter, a state or regional economic
(c) Identify innovative, efficient and integration organization may declare in
state?of?the?art technologies and writing to the Depositary that for a dispute
know?how relating to the conservation and not resolved in accordance with paragraph
sustainable use of biological diversity and 1 or paragraph 2 above, it accepts one or
advise on the ways and means of promoting both of the following means of dispute
development and/or transferring such settlement as compulsory;
technologies;
(a) Arbitration in accordance with the
(d) Provide advice on scientific programmes procedure laid down in part I of the Annex
and international cooperation in research II;
and development related to conservation
and sustainable use of biological diversity; (b) Submission of the dispute to the International
and Court of Justice
88
3. The Party shall make every effort to reach

4. If the parties to the dispute have not, in agreement on any proposed amendment to
accordance with paragraph 3 above, this Convention or to any protocol by
accepted the same or any procedure, the consensus. If all efforts at consensus have
dispute shall be submitted to conciliation in been exhausted, and no agreement
accordance with part 2 of Annex. II unless reached, the amendment shall, as a last
the parties otherwise agree. resort be adopted by a two?third majority
vote of the Parties to the instrument in
5. The provisions of this Article shall apply question present and voting at the meeting,
with respect to any protocol except as and shall be submitted by the Depositary to
otherwise provided in the protocol all Parties for ratification, acceptance or
concerned. approval.
ARTICLE 28. ADOPTION OF PROTOCOLS 4. Ratification, acceptance or approval of

amendments shall be notified to the
1. The Contracting Parties shall cooperate in Depositary in writing. Amendments adopted
the formulation and adoption of protocols in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall
to this Convention. enter into force among Parties having
accepted them on the ninetieth day after
2. Protocols shall be adopted at a meeting of the deposit of instruments of ratification,
the Conference of the Parties acceptance or approval by at least two?thirds
of the Contracting Parties to this Convention
3. The text of any proposed protocol shall be or of the Parties to the protocol concerned,
communicated to the Contracting Parties by except as may otherwise be provided in
the Secretariat at least six months before such protocol. Thereafter the amendments
such a meeting. shall enter into force for any other party on
the ninetieth day after that Party deposits
its instrument of ratification, acceptance or
ARTICLE 29. AMENDMENT OF THE approval or the amendments.
CONVENTION OR PROTOCOLS
5. For the purpose of this Article, "Parties
1. Amendments to this Convention may be present and voting" means Parties present
proposed by any Contracting Party. and casting an affirmative or negative vote.
Amendments to any protocol may be
proposed by any Party to that protocol.
ARTICLE 30. ADOPTION AND AMENDMENT
2. Amendments to this Convention shall be OF ANNEXES
adopted at a meeting of the Conference of
the Parties. Amendments to any Protocol 1. The annexes to this Convention or to any
shall be adopted at a meeting of the Parties protocol shall form an integral part of the
to the Protocol in question. The text of any Convention or of such protocol, as the case
proposed amendment to this Convention or may be, and unless expressly provided
to any Protocol, except as may otherwise be otherwise, a reference to this Convention or
provided in such protocol, shall be its protocols constitutes at the same time a
communicated to the Parties to the reference to any annexes thereto. Such
instrument in question by the Secretariat at annexes shall be restricted to procedural,
least six months before the meeting at which scientific, technical and administrative
it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat matters.
shall also communicate proposed
amendments to the signatories to this 2. Except as may be otherwise provided in any
Convention for information. protocol with respect to its annexes, the
following procedure shall apply to the
89
proposal, adoption and entry into force of Convention or to any protocol shall have
additional annexes to this Convention or of one vote.
annexes to any protocol;
2. Regional economic integration
(a) Annexes to this Convention or to any organizations, in matters within their
protocol shall be proposed and adopted competence, shall exercise their right to
according to the procedure laid down in vote with a number of votes equal to the
Article 29; number of their member States which are
Contracting Parties to this Convention or to
(b) Any Party that is unable to approve an the relevant protocol. Such organization
additional annex to this Convention or an shall not exercise their right to vote if their
annex to any protocol to which it is Party to member states exercise theirs, and vice
shall so notify the Depositary, in writing, versa.
within one year from the date of the
communication of the adoption by the
Depositary. The Depositary shall without ARTICLE 32. RELATIONSHIP BETWEENTHIS
delay notify all Parties of any such CONVENTION AND ITS PROTOCOLS
notification received. A party may at any
time withdraw a previous declaration of 1. A state or a regional economic integration
objection and the annexes shall thereupon organization may not become a party to a
enter into force for that party subject to protocol unless it is, or becomes at the same
subparagraph (c) below; time a Contracting Party to this Convention.
(c) On the expiry of one year from the date of 2. Decisions under any protocol shall be taken
the communication of the adoption by the only by the parties to the protocol
Depositary the annex shall enter into force concerned. Any Contracting Party that has
for all parties to this Convention or to any not ratified, accepted or approved a
protocol concerned which have not protocol may participate as an observer in
submitted a notification in accordance with any meeting of the Parties to that protocol.
the provisions of subparagraph (b) above.
3. The proposal, adoption and entry into force ARTICLE 33. SIGNATURE
of amendments to annexes to this
Convention or to any protocol shall be This Convention shall be open for signature at Rio
subject to the same procedure as for the de Janeiro by all states and any regional economic
proposal, adoption and entry into force of integration organization from 5 June 1992 until 14
annexes to the Convention or annexes to June 1992, and at the United Nations Headquarters
any protocol. in New York from 15 June 1992 to 4 June 1993.
4. If an additional annex or an amendment to

an annex is related to an amendment to this ARTICLE 34. RATIFICATION,ACCEPTANCE
Convention or to any protocol, the OR APPROVAL
additional annex or amendment shall not
enter into force until such time as the 1. This Convention and any protocol shall be
amendment to the Convention or to the subject to ratification, acceptance or
protocol concerned enters into force. approval by States and by regional
economic integration organizations.
Instruments of ratification, acceptance or
ARTICLE 31. RIGHT TO VOTE approval shall be deposited with the
Depositary.
1. Except as provided for in paragraph 2
below, each Contracting Party to this 2. Any organization referred to in paragraph
1 above which becomes a contracting party
90
to this Convention or any protocol without Convention or any protocol.

any of its member States being a contracting
party shall be bound by all the obligations
under the Convention or the protocol, as ARTICLE 36. ENTRY INTO FORCE
the case may be. In the case of such
organization, one or more of whose member 1. This Convention shall enter into force on
States is a contracting party to this the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of
Convention or relevant protocol, the the thirtieth instrument of ratification,
organization and its member States shall acceptance, approval or accession.
decide on their respective responsibilities
for the performance of their obligations 2. Any protocol shall enter into force on the
under the Convention or protocol, as the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the
case may be. In such cases the number of instruments of ratification,
organizations and the member States shall acceptance approval or accession, specified
not be entitled to exercise rights under the in that protocol, has been deposited.
Convention or relevant protocol
concurrently. 3. For each contracting party which ratifies,
accepts or approves this Convention or
3. In their instruments of ratification, accedes thereto after the deposit of the
acceptance or approval, the organizations thirtieth instrument of ratification,
referred to in paragraph 1 above shall acceptance, approval or accession, it shall
declare the extent of their competence with enter into force on the nineteenth day after
respect to the matters governed by the the date of deposit by such Contracting
Convention or the relevant protocol. These Party of its instrument of ratification,
organizations shall also inform the acceptance, approval or accession.
depositary of any relevant modification in
the extent of their competence. 4. Any protocol, except as otherwise provided
in such protocol, shall enter into force for a
Contracting Party that ratifies, accepts or
ARTICLE 35. ACCESSION approves that protocol or accedes thereto
after its entry into force pursuant to
1. This Convention and any protocol shall be paragraph 2 above, on the nineteenth day
open for accession by states and by regional after the date on which that Contracting
economic integration organizations from the Party deposits its instrument of ratification,
date on which the Convention or the acceptance, approval or accession or on the
protocol concerned is closed for signature. date on which this Convention enters into
The instruments of accession shall be force for that contracting party, whichever
deposited with the Depositary. shall be the later.
2. In their instruments of accession, the 5. For the purposes of paragraph 1 and 2

organizations referred to in paragraph 1 above, any instrument deposited by a
above shall declare the extent of their regional economic integration organization
competence with respect to the matters shall not be counted as additional to those
governed by the Convention or the deposited by member states of such
relevant protocol. These organizations shall organization.
also inform the Depositary of any relevant
modification in the extent of their
competence. ARTICLE 37. RESERVATIONS
3. The provisions of Article 34, paragraph 2, No reservations may be made to this Convention.
shall apply to regional economic integration
organizations which accede to this
91
ARTICLE 38. WITHDRAWALS

The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall
1. At any time after two years from the date on assume the functions of Depositary of this
which this Convention has entered into Convention and any protocols.
force for a Contracting Party, that
Contracting Party may withdraw from the
Convention by giving written notification ARTICLE 42. AUTHENTIC TEXTS
to the Depositary.
The original of this Convention, of which the
2. Any such withdrawal shall take place upon Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and
expiry of any year after the date of its Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be
receipt by the Depositary, or on such later deposited with the Secretary?General of the
date as may be specified in the notification United Nations.
of the withdrawal.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being
3. Any Contracting Party which withdraws duly authorized to that effect, have signed this
from this Convention shall be considered Convention.
as also having withdrawn from any protocol
to which it is party. Done at Rio de Janeiro on this fifth day of June,
one thousand nine hundred and ninety-two.
ARTICLE 39. FINANCIAL INTERIM

ARRANGEMENTS
Provided that it has been fully restructured in

accordance with the requirements of Article 21,
the Global Environment Facility of the United
Nations Development Programme, the United
Nations Environment Programme and the
International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development shall be the institutional structure
referred to in Article 21 on an interim basis, for the
period between the entry into force of this
Convention and the first meeting of the Conference
of the Parties or until the Conference of the Parties
decides which institutional structure will be
designated in accordance with Article 21.
ARTICLE 40. SECRETARIAT INTERIM

ARRANGEMENTS
The Secretariat to be provided by the Executive

Director of the United Nations Environment
Programme shall be the Secretariat referred to in
Article 24, paragraph 2, on an interim basis for the
period between the entry into force of this
Convention and the first meeting of the Conference
of the Parties.
ARTICLE 41. DEPOSITARY
92
APPENDIX - 2
CHECKLIST OF MARINE ALGAE OF GUJARAT COAST
FAMILYAND NAME LOCALITY
CHLOROPHYTA
CHLOROPHYCEAE
ULVALES
ULVACEAE
Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) J. Ag. Porbandar, Gulf of Kachchh

Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulf.) J. Ag. Dwaraka, Gulf of Kachchh
Enteromorpha gujaratensis Kale Porbandar
Enteromorpha plumosa Kuetz. Porbandar
Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linn.) Link Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Ulva beytensis Thivy and Sharma Beyt Island
Ulva fasciata Delile Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Ulva lactuca L. Okha, Porbandar, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
Ulva reticulata Forssk. Gulf of Kachchh
Ulva rigida C. Ag.
CLADOPHORALES
CLADOPHORACEAE
Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory) Kuetz. Okha, Dwarka

Chaetomorpha indica Kuetz. Gulf of Kachchh
Chaetomorpha linoides (Ag.) Kuetz. Veraval
Cladophora crystallina (Roth) Kuetz. Porbandar
Cladophora expansa (Mertens) Kuetz. Porbandar
Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz. Gulf of Kachchh
Cladophora prolifera (Roth.) Kutz. Gulf of Kachchh
Spongomorpha indica Thivy and Vis. Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Willeella ordinata Boergs. Okha
CHAETOPHORALES
CHAETOPHORACEAE
Ectochaete leptochaete (Huber) Wille Dwarka
SIPHONALES
PROTOSIPHONACEAE
Bryopsis hypnoides Lamour. Okha
93
Bryopsis indica A. & E.S. Gepp Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh

Bryopsis plumosa (Huds.) Ag. Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Bryopsis ramulosa Montagne Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Pseudobryopsis mucronata Boergs. Gulf of Kachchh
CAULERPACEAE
Caulerpa crassifolia (Ag.) J. Ag. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh

Caulerpa cupressoides (Vahl.) Ag. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Caulerpa fastigiata Mont. Okha
Caulerpa peltata Lamour. Dwarka
Caulerpa racemosa (Forssk.) Weber v. Bosse Dwarka, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R.Br.) Web. v. Bosse Dwarka, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
Caulerpa setularioides (Gmel.) Howe Dwarka, Gulf of Kachchh
Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl.) Ag. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Caulerpa veravalensis Thivy and Chauhan Veraval
Caulerpa verticillata J. Ag. Okha, Gulf of Kachchh
DASYCLADACEAE
Acetabularia calyculus Quoit et Guimard Okha
CODIACEAE
Codium decorticatum (Woodw.) Harvey Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh

Codium dwarkense Boergs. Dwarka, Okha, Veraval
Codium elongatum C. Ag. Gulf of Kachchh
Codium iyengarii Boergs. Dwarka, Okha
Halimeda tuna (Ell. et Sol.) Lamour. Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Udotea indica A. & E.S. Gepp Okha, Dwarka, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
VALONIACEAE
Boodlea composita (Harv. et Hook. f.) Brand Dwarka,Okha, Veraval,

Gulf of Kachchh
Chamaedoris auriculata Boergs. Dwarka, Veraval,

Gulf of Kachchh
Cladophoropsis sundanensis Reinb. Dwarka
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forssk.) Boergs. Okha, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
Valoniopsis pachynema (Martens) Boergs. Dwarka,Okha, Veraval,Gulf of Kachchh
Valonia utricularis (Roth) Ag. Dwarka, Okha, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
94
PHYLLOSIPHONACEAE
Ostroebium reineckei Bornet Okha
CHRYSOPHYTA
XANTHOPHYCEAE
HETEROSIPHONALES
VAUCHERIACEAE
Vaucheria piloboloides Thur. Dwarka
PHAEOPHYTA
PHAEOPHYCEAE
ECTOCARPALES
ECTOCARPACEAE
Ectocarpus arabicus Fig. et DeNot Dwarka, Veraval, Porbandar

Ectocarpus battersii Bornet Dwarka
Ectocarpus columellaris Boergs. Porbandar
Ectocarpus elachistaeformis Heydrich Porbandar
Ectocarpus ovalis Kjellm. Dwarka
Ectocarpus rhodochortonoides Dwarka
Giffordia conifera (Boergs.) Taylor Dwarka, Okha
Giffordia mitchellae (Harv.) Hamel. Dwarka, Okha, Porbandar,
Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Giffordia sandriana (Zanardini) Hamel. Dwarka
Myriogloea sciurus (Har.) Kuck. Gulf of Kachchh
Streblonema turmale Boergs. Porbandar
SPHACELARIALES
SPHACELARIACEAE
Sphacelaria furcigera Kuetz. Dwarka
Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini Dwarka
DICTYOTALES
DICTYOTACEAE
Dictyopteris acrostichoides (J. Ag.) Okha, Veraval

Dictyopteris australis Sonder Dwarka, Okha, Veraval
Gulf of Kachchh
Dictyopteris woodwardii (Brown) J. Ag. Gulf of Kachchh
Dictyota atomaria Hauck. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Dictyota bartayresiana Lamour. Dwarka, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
95
Dictyota cervicornis Kutz. Gulf of Kachchh

Dictyota ciliolata J. G. Agardh Gulf of Kachchh
Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) Lamour. Okha, Dwarka, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
Dictyota divaricata Lamour. Okha, Dwarka, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
Dictyota pinnatifida Kuetz. Veraval, Porbandar, Okha
Dilophus fasciola (Roth) Howe Okha, Dwarka
Padina boryana (Bory) Thivy ex Taylor Dwarka
Padina gymnospora (Kuetz.) Vickers. Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Padina pavonica (L.) Thivy ex Taylor Dwarka
Padina tetrastromatica Hauck. Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Pocockiella variegata (Lamour.) Papenfuss Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Spatoglossum variabile Fig. et Denot Okha, Gulf of Kachchh
Spatoglossum variabile Fig. et DeNot Okha, Veraval
Stoechospermum marginatum (Ag.) Kuetz. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Zonaria variegata Dwarka
CHORDARIALES
MYRIONEMATACEAE
Ascocyclus orbicularis (J. Ag.) Magnus. Dwarka, Veraval, Porbandar

Compsonema gracile Kuckuck Porbandar
Hecatonema sargassicola Boergs. Porbandar, Okha
Hecatonema terminalis (Kuetz.) Kylin Dwarka
Myrionema strangulans Greville Okha, Veraval
CORYNOPHLACACEAE
Myriactula arabica (Kuetz.) Feldman Dwarka, Okha
CHORDARIACEAE
Levringia boergensenii Kylin Dwarka, Veraval
SPERMATOCHNACEAE
Nemacystus decipiens (Sond.) Kuckuck Dwarka, Veraval,

Gulf of Kachchh
DICTYOSIPHONALES
PUNCTARIACEAE
Colpomenia sinuosa Derb. et Sol. Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh

Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Ag.) Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Iyengaria stellata (Boergs.) Boergs. Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
96
Rosenvingea intricata (J. Ag.) Boergs. Dwarka, Okha

Rosenvingea orientalis J. Ag. Gulf of Kachchh
FUCALES
CYSTOSEIRACEAE
Cystoseira trinodis (Forssk.) C. Ag. Dwarka

Cystoseira indica (Thivy et Doshi) Mairh. Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Hormophysa triquetra (L.) Kuetz. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
SARGASSACEAE
Sargassum carpophyllum J. Ag. Okha, Veraval

Sargassum cinctum J. Ag. Porbandar
Sargassum cinereum J. Ag. Veraval, Okha
Sargassum ilicifolium (Turn.) J. Ag. Dwarka
Sargassum johnstonii Setchell and Gardner Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Sargassum plagiophyllum (Mert.) Agardh Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Sargassum prismaticum Chauhan Porbandar
Sargassum swartzii (Turn.) C. Ag. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Sargassum tenerrimum J. Ag. Okha, Dwarka, Veraval
Sargassum vulgare C. Ag. Porbandar
Sargassum wightii Greville Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Turbinaria ornata J. Ag. Dwarka, Beyt Is.,Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
RHODOPHYTA
BANGIOPHYCEAE
GONIOTRICHALES
GONIOTRICHACEAE
Goniotrichum elegans (Chauv.) LeJolis Dwarka
FIORIDEOPHYCEAE
NEMALIONALES
CHANTRANSIACEAE
Acrochaetium carnea J. Ag. Okha

Acrochaetium crassipes Boergs. Dwarka
Acrochaetium dwarkense Boergs. Dwarka
Acrochaetium erectum Boergs. Dwarka
HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE
97
Helminthocladia australis Harvey Okha

Helminthocladia calvadosii (Lamour.) Okha, Veraval,
Setchell f. indica Desik. Gulf of Kachchh
Liagora ceranoides Lamour. Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
CHAETANGIACEAE
Actinotrichia fragilis (Forsk.) Boergs. Dwarka, Okha

Galaxaura oblongata Lamour. Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Pseudogloiophloea fascicularis (Boergs.) Desik. Okha port, Dwarka
Scinaia furcellata Turner Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Scinaia hatei Boergs. Dwarka, Okha
Scinaia indica Boergs. Dwarka, Okha, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
BONNEMAISONIACEAE
Asparagopsis sandfordiana Harvey Dwarka

Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Collins et Harvey Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
GELIDIALES
GELIDIACEAE
Gelidium pusillum (Stackh.) Lejolis. Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
GELIDIELLACEAE
Gelidiella acerosa (Forsk.) Feldman et Hamel Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
CRYPTONEMIALES
CORALLINACEAE
Amphiroa anceps (Lamk.) Decsne. Okha, Dwarka

Amphiroa fragillissima (L.) Lamour. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Arthrocardia capensis (Leach) Areschoug. Dwarka
Corallina opuntia (Linn.) Gulf of Kachchh
Jania rubens (L.) Lamour. Dwarka
GRATELOUPIACEAE
Cryptonema undulata Sonder Okha, Dwarka

Grateloupia filicina (Wulf.) Ag. Verval, Gulf of Kachchh
Grateloupia indica Boergs. Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Halymenia floresia (Clem.) Ag. Gulf of Kachchh
98
Halymenia porphyroides Boergs. Okha, Dwarka, Veraval,

Gulf of Kachchh
Halymenia venusta Boergs. Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
CORYNOMORPHACEAE
Corynomorpha prismatica J. Ag. Gulf of Kachchh
GIGARTINALES
SEBDENIACEAE
Sebdenia polydactyla (Boergs.) Balak. Okha, Dwarka, Veraval,

Gulf of Kachchh
GRACILARIACEAE
Corallopsis cacalia J. Ag. Okha

Gracilaria corticata J. Ag. Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Gelidiopsis gracilis (Kutz.) Vickers Gulf of Kachchh
Gracilaria pygmaea Boergs. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Gracilaria verrucosa (Hunds) Papenfuss Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
SOLIERIACEAE
Agardhiella robusta (Grev.) Boergs. Dwarka

Eucheuema spinosum J. Ag. Okha
Meristotheca papulosa (Mont.) J. Ag. Dwarka
Solieria robusta (Grev.) Kylin Dwarka, Okha, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
RHABDONIACEAE
Catenella repens (Lightf.) Batt. All over Gujarat
RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE
Desmia hornmanni Lyngb. Gulf of Kachchh
HYPNEACEAE
Hypnea cervicornis J. Ag. Gulf of Kachchh

Hypnea musciformis (Wulf.) Lamour. Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
GIGARTINACEAE
99
Gigartina sp. Stackhouse Gulf of Kachchh
RHODYMENIALES
RHODYMENIACEAE
Botryocladia leptopoda (J. Ag. ) Kylin f. Dwarka, Veraval,

luxurians Boergs. Gulf of Kachchh
Coelarthrum opuntia (J. Ag.) Boergs. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Rhodymenia australis Sonder Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Rhodymenia palmata Grev. Gulf of Kachchh
LOMENTARIACEAE
Champia indica Boergs. Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh

Champia parvula (Ag.) Harvey Okha
Champia somalensis Hauck. Dwarka
Gastroclonium iyengarii Srinivasan Okha, Gulf of Kachchh
CERAMIALES
Ceramiaceae
Callithamnion byssoides Arn. Okha
Centroceras clavulatum (Ag.) Mont. Dwarka
Ceramium sp. (Roth)
Gulf of Kachchh
Griffithsia rhizophora (Gruenow) Web. v. Bosse Porbandar, Dwarka, Okha
Haploplegma duperreyi Mont. Okha, Veraval,
Gulf of Kachchh
Spyridia aculeata J. Ag. Dwarka
Spyridia alternans Boergs. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
DELESSERIACEAE
Caloglossa bombayensis Boergs. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh

Cryptopleura sp. Kutz. Gulf of Kachchh
Hypoglossum spathulatum Kuetz. Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Membranoptera murrayi Boergs. Okha
Myriogramme bombayensis Boergs. Okha
Myriogramme okhaensis Boergs. Okha
Platysiphona miniata (Ag.) Boergs. Okha
Taenioma perpusillum J. Ag. Dwarka
RHODOMELACEAE
Acanthophora delilei Lamour. Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
100
Acanthophora dendroides Harvey Dwarka

Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl.) Boergs. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Chondria armata (Kuetz.) Okamuara Okha, Dwarka
var. plumaris Boergs.
Chondria cornuta Boergs. Veraval
Chondria dasyphylla Agardh Dwarka, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Herposiphonia tenella Nagl. Dwarka
Laurencia cruciata Harvey Dwarka
Laurencia obtusa (Huds.) lamour. Dwarka
Laurencia pannosa Zan. Dwarka
Laurencia papillosa (Forsk.) Greville Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Laurencia pedicularioides Boergs. Dwarka, Gulf of Kachchh
Leveillea jungermannioides (Mart. et Hering.) Harvey Dwarka
Lophocladia lallemandi (Mont.) Schmitz. Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Lynkiella karuvalensis Varma Okha
Neurymenia fraxinifolia (Mert.) J. Ag. Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Polysiphonia acuminata N. L. Gard. Okha
Polysiphonia bharadwajae sp. nov. Okha
Polysiphonia coacta Tseng Okha
Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr. Dwarka, Okha
Polysiphonia gopnathensis Thivy et Rao Gopnath
Polysiphonia kappannai Rao Okha
Polysiphonia parthasarathyae Rao Okha
Polysiphonia tuticorinensis Boergs. Okha
Polysiphonia unguiformis Boergs. Dwarka
Polysiphonia variegata (Ag.) Zanardini Okha, Dwarka, Veraval, Porbandar
Roschera condensata W. v. Bosse Okha
Roschera glomerulata (C. Ag.) Web. v. Bosse Okha, Dwarka
Spirocladia barodensis Boergs. Okha
DASYACEAE
Dasya flagelliformis Boergs. Okha, Gulf of Kachchh

Heterosiphonia muelleri (Sond.) DeToni Okha, Veraval, Gulf of Kachchh
Heterosiphonia wurdemanni (Baill.) Falkb. Okha
101
APPENDIX - 3 Liroa emodensis (Berk.) Ciferri.

Melanopsichium eleusios (Kulk.) Mundkur &
FUNGI REPORTED FROM DANGS DISTRICT Thirum.
Melanopsichium pennsylvanicum Hirschhorn.
A. DISEASES INCITED BY PHYCOMYCETES Melanotaenium brachiariae Viegas
Pericladium grewiae Pass.
Albugo bliti (Biv.) de Bary Sorosporium Formosanum (Saw.) Sawada
Albugo candida (Lev.) Kunze. Sorosporium heteropogonicola Thirum, &
Albugo evolvuli (Damle) Safee & Thirum. Mundkur
Albugo platensis Speg. Sorosporium paspali McAlpine
Albugo portulacae (DC.) Lev. Sphacelotheca oruenta (Kuehn) Potter.
Physoderma aeschynomenis Thirum. & W Sphacelotheca erythraeenis (Syd.) Clinton.
Physoderma echinochloae Thirum. & Whitehead Sphacelotheca isachnes (Syd.) Ling.
Physoderma zea-maydis Shaw Sphacelotheca iseilematis (Syd. & Butler)
Rhizopus artocarpi Rabenh. Mundkur & Thirum.
Sclerophthora macrospora (Sacc.) Thirum., Shaw Sphacelotheca sorghi (Link) Clinton.
& Naras. Sphacelotheca tanglinensis (Tracy & Earle)
Sclerospora graminicola (Kulk.) Safee & Thirum. Zundel.
S. sorghi Weston & Uppal Ustilago crameri Koernicke.
Woroninella puerariae (P. Henn.) Sydow Ustilago orus?galli Tracy & Earle.
Ustilago cynodontis P. Henn.
B. DISEASES INCITED BY ASOCOMYCETES Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda.
Ustilago scitaminea Sydow
Asterina delicatula Sydow & Bal. Ustilago sparsa Underwood.
Asterina Lawsoniae P. Henn. & Nyman. Tolyposporium ehrenbergii (Kuehn)) Pat.
Asterina spissa Sydow
Balansia sclerotica (Pat.) v. Hoehn. RUSTS
Capnodium anonae Patowill.
Cladosporium zizyphi Karst. Acervulopsora ichnocarpi (Barclay) Thirum.
Elasinoe bitaneourtiana Thirum. Chaconia butleri (Syd.) Mains
Erysiphe acaciae Blumer Dasturella divina (Syd.) Mundkur and Kheswalla
Erysiphe polygoni DC. Dasturella grewiae (Pat. & Har.) Thirum.
Meliola butleri Sydo Hapalophragmiopsis ponderosa (Syd. & Butler)
Meliola palmicola Wint. Thirum.
Meliola spissa Kuehneola flacourtiae Mundk. & Thirum.
Meliola tamarindi Sydow Synonym
Phyllachora cynodontis (Sacc.) Niessl. Catenulospora flacourtiae Mundk. & Thirum.
Phyllachora pongamiae (Berk. & Broome) P. Masseella breyniae Thirum.
Henn. Masseella narasimhanii Thirum.
Phyllactinia corylea Phragmidiella heterophragmae (Mundkur &
Phyllactinia subspiralis Blumer Thirum.) Thirum & Mundkur.
Uncinula necator (Schwein) Burr. Puccinia cacao McAlp.
Taphrina maculans Butler. Puccinia cynodontis Desm.
Taphrina rhomboidalis Sydow and Butler. Puccinia duthiae Ellis & Tracy.
Puccinia penniseti Zimm.
C. DISEASES INCITED BY Puccinia prainiana Barclay.
BASIDIOMYCETES Puccinia purpurea Cke.
Puccinia ruellie (Berk. & Broome) Lagerh.
Cintractia axicola (Berk.) Cornu Puccinia versicolor Diet. & Holw.
Doassansia hygrophilae Thirum. Puccinia wattiana Barclay.
Entyloma bidentis P. Henn. Ravenelia acaciae-arabicae Mundkur & Thirum.
Entyloma oryzae Sydow Ravenelia albizziae-amarae Baccarini.
102
Ravenelia hobsoni Cke.

Ravenelia ornata Sydow
Scopella aulica (Syd.) Mundkur & Thirum.
Trochodium ajrekari Charse.
Trochodium sympathense Thirum.
Uromyces atpendiculatus (Pers.) Link
Uromyces clygnyi Pat. & Har.
Uromyces hobsoni Vize
Uromyces inayati Sydow
Uromyces mucunae Rabenh.
Uromyces orientalis Sydow
Uromyces setariae?italicae (Dier.) Yoshino.
D. DISEASES INCITED BY FUNGI

IMPERFECTI
Alternaria burnsii Uppal, Patel & Kamat.

Cercospora achyranthiana Thirum. & Chupp.
Cercospora arachidicola Hori
Cercospora calotropidis Ell. & Ev.
Cercospora cannabina Wakef.
Cercospora carthami Sundar. & Ramak.
Cercospora celosiae Sydow
Cercospora cocculi Sydow
Cercospora concors (Casp.) Sacc.
Cercospora personata (Berk. & Curt.) Ell. & Ev.
Cercospora subsessilis Sydow
Cercospora terminaliae Sydow
Cercospora tridacis?procumbentis Govindu &
Thirum.
Cercospora zizyphi Petch.
Colletotrichum falcatum Went.
Colletotrichum graminicolum (Ces.) Wilson.
Fusicladium pongamiae Sydow
Helminthosporium nodulosum Berk. & Curt.
Helminthosporium ravenelii Curt. & Burk.
Oidiopsis taurica (Lev.) Salm.
Ramularia tinosporae Lacy & Thirum.
Septogloeum acaciae Sydow
Septoria acanthospermi Sukapure & Thirum.
Septoria blainvilliae Sukapure & Thirum.
Septoria lactucae Peck.
103
APPENDIX - 4
CHECKLIST OF BRYOPHYTES REPORTED FROM GUJARAT
Scientific Name Locality
CLASS HEPATICOPSIDA
ORDER MARCHANTIALES
Riccia sp. Bansda forest

Cyathodium barodae Baroda
Fimbriaria sp. Sagai
CLASS ANTHOCEROPSIDA
ORDERANTHOCEROTALES
Anthoceros sp.
Notothylas levieri Panchmahal
CLASS BRYOPSIDA
SUBCLASS BRYIDAE
Funaria sp. Bansda forest
104
APPENDIX - 5
CHECKLIST OF PTERIDOPHYTES REPORTED FROM GUJARAT
Scientific Name Locality
DIVISION LYCOPHYTA
ORDER SELAGINELLALES
Selaginella spp. Kawant, Bansda, Ninaighat
ORDER ISOETALES
Isoetes coromandeliana Tuwa
DIVISION SPHENOPHYTA
ORDER EQUISETALES
Equisetum debile Roxb. Savli
DIVISION PTEROPHYTA
ORDER OPHIOGLOSSALES
Ophioglossum fibrosum Schum. Kawant, Dharampur

Ophioglossum nudicaule Tuwa, Dharampur
Ophioglossum spp. Bansda
ORDER FILICALES
Ceratopteris thalictroides (Linn.) Brongn. Savli, Tuwa, Navsari, Bansda,

Dharampur, Vyara
Marsilea quadrifolia Linn. Savli, Kawant, Navsari, Bansda, Fulsar
Marsilea minuta Linn. Savli, Navsari
Azolla pinnata R. Br. Savli, Kawant, Tuwa
Actiniopteris australis (Link. f.) Link. Kawant, Hampheswar
Adiantum lunulatum Burm. Kawant, Bansda, Sagai
Adiantum philippens Linn. Navsari
Aleuritopteris favinosa Forsk. Fel. Kawant
Cheilanthus sp. Bansda
Lygodium sp. Bansda
ORNAMENTALSPECIES
Adiantum aethiopicum
A. decorum
A. formosum
A. pectinatum
105
A. tenerum
A. villosum
Asplenium bulbiferum
A. caudatum
A. dimorphum
A. lunulatum
Blechnum occidentale
Davallia bullata
D. tenuifolia
D. strigosa
Drynaria quercifolium
Nephrolepis acuminata
N. cordifolia
N. rufescens var. tripinnatifida
N. mucosa
Platycerium alicorne
Pteris cretica
P. longifolia
P. ludens
P. serrulata
P. tremula
Selaginella caulescens
106
APPENDIX - 6
CHECKLIST OF GYMNOSPERMS REPORTED FROM GUJARAT
Ephedra foliata Boiss. & Kotschy ex Boiss.
ORNAMENTAL SPP.
Araucaria cookii
Cycas circinalis
C. revoluta
Cupressus sempervirens
Juniperus bermudiana
J. procumbens
Pinus roxburghiana
Platycladus orientalis
Zamia integrifolia
107
APPENDIX - 7
LIST OF ANGIOSPERMS RECORDED FROM GUJARAT
Scientific Name Vernacular Name
RANUNCULACEAE
Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. Maruvel

C. hedysarifolia DC.
Morvel
C. triloba Heyne ex Roth
Trekhadio Velo
Delphinium ajacis L.
Ranunculus sceleratus L.
DILLENIACEAE
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Karmal
MAGNOLIACEAE
Michelia champaca L. Champo, Soneri Champo

Talauma mutabilis Bl.
ANNONACEAE
Annona reticulata L. Ramphal

A. squamosa L. Sitaphal
A. squamosa L. var. paranjpya
Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bhandari Nachampo, Lilochampo
Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Sinclair Umph, Umbho
Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Hk. f. & Bth. ex Hk. f. & Th. Um, Umda Nu Zad
P. longifolia (Sonn.) Thw. Asopalav
MENISPERMACEAE
Cissampelos pareira L. Venivel, karan-dhiu, Pahadvel,

Laghupaduvel
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Vevdi, Vevti, Vagval,
Vadhi NoVevlo, Achipad
C. pendulus (Forst.) Diels Orad,Valur, Parawatti, Parpatti
Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hk. f. & Th. Karipat, Kalepat
Diploclisia glaucescens (Bl.) Diels
Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hk. f. & Th. Gulvel, Gadu, GudajVel
T. sinesis (Lour.) Merr.
108
NYMPHAEACEAE
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Vado Kamalful,

Suryakamal, Kamal, Motukamal
Nymphaea pubescens Willd. Kamal, Kumudini, Poyana, Kamalful

N. stellata Willd. Kamal, Kumudini, Poyana
PAPAVERACEAE
Argemone mexicana L. Darudi

Papaver somniferum L. Aphin
FUMARIACEAE
Fumaria indica (Haussk.) Pugsley Pitapapdo
BRASSICACEAE (CRUCIFERAE)
Brassica campestris L. var. sarson Prain Sarsav

B. juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. ex Coss. Rai
B. nigra (L.) Koch Kalirai, Janglirai
B. oleracea L. var. botrytis L. Gobi, Fulevar, Fulgobi
B. oleracea L. var. capitata L. Cabbage, Cobbij
B. oleracea L. var. gongylodes Non-Kol
Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex Rich.
Cochlearia cochlearioides (Roth) Sant. & Mahesh.
Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.
Eruca sativa Mill. Sarso
Farsetia jacquemontii Hk. f. & Th. Shadio Asalio, Adabau Asalio
Iberis umbellata L.
Lepidium sativum L. Asalio, Halim, Aselis
Moricandia tortuosa Hk. f. & Thoms.
Neslia paniculata (L.) Desv.
Raphanus sativus L. Mulo
R. caudatus L. Mogri
Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern.
CAPPARACEAE
Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce Batkani, Katkial

Capparis cartilaginea Decne. Katar
C. decidua (Forsk.) Edgew. Kerdo, Kera
C. grandis L. f. Thikari, Dumro, Dumrejozad
C. sepiaria L. Kanthar, Kantharo
C. spinosa L. Kantalo, Kantharo
C. stocksiana Boiss.
C. zeylanica L.
109
Cleome aspera Koenig ex DC.

C. brachycarpa Vahl ex DC.
C. burmanni W. & A. Nandho Bighro, Nani Tilavani
C. chelidonii L. f.
C. gynandra L. Ghan-Dhatu
C. monophylla L.
C. scaposa DC.
C. simplicifolia (Camb.) Hk. f. & Th.
C. viscosa L. Pilitilvan
Crateva adansonii DC. subsp. odora (Buch-Ham.) Jacobs
C. nurvala Buch.-Ham. var. nurvala Vayvarno, Varno, Tripanjo zad
Dipterygium glaucum Decne.
Maerua oblongifolia (Forsk.) A. Rich. Hemkand
RESEDACEAE
Reseda aucheri Boiss.

R. pruinosa Del.
VIOLACEAE
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell.

Viola cinerea Boiss. var. stocksii (Boiss.) Banafsha,
Beck. forma kathiawarensis Beck. Zinko Banafsha
COCHLOSPERMACEAE
Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alst.
FLACOURTIACEAE
Casearia elliptica Willd. Tondrum

C. esculema Roxb. Tondol
C. graveolens Dalz. Kirambira, Kirmira
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Gargugal, Lodri
F. montana Grah.
POLYGALACEAE
Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen.

P. chinensis L. Pili Bhonysan, Piripatsan
P. elongata Klein ex Willd.
P. erioptera DC. Patsan, Bhonysan
P. irregularis Boiss.
P. persicariaefolia DC.
110
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam.

P. spicata W. & A. Ful Chhogaro, Vajrdanti
Polycarpon prostratum (Forsk.) Aschers. & Schweinf.
P. tetraphyllum L.
Spergula arvensis L.
S. fallax (Lowe) E.H.L. Krause
S. vernalis Willd.
Vaccaria pyramidata Medic. Vaccari
PORTULACACEAE
Portulaca grandiflora Hk. f. Chini-Gulab

P. oleracea Motiluni, Lakha Luni, Ghol Kotbo
P. quadrifida L. Zini Luni, Patluni,
Sunluni, Khati Bhaji
P. suffruticosa Wt.
P. tuberosa Roxb.
Talinum portulacifolium (Forsk.) Aschers. & Schweinf.
TAMARICACEAE
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst.

T. dioica Roxb. Achhilaijopras, Bhuri pras
T. ericoides Rottl.
T. stricta Boiss.
T. troupii Hole
ELATINACEAE
Bergia ammanniodies Roxb.

B. capensis L. Jaljambvo
B. suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl Ropatri, Lavariu, Vithi Kharsan,
Gandharo-Okhrad
Elatine ambigua Wt.
MALVACEAE
Abelmoschus angulosus W. & A.

A. esculentus (L.) Moench. Bhinda, Bhindi
A. ficulneus (L.) W. & A.
A. manihot (L.) Medic. Ran Bhindi, Jangli Bhindi.
A. moschatus Medic. Khat-Bhindi
Abutilon asiaticum G. D.
A. bidentatum Hochst var. chrysocarpa Blatt. & Hallb.
A .fruticosum Guill., Perr. et A. Rich. Zini Khapat, Zinki Khapat,
Saneri Dabliar
111
A. glaucum (Cav.) Sw.

A. hirtum (Lam.) G. Don
A. indicum (L.) Sw. Khapat, Dabaliar
A. pannosum (Forst. f.) Schlecht
A. polyandrum (Roxb.) Schlecht. Khapat, Khajvani
A. ramosum Guill., Perr. et A. Rich.
A. theophrasti Medic. Nani khapat,
Bhonykanski
A. ludwigii L.
A. rosea (L.) Cav.
Azanza lamps (Cav.) Alef. Jangli Bhindi, Nanoparas piplo
Gossypium arboreum L.
G. barbadense L. Vilayti Kapas
G. herbaceum L. var. acerifolium (Guill. & Perr.) Chevalier Kapas, Desi Kapas
G. stocksii Mast.
Hibiscus caesius Garcke
H. cannabinus L. Ambadi
H. furcatus Willd.
H. hirtus L.
Baporis
H. lobatus (Murr.) O. Ktze. Tali
H. lunarifolius Willd.
H. obtusilobus Garcke
H. ovalifolius (Forsk.) Vahl. Chanak Bhindo, Adabau Baparis
H. palmatus Forsk.
H. panduraeformis Burm. f.
H. punctatus Dalz. in Dalz. & Gibs.
H. radiatus Cav. Duno
H. rosa-sinensis L. Jasund, Jasvanti
H. sabdariffa L. Khati Bhindi, Lal Ambadi
H. schizopetalus Hk. f.
H. surattensis L.
H. trionum L. Mathio Bhindo, Koadio Bhindi
H. vitifolius L. Van Kapas, Vanbhindo
Kydia calycina Roxb. Warang, Waring,
Moti Hirvani, Nihoti Hirvani
Malachra capitata L. Pardeshi Bhindo
Malva parviflora L. Pranirak, Supra
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke
Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.
Pavonia arabica Steud.
P. ceratocarpa Masters Karndia, Khati-chhas, Khat-umbdo,
Vadidhatuvaljo, Khatumbdejo
P. odorata Willd. Kalavala, Sugandhbala
P. patens (Andr.) Chiov. Adavia, Adalia, Fuladan
P. procumbens (Wt. & Arn.) Walp
P. zeylanica Cav.
Senra incana Cav.
Sida acuta Burm. f. Bala
S. alba L. Kantalobala
S. cordata (Burm. f.) Boiss. Bhoyabala,
Nidhidha Tuval
112
S. cordifolia Bala, Baladana, Kharenti

S. glutinosa Cav. Chiknibala
S. orientalis Cav.
S. ovata Forsk.
S. retusa L.
S. tiagii Bhandari
Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalz. ex Dalz. & Gibs.
T. populnea (L.) Soland. ex. Corr. Paras piplo, Pardeshi bhindi
Urena lobata L. Vagadau Bhindo
BOMBACACEAE
Adansonia digitata L. Sampudizo Zad, Rukh, Rukhdo,

Gorakh Ambli
Bombax ceiba L. Savar, Shimlo
Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn.
STERCULIACEAE
Byttneria herbacea Roxb. Adbaubal, Vagdaubal,

Hanj, Hanju, Buvaro.
Eriolaena candollei Wall. Bothi
E. hookeriana W. & A.
E. quinquelocularis (Wt. & Arn.) Wt.
E. stocksii Hk. f. & Th.
Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R.Br. Kodaro, Kedaro, Khavas
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Rudrakshi
Helicteres isora L. Haradsing, Ati, Aiti, Atai
Melhania denhamii R. Br.
M. futteyporensis Munro ex Masters Adabau Khapat,
Vagdau Khapat
M. hamiltoniana Wall.
Melochia corchorifolia L. Chuncha Khapat
Pentapetes phoenicea L. Dupari
Pterospermum acerifolium Willd.
P. suberifolium (L.) Lamk.
Sterculia foetida L.
S. guttata Roxb.
S. urens Roxb. Kadai, Kadio, Kadayo,Kagdoli,
Kandol, Kataijo Jad
S. villosa Roxb. ex DC. Sardol, Udal
Waltheria indica L.
TILIACEAE
Corchorus aestuans L. Chunch, Chha-dhari Chunch

C. capsularis L. Bor Chhunchi
C. depressus (L.) Stocks Bahuphali
C. fascicularis Lam.
113
C. olitorius L.
C. tridens L.
C. trilocularis L.
C. urticaefolius W. & A. Khetrau Surval
Erinocarpus nimmonii Grah.

Grewia abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss.
G. columnaris Sm.
G. damine Gaertn. Sisoti, Sen, Sen Zo Zad

G. disperma Rottl. ex Spreng.
G. flavescens Juss.
G. hirsuta Vahl Khad-Dhamni
G. subinequalis DC. Phalsa
G. tenax (Forsk.) Fiori. Nagbala, Gangeti
G. tiliaefolia Vahl var. leptopetala Cooke
G. tiliaefolia Vahl var. tiliaefolia Dhaman
G. villosa Willd.
Microcos paniculata L.
Triumfetta annua L.
T. pentandra A. Rich. Ziyti
T. pilosa Roth
T. rhomboidea Jacq.
T. rotundifolia Lam. Zapti, Goi, Zipti
LINACEAE
Linum grandiflorum Desf.

L. mysurense Heyne ex Benth.
L.usitatissimum L.
MALPIGHIACEAE
Aspidopteris cordata A. Juss. Ghati vel

A. nutans
Galphimia gracilis Bertl.
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz Madhvi Lata, Ragatpit, Autala
Stigmaphyllon periplocaefolium A. Juss.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Fagonia cretica L. Dhamasa Dhramau

Guaiacum officinale L.
Peganum harmala L.
Seetzenia orientalis Decne.
Tribulus alatus Del.
T. rajasthanensis Bhandari et Sharma
T. terrestris L. Bethu Gokhru, Mithu Gokhru, Akanti
Zygophyllum simplex L. Patlani, Atheli, Alethi
113
GERANIACEAE
Monsonia senegalensis Guill. & Perr. Rati Fuldi
AVERRHOACEAE
Averrhoa carambola L. Kamarakh
OXALIDACEAE
Biophyutum reinwardtii (Zucc.) Klotzsch.

B. sensitivum (L.) DC. Risamnu, Zarero
Oxalis corniculata L. Changeri
BALSAMINACEAE
Impatiens balsamina L. var. coccinea Hk. f. Takmaria, Gulmendi

I. balsamina L. var. rosea (Lindl.) Hk. f.
I. kleinii W. & A.
RUTACEAE
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Bili

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Limbu
C. sinensis Obserck
Chloroxylon swietenia (Roxb.) DC.
Limonia acidissima L.
Kothi, Kotha
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Kadipatti, Mitho Limdo
M. paniculata (L.) Jack. Kamini, Kunti, Jaswanti
Ruta graveolens L.
SIMAROUBACEAE
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Rukhdo, Moto Arduso

Ochna obtusata DC.
BALANITACEAE
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Ingorio, Hingo-riyo,

Angario, Regorea
BURSERACEAE
Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. Gugal, Dhupelio
114
Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari Gugal

Garuga pinnata Roxb. Kakad, Kakadio, Kadkado
MELIACEAE
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Limdo

Cedrella toona Roxb. ex Rottl. & Willd.
Melia azedarach L. Bakanlimdo, Bakan Nimb
M. composita Willd. Limbara, Nimbara,
Kadunimbara, Ambara
Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. Ragat Rohido, Rohn,
Royan, Royani
Toona ciliata Roem.
Trichilia connaroides (Wt. & Arn.) Bentvelzen
OPILIACEAE
Cansjera rheedii Gmel.
OLACACEAE
Olax nana Wall. ex Benth. Saudiyo, Himi
CELASTRACEAE
Cassine glauca (Rottb.) O. Ktze. Bhut Zad, Bhutalan,

Alan, Zadbhutaka
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Malkagani, Kangni, Jival
Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) D. Hou. Vico, Vicklo, Vickro, Vigo
RHAMNACEAE
Ventilago denticulata Willd. Asi, Asvel, Achhvel

V. madraspatana Gaertn.
Zizyphus glaberrima Santapau
Z. glabrata Heyne ex Roth
Z. horrida Roth
Z. lotus Lamk.
Z. mauritiana Lam. Bor, Boadi
Z. nummularia (Burm. f.) W. A. Chani Bor
Z. oenoplia (L.) Mill. Eramdi
Z. rugosa Lam. Toran
Z. xylopyra (Retz.) Willd. Ghot Bor, Ghat Bor,
Ghunt Bor, Bor Ghat
VITACEAE
115
Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Jungli Draksh

A. tomentosa (Heyne ex Roth) Planch.
Cayratia auriculata (Roxb.) Gamble
C. carnosa (Lam.) Gagnep. Khat-Khatumbo
Cissus adnata Roxb.
C. discolor Bl.
C. edulis Dalz.
C. quadrangulare L. Hadsankal
C. repanda Vahl Gandavelo, Siarji Dhral
C. setosa Roxb.
LEEACEAE
Leea cinerea Laws.

L. crispa Linn.
L. edgeworthii Santapau
L. indica (Burm. f.) Merrill
L. macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem.
SAPINDACEAE
Cardiospermum canescens Wall.

C. halicacabum L.
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Lakhmi, Jakhami,
Vilayti Mendhi
Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk.
Nephelium litchi (Lour.) Camb.
Sapindus emarginatus Vahl Aritha
S. laurifolius Vahl Aritha, Arithi
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Kosumdi, Kusum, Kosimb, Kosim,
Kuhum
ANACARDIACEAE
Anacardium occidentale L. Kaju

Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Charolo, Charoli
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merrill Madhol, Modhad, Miniyo, Moyno
Mangifera indica L. Keri, Ambo
Rhus mysurensis Heyne ex W. & A. Dasan, Dasni, Dasarni, Davan
Semecarpus anacardium L. f. Bibba, Bhilva, Bilva, Bhilamo
Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz Ambada, Ambado
MORINGACEAE
Moringa concanensis Nimmo Jangli Saragavo, Kadvo Saragavo,

Dungrau Saragavo
M. oleifera Lam. Saragvo, Mittho Saragavo
116
PAPILIONACEAE
Abrus precatorius L. Chanothi

Aeschynomene aspera Linn.
A. indica L.
A. ovalifolius (Sch.) J. Leonard
Alhagi pseudalhagi (M. Bieb.) Desv.
Alysicarpus belgaumensis Wt.
A. bupleurifolius (L.) DC. Khadsamervo
A. heyneanus W. & A.
A. longifolius (Rottl. ex Spreng.) W. & A. Ghodasamervo, Motosamervo,
Ubhosamervo, Ghanulo
A. monilifer (L.) DC.
A. procumbens (Roxb.) Schindl.
A. pubescens Law ex Wt.
A. racemosus Bth.
A. rugosus (Willd.) DC.
A. scariosus (Rottl. ex Spreng.) Grah. ex Thw. Ruchhalo Samervo
A. tetragonolobus Edgew. Samervo
A. vaginalis (L.) DC.
Arachis hypogaea L. Mungfali, Magfali, Bhonysing
Astragalus prolixus Sieb.
Atylosia goiensis
A. platycarpa Bth.
A. scarabaeoides (L.) Bth.
A. sericea Bth. MSS. ex Baker
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Khakhro, Kesudo, Palas
B. parviflora Roxb. Palasvel
B. superba Roxb. Khakhar-Velo
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Tuver
Canavalia cathartica Thou.
C. ensiformis (L.) DC. Tarvardi
C. gladiata (Jacq.) DC. Abbo, Alad, Tarvardi, Fofal
C. maritima (Aubl.) Thouars.
C. pallida Ait.
C. virosa W. & A. Sem
Cicer arietinum L. Chana
Clitoria biflora Dalz.
C. ternatea L. Garni, Gokarn, Koyal, Babli
Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth
C. bifaria L. f. Fatakiya
C. burhia Buch.- Ham. Kharshan, Vagdaushan
C. calycina Schrank.
C. chinensis Linn.
C. evolvuloides Wt. ex W. & A. Velara-Fatakiyo
C. filipes Bth. var. filipes Makhmali Adadio
C. filipes Bth. var. trichophora (Bth. ex Baker) Cooke
C. hirsuta Willd.
C. juncea L. Shun, Shan, Shaniyu
C. leptostachya Bth. Jangli-San
C. linifolia L. f. Adabau-San,
C. medicaginea Lam. Adbau Methi,
117
Ranmethi
C. mysorensis Roth
C. nana Burm. f.
C. notonii W. & A. C. orixensis Willd. Tripani-Fatakiya
C. prostrata Rottl.
C. pusilla Heyne ex Roth
C. retusa L. Gughro
C. spectabilis Roth
C. triquetra Dalz.
C. verrucosa L.
C. vestita Baker
Cyamopsis tetragnoloba (L.) Taub. Gawar, Guwar
Cylista scariosa Roxb.
Dalbergia lanceolaria L. f. Tantoshi
D.latifolia Roxb. Sisam
D. paniculata Roxb. Pararal, Patarali,
Pathad, Patrado
D. sissoo Roxb. Motosisam
D. sympathetica Nimmo ex Grah.
D. volubilis Roxb. Nilsoti
Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet Karanj
D. scandens (Roxb.) Bth.
D. trifoliata Lour. (Fabaceae)
Desmodium alysicarpoides Kannap van Meeuvan
D. dichotomum (Klein ex Willd.) DC. Pandariyo Samervo
D. dolabriforme Bth.
D. gangeticum (L.) DC. var. gangeticum
D. gangeticum (L.) DC. var. maculatum (L.) Baker
D. heterocarpon (L.) DC.
D. laxiflorum DC.
D. motorium (Houtt.) Merr.
D. neomexicanum A. Gray
D. renifolium (L.) Schindl. Mano-Pandariyo
D. repandum (Vahl) DC.
D. rotundifolium Baker
D. triangulare (Retz.) Santapau
var. congestum (Prain) Santapau
D. triflorum (L.) DC.
D. triquetrum (L.) DC.
D. umbellatum (L.) DC.
D. velutinum (Willd.) DC.
Dolichos trilobus L. Jungli papdi
Dunbaria glandulosa (Dalz. & Gibs.) Prain
Eleiotis monophylla (Burm. f.) DC.
Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Jagraiyo-Khakharo, Janghariyo
E. variegata L. Pangaro, Pangara
Flemingia lineata (Roxb.) ex Ait.
F. macrophylla (Willd.) Prain ex Merr.
F. strobilifera (L.) Ait.
F. tuberosa Dalz.
Giessaspis cristata W. & A.
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.
118
Glycine wightii (Grah. ex W. & A.) Verdcourt Soyabean

Goniogyna hirta (Willd.) Ali
Indigofera angulosa Edgew.
I. argentea Burm. f.
I. astragallina DC.
I. caerulea Roxb. var. monosperma (Santapau) Santapau
I. caerulea Roxb. var. occidentalis Gillett. & Ali Gado, Gudo, Jangli, Gali
I. cassioides Rottl. ex DC.
I. colutea (Burm. f.) Merr.
I. constricta Trim.
I. cardifolia Heyne ex Roth
I. dalzellii T. Cooke
I. glabra L.
I. glandulosa Roxb. ex Willd.
I. hirsuta L.
I. hochstetteri Baker Bethi Gali
I. linifolia Retz. var. campbellii Wt.
I. linifolia Retz. var. linifolia Jankigali, Nahnigali
I. linnaei Ali Fatakiya, Bhonygal
I. oblongifolia Forsk. Zil, Ziladi Zildo
I. oreophila Sant. & Panthaki
I. parviflora Heyne
I. prostrata Willd.
I. sessiliflora DC.
I. spicata Forsk.
I. suffruticosa Mill.
I. tenulfolia Rottl. ex W. & A.
I. tinctoria L. Gali, Nil Gudi
I. trifoliata L.
I. trita L. f. subsp. trita var. maffei (Chiov.) Ali
I. trita L. f. subsp. trita var. trita Ali
I. uniflora Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Val, Valpapri
Lathyrus aphaca L.
L. odoratus L.
L. sativus L. Lang
Lotus garcini DC Motobhakho, Van-methi,
Vadobhakho
Lupinus albus L.
Medicago laciniata All.
M. lupulina L.
M. polymorpha L.
M. sativa L. Lachko
Melilotus alba Lam. Jangli Methi
M. indica Ali.
Millettia auriculata Baker ex Brandis
M. racemosa Bth. Velbivia
Moghania lineata (L.) O. Ktze.
M. macrophylla (Willd.) O. Ktze.
M. praecox (Cl. ex Prain) H.L. Li. var. robusta Mukerjee
M. strobilifera (L.) St. Hill. ex Jackson
M. tuberosa O. Kutze
119
M. wallichi Wt. & arn.

Mucuna prurita Hk. f. Kavach, Koyli
Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hochreut. Tanach
Phaseolus vulgaris L. Fansi
Pisum sativum L. Vatana
Pseudarthria viscida W. & A. Chapaknovelo
Psoralea corylifolia L. Bavachi, Babchi, Gawar
P. plicata Del. Kapurio, Dholi, Bavachi
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. var. acuminatus Prain Biyo
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi
P. tuberosa (Roxb.) DC.
Rhynchosia aurea DC.
R. bracteata Bth. Mss. ex Baker
R. hirta (Andrews) Meikle et Verdc.
R. minima (L.) DC. var. minima
R. pulverulenta Stocks Nahnikamalvel
R. rothii Bth. ex Ait. Fagio, Makhmali Fagiyo
R. viscosa DC.
Rothia indica (L.) Druce
Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.F. Wight Ikad
S. cannabina (Retz.) Pers. Lisikad
S. concolor Gillett
S. grandiflora (L.) Pers. Agathio
S. javanica Miq.
S. procumbens Wt. & Arn.
S. sesban (L.) Merr. subsp. sesban
var. bicolor (W. & A.) F.W. Andrews
S. sesban (L.) Merr. subsp. sesban var. sesban Shevari, Jayanti
Smithia bigemina Dalz.
S. conferta Sm.
S. salsuginea Hance
S. sensitiva Ait. var. flava (Dalz.) Cooke
S. sensitiva Ait. var. sensitiva
S. setulosa Dalz.
Sophora tomentosa L.
Taverniera cuneifolia (Roth) Arn. Jethimadh, Jethimal
Tephrosia apollinea Link
T. candida DC.
T. collina Sharma var. lanuginocarpa Sharma
T. hamiltonii Drumm.
T. jamnagarensis Santapau
T. pauciflora Grah.
T. pumila (Lam.) Pers.
T. purpurea (L.) Pers. Sarpankho
T. senticosa (L.) Pers.
T. strigosa (Dalz.) Sant. & Mahesh
T. tinctoria (L.) Pers.
T. uniflora Pers. subsp.
petrosa (Blatt. & Hallb.) Gillet & Ali
T. villosa (L.) Pers.
Teramnus labialis (L. f.) Spreng.
T. mollis Bth.
120
T. uncata Boiss. et Noe

Trifolium repens L.
Trigonella corniculata L.
T. foenum-graecum L. Methi
T. hamosa L. subsp. uncata (Boiss. & Noe)
C.C. Townsend
T. occulta Del.
Uraria picta Desv Pithvan, Pilosamervo, Kabarchitro
U. rufescens (DC.) Schindl.
Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray
V. sativa L.
Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal Math
V. angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi
V. dalzelliana (O. Ktze.) Verdcourt
V. khandalensis (Sant.) Bole & Shah Badmung
V. radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata Verdcourt Adad, Udad
V. radiata (L.) Wilczek var. sublobata (Roxb.) Verdcourt Junglimug, Adbaumug, Ranimug
V. trilobata (L.) Verdcourt
V. umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi
V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. cylindrica (L.) Esetine Choli
V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Verdcourt Kulthi, Kulth
V. vexillata (L.) A. Rich
Zornia gibbosa Span. Samarapani
CAESALPINIACEAE
Bauhinia purpurea L. Kanchner, Shwet

Kanchner,
Champakathi
B. racemosa Lam. Kasotri, Apto
B. tomentosa L. Pilo Asondaro
B. variegata Linn.
Caesalpinia coriaria Willd. Libi-libi, Divi-Divi
C. crista L. Kachka
C. decapetala (Roth) Alst.
C. pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Shankhasur, Galtora
Cassia absus L. Chimed, Chon
C. alata L.
C. angustifolia Vahl Son-Makkai
C. auriculata L. Aval, Avali, Avar
C. fistula L. Garmalo
C. holosericea Fresen.
C. italica (Mill.) Lam. ex F. W. Andrews
supsp. micrantha Brenan Mindhi Aval,
Pataval, Pat
mindhiaval,
Bonyaval
C. javanica L.
C. kleinii W. & A.
C. leschanaultiana Wall. ex DC.
121
C. mimosoides L.
C. montana Heyne ex Roth Motiaval
C. obtusifolia L. Punvadio
C. occidentalis L. Sundro, Vadi-sundri
C. pumila Lam. Nidhecholjozad,
Chimediyo, Nani Chimed, Bethi
Chimed
C. roxburghii DC.
C. siamea Lam.
C. sophera L. var. purpurea (Roxb.) Baker Jambli Sundri
C. sophera L. var. sophera Sundri, sundri, Nindhi Sundari
C. surattensis Burm. f.
C. tora L. Kuvandio, Pochandio, Dadhajozad
Delonix elata (L.) Gamble. Sandsro
D. regia (Boj.) Raf. Gulmohor
Hardwickia binata Roxb. Anjan
Parkinsonia aculeata L. Rambaval
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne Tamrafali
Phanera integrifolia (Roxb.) Bth.
Piliostigma foveolatum (Dalz.) Thoth. Chamuli
P. malabaricum (Roxb.) Bth.
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde Ashok
Tamarindus indica L. Amli, Amblijo-zad
Wagatea spicata Dalz.
MIMOSACEAE
Acacia chinensis (Osb.) Merr.

A. chundra (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Willd. Kair, Khair
A. eburnea (L. f.) Willd.
A. farnesiana (L.) Willd. Talbaval
A. ferruginea DC. Kanti, Itchan, Khaigar
A. jacquemontii Bth. Rotobaval
A. leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Hermobaval, Hiver, Samadi
A. nilotica (L.) Del. subsp. indica (Bth.) Brenan Baval, Kalo Baval
A. pennata (L.) Willd. Chillar, Khervalio Baval
A. planifrons Koen. ex W. & A. Chhatrobaval, Chhatario Baval
A. polyacantha Willd. Gobita
A. senegal (L.) Willd. Goradio Baval
A. sinuata (Lour.) Merr. Chikakai
A. tomentosa (Roxb.) Willd.
A. torta (Roxb.) Craib
Adenanthera pavonina L. Ratanjali, Ratangunj
Albizia amara Boivin var. amara
A. lebbeck (L.) Bth. Kalo-saras, Siris, Moti, Haradi
A. odoratissima (L. f.) Bth. Dholosaras, Achho Sarasdo,
Dholo Sirish
A. procera (Roxb.) Bth.
Dichrostachys einerea (L.) W. & A. Mor Dhun-Dhiyu
Entada pusaetha
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Pardesi Baval,
122
Lisobaval, Vilayti Baval

Mimosa hamata Willd. Kasi, Kaibaval
M. pudica L. Lajjavanti, Lajamani, Lajjalu
M. rubicaulis Lam.
Neptunia oleracea Lour. Lajalu, Panilajalu
N. plena (L.) Bth.
N. triquetra Bth.
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. Gorasamli, Vilayti Amli
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Khijado, Shami
P. stephaniana K. Patkandi, Bethi Khijadi
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill Rotosarasdo
ROSACEAE
Potentilla supina L.
VAHLIACEAE
Vahlia digyna (Retz.) O. Ktze. Pilo Agio
HALORAGACEAE
Myriophyllum intermedium DC.

M. spathulatum Blatt. et Hallb.
RHIZOPHORACEAE
Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. Sanvar

Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob.
Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Karod
COMBRETACEAE
Anogeissus coronata Stapf

A. latifolia (Roxb.) Wall. ex Bedd. Dhavdo, Dhamod
A. pendula Edgew. Dhao, Dhankra
A. sericea Dhao, Dhankra
Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Lam. Bukshi, Ukshi, Bugvel
Combretum coccineum Lam.
C. ovalifolium Roxb.
Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.
Quisqualis indica L. Madhu Malti
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) W. & A. Panisadad,
Arjunsadad
T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Behda, Beda
T. catappa L. Deshi Badam, Bengali Badam
T. chebula Retz. Harde, Hirda
123
T. crenulata Roth Sadad
MYRTACEAE
Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn.

Eucalyptus citriodora Hk.
E. globulus Labill.
E. robusta Sm.
Myrtus communis L.
Psidium guajava L. Jamphal
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jambu
S. heyneanum Wall. ex W. & A. JalJamuni,
Jaljambu
S. rubicundum W. & A. Van-Jambu
LECYTHIDACEAE
Careya arborea Roxb. Kumbh, Kumbhi

Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Shivling
MELASTOMATACEAE
Osbeckia truncata
Sonerila tenera Royle
LYTHRACEAE
Ammania auriculata Willd.

A. baccifera L. Jal Agio, Lal Agio
A. desertorum Blatt. & Hallb.
A. multiflora Roxb. Zino Agio
A. octandra L. f.
A. senegalensis Lam.
Lagerstroemia indica L. Chinai Mendhi
L. lanceolata Wall. Nana Bhondara
L. parviflora Roxb. Bondara
L. speciosa (L.) Pers.
Lawsonia inermis L. Mendhi
Nesaea brevipes Koehne
Rotala densiflora (Roth) Koehne
R. indica (Willd.) Koehne
R. ocultiflora Koehne
R. serpyllifolia (Roth) Bremek.
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz
PUNICACEAE
124
Punica granatum L. Dadam
TURNERACEAE
Turnera ulmifolia L.
ONAGRACEAE
Ludwigia adsendens (L.) Hara

L. octovalvis subsp. sessiliflora (Mich.) Raven Panlavang
L. perennis L.
TRAPACEAE
Trapa natans L. var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino Shinghoda
PASSIFLORACEAE
Passiflora edulis Sims. Krishna Kamal

P. foetida L.
P. minima Linn.
CARICACEAE
Carica papaya L. Papaya, Papayu
CUCURBITACEAE
Benincasia hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Indravarna, Kokadvarna,
Kadva, Indervarna
C. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumara & Nakai Tarbuch
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. Ghiloda, Tindora,
Tondli, Kadvi Gholi
Corralocarpus conocarpus (Dalz. & Gibs.) Cl.
C. epigeus (Arn.) Cl.
Ctenolepis cerasiformis (Stocks) Hk.f. Ankh futamani
C. garcini (L.) Cl.
Cucumis callosus (Rottl.) Cogn. ex Cogn. & Harms Kothimdu,
Gaivasukadan
C. melo L. var. agrestis Naud.
C. melo L. var. melo Kharbuja, Sakkarteti
C. melo Linn. var. momordica Duthie & Fuller
C. prophetarum L. Kantalo indran,
Kantalan-indranan
C. sativus L. Kakadi
125
C. setosus Cogn.
Cucurbita maxima Duch. Kolu, Patkolu, Lalkolu
C. moschata Duch. ex Poir.
Dactyliandra welwitschii Hk. f. Ankphu-tamani
Diplocylos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey Shivlingi
Kedrostis rostrata (Rottl.) Cogn. Nurkvel
Lagenaria laucantha (Duch) Rusby Duthie, Kadri Tunedi
Laggera falcata (D.Don) O. Kuntze
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. var. acutangula Turiya
L. acutangula (L.) Roxb. var. amara (Lam.) Cl. Dodki, Kadvi Ghishodi,
Jungli-Turiya
L. cylindrica (L.) M.J. Roem. Ghee-Turai, Galku,
Marti-gonsali, Ghosale
L. echinata Roxb. Kukadvel
L.tuberosa Roxb.
Momordica balsamina L. Vadkarela, Patola, Chochidan
M. charantia L. Karela, Kareli
M. cochinchinensis Spr.
M. denudata (Thw.) Cl.
M. dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Kankoda, Kantola, Vanzkantoli
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Chanak-chibhdi
Solena heterophylla Lour. Gometi
S. perpusilla Lour.
Trichosanthes anguina L. Pandola
T. bracteata (Lam.) Voigt Ratani, Indra-damni, KalulanaAmba
T. cucumerina L. Jangli Parval
T. dioica Roxb. Padval, Parval
BEGONIACEAE
Begonia crenata Dryand.
CACTACEAE
Opuntia elatior Mill.

Phafdo thor
MOLLUGINACEAE
Corbichonia decumbens (Forsk.) Jack. ex Excell

Gisekia pharnaceoides L.
Glinus lotoides Mitho Okharad
G. oppositifolius (L.) A.DC. Kadvo Okharad
Mollugo cerviana
M. nudicaulis Lam.
M. pentaphylla L.
AIZOACEAE
126
Corbichonia decumbens (Forsk.) Exell

Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.)
S. sesuvioides (Fenzl) Verdocourt
Trianthema portulacastrum L. Satodo
T. triquetra Rottl. ex Willd.
Zaleya decandra Burm. f.
Z. govindia (Buch-Ham. ex G. Don) Nair
APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)
Anethum graveolens L. Suwa

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Bhrami, Moti Bharmi, Khad
Brahmi, Vidya Brahmi
Coriandrum sativum L. Kothmir, Dhana
Cuminum cyminum L.
Daucus carota L. var. sativa DC. Gajjar, Ratadiyu
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Valiari
Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.
Peucedanum grande Cl. Bapari
Pimpinella adscendens Dalz.
P. candollenna W. & A.
P. heyneana Wall. ex Kurz Nadgiova
P. tomentosa Dalz. ex Cl. Jangli Jiru
P. wallichiana
Sesili diffusum (Roxb. ex Sm.) Sant. & Wagh
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague Ajamo
T. copticum (L.) Link
T. roxburghianum (DC.) Graib
T. stictocarpum Wolff. var. stictocarpum
Zosimia anethifolia DC.
ALANGIACEAE
Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. Ankol, Ankoli
RUBIACEAE
Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Bth. & Hk. f. ex Brandis Haldarvo, Haldu
Anthocephalus indicus
A. chinensis (Lamk.) A. Rich. ex Walp.
Borreria articularis (L.f.) F.N. Will. Ganthiyu, Kharsat Shankhlo
B. stricta (L. f.) Schum.
Canthium parviflorum Lam.
Dentella repens (L.) Forst.
Gardenia resinifera Roth Pendri, Jangli Champo, Dikamli
G. turgida Roxb. var. montana (Roxb.) Hk. f.
G. turgida Roxb. var. turgida Gangdi, Tadholi, Findarko
Hydrophylax maritima L. f.
127
Hymenodictyon excelsum (Roxb.) Wall. Bhammar Chal, Rogan Kokadio,

` Kadwai, Pariani,
Madh-mahudo, Boisal
Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Sm. Naveri
I. brachiata Roxb. Garbale
I. coccinea L. Ratinevari, Rato Okho
Kohautia aspera (Heyne ex Roth) Bremek.
Meyna laxiflora Robyns Ali, Alu, Aliv,
Phalkhado, Gondadi
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Koth. Kalam, Kadamb
Morinda citrifolia Linn.
M. tomentosa Heyne ex Roth Al, Ali
Mussaenda glabrata (Hk. f.) Hutch.
Neanotis foetida (Hk. f.) Lewis
N. lancifolius (Dalzell) W.H. Lewis
N. rheedii (Wall. ex W. & A.) W.H. Lewis
Oldenlandia affinis DC.
O. aspera (Roth) DC.
O. auricularia (L.) K. Schum.
O. corymbosa L. Parpat, Parpati
O. herbacea (L.) Roxb. Parpat, Parpati
O. nagporensis Brace ex Haines
O. pumila (L. f.) DC.
O. umbellata L.
Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek. Papat
Rondeletia odorata Jacq.
Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb.
Tarenna zeylanica
Thecagonum ovalifolium (Cav.)
Wendlandia heynei (R.& S.) Santapau & Merchant
Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay Mindhal, Mindhol, Medhelo
X. uliginosa (Retz.) Maheshwari Gengda, Gangad, Gangeda
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
Acanthospermum hispidum DC.

Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O. Ktze.
Ageratum conyzoides L.
Amberboa ramosa (Roxb.) Jeffrey Bhonyadandi, Badavard
Anaphalis cutchica Cl.
Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pump.
A. parviflora Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.
A. scoparia Waldst. & Kit.
Bidens bipinnata L.
B. biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff Karakokdi,
Samara Kokdi
B. sulphurea (Cav.) Schultz.-Bip.
Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philip. Dholu, Fuldu
Blumea belangeriana DC.
B. bifoliata (L.) DC.
128
B. bovei (DC.) Vatke

B. eriantha DC. Kapurio, Kalhar
B. fistulosa (Roxb.) Kurz
B. lacera (Burm. f.) DC. Kapurio
B. laciniata (Roxb.) DC.
B. malcolmii (Cl.) Hk. f.
B. membranacea DC.
B. mollis (D.Don) Merr. Bhutaco, Chanchadmari
B. obliqua (L.) Druce
B. oxyodonta DC.
B. virens DC.
Caesulia axillaris Roxb.
Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. & Aschers.
Centratherum phyllolaenum (DC.) Bth. ex Cl.
Chrysanthellum indicum DC.
Cichorium intybus L. Chikory
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.
Conyza japonica Less.
C. leucantha (D. Don ) Ludlow and Raven
C. stricta Willd.
Cyathocline purpurea (D. Don) O. Ktze. Okharad
Dicoma tomentosa Cass. Pardeshi-Kandheri
Echinops echinatus Roxb. Shulio,Utkanto
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Bhangro
Elephantopus scaber L. Hastipad, Kharsat,
Bhonya Patri
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Hiran Khuri
Erigeron asteroides Roxb. Maredi
E. bonariensis L.
Eupatorium odoratum L. forma squarrosum Koster.
Flaveria australasica Hk. Pilo Bhangro,
Pardeshi-Bhangro
Glossocardia bosvallea (L. f.) DC. Adbau Suva
Glossogyne bidens (Retz. Alst. Kagsuva
Gnaphalium indicum L. Phulvo
G. luteo-album Munderi
G. polycaulon Pers.
G. pulvinatum Del.
Goniocaulon indicum (Klein ex Willd) Cl.
Grangea marderaspatana (L.) Poir. Zinki Mundi
Guizotia abyssinica Cass. Kursan, Ramtil, Kalatil
Helianthus scaberrimus Ell.
Helichrysum cutchicum (Cl.) Rolla Rao et Desh.
Hymenatherum tenuifolium Cass.
Inula grantioides Boiss.
Lactuca remotiflora DC. Pathari, Pathardi
L. runcianata DC. Sonki
Lagascea mollis Cav.
Laggera alata (D.Don) Sch.-Bip. ex Oliver Bodo Kalhar, Bodo Kalhad,
L. aurita (L. f.) Sch.-Bip. Bhint Mulo
Launaea fallax (Jaub. & Spach.) Ktze.
L. glomerata (Jaub. & Spach.) Hk. f.
129
L. procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal Motibhonpatri

L. resedifolia (L.) Druce
L. sarmentosa (Willd.) Alst. Bhonpatri, Nani Bhonpatri
Oligochaeta ramosa (Roxb.) Wagenitz
Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Pluchea arguta Boiss.
P. lanceolata (DC.) Cl. Khari Rasna, Rasna
P. tomentosa DC.
P. wallichiana DC.
Pulicaria angustifolia DC. Sisolia Nijatni Vanaspati
P. crispa Sch.-Bip
P. foliolosa DC.
P. vulgaris Gaertn.
P. wightiana (DC.) Cl Sonfulki, Sisoria Sonasalia
Sclerocarpus africanus Jacq.
Senecio dalzellii Cl.
S. grahami Hk. f.
S. vulgaris L.
Siegesbeckia orientalis L. Pilibadakadi
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill.
S. brachyotus DC.
S. oleraceus L. Dudhali sonki
Sphaeranthus indicus L. Gorakh Mundi, Bhurandi
Spilanthes calva DC. Akkalgaro, Mariti
Synedrella nodiflora (L. ex Willd.) Gaertn.
Tagetes erecta L.
T. patula L.
Taraxacum officinale Wiggers
Tricholepis amplexicaulis Cl. Ubho Mulo
T. glaberrima DC. Brahm Dandi, Fishiaru
T. radicans (Roxb.) DC. Bethu Fishiaru
Tridax procumbens L. Pardesi Bhangro
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. Kalijiri
V. cinerascens Sch.-Bip. Vadi sadedi
V. cinerea (L.) Less. Sahedevi, Sadedi
V. divergens (Roxb.) Edgew.
Vicoa cernua Dalz.
V. indica (L.) DC. Sonasali
Wedelia urticaefolia DC.
Xanthium strumarium L. Gokhru, Gadariyu
GOODENIACEAE
Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.
CAMPANULACEAE
Campanula colorata Wall. ex Roxb.

Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn.
Wahlenbergia marginata (Thunb.) A. DC.
130
LOBELIACEAE
Lobelia alsinoides Lam.

L. heyneana R. & S.
L. nicotianaefolia Roth ex R. & S.
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Dyerophytum indicum (Gibs. ex Wt.) O. Ktze. Pavi

Limonium stocksii (Boiss.) O. Ktze.
Plumbago auriculata Lamk.
P. indica L.
P. zeylanica L. Chitrak, Chitro
Vogelia indica Gibs. ex Wt.
PRIMULACEAE
Anagallis arvensis L. var. coerulea (Schreb.) Gren. & Godr.

A. pumila Sw.
MYRSINACEAE
Aegiceras corniculata (L.) Blanco

Embelia ribes Burm. f.
E. tsjeriam-cottam (R. & S.) DC. Ambati, Vavading
SAPOTACEAE
Chrysophyllum cainito L.
Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel. Mahuvo, Mahudo
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dub. Rayana
M. zapota (L.) van Royen Chikoo
Mimusops elengi L. Bakul, Bakuli
EBENACEAE
Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb.

D. cordifolia Roxb. Dheki
D. melanoxylon Roxb. Timbru, Timbervo
D. montana Roxb.
OLEACEAE
Jasminum auriculatum Vahl

J. calophyllum Wall. ex DC.
131
J. flexile Vahl Jui

J. malabaricum Wt. Jangli Jui
J. multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andr. Mogro, Jui
J. officinale L.
J. sambac (L.) W. Ait.
Nyctanthes arbortristis L. Parijatak, Cheddi, Harisingar
Schrebera swietenioides Roxb. Mokha, Mokh
SALVADORACEAE
Azima tetracantha Lam.

Salvadora oleoides Decne. Piludi
S. persica L. Pilvo, Piludi
APOCYNACEAE
Allamanda cathartica L. var. hendersonii Bailey

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.
Beaumontia grandiflora (Roxb.) Wall.
Carissa congesta Wt. Karvanda, Karamda
C. spinarum L.
Catharanthus pusillus (Murr.) G. Don
C. roseus (L.) G. Don Barmasi, Sadafuli
Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill Chandni, Taggar
E. heyneana (Wall.) Cooke
Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall ex G. Don Indrajav, Kadvo
Indrajav, Kudo
Nerium indicum Mill. Lalkaren, Karen
Plumeria rubra L. Champo,Khad Champo
Rauvolfia serpentina (Linn.) Benth. ex Kurz.
R. tetraphylla L.
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merrill Pilikaren
Vallaris solanacea (Roth) O. Ktze.
Wrightia dolichocarpa Bahadur et Bennet
W. tinctoria R. Br. Kudi, Runchalo Dudhlo
W. tomentosa R. & S. Dudhlo
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Asclepias curassavica L.
Brachystelma laevigatum Hk. f.
Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Akado
C. procera (Ait.) R. Br. Akado, Nano,
Akado, Nani Rui
Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.
C. candelabrum L.
C. odorata Hk. f.
Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) Wt.
Cynanchum callialata Ham. ex Wt.
132
Dregea volubilis (L. f.) Bth. ex Hk. f. Dodi, Motidodi, Malti

Glossonema varians (Stocks) Bth. ex Hk. f.
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult. Madhunasini
Holostemma annularium (Roxb.) K. Schum. Khirdodi, Khaner, Khirvel
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forsk.) Decne.
L. reticulata (Retz.) W.& A. Dodi, Khirdodi, Nani Dodi
Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon
Oxystelma secamone (L.) Karst. Jal-Dudhi, Dudhli
Pentatropis capensis (L. f.) Bullock Shingroti
P. spiralis (Forsk.) Decne.
Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov Chamar Dudheli, Nagla Dudheli
Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigt. Som
S. intermedium Decne
S. stocksii Hk. f.
Secamone emetica R. Br.
Telosma pallida (Roxb.) Craib Varsha Dodi
Tylophora dalzellii Hk. f.
T. indica (Burm. f.) Merrill Damni Vel
T. fasciculata Ham.
T. rotundifolia Ham.
Wattakaka volubilis (L. f.) Stapf
PERIPLOCACEAE
Cryptolepis buchanani (L.) R. & S.

Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. Rubber vel
C. madagascariensis Boj.
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. Dudh vel, Dudhli, Upalsari, Sariva,
Anantmul
Periploca aphylla Decne. Singdio, Rati-Khip,
Hom, Dudhali-Khip
BUDDLEJACEAE
Buddleja asiatica Lour.
LOGANIACEAE
Cynoctonum mitreola (L.) Britt.

Strychnos potatorum L. f. Kantas, Nirmal, Nirmali, Naimel
GENTIANACEAE
Canscora concanensis Cl.

C. decurrens Dalz.
C. decussata Schultes & Schultes
C. diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. Zinku-Kariatu
C. khandalensis Santapau
133
C. pauciflora Dalzell
C. perfoliata Lam.
C. sessiliflora R.& S.
Centaurium centaurioides (Roxb.) Rolla Rao & Hemadri Zinku-Kariatu
Enicostema hyssopifolium (Willd.) Verdoon Zinku Kariyatu,
Kadvinai, Mamejevo
Exacum bicolor Roxb.
E. carinatum Roxb.
E. pedunculatum L.
E. petiolare Griseb.
E. pumilum Griseb.
Hoppea dichotoma Willd.
Nymphoides cristatum (Roxb.) O. Ktze. Poyana, Kumudini
N. indicum (L.) O. Ktze. Poyana, Kumudini
N. parvifolium (Griseb.) O. Ktze.
Swertia minor (Griseb.) Cooke
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl
EHRETIACEAE
Cordia crenata Del.

C. dichotoma Forst. f. Vadgundo, Bhokar,
Gundo
C. domestica Roth Godadio Sag
C. gharaf (Forsk.) Ehrenb. & Asch. Liar Gundi,Nani Gundi, Nana, Gunda
C. macleodii Hk. f. & Th. Dahivi
C. monoica Roxb. Kathgundi, Kathgundijo zad
Karpati gundi
C. perrottetii Wt. Jungli Gundi
C. sebestena L.
C. wallichii G. Don
Ehretia aspera Roxb. Nani Vadhawrdi, Nandh Kajiyari
E. laevis Roxb. Dantrango, Vadhwardi, Darar, Vedhigalo
Rotula aquatica Lour.
Sericostoma pauciflorum Stocks Karvas
BORAGINACEAE
Arnebia hispidissima DC.

Coldenia procumbens L. Okhrad, Basario Okharad
Cynoglossum meeboldii Brand
Heliotropium bacciferum Forsk.
H. bacciferum var. suberosum (Clarke)
H. calcareum Stocks
H. curassavicum L.
H. ellipticum Ledeb.
H. indicum L. Hathi Sundha
134
H. marifolium Koen. ex Retz. Zinku Okharad

H. ophioglossum Stocks ex Ait.
H. ovalifolium Forsk.
H. paniculatum R. Br. Zumkhadu
H. rariflorum Stock Jakhau
H. strigosum Willd.
H. subulatum Hochst. ex DC. Pilo Hathi Sundho,
Pilo Hathi Sundhio
H. supinum L. Ghedio Okharad
H. zeylanicum Lamk.
Trichodesma africanum (L.) R. Br.
T. amplexicaule Roth Undhafuli
T. indicum (L.) R. Br. Undha Fuli, Agiya Kharsan
T. sedgwickianum Banergee
T. zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br.
CONVOLVULACEAE
Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker.-Gawl.

A. pilosa W. & A.
A. nervosa (Burm. f.) Boj. Samudrasok,
Vardharo, Samadar Sog
A. sericea Dalz.
A. strigosa (Roth) Roberty
Convolvulus arvensis L. Khetrau Phudardi Veldi, Nerivel
C. auricomus (A. Rich.) Bhandari var. auricomus Runchar Veldi,
Runchali Veldi,
Ruchad Neri
C. auricomus (A. Rich.) Bhandari var.
volubilis (Cl.) Santapau
C. deserti Hochst ex Steud.
C. microphyllus (Roth) Sieb. ex Spr. Shankhavli, Mankhni, Birval,
Achi Shankhavli
C. pluricaulus Chais.
C. rhyniospermus Hochst. ex Choisy
C. rottlerianus Choisy var. rottlerianus Ubhi Shankavali, Lamba Panni
Shankhavali
C. rottlerianus Choisy var. tenella Cl.
Cressa cretica L. Rudanti, Palio, Khariyu
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Kali Shankhavali,
Zini fudardi, Kari Buti
E. nummularius (L.) L.
Hewittia sublobata (L. f.) O. Ktze.
Ipomoea alba L.
I. aquatica Forsk. Nali Ni Bhaji,
Nada Ni Vel
I. batatas (L.) Lam. Shakkariyu
I. cairica (L.) Sw.
I. coptica (L.) Roth ex R. & S.
I. dasysperma Jacq. Dipad Vel
I. dichroa (R. & S.) Choisy Safed Panvali Fuderdi
135
I. eriocarpa R. Br. Bodi Fudardi

I. fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy
I. hederifolia L.
I. illustris (Cl.) Prain Gogvel
I. indica (Burm.) Merr.
I. kotschyana Linn.
I. mauritiana Jacq.
I. muricata (L.) Jacq. Bhamardi, Gulabi Gario
I. nil (L.) Roth Kaladana
I. obscura (L.) Ker-Gawl. Vad Fudardi
I. pes-caprae (L.) Sw. Maryad Vel, Dariani Vel
I. pes-tigridis L. Photial, Wagpadi
I. pulchella Roth
I. quamoclit L. Kamini, Kamlata
I. rumicifolia Choisy
I. sepiaria Koen. ex Roxb. var. sepiaria Rati Fuderdi, Gumed Vel
I. sepiaria Koen. ex Roxb. var. stipulacea (Sw.) Cl.
I. sindica Stapf
I. sinensis (Desr.) Choisy Dholi Fudardi
I. triloba L. Nani Fudardi
I. turbinata Lag.
I. vagans Bak.
Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm. f.) Hall. f.
J. pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don
Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. Panch Pan Ni Fudardi
M. dissecta (Jacq.) Hall.
M. gangetica (L.) Cufod. Undardi, Undarkani, Undari
M. hederacea (Burm. f.) Hall. f.
M. quinquefolia (L.) Hall. f.
M. rhyncorhiza (Dalz.) Hall. f.
M. tridentata (L.) Hall. f. subsp. hastata (Desr.) Ooststr.
M. tridentata (L.) Halla. f. tridentata Bhinigario
M. vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hall. f.
M. turpethum (L.) Shah and Bhatt Nasotar
Operculina petaloides (Choisy) Oostst.
O. turpethum (L.) Silva Manso
Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy Fang
R. ornata Choisy
Seddera latifolia Hochst. & Steud. ex Hochst.
Volvulopsis nummulariae (L.) Roberty
CUSCUTACEAE
Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Amarvel, Anantvel

C. chinensis var. ciliaris Engelm.
C. hyalina Roth
C. reflexa Roxb. Amarvel, Anantvel
SOLANACEAE
136
Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl.

ex Willd.) Bercht. & Presl.
Capsicum annuum L. var. acuminata Fingerh. Marchi
C. paraqui L.
Cestrum diurnum L. Divansni, Jui, Din-ka-raja
C. nocturnum L. Ratni Rani
Datura innoxia Mill. Dhantura, Kantalo Dhanturo, Kalo
Dhanturo
D. metel L. Ganthovalo Dhanturo
D. metal var. viola Pandeya & Bhatt
D. namakai Pandeya & Bhatt
D. stramonium L.
Lycium barbarum L. Taleti
L. europaeum L.
Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. ex Farwell Tamata
Nicandra physaloides (L.) Gaertn.
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Pardeshi Tamaku
N. tabacum L. Tamaku
Petunia violacea Lindl.
Physalis longifolia Nutt.
P. minima L. Popti, Parpopti
P. peruviana L.
Solanum albicule Kotschy ex Dunal
S. arundo Mattei
S. dubium Fresen
S. elaeagnifolium Cav.
S. gracilipes Decne.
S. incanum L. Ubhi Ringni
S. indicum L. Ubhi Ringni, Vadringni, Dorli
S. melongena L. Ringana, Ringan, Vantyak
S. purpureilineatum Sabnis et Bhatt
S. nigrum L. Piludi
S. nodiflorum Jacq.
S. roxburghii Dunal
S. surattense Burm. f. Bhoringni, Bhoyringni
S. sysimbifolium Linn.
S. trilobatum L.
S. tuberosum L.
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Ghodasn, Ghodakun, Asgandha,
Ashvagandha
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Angelonia grandiflora C. Murr.

Anticharis senegalensis Walp. Bhandari
Bacopa floribunda (R. Br.) Wettst.
B. monnieri (L.) Pennell Bam, Jalnaveri
Buchnera hispida Buch.-Ham.
Campylanthus ramosissimus Wight
Centranthera indica (L.) Gamble
Dopatrium junceum (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Bth.
137
Glossostigma diandrum (L.) O. Ktze.

Kickxia incana (Wall.) Pennell.
K. ramossisima (Wall.) Janch. Bhini Ghilodi, Bhini chat, Bhini val,
Kanoti
Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Bth.
L. indica (L.) Druce Tarati, Purti
L. sessiliflora (Vahl) Bl.
Lindernia anagallia (Burm. f.) Pennell
L. antipoda (L.) Alst.
L. ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell
L. crustacea (L.) F. Muell.
L. estiminodosia (Blatt & Hallb) Muk
L. glandulifera (Bl.) Backer
L. hyssopioides (L.) Haines,
L. multiflora (Roxb.) Mukerjee
L. muraria (Roxb. ex D. Don) P. Bruehl Pirsadedi
L. nummularifolia (D. Don.) Wettst.
L. verbenaefolia (Colsm.) Pennell
L. oppositifolia (Retz.) Mukerjee
L. parviflora (Roxb.) Haines.
L. pusilla (Willd) Boldingh
L. sessiliflora Wettst
Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis
Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Sm.
Mimulus strictus Bth.
Peplidium maritimum (L. f.) Wetstt.
Ramphicarpa longiflora (Arn.) Bth.
Russelia equisetiformis Cham. & Schlecht.
Schweinfurthia papilionacea (Linn.) Merill.
S. pterosperma A. Braun
S. sphaerocarpa (Bth.) A. Braun. Sannipat, Sanipat
Scoparia dulcis L.
Shuteria vestita W & A
Sopubia delphinifolia (L.) G. Don
S. triflda Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Stemodia serrata Bth.
S. viscosa Roxb.
Striga angustifolia (D.Don) Saldhana Dholo, Agio,
Kunvario Agio
S. asiatica (L.) O. Ktze. Pilo Agio
S. densiflora (Bth.) Bth. Agio
S. gesneroides (Willd.) Vatke Rato Agio, Ratodio,
Rato Jogido
S. sulphurea Dalz. ex Dalz. & Gibs.
Sutera dissecta (Del.) Walp.
Torenia asiatica L.
T. indica Saldhana
Verbascum chinense (L.) Santapau Kalhar, Kolhala, Kutki
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.
OROBANCHACEAE
138
Aeginetia indica L.
Cistanche tubulosa Wt.
Orobanche cernua Loefl. var. nepalensis DC. Vakumbho
O. aegyptiaca Pers. Vakubmbho
LENTIBULARIACEAE
Utricularia arcuata Wt.

U. aurea Lour.
U. coerulea L.
U. gibba L. var. exoleta (R. Br.) Taylor
U. inflexa Forsk. var. stellaris (L. f.) Taylor
U. reticulata Sm.
U. striatula Sm.
GESNERIACEAE
Didymocarpus pygmaea Cl.
BIGNONIACEAE
Crescentia cujete Linn.

C. alata H. B. K.
Dolichandrone atrovirens (Heyne ex Roth) Sprague Padri, Padad
D. falcata Seem. var. lawii (Seem.) Haines Medsingh, Matarsing
Haplophragma adenophyllum (Wall.) P. Dop.
Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) K. Schum. Waras, Vadvachh, Padar
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don
Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC.
Millingtonia hortensis L. f. Deshi Buch
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Tetu, Tentu, Aralu
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker.-Gawl.) Miers
Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) K. Schum.
Spathodea campanulata Beauv.
Stereospermum personatum (Hassk.) Chatt. Padad
S. suaveolens (Roxb.) DC.
Tabebuia pentaphylla Hamsl.
Tecoma stans (L.) H. B. & K.
Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach.
Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. Ragat Rohido, Roydo, Rohido
PEDALIACEAE
Pedalium murex L. Ubhu Gokharu

Sesamum indicum L. Tal
S. laciniatum Klein ex Willd.
S. prostratum Retz.
139
MARTYNIACEAE
Martynia annua L. Vinchhudo
ACANTHACEAE
Acanthus ilicifolius L.
Adhatoda vasica (L.) Nees Arduso
Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees Kariyatu
A. paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees Kala-methi, Kariyatu,
Lilu kariatu
Asystasia dalzelliana Santapau
A. gangetica (L.) T. Anders.
Barleria acanthoides Vahl
B. cristata L.
B. cuspidata Heyne ex Nees
B. gibsoni Dalz.
B. hochstetteri Nees
B. lawii T. Anders
B. montana Nees
B. prattensis Santapau
B. prionitis L.
B. prionitis L. ssp. pubiflora (Bth. & Hohen)
Blepharis asperrima Nees
B. linariaefolia Pers.
B. maderaspatensis (L.) Roth Untigan, Untanjan Chokdi
B. repens (Vahl) Roth Zinku Utingan
B. sindica T. Anders.
Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek. Karvi, Kurvi
Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees Aboli
Dicliptera leonotis Dalz. ex C.B. Cl.
D. roxburghiana Nees
D. verticillata (Forsk.) Christ.
Dipteracanthus patulus (Jacq.) Nees
D. prostratus (Poir.) Nees Kal Ghavani
Dyschoriste dalzellii (T. Anders. ex Bedd.) O. Ktze.
D. erecta (Burm. f.) O. Ktze.
D. vagans (Wt.) O. Ktze.
Elytraria acaulis (L. f.) Lindau
Eranthemum nervosum (Vahl) R.Br.
E. purpurascens Nees
E. roseum (Vahl) R. Br. Dishmuli
Gantelbua urens (Heyne ex Roth) Bremek
Haplanthus neilgherryensis Wt.
H. tentaculatus Nees var. tentaculatus
H. verticillatus (Roxb.) Nees Kalu Kariyatu
Hemiadelphus polyspermus (Roxb.) Nees
Hemigraphis crenata (Bth. ex Hohenack.) Bremek.
H. crossandra (Steud.) Bremk.
140
H. hirta (Vahl) T. Anders.

H. latebrosa (Heyne ex Roth) Nees var. heyneana Bremek.
Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.) Heine Kanta-shelio, Akharo, Talimkhana
H. polysperma (Roxb.) Anders.
H. salicifolia (Vahl) Nees
H. serpyllum (Nees) T. Anders. Sarpat
Justicia betonica L.
J. diffusa Willd.
J. gendarussa Burm. f.
J. heterocarpa T. Anders.
J. micrantha Heyne ex Wall.
J. procumbens L.
J. prostrata (Cl.) Gamble
J. quinqueangularis Koen. ex Roxb. var.

peploides (Nees) Cl.
J. quinqueangularis Koen. ex Roxb. var. quinqueangularis
J. simplex D. Don
J. vahlii Roth
Lepidagathis cristata Willd.
L. cuspidata Nees
L. trinervis Wall. ex Nees Harancharo, Paniru
Monechma debile (Forsk.) Nees
Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Nees
Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus (Nees) Dalz. Ganthera
N. trinervius Wt.
Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees Adhedi, Lisi Adhedi, Kali, Anghedi
Petalidium barlerioides (Roth) Nees
Pseuderanthemum bicolor (Schrank) Radlk. Lindau
Rhinacanthus nasuta (L.) Kurz
Ruellia patula Jacq. var. alba Saxton
R. tuberosa L.
Rungia elegans Dalz.
R. muralis Royle ex Nees
R. parviflora Nees Khadselio
R. pectinata (L.) Nees Khadselo
R. repens (L.) Nees
Sanchezia nobilis Hk. f.
Sericocalyx scaber (Nees) Bremek
Staurogyne zeylanica (Nees) O. Ktze.
S. glauca O. Ktze.
Thelepaepale ixiocephala (Bth.) Bremek.
Thrysacanthus nitidus Nees
Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sims.
T. erecta (Bth.) T. Anders.
T. grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb.
T. laevis Nees
AVICENNIACEAE
Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Tivar
141
A. officinalis L. Tavariya
VERBENACEAE
Bouchea marrubifolia Schauer

Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) Murray
Chascanum marrubifolium Fenzl. ex Walp.
Citharoxylum subserratum Sw.
Clerodendron infortunatum L.
C. inerme (L.) Gaertn.
C. multiflorum (Burm. f.) O. Ktze. Arni
C. philippinum Schauer
C. serratum (L.) Moon Bharungi
C. viscosum Vent.
Duranta repens L.
Gmelina arborea Roxb.
G. asiatica L.
G. philippensis Cham.
Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz.
Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.) Mold.
L. salvifolia Jac.
Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Ratvelio, Ratulio, Ratokharar
Premna coriacea Cl.
P. integrifolia L.
P. resinosa Schau
Priva cordifolia (L. f.) Druce
Pygmaeopremna herbacea (Roxb.) Mold.
Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl
Tectona grandis L. f. Sag, Sagvan
Vitex negundo L. Nagod, Nagud, Nargund
V. trifolia L.
LAMIACEAE (LABIATAE)
Acrocephalus indicus (Burm. f.) O. Ktze.

Anisochilus carnosus Wall.
Anisomeles heyneana Bth.
A. indica (L.) O. Ktze. Chodharo
A. malabarica R. Br. ex Sims Runchhalo Chodharo
Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm.
Coleus amboinicu Lour.
C. caninus (Roth) Vatke
C. forskohlii (Poir.) Briq. Esidia
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
Lavandula bipinnata (Roth) O. Ktze.
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br.
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spr. Kubi
L. biflora R. Br.
L. cephalotes (Roxb. ex Roth) Spr. Khetarau Kubo,
Dosinokubo
142
L. lavandulaefolia J.E. Sm. Zina Panno Kubo

L. longifolia Bth.
L. martinicensis (Jacq.) R. Br.
L. nutans (Roth) Spr.
L. stelligera Wall. ex Bth. Dungarau Kubo
L. stricta Bth.
L. urticaefolia R. Br. Kubo
L. zeylanica R.Br.
Mentha spicata L. Fudino
Moschosma polystachyum (L.) Bth. Dungrau Tulsi, Abchicavchi
Nepeta bombaiensis Dalz.
N. hindostana (Heyne ex Roth) Haines var. hindostana
N. hindostana (Heyne ex Roth)
var. woodrowii (Cooke) Santapau
Ocimum basilicum L. Damro, Damarvo,
Sabjo, Maruo
O. canum Sims Ran Tulsi, Jungli Tulsi, Tukmaria,
Jungli Maruvo, Nasbo
O. gratissimum L. Ramtulsi, Mala Tulsi
O. kilimandscharicum Guerke
O. sanctum L. Tulsi
Orthosiphon glabratus Bth.
O. pallidus Royle
Plectranthus mollis (Ait.) Spreng.
P. stocksii Hk. f.
Pogostemon benghalensis (N. Burm.) O. Ktze.
P. parviflorus Bth.
P. purpurascens Dalz.
Salvia plebeia R.Br.
S. santolinaefolia Boiss.
PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago exigua Juss. ex Murr.

P. ovata Forsk. Ghoda Jiru, Isabgol
P. psyllium L. Jiralo
NYCTAGINACEAE
Boerhavia chinensis (L.) Durce

B. diffusa L. Satodi
B. elegans Choisy
B. verticillata Poir. Zari Satodo, Vasedo, Punarnava
Bougainvillea glabra Choisy
B. spectabilis Willd.
Mirabilis jalapa L. Gulbas
Pisonia mitis L Velati, Salet
AMARANTHACEAE
143
Achyranthes aquatica R. Br.

A. aspera L. var. aspera Anghedi, Anghedo
A. aspera L. var. prophyristachya Hk. f. Sonar

A. lanata (L.) Juss. Gorakh Ganjo, Kapuri Madhuri,
Gorakhdi, Sanibur
A. monsoniae (L. f.) Mart. Bur, Sanepnnjobur
A. sanguinolenta (L.) Bl. Karadia, Vellaro, Gorakhganjo, Burval,
Burji Val
Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. ex J.A. Schultes Bur, Gorakhganjo
A. javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. ex Sch. var. bovei Webb.
Alternanthera amoena (Reg.) Voss.
A. ficoides (L.) R. Br. ex R. & S.
A. ficoides (L.) R. Br. var. erecta Mart.
Amaranthus blitum L. var. oleracea (L.) Hk. f.
A. caudatus L.
A. dubius Mart.
A. graecizans L. var. thellungianus (Nevski) Gusev.
A. hybridus L. subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell.
var. paniculatus (L.) Thell. Rajgaro, Rajgira
A. lividus L.
A. paronychioides St Hil.
A. pungens H.B. & K.
A. retroflexus L.
A. sessilis (L.) Dc. Tandaljo
A. spinosus L.
A. tenuifolius Willd.
A. tricolor L. var. tricolor
A. tricolor L. var. tristis (Prain) Nayar
A. viridis L.
Celosia argentea L. Lambdi, Lampdi
Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Kanjro, Lolar
Gomphrena celosioides Mart.
G. globosa L.
Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wt.
Psilostachys sericea Hk. f.
Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss.
P. orbiculata (Heyne) Wight
Telanthera ficoidea Moq.
CHENOPODIACEAE
Arthrocnemum indicum (Willd.) Moq. Machur,

Machhar ni Bhaji, Bholodo
Artiplex hortensis L.
A. stocksii (Wt.) Boiss. Khati Palakh, Adbau Palakh,
Adbau Tanko
Chenopodium album L. Chil, Chilni Bhaji
C. murale L. Bilaro, Balaro, Balreji Bhaji
Haloxylon recurvum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss.
H. salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss.
144
Salicornia brachiata Roxb.

Salsola baryosma (R.& S.) Dandy
Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forsk. Moros, Khari Luni-ni-bhaji
S. maritima (L.) Dum.
S. monoica Forsk. ex Gmel.
S. nudiflora (Willd.) Moq. Moros
BASELLACEAE
Basella rubra L. Poi
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Rivinia humilis L.
POLYGONACEAE
Antigonon leptopus Hk. & Arn.

Calligonum polygonoides L.
Polygonum barbatum L. var. gracile Steward
P. fagopyrum L.
P. glabrum Willd.
P. plebeium R. Br.
P. plebeium R. Br. var. indica Hk.
Rumex dentatus L.
R. vesicarius L.
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. Kidamari

A. indica L.
PIPERACEAE
Peperomia pellucida (L.) H. B. & K.
LAURACEAE
Cassytha filiformis L.
Helicanthes elastica (Desv.) Densr.
Litsea chinensis Lamk.
Macrosolen parasiticus (L.) Danser
Scurrula philippensis (Cham. & Schlecht.) G. Don.
PROTEACEAE
145
Grevillea robusta Cunn. ex R. Br. Silver Oak
LORANTHACEAE
Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Etting. var. falcata Vando

D. falcata (L. f.) Etting. var. pubescens
(Hk. f.) Sant. & Herb. ex Shah Benvel, Vando
Tolypanthus lagenifer (Wight) Van Tiegh.
Viscum angulatum Heyne ex DC.
V. articulatum Burm. f.
SANTALACEAE
Santalum album L. Chandan
EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha ciliata Forssk. Dadari, Runchalo Dadro

A. hispida Burm. f.
A. indica L. Dadari, Dadarjo, Dadaro
A. lanceolata Wiild.
A. malabarica Muell.-Arg.
A. wilkesiana Muell.-Arg.
Antidesma diandrum Roth
A. ghaesaembilla Gaertn.
Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg.
Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alst. Kamboi, Kalikamboi
B. rhamnoides (Bl.) Muell.-Arg.
Bridelia hamiltoniana Wall. ex Muell.-Arg.
B. retusa (L.) Spr. Asan, Monj
B. squamosa (Lam.) Gehrm. Asan
B. stipularis (L.) Bl.
Chrozophora obliqua A. Juss.
C. parvifolia Klotz. ex Schw.
C. prostrata Dalz. Betho Okhrad
C. rottleri (Geis.) Juss. ex Spr. Kalo Okharad
C. tinctoria A. Juss.
Cicca acida (L.) Merr. Khata-Ambala, Harfarevdi, Harpharori
Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume
Croton bonplandianum Baill.
C. oblongifolius Roxb.
Dalechampia scandens L. var. cordofana
(Hochst. ex A. Rich) Muell.-Arg.
Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurus Putranjivi
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Ambla
Euphorbia acaulis Roxb.
E. antiquorum
E. clarkeana Hk. f.
E. dracunculoides Lam. Ubhi Dudheli
146
E. elegans Spr.
E. fusiformis Buch.-Ham.
E. geniculata Ort.
E. granulata Forsk.
E. heterophylla L.
E. hirta L.
E. linearifolia Roth
E. milli Ch. des Moulins
E. nerifolia L.
E. nivulia Buch.-Ham. Thor
E. orbiculata H. B. & K.
E. parviflora L.
E. perbracteata Gage
E. prostrata Ait.
E. pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotz.
E. pycnostegia Boiss.
E. pycnostegia var. zornioides (Boiss.) Sant.
E. rosea Retz.
E. rothiana Spr.
E. thymifolia L.
E. tirucalli L. Kharsani
E. zornioides Boiss.
Homonoia retusa (Grah.) Muell.-Arg.
H. riparia Lour. Chandri
Jatropha curcas L. Vilaytiarandi, Jamal Gota
J. gossypifolia L.
J. hastata Jacq.
Kirganelia reticulata (Poir.) Baill. Kamboi, Picharun
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. Shendri, Kapilo
Micrococca mercuralis (L.) Bth.
Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poir
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels
P. amarus Schum. & Thonn.
P. debilis Klein ex Willd.
P. fraternus Webster Bhonya Amli
P. lawii Grah.
P. maderaspatensis L. Bakarato, Kanochha
P. simplex Retz.
P. urinaria L. Kharsad Bhonyamli
P. virgatus Forst. Moti Bhonyamli
Ricinus communis L.
Sapium insigne Bth. var. malabaricum (Wt.) Hk. f. Sherod
Sebestiana chamaelea (L.) Muell.-Arg.
Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. Chhini, Thumari
S. virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Pax & Hoffm. Pichrun, Safedfali
Tragia hildebrandtii Muell.-Arg.
T. muelleriana var. unicolor (Muell.-Arg.) Pax & Hoffm.
Trewia polycarpa Bth. & Hk. f. ex Hk. f. Petar
ULMACEAE
147
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch Kanjo, Papada, Audo-Aodo

Trema orientalis (L.) Bl. Gol, Vanjli
T. politoria Planch.
URTICACEAE
Boehmeria scabrella (Roxb.) Gaud.

Distemon indicum Wedd.
Elatostema cuneatum Wt.
Girardinia zeylanica Decne. Aagyya
Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew
Lecanthus peduncularis (Royle) Wedd.
Neodistemon indicum (Wedd.) Babu et Henry
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.
Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn.
MORACEAE
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Fanas

Ficus amplissima Sm. Payar
F. arnottiana Miq. Khadak Payar
F. asperrima Roxb. Karvati, Kharoti
F. benghalensis L. Vad
F. carica L. Anjir
F. drupacea Thunb. var. pubescens (Roth) Corner Pipli
F. exasperata Vahl
F. gibbosa Blume
F. heterophylla L. f.
F. hispida L. f. Rambal, Dhadhumdi
F. microcarpa L. f. Nandrak Vad
F. nervosa Heyne ex Roth
F. racemosa L. Umaro, Umbar
F. religiosa L. Piplo
F. rumphii Bl. Pipli, Pipri
F. tinctoria Forst. f. subsp. parasitica
var. parasitica Corner
F. virens Ait. Pipli
Morus alba L. Shetur
Streblus asper Lour. Harero
CANNABINACEAE
Cannabis sativa L. Ganjo
CASUARINACEAE
Casuarina equisetifolia L. Sharu
148
SALICACEAE
Salix tetrasperma Roxb.
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Ceratophyllum demersum L.
HYDROCHARITACEAE
Blyxa echinosperma (Cl.) Hk. f.

B. octandra (Roxb.) Planch. ex Thw.
Enhalus acoroides (L. f.) Rich. ex Steud.
Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle
Nechamandra alternifolia (Roxb.) Thw.
Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers.
Vallisneria spiralis L.
ORCHIDACEAE
Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. & McC.

Aerides crispum Lindl.
A. maculosum Lindl. Lasun
Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl.
D. microbulbon A. Rich.
D. ovatum (Willd.) Kranz
D. peguanum Lindl.
Eria dalzellia
Eulophia herbacea Lindl.
E. ochreata Lindl.
E. ramentacea Lindl. ex Wt.
Habenaria commelinifolia Wall. ex Lindl.
H. furcifera Lindl.
H. gibsonii Hk. f. var. foliosa
(A. Rich.) Santapau & Kapadia
H. digitata Lindl.
H. grandifloriformis Blatt. & McC.
H. longicorniculata Grah.
H. marginata Coleb. var. fusifera
(Hk. f.) Santapau & Kapadia
H. marginata Coleb. var. marginata forma marginata
H. plantaginea Lindl.
Malaxis mackinnonii (Duthie) Ames
Nervilia aragoana Gaud.
Oberonia brunoniana Wt.
O. falconeri Hk. f.
Peristylus goodyeroides (D. Don) Lindl.
P. lawii Wt.
P. plantagineus Lindl.
P. stocksii (Hk. f.) Kranz.
149
Plantanthera susannae (L.) Lindl.

Rhynchostylis retusa
Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hk. f. ex G. Don
V. testacea (Lindl.) Reichb. f.
Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr.
ZINGIBERACEAE
Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe

Costus speciosus (Koenig ex Retz.) Sm. Pavuta
Curcuma amada Roxb. Amba Haldar
C. decipiens Dalz.
C. inodora Blatt.
C. pseudomontana Grah.
Kaempferia rotunda L.
Zingiber cassumer Roxb.
Z. cernuum Dalz. Jangli Adu
MUSACEAE
Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman

Musa paradisiaca L.
CANNACEAE
Canna flaccida Salisb.

C. indica L.
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Crinum asiaticum L.
C. brachynema Herb.
C. defixum Ker-Gawl.
C. latifolium L.
C. pratense Herb.
Pancratium parvum Dalz.
P. triflorum Roxb.
HYPOXIDACEAE
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Kali Musli

Hypoxis aurea Lour.
AGAVACEAE
Agave americana L.
150
A. cantula Roxb.
A. ingens Berg.
A. lurida Ait.
A. veracruz Mill.
A. wightii Drum & Prain.
Furcraea sp.
Polianthes tuberosa L. Gulchadi
Sanseviera roxburghiana J. & J. Schult.
S. thyrsiflora Thunb.
Yucca gloriosa L.
TACCACEAE
Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) O. Ktze.
DIOSCOREACEAE
Dioscorea alata L. Ratalu

D. belophylla Voigt
D. bulbifera L.
D. hispida Dennst.
D. oppositifolia L.
D. pentaphylla L.
D. pubera Bl.
D. wallichii Hk. f.
LILIACEAE
Allium cepa L. Dongri, Kando, Pyaz

A. sativum L. Lasan
Aloe barbadensis Mill. Kunvarpato
Asparagus dumosus Baker
A. gonoclados Baker Satavari
A. plumosus Baker
A. racemosus Willd. var. javanicus (Kunth) Baker Satavri
A. sprengeri Regel.
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Dungro
Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. & Fernand.
C. tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker
C. malabaricum Baker
Dipcadi erythraeum Webb. & Benth.
D. montanum (Dalz.) Baker
D. ursulae Blatt. var. longiracemosa Deb & Dasgupta
Dipcadi sp.
Gloriosa superba L.
Iphigenia indica (L.) A. Gray
Scilla hohenackeri Fisch. & Mey.
S. hyacinthina (Roth) Macbr.
Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth Jungli Dungli, Jangli Pyaz
151
SMILACACEAE
Smilax zeylanica L. Sarsaparila
PONTERIDACEAE
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Kanphutti

Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl.
COMMELINACEAE
Amischophacelus axillaris (L.) Rolla Rao & Kammathy

A. cucullata (Roth) Rolla Rao & Kammathy
Commelina albescens Hassk.
C. attenuata Koen. ex Vahl
C. benghalensis L.
C. diffusa Burm. f.
C. erecta L.
C. forskalaei Vahl
C. hasskarlii Cl.
C. paleata Hassk.
C. paludosa Bl.
C. suffruticosa Bl.
Cyanotis cristata (L.) Schult. f.
Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan
M. semiteres (Dalz.) Santapau
M. simplex (Vahl) Brenan
M. spirata (Linn.) Brueck
M. vaginata (L.) Bruckn.
M. versicolor (Dalz.) Bruckn.
JUNCACEAE
Juncus bufonius L.
J. maritimus Lam.
J. prismatocarpus R.Br.
ARECACEAE (PALMAE)
Borassus flabellifer L.
Calamus rotang L. Netar
Caryota urens L. Shivjata
Cocos nucifera L. Nariel, Tarafoo
Hyphaene indica Becc. Ravan Tad, Div Tad
Nipa fruticans Thunb.
Phoenix acaulis Roxb.
P. dactylifera L.
152
P. sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Khajuri

Roystonea oleracea (Jacq.) O. F. Cooke
R. regia (H. B. & K.) O. F. Cooke
PANDANACEAE
Pandanus fasciculris Lamk.

P. odoratissimus L. f. Kevro Vekdo
TYPHACEAE
Typha angustata Bory & Chaub. Ghabajariu, Ramban

T. elephantina Roxb.
T. latifolia L.
ARACEAE
Acorus calamus L.
Alocasia indica Schott
Amorphophallus bulbifer
A. campanulatus (Roxb.) Bl. ex Decne. Suran
A. commutatus (Schott) Engler Jangli Suran
A. sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth Jungli Suran
Arisaema murrayi Hk. f.
A. neglectum Schott
A. tortuosum (Wall.) Schott
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
Cryptocoryne retrospiralis Kunth
Pistia stratiotes L. Jalsankhala
Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott.
Sauromatum pedatum (Willd.) Schott
S. venosum (Ait.) Kunth
Synantherias sylvatica Schott
Typhonium amboinense (Rumph.) Blatt. & Mc Cann
T. flagelliformii (Lodel) Blume
T. trilobatum (Linn.) Scholt
LEMNACEAE
Lemna gibba L.
L. paucicostata Hegelm.
L. perpusilla Torr.
L. trisulca L.
Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid.
Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Wimmer
W. microscopica (Griff.) Kurz
153
ALISMATACEAE
Limnophyton obtusifolium (L.) Miq.

Sagittaria guayanensis H. B. & K. subsp. lappula (D.Don)
S. sagittifolia L.
BUTOMACEAE
Tenagocharis latifolia (D. Don) Buchen.
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Potamogeton crispus L.
P. nodosus Poir.
P. pectinatus L.
P. perfoliatus L.
NAJADACEAE
Najas graminea Del. Descr.

N. kurziana Rendle
N. marina L.
N. minor All.
APONOGETONACEAE
Aponogeton natans (L.) Engl. & Krause
ZANNICHELLIACEAE
Zannichellia palustris L.
subsp. pedicellata Wahlenb. & Rosin.
RUPPIACEAE
Ruppia maritima L.
ERIOCAULACEAE
Eriocaulon achiton Koern.

E. cinereum R. Br.
E. cuspidatum Dalz.
E. dianae Fyson var. dianae
E. diane Fyson var. longibracteatum Fyson
E. eleanorae Fyson
154
E. quinquangulare L.
E. sollyanum Royle
E. truncatum Buch.- Ham. ex Mart.
CYPERACEAE
Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla

Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) Cl.
B. densa (Wall.) Hand. - Mazz.
Carex fedia Nees ex Wt.
C. myosurus Nees in Wt.
Courtoisia cyperoides (Roxb.) Nees
Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb.
C. alternifolius L.
C. alulatus Kern
C. arenarius Retz.
C. articulatus L.
C. atkinsonii Cl.
C. bengalensis Spr.
C. brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk.
C. bulbosus Vahl
C. castaneus Willd.
C. compactus Retz.
C. compressus L.
C. conglomeratus Rottb.
C. corymbosus Rottb.
C. cyperoides (L.) O. Ktze. var. cyperoides
C. cyperoides (L.) O. Ktze. var.
subcompositus (Cl.) Kuekenth.
C. diaphanus Schrad. ex R. & S. Mant.
C. difformis L.
C. distans L. f.
C. esculentus L.
C. exaltatus Retz. var. dives Cl.
C. exaltatus Retz. var. exaltatus
C. flabelliformis Rottb.
C. flavescens L.
C. flavidus Retz. var. flavidus
C. flavidus Retz. var. strictus (Lam.) Korlahalli
C. globosus All.
C. haspan L.
C. hyalinus Vahl
C. iria L. var. iria
C. iria L. var. paniciformis (Franch. et Sav.) Cl.
C. kyllingia Endl.
C. laevigatus L.
C. leucocephalus Retz.
C. malabaricus (Cl.) Cooke
C. macer Cl.
C. metzii (Hochst. ex Steud.) Matt. f. & Kuekenth.
C. michelianus (L.) Link subsp.
155
pygmaeus (Rottb.) Aschers. & Graebn.

C. niveus Retz.
C. nutans Vahl var. eleusiniodes (Kunth) Haines
C. nutans Vahl var. nutans
C. pachyrhizus Nees ex Boeck.
C. pangorei Rottb.
C. paniceus (Rottb.) Boeck.
C. papyrus L.
C. polystachyos Rottb. var. polystachyos
C. polystachyos Rottb. var. laxiflorus Bth.
C. procerus Rottb.
C. pseudokyllingioides Kuekenth.
C. pulchellus R. Br.
C. pulcherrimus Willd.
C. pumilus L. var. membranaceus (Vahl) Kuekenth.
C. pumilus L. var. pumilus
C. rotundus L. subsp. rotundus Chido
C. rotundus L. subsp. tuberosus (Rottb.) Kuekenth.
C. sanguinolentus Vahl subsp. sanguinolentus
C. scariosus R. Br.
C. squarrosus L.
C. stoloniferus Retz.
C. tenuispica Steud.
C. triceps (Rottb.) Endl.
Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult.
E. atropurpurea Kunth
E. congesta D. Don
E. dulcis (Burm. f.) Henschel.
E. geniculata (L.) R. & S.
E. palustris (L.) R. & S.
Eriophorum comosum Wall. ex Nees
Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl
F. aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl.
F. alboviridis Cl.
F. annua R. & S. var. paucispiculata Blatt. & McC.
F. argentea (Rottb.) Vahl
F. bisumbellata (Forsk.) Bub.
F. complanata (Retz.) Link
F. cymosa R. Br.
F. dichotoma (L.) Vahl var. dichotoma
F. dichotoma (L.) vahl var. pluristriata (Cl.) Napper
F. falcata (Vahl) Kunth
F. ferruginea Vahl
F. lawiana (Boeck.) Kern
F. littoralis Gaud.
F. microcarya F. Muell.
F. miliacea (L.) Vahl
F. ovata (Burm. f.) Kern
F. polythricioides Vahl
F. quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth
F. schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl
F. sieberiana Kunth
156
F. tenera R. & S.
F. tetragona R. Br.
F. woodrowii Cl.
Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb.
F. pubescens Kunth
F. umbellata Rottb.
F. uncinata Kunth
F. tuwensis Deshpande et Shah
Lipocarpha chinensis (Osb.) Kern
Remirea maritima Aubl.
Rhynchospora glauca Vahl
R. wightiana (Nees) Steud.
Scirpus affinis Roth in R. & S.
S. articulatus L.
S. brachyceras Hochst. ex A. Rich.
S. grossus L. f.
S. jacobi Fischer
S. juncoides Roxb.
S. kyllingioides Boeck.
S. lateriflorus Gmel.
S. littoralis Schrad. var. subulatus (Vahl) Choiv.
S. michelianus L.
S. roylei (Nees) Parker
S. squarrosus L.
S. triangulatus Roxb.
S. tuberosus Desf.
Scleria annularis (Nees) Kunth
S. parvula Steud.
S. stocksiana Boeck.
S. tessellata Willd.
POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex R. & S.) Ohwi Chinkhe, Jaura

Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. ex Thw.
Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf
Andrachane telephoides Linn.
Andropogon pumilus Roxb. Zinzuo
Apluda mutica L.
Apocopis vaginata Hack.
Aristida adscensionis L. subsp. adscensionis Utha-ampdo, Dabholu, Lapdu
A. cyanantha Nees ex Steud.
A. depressa Retz.
A. funiculata Trin. & Rupr.
A. hirtigluma Steud. ex Trin. et Rupr.
A. histricula Edgew. Maopadi, Bhoin-Lampdo
A. hystrix L. f.
A. mutabilis Trin. et Rupr.
A. redacta Stapf Lapdo
A. royleana Trin. et Rupr. Tholu, Lapdu
Arthraxon cuspidatus Kunth
157
A. hispidus (Thunb.) Makino

A. inermis HK. f.
A. lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst.
A. lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst.
A. meeboldii Stapf Pandadiu
A. prionodes (Steud.) Dandy
A. quartinianus (A. Rich.) Nash
A. sericea Brandis
Arundinella ciliata (Roxb.) Nees ex Miq.
A. holcoides (Kunth) Trin.
A. lawii Hk. f.
A. leptochloa (Nees ex Steud.) Hk. f.
A. metzii Hochst. ex Miq. Dhudu-Ghas, Bajjariu
A. pumila (Hochst.) Steud.
A. setosa Trin.
A. tuberculata Munro ex Lisboa
Arundo donax L.
Avena sterilis L. var. culta Oat
Bambusa arudinacea (Retz.) Willd. Kanti Vans
Bothriochloa glabra (Roxb.) A. Camus Dharfo
B. intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus Dharfo, Saravu
B. ischaemum (L.) Kung Dungari-Zeno
B. pertusa (L.) A. Camus Zenzvo, Jinjvo

Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf
B. deflexa (Schumach.) C.E. Hubb.
B. eruciformis (J.E. Sm.) Griseb.
B. mutica (Forsk.) Stapf Paraghas
B. ramosa (L.) Stapf
B. reptans (L.) Gard. & C. E. Hubb. Kaneru, Paneru,Dadhiyo
B. setigera (Retz.) Hubb. Kaneru, Paneru
Capillipedium assimile (Steud.) A. Camus
C. filiculme (Hk. f.) Stapf
C. hugelii (Hack.) Stapf
C. parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf
Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. Fl. Motu-Dhramnu
C. ciliaris L. Anjan, Dhaman, Jhinu Dhamnu
C. pennisetiformis Hochst. & Steud. ex Steud.
C. setigerus Vahl Dharamnu, Dhamnu,
Dhaman-Ghas
Chionachne koenigii (Spr.) Thw. Garolu
Chloris barbata Sw. Fl. Mindadiu
C. dolichostachya Lagas. Silariu, Rani-Sikriyo
C. gayana Kunth
C. montana Roxb.
C. prieurii Kunth
C. quinquesetica Bhide
C. virgaata Sw.
Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin.
C. aucheri (Boiss.) Stapf
C. fulvus (Spr.) Chiov. Draf, Khad-Sun-Dhiu, Kharalu
158
C. polyphyllus (Hack. ex Hk. f.) Blatter & McCann

C. serrulatus Trin.
Cleistachne sorghoides Bth.
Coix lachryma-jobi L. Kahudo, Kasai
Crypsis schoenoides (L.) Lam.
Cymbopogon caesius (Nees) Stapf
C. citratus (DC.) Stapf Lili Chaha
C. gidarba (Ham. ex. Hk. f.) Haines
C. jwarancusa (Jones) Schult.
C. martinii (Roxb.) Wats. Roicha Ghas, Rosha Ghas
C. oliveri (Boiss.) Bor
C. parkeri Stapf
C. schoenanthus (L.) Spr. Roshdo
Cynodon barberi Rang. et Tad.
C. dactylon (L.) Pers. Darbh
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv.
D. aristatum Link
D. sindicum Boiss.
Dendrocalamus strictus Nees Narvans, Manvel-Vans
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf Dabh, Dabhado
Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf.
D. aristatum (Poir.) C.E. Hubb. Mavaliu, Kolharo,Dadhju
D. caricosum (L.) A. Camus Zinzvo, Marvo, Zinu-Kaneru.
D. adscendens (H.B. & K.) Henrard
D. adscendens (H.B. & K.) Henrad
subsp. adscendens var. crinoformis Henr. Tarodiyu
D. biformis Willd.
D. glabrum (Roxb.) Jain et Desh.
D. granularis (Trin. ex Spr.) Henr.
D. isachaemum (L.) Roberty
D. longiflora (Retz.) Pers.
D. microbachne (Presl. Henr.
D. pennata (Hochst.) Cooke
D. setigera Roth Hairakalio
D. stricta Roth ex R. & S.
Digitaria bicornis (Lamk.) R. & S. ex Loud.
D. ternata
Dignathia hirtella Stapf
Dimeria fuscescens Trin.
D. orinthopoda Trin.
D. stapfiana C.E. Hubb. ex Pilger
Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. Khariu
Dipachne fusca (L.) P. Beauv.
Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link Samo, Jiriu,
Motujiriu
E. crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. Adbau Samo
E. frumentacea Link. Banti
E. pyramidalis (Lamk.) Hitchi. et Chase
E. stagnina (Retz.) P. Beauv.
Eleusine compressa (Forsk.) Aschers.
& Schweinf ex C. Christensen
E. coracana (L.) Gaertn. Nagli, Ragi, Bavato
159
E. indica (L.) Gaertn. Adhan Nagli, Ukdo

Elyonurus royleanus Nees ex A. Rich.
Elytrophorus spicatus (Willd.) A. Camus
Eragrosteilla bifaria (Vahl) Bor
E. brachyphylla (Stapf) Bor
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link ex Vignolo-Lutati
E. ciliaris (L.) R. Br. var. brachystachya Boiss.
E. ciliaris (L.) R.Br. var. ciliaris Murmur
E. ciliata (Roxb.) Nees
E. diarrhena (Schult.) Steud.
E. diplachnoides Steud.
E. gangetica (Roxb.) Steud.
E. japonica (Thunb.) Trin.
E. nigra Nees
E. nutans (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Futiu, Chikatu
E. pilosa (L.) P. Beauv
E. poaeoides P. Beauv.
E. riparia (Willd.) Nees
E. tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex R. & S. Kalavo, Limor
E. tenuifolia Hochst. ex Steud.
E. tremula (Lam.) Hochst. ex Steud.
E. unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.
E. viscosa (Retz.) Trin. Chikatiu
Eremopogon foveolatus (Del.) Stapf Saniar, Survali
Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv.
Eriochloa procera (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.
Eulalia fimbriata (Hack.) O. Ktze.
E. trispicata (Schult.) Henr.
Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E. Hubb.
Hackelochloa granularis (L.) O. Ktze. Kasiu
Halopyrum mucronatum (L.) Stapf Kans, Dariai-Kansdo
Hemarthria compressa (L. f.) R. Br.
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex R. & S. Dabhsuliu, Kagadiu, Sukhli
H. melanocarpus (Ell.) Bth.
H. ritchiei (Hk. f.) Blatter & McCann
H. triticeus (R. Br.) Stapf ex Craib
Hordeum vulgare L. Barley, Jav
Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex W. & A.
Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. Sar-ghas, Chhai
Isachne dispar Trin.
I. elegans Dalz. ex Hk. f.
I. globosa (Thunb.) O. Kize.
Ischaemum diplopogon Hk. f.
I. goebelii Hack
I. impressum Hack.
I. indicum (Houtt.) Merrill var. indicum subvar. indicum
I. indicum (Houtt.) Merrill var.
indicum subvar. villosum (Nees) Bor
I. molle Hk. f. Bala, Bardi, Khev, Dodiu
I. rugosum Salisb.
I. santapaui Bor
I. semisagittatum Roxb.
160
I. timorense Kunth
Iseilema anthephoroides Hack.
I. laxum Hack.
I. prostratum (L.) Anderss.
Latipes senegalensis Kunth
Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Jhiriu
L. neesii (Thw.) Bth.
L. panicea (Retz.) Ohwi
Lophopogon tridentatus (Roxb.) Hack.
Manisuris clarkei (Hack.) Bor
M. forficulata C.E.C. Fischer
Melanocenchris abyssinica (R. Br.) Hochst.
M. jacquemontii J. & S.
Mnesithea laevis (Retz.) Kunth
Ophiuros exaltatus (L.) O. Ktze.
Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv.
O. compositus (L.) P. Beauv.
Oropetium thomaeum (L. f.) Trin.
Oryza glaberrima Steud.
O. minuta J S. Presl. ex C.B.
O. nivara Sharma & Shashtri
O. sativa L. Bhat, Chokha
Panicum antidotale Retz. Dhun, Dhunsado
P. maximum Jacq. Gini-Ghas
P. miliaceum L. Varai, Bhagar, Chena, Moraiyo
P. notatum Retz. Narhali
P. paludosum Roxb.
P. psilopodium Trin. var. coloratum Hk. f.
P. psilopodium Trin. var. psilopodium Mor-Danuro
P. repens Linn.
P. sumatranse Roth ex R. & S. Varai, Hacki-Varai
P. trypheron Schult.
P. turgidum Forsk.
Parahyparrhenia bellariensis (Hack.) Clayton
Paspilidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus Jinko-samo,
Goriu, Jangli-Bervat
P. geminatum (Forsk.) Stapf
P. punctatum (Burm. f.) A. Camus
Paspalum compactum Roth
P. distichum L.
P. longifolium Roxb.
P. scrobiculatum L. Kadro, Kodri,
Mania-Kodra
P. vaginatum Sw.
Pennisetum divisum (Forsk. ex Gmel.) Henr.
P. orientale L.C. Rich.
P. hohenackeri Hochst. ex Steud. Morthuthli
P. pedicellatum Trin.
P. purpureum Schum.
P. satosum (Sw.) L.C. Rich.
P. typhoides (Burm. f.) Stapf & Hubb. Bajri, Bajro
161
Perotis indica (L.) O. Ktze.

Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.
Polytoca digitata (L. f.) Druce
Pseudanthistiria heteroclita (Roxb.) Hk. Zinku-ful-Ghas, Nani Bhatadi
P. hispida Hk. f. Babariu, Nani-Bhatdi
Pseudoraphis spinescens (R. Br.) Vickery
Pseudosorghum fasciculare (Roxb.) A. Camus
Rhynchelytrum villosum (Parl.) Choiv.
Rottboellia exaltata L. f.
Saccharum bengalense Retz. Sarkhant, Hadol
S. officinarum L. Sherdi, Ganna
S. spontaneum L. Dabh, Kans, Kathhal, Katusla
Sacciolepis indica (L.) A. Chase
S. interrupta (Willd.) Stapf
Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Nees ex Buse
S. tenuissimus (Schrank) O. Ktze.
Schoenefeldia gracilis Kunth
Scleria tesellata Willd.
Sehima ischaemoides Forsk.
S. nervosum (Rottl.) Stapf
S. sulcatum (Hack.) A. Camus
Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv.
S. italica (L.) P. Beauv. Chano, Kang, Pardeshi Bajri
S. pallide-fusca (Schum.) Stapf & Hubb.
S. tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth Chiktu, Chikaniu
Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. Chipatiu-Motu
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Jowar, Juwar, Juwari, Jar.
S. controversum (Steud.) Snowden
S. halepense (L.) Pers. Baru, Barua
S. miliaceum (Roxb.) Snowden
S. nitidum (Vahl) Pers.
S. purpureo-sericeum (Hochst. ex A. Rich.)
Aschers. & Schweinf.
Spinifex littoreus (Burm. f.) Merr.
Spodiopogon rhizophorus (Steud.) Pilger
Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth
S. diander (Retz.) P. Beauv.
S. fertillis (Steud.) Clayton Velari-Marmar
S. helvolus (Trin.) Th. Dur. et Schinz
S. maderaspatenus Bor
S. marginatus Hochst. ex A. Rich
S. spicatus (Vahl) Kunth
S. tremulus (Willd.) Kunth
S. virginicus (L.) Kunth
Tetrapogon tenellus (Roxb.) Chiov.
T. villosus Desf.
Thelepogon elegans Roth ex R. & S.
Themeda cymbaria (Roxb.) Hack. DC.
T.laxa (Anderss.) A. Camus
T.quadrivalvis (L.) O. Ktze.
T. tremula (Nees ex Steud.) Hack.
162
T. triandra Forsk.
Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Ktze.
Trachys muricata (L.) Pers. ex Trin.
Tragus biflorus (Roxb.) Schult. Vandariu Ghas
Trilobachne cookei (Stapf) Schenck ex Henr.
Triplopogon ramosissimus (Hack.) Bor
Tripogon capillatus J. & S.
T. jacquemontii Stapf
T. lisboae Stapf
T. purpurascens Duthie
T. aestivum L. Ghahun
Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv. var. panicoides
U. panicoides P. Beauv. var. pubescens (Kunth) Bor
Urochodra setulosa (Trin.) Hubb.
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Valo, Khus
Zea mays L. Makai
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.
163
APPENDIX - 8 Jacaranda mimosaefolia

Lagerstroemia lancaster
LIST OF COMMON HORTICULTURAL Lagerstroemia flos-reginae
PLANTS OF GUJARAT Lagerstroemia thoreli
Michelia champaca
FLOWERING TREES: Milletia ovalifolia
Millingtonia hortensis
Amherstia nobilis Peltophorum ferrugineum
Anthocephalus cadamba Plumeria alba
Barringtonia speciosa Plumeria rubra
Bauhinia monandra Plumeria indica
Bauhinia tomentosa Plumeria acutifolia
Bauhinia blackeana Pterocarpus indicus
Bauhinia purpurea Pterospermum acerifolium
Bauhinia variegata Saraca asoca
Bixa orellana Solanum macranthum
Brachychton acerifolium Spathodea companulata
Brownea coccinea Tabebuia rosea
Brownea grandiceps Tabebuia chrysotricha
Brownea ariza Tabebuia spectabilis
Butea monosperma Tabebuia ochracia
Callistemon lanceolatus Tabebuia pentaphylla
Canaga odorata Tabebuia argentata
Cassia leandra Tabebuia avellande
Cassia glauca Tecoma smithii
Cassia siamea Tecoma stans
Cassia multiuga Tecoma platycalyx
Cassia grandis
Cassia renigera
Cassia spectabilis ORNAMENTALFOLIAGETREES
Cassia bacillaris
Cassia biflora Acacia mangium
Cassia nodosa Acacia auriculiformis
Cassia fistula Adansonia digitata
Cassia alata Adenanthera pavonia
Cassia javanica Ailanthus excelsa
Cassia marginata Albizia ricardiana
Casuarina equisetifolia Albizia lebbeck
Ceiba pendandra Albizia procera
Chlorisia speciosa Alstonia scholaris
Cochlospermum gossypium Avicennia officinalis
Colvillia racemosa Azadirachta indica
Cordia sebestina Berrya ammonilla
Couroupita guianensis Bignonia megapotamica
Delonix regia Bombax malabaricum
Erythrina alba Brassia actoniphylla
Erythrina ovalifolia Caesalpinia coriaria
Erythrina blackii Caesalpinia ferrea
Erythrina indica Calophyllum ionophyllum
Gliricidia sepium Cithrexylum subserratum
Guaiacum speciosa Clusea rosea
Guittardia speciosa Cocoloba uvifera
164
Cordia dichotoma Azalea grandiflora

Derris indica Barleria cristata
Drypetes roxburghii Bauhinia alba
Eucalyptus robusta Bauhinia tomentosa
Eucalyptus citriodora Bleuperone amhertia
Eucalyptus camandulensis Bleuperone oblongata
Ficus roxburghii Bleuperone guttata
Ficus philippensis Brunfelsia grandiflora
Ficus retusa Brunfelsia latifolia
Ficus nitida Brunfelsia americana
Ficus macrophylla Caesalpinia pulcherrima
Ficus mysorensis Calliandra alba
Ficus religiosa Calliandra speciosa
Ficus nuda Calliandra tweedii
Ficus krishnae Calliandra haematocephalia
Ficus triangularis Camellia japonica
Ficus benjamina Cassia artemisiodes
Ficus benghalensis Cassia laevigata
Ficus diversifolia Cassia alata
Ficus elastica Cassia biflora
Ficus infectoria Catharanthus roseus
Ficus glomerata Cestrum nocturnum
Ficus decora Cestrum aurantiacum
Ficus lyrata Cestrum diurnum
Filicium decipiens Cithrexylum subserratum
Grevillea robusta Crossandra infundibuliformis
Kigellia pinnata Cuphea miniata
Kleinhovia hospita Cuphea dorullensis
Madhuca indica Datura suaveolens
Magnolia grandiflora Donbeya alba
Melia azedarach Donbeya spectabilis
Mimusops elengi Eranthemum nervosum
Morus alba Galphimia gracilis
Muntingia calabura Gardenia florida
Parkia biglandulosa Hamelia patens
Pisonia alba Holmskioldia sanguinea
Pithecellobium dulce Holmskioldia acuminata
Polyalthia longifolia Ixora chinensis
Polyalthia serpens Ixora rosea
Polyalthia coffedoides Ixora parviflora
Ravenela madagascarensis Ixora lutia
Sapindus emarginatus Ixora singaporensis
Swietenia macrocarpa Ixora coccinea
Terminalia catappa Jacobinia carnea
Terminalia arjuna Jasminum multiflorum
Thespesia populnea Jasminum humile
Thevetia nerifolia Jasminum sambac
Jatropha coccinea
Jatropha panduraefolia
ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS Jatropha padogrica
Jatropha multifida
Asystasia dalzelliana Jatropha rosea
165
Justicia coccinea Coleus blumei

Lagerstroemia indica Dracaena compacta
Lagerstroemia thoreli Dracaena victoria
Lantana nivia Dracaena cristate
Lantana depress Dracaena magenta
Lantana sellowiana Duranta variegata
Limonia spectabilis Duranta plumieri
Magnolia pumila Duranta alba
Magnolia mutabilis Euphorbia leucocephala
Malpighia coccinea Euphorbia pulcherrima
Malpighia glabra Euphorbia compacta
Murraya erecta Lawsonia alba
Murraya paniculata Leea coccinea
Mussaenada lutia Nandina domestica
Mussaenda phillipica Phyllanthus nivosus
Mussaenda frondosa Phyllanthus rosea
Nerium indicum Phyllanthus chinense
Ochna squamosa Quassia amara
Pachystachys lutia Scheffleria arboricola
Pentas cornea Tetrapanax papyriferum
Pentas alba
Petrea arborea
Plumbago capensis CLIMBERS AND CREEPERS
Punica granatum
Rondeletia speciosa Adenocalymana allicea
Russelia serpentina Agnosma caryophyllata
Russelia floribunda Allamanda cathartica
Russelia juncea Allamanda grandiflora
Sanchezia nobilis Antigonon leptopus
Sophora tomentosa Aristolochia grandiflora
Stachytarpheta indica Aristolochia elegans
Strobilanthus wallichi Artabotrys odoratissima
Tabernamontana coronaria Asparagus plumosis
Tecoma stans Asparagus pyramidallis
Tecoma smithii Asparagus myricoaldus
Thevetia peruviana Asparagus spengeri
Tithonia speciosa Beaumontia grandiflora
Trachelospermum jasminoides Bignonia magnifica
Trevesia palmata Bignonia gracilis
Bignonia venusta
Bignonia purpurea
ORNAMENTALFOLIAGE SHRUBS Cestrum nocturnum
Clematis paniculata
Abutilon aureum Clerodendron splendens
Acalypha hispida Clerodendron thomsonae
Acalypha godseffiana Clitoria ternatea
Acalypha marginata Combretum comosum
Acalypha wilkesiana Echites caryophyllata
Buddelia asiatica Ficus repens
Buddelia madagascariensis Hedera canariensis
Buddelia davidii Hiptage benghalensis
Carissa carandas Ipomoea arborea
166
Ipomoea palmata Orange glory

Jacqumontia violacea Partha (Orange)
Jasminum sambac Pink beauty (Dark pink)
Jasminum grandiflora Purple gem (Purple)
Jasminum auriculatum Refulgeus (Dark pink)
Lonicera japonica Delight new (Orange bunch)
Lophospermum scandens Scarlet queen
Mandeevilla suaveolens Snow white (Pure white )
Monstera deliciosa Thimma (Vairegated leaves, Pink and white)
Passiflora laurifolia Tomato red
Passiflora kermesia Trinidad (Light lilac)
Passiflora coerula Dr. Rao (Leaves white cream along margin, with
Passiflora edulis green patch in the centre of the leaf and bracts red)
Petrea volubilis White mahara (Cherry blossom)
Philodendron sp. Pink mahara (Pink supreme)
Quisqualis indica Mahara new (Pure white)
Rhynchospermum jasminoides
Solandra grandiflora
Solanum wenlandiana ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGEAND FLOWERING
Stignophyllum periplocifolium PLANTS
Tecoma rosea
Tecoma grandiflora Agave spp.
Thunbergia grandiflora Alocasia spp.
Thunbergia mysorensis Alpinia spp.
Thunbergia alba Ananas spp.
Vernonia indica Anthurium spp. (Pink, red, white)
Apheandra squarrosa
Aralia spp.
BOUGAINVILLEAS Bambusa multiplex
Begonia spp.
Blondie (Combination of orange and pink) Brassia actinophyllum
Begum sikandar (Triple colour) Bromelia spp.
Dr. R.R. Pal (Crimson red) Cactus spp.
Cypheri (Purple) Caladium spp.
Flame (Pink and orange combined) Canna spp.
Formosa (Dark purple) Chlorophytum viltatum
Glabra (Purple) Chrysanthemum spp.
Glabra variegated (Blue) Coleus spp.
Gopal (Pink) Dahlia spp.
Golden glow (Golden) Diffenbachia spp.
Jaylaxmi (Reddish pink) Dracaena spp. (Red leaf, green, red margin, white
Lady Mary Beary (Yellow) margin)
Louis wathan (Orange) Dracaena sanderiana
Dr. Bhabha (Variegated) Dracaena sp. (Song of India)
Maharaja of Mysore (Orange pink) Dracaena victoriana
Mahatma Gandhi (Pink) Eranthemum sp.
Mahara (Double red millon) Excoecaria bicolor
Mary Palmer (Pink and white) Ficus elastica (Black prince)
Meera (Reddish) Ficus benjamina
Mrs. Butt (Scarlet) Ficus decora
New red dark Fittonia spp.
Orange king Gerbera spp. (Red, white, yellow)
167
Gratophyllum spp. Metabilis (Changing colours)

Hedera canariensis May walker (Pink double)
Heliconia caribae Orange double (Orange)
Iresine lindenii President (Single pink, Dark red centre)
Maranta zebrena Syriacus (Blue double)
Monstera deliciosa Snow white (White double)
Muehlenbeckia platyclada Salman pink (Pink double )
Pandanus variegata Scarlet queen (Red double)
Pedilanthus variegata Netaji Subhas (White single, red centre)
Pelargonium spp.
Peparomia sp.
Philodendron scandens GRASSES AND PLANTS OF LAWN AND
Pothos spp. GROUND COVER
Rheo discolor
Sansevieria tranfasciata Cynodon dactylon
Sansevieria sp. Dichondra sp.
Strobilanthus sp. Hemigraphis colorata
Tradescantia spp. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Normal and variegated)
PALMS ROSES:
Areca lutescens (Butterfly palm) Red variety: Papa Milleand, Red Masterpiece,
Areca catechu Helene Schou, Harjas, Oklohoma, Black Prince,
Caryota mitis Christian Dior, Norita, Ena Har Kness, Alex Red,
Caryota urens Divine, Luzambo, Chrysler Imperial, American Pride,
Hyphaene indica Avon, Samurai, Gladiator, Red Chief.
Latania loddigesii (Blue latan palm)
Licuala spinosa (Spiny fan palm) Pink variety: Marria Callass, Peter Fran Kenfild,
Licuala grandis (Fan palm) Swarthmore, First Love, Confidence, First Prize,
Livistonia rotundifolia (Table palm) Queen Elizabeth, Sonia Meilland, Opera, Eiffel
Livistonia chinensis Tower, Fountain Beauty, Royal Highness, South
Muscarena lagenicaulis (Bottle palm) Seas, City of Lucknow, Tiffany, Madam President.
Muscarena verschafelti (Spindle palm)
Oredoxa regia (Royal palm) Yellow variety: Landora, Summer Sunshine, King's
Phoenix roebelenii Ransome, Sun King, Mabella, Lemon Elegans, Miss
Pritchardia pacifera Harp, Golden Shower, Speak's Yellow, Mc Sunset,
Ptychosperma sp. Gold Medal.
Rhaphis excelsa (Chinese fan palm)
Orange variety: Super star, Summer Holiday, Coallaie
Flame, Montezuma, Come Lot, Pandit Nehru.
HIBISCUS
Multicolour Variety: American Heritage, Akebono,
Alipore beauty (Red double) Granada, Helene Trouble, Kiss of Fire, Rose Gaujard,
Achania (Red, Pink, White) Double Delight, Peace, Chicago Peace.
Crimson king (Double red)
Daffodil (Double yellow) Bicolour Variety: Ingehorstman, Kronenburg,
Gaekwad of Baroda (Pink, Red, Pink in double) Mexicana, Seapearl, Fanette, Folk Lore.
Hawain (White, Pink, Red, Yellow orange)
Kennedy budded (Single yellow) White variety: Materhorn, Pascali, John F. Kennedy,
Krishna (Dark red double) Happy Wedding Bells, Honour.
Mahatma (Reddish orange)
168
Stripped variety: Anvil's Spark, Careless LOve,

Siddhartha, Tata Centenery, Sahtradhana.
Purple variety: Blue Moon, Lady X, Paradise
Apricot variety: Tonga, Whisky Mac, Thais.
Fliorbundas variety: Deep Purple, City of Belfast

Red Colour, Europeana Scarlet Red, Dearest Pink,
Angel Face Blue, Gold Topaz Yellow, Summer Show
Creamy White, Ice Burg White, Julia Coffee Colour,
Billind-Red Orange Colour, Green Sleeve-Brownish
Green, Azure-Purple, Chariston Bi-colour, Friesia-
Orange, Chalston-Orange Red, Charisma Bi-Colour.
Miniature Roses: Annaford-Orange Colour, Baby

Gold Star-Yellow, Baby Katie Double Pink Red and
Cream, Baby Masquerade Yellow, Splashed Red
Double, Carnivable Parde Double Golden Yellow,
Chapper Coral to Rose Red, Careless Moment
Double White with Pink Edges, Cricri Salmon Pink
Double, Dark Beauty Black, Dwarf King Double
Blood Red, Estru Rosy Pink, Fresh Pink Clean, Fire
Princess Moorellient Orange, Fire Princess Brilliant
Orange, Gold Coin-Butter Cup Yellow, Green-
Diamond Double Greenish White, Ideal Dark
Crimson Scarlet, Orange Cascade-Pure White
Blooms, Pink Shower-Scillintating Pink.
169
APPENDIX - 9
PLANTS OF ECONOMIC AND ETHNOBOTANICAL IMPORTANCE

CEREALS AND PSEUDO-CEREALS
Scientific Name Vernacular Name Parts used
Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. cruentus Rajgaro,Rajgira Seeds

(L.) Thell. var. paniculatus (L.) Thell.
Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link Samo, Jiriu, Motujiru Grains
E. crus-galli (L.) P Beauv. Adbausamo Grains
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Nagli, Bavto,Ragi Grains
Echinochloa furmentacea Link. Banti Grains
Oryza minuta Presl. Nano Dangrio Grains
O. sativa L. Bhat, Chokha Grains
Panicum miliaceum L. Varai, Bhagar, Chena, Morano Grains
P. sumatrense Roth ex R.& S. Varai, Vagad,Hacki-vari Grains
Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Kodro, Kodri Grains
Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum. Bajri, Bajro Grains
Saccharum spontaneum L. Dabh, Kans, Kat usla Grains
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Chano, Kang,Pardeshi baj Grains
Sorghum bicolor L. Moench Jowar, Juwar,Juwari, Jaro Grains
Triticum aestivum L. Ghahu Grains
Zea mays L. Makai Grains
Dendrocalamus strictus Nees - Grains
Panicum turgidum Forsk - Grains
Avena sterilis L. var. culta Raizada
Hordeum vulgare L.
Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.)

Stapf & Hubb.
170
PULSES
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Tuver Seeds
Cicer arietinum L. Chana Seeds
Dolichos trilobus L. Jangli Papdi Seeds and tender

pods
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sw. Val,Val Papri Seeds and tender

pods
Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal Math Seeds
V. angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi Adad, Udad Seeds
V. radiata (L.) Wilezek var. radiata Mung Seeds
VEGETABLES
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Bhinda, Bhindi Fruits
Amorphophallus campanulatus Suran Corn

(Roxb.) Bl. ex Decne.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. Fanas Fruits
Basella rubra L. Poi Leaves and stem
Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. Gobi, Fulgobi Vegetable bud
B. oleracea L. var. capitata L. Cabbage, Cobbij Inflorescence
B. oleracea L. var. gongyloides L. Nol-kol Tuberous root
Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. Abbo, Alad, Tarvardi, Fofal Young pods and
seeds
Carica papaya L. Papiyu Young fruits
Cassia fistula L. Garmalo Young shoots, leaves

and tender pods
C. tora L. Kuvadiyu Young shoots, leaves

and tender pods
Chenopodium album L. Chil, Chilni Bhaji Whole plant
Cicer arietinum L. Chana Seeds
171
Citrullus vulgaris var. fistulosus Padval Young fruits
Benincasa hispida Young fruits
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Ghiloda, Tindroa, Young fruits

Tondli, Kadvi Gholi
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Sch. Alvi, Alkodi Tender leaves,

corm and fruits
Cucurbita maxima Duch. Lalkolu, Kolu, Patkolu Fruits
Cucumis sativus L. Kakadi Fruits
Daucus carota L. var. sativa Gajjar, Ratadiyu Tuberous roots
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Jungli Kand Tuberous roots

and bulbils
D. pentaphylla L. Nano jungli Kand Tuberous roots
Hibiscus cannabinus L. Ambadi Leaves
H. sabdariffa L. Lal Ambadi Leaves
Holostemma annularium (Roxb.) Schum. Khir Dodi, Khaner Leaves and

flowers
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Shakkariyu Tuberous roots
Lagenaria siceraria (Molin.) Standl. Duthie, Kadri Fruits
Leucas aspera Spr. Kubi Whole plant
Luffa acutangula Roxb. var. acutangula Turna Tender fruits
L. cylindrica (L.) M.J. Roem. Ghee-Turai, Galku, Tender fruits

Marti Gonsali, Ghosale
Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. Tamato Raw and ripe fruits
Melochia corchorifolia L. Chuncha Khapat Whole plant
Moringa oleifera Lam. Sargavo Tender fruits and

leaves
Momordica charantia L. Karela, Kareli Unripe fruits
M. diocia Roxb. Kankoda, Kantola Unripe fruits
Musa paradisiaca L. Kela Ripe and unripe

fruits, pith and
172
flowers
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Kamal Rhizomes, petioles

and seeds
Paracalyx scariosa (Roxb.) Ali Jangli Kano Tubers
Pisum sativum L. Vatana Seeds, pericarps
Portulaca oleracea L. Moti Luni, Lakha Luni Leaves
Raphanus sativus L. Mulo Roots
Solanum melongena L. Ringan, Ringna Fruits
S. tuberosum L. Bataka Stem, tubers
Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) O. Ktze Baman Dodio, Dandi, Corm

Dandi Baman
Tribulus terrestris L. Bethu Gokhru, Mithu Gokhru Young leaves
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Jangli Parval Fruits
Moringa concanensis Nimmo Jangli Saragavo Fruits and tender

ex Graham leaves
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sw. Val Tender pods

and seeds
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Agahtio Young pods
Cassia tora L. Kuvandio Young pods
Cucumis callosus (Rotl.) Cogn. Kothimdu Young fruits
Trianthema portulacastrum L. Satoda Leaves
Gardenia resinifera Roth. Ripe fruits
Holostemma adai-kodien Schult. Flowers
Oxystelma secamore (L.) Karst. Jal dudhi Flowers
Amaranthus spinosus L. Shoots
Celosia argentia L. Lamdi Tender shoots
Digera muricata (G.) Mart. Kanjro Tender shoots
Polygonum barbatum L. var. gracile Steward Leaves
173
Euphorbia hirta L. Fresh leaves seldom

used as vegetable
by tribals
Enesete superbum (Roxb.) Chees. Young shoots and

inflorescence
Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) O. Kuntze Root tuber
Dioscorea bulbifera L & D. Wallichi Hk. f. Bulbils and tubers
Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker Leaves and root

tubers
Borassus flabellifer L. Tender shoots
Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Bl. Bulbils and corms
A. commutatus (Sch.) Engler Jungli suran Corms
Ariopsis peltata Nimmo Leaves and young

stem
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Sch. Root stocks and

young leaves
Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. Kanti vans Young shoots
Dendrocalamus strictus Nees Narvans Young shoots
Chenopodium album L. Tanko Whole plant
Hibiscus cannabinus L. Ambadi Fresh leaves and

fruits
Holostemma annularium (Roxb.) K. Schum. Khirdodi Tender leaves and

flowers
Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) W. & A. Dodi Tender shoots
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spr. Kubo Tender leaves and

flowers
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spr. Mitho Limdo Leaves
Raphanus sativus L. Mulo Roots and leaves
Amaranthus hybridus Linn. ssp. Leaves

cruentus (Ginn.) Shell var. paniculatus
(Linn.) Shell
174
Amaranthus viridi Linn. Leaves
FRUITS AND SEEDS
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr Bili Unripe fruits
Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Jangli Draksh Ripe fruits
Annona reticulata L. Ramphal Ripe fruits
A. squamosa L. Sitaphal Ripe fruits
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Fanas Ripe fruits
Averrhoa carambola L. Kamarakh Ripe fruits
Bacopa monnieri L. Bam, Jalnaveri Seeds
Borassus flabellifer L. Tadi Endosperm
Buchanania lanzan Spr. Charoli Seeds
Carica papaya L. Papiyo Ripe fruits
Cayratia carnosa (Roxb.) Gagnep. Khat-Khatumbo Ripe fruits
Capparis decidua Forsk. Kerdo, Kera Unripe fruits
Cissus quadrangulare L. Hadsankal Ripe fruits
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mat. & Nakai Kalingar, Tadbuch Ripe fruits
Cucumis melo L. Kharbuja Ripe fruits
Cordia dichotoma Forst. Vadgondo, Bhokar, Gundo Ripe fruits
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Kalisag Ripe fruits
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Timbru, Timbervo Ripe fruits
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Ambla, Amblo Ripe fruits
Flacourtia indica Burm. f. Gargugal, Lodri Ripe fruits
Hibiscus sabddariffa L. Khati Bhindi, Lal Ambadi Fruits
Mangifera indica L. Ambo, Keri Ripe and unripe fruits
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dub. Rayana Ripe fruits
M. sapota (L.) Van Royen Chikoo Ripe fruits
175
Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Sincl. Umph, Umbho Ripe fruits
Musa paradisiaca L. Kela Ripe fruits
Pithecellobium dulce Bth. Gora Samli, Vilayti Ambli Ripe fruits
Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. Kajuri Ripe fruits
Psidium gujava L. Jamphal Ripe fruits
Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz Amabada Ambado Ripe fruits
Tamarindus indica L. Amli, Amli no zad Ripe fruits
Terminalia catappa L. Deshi Badam Seed
Trapa natans L. var. bispinosa Shinghoda Cotyledons

(Roxb.) Makino
Urena lobata L. Vagad Bhindo Ripe fruits
Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. Bor, Bordi Ripe fruits
Z. enoplia (L.) Mill Boydi no velo, Erandi Ripe fruits
Z. rugosa Lam. Toran Ripe fruits
Z.xylopyra (Roxb.) Willd. Ghotbor, Ghatbor Ghuntbor Ripe fruits
Garuga pinnata Kaleadio Fruits: Raw pickled
Cayratia trifolia (L.) Dom. Bor Ripe fruits
Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem Ripe fruits
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Kosumbdi Seeds
Anacardium occidentale L. Kaju Ripe receptacle and

roasted seeds
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Madhol Ripe fruits
Pithecellobium dulce (L.) Bth. Gorasamli Seed aril
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jambu Ripe fruits
S. heyneanum Wall. ex W. & A. Jaljambu Ripe fruits
Cucumis setosus Cogn. Fruits
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Ripe fruits eaten by
176
the
children of tribals
Opuntia elatior Mill. Ripe fruits
Alangium salvifolium (Roxb.) Wang. Ankol Ripe fruits
Gardenia resinifera Roth. Jangli champo Ripe fruits
Meyna laxiflora Robyns Alu Ripe fruits
Embelia acutipetalum (Lamk. & Ripe fruits

Harsk.) Almeida & Almeida
Ehretia laevis Roxb. Dasar Ripe fruits
Nicandra physaloides (L.) Gaertn. Ripe fruits
Physalis angulata L. Ripe fruits
Physalis minima L. Popti Ripe fruits
Solanum anguii Lamk. Fruits eaten by tribals
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Sevan Ripe fruits eaten by

tribals
Bridelia airyshawii P.T.L. Ripe fruits
Trewia polycarpa Bth. & Hk. ex Hk. f. Petar Ripe fruits seldom
edible
Ficus racemosa L. Umaro Ripe receptacle edible
Morus alba L. Shetur Ripe fruits edible
Capparis decidua Kerdo Fruits are pickled
Grewia tenax (Forsk.) Fiori Gamjeti, Bajothiyer Fruits are chewed by

farmers and labourers
to avoid thirst
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Khati Ambadi Ripe fruits and fleshy

calyces are edible
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Kanajo Seed kernal is eaten

by the tribal children
Limonia acidissima L. Kothi Fruit pulp is used to

prepare chatni
Punica granatum L. Dadam Fleshy fruit is edible
177
Sapindus laurifolius Vahl Aritha Ripe fruit is used as

natural shampoo
FODDER PLANTS
Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. subsp. Baval Tender shoots, pods

indica (Bth.) Brenan and seeds
Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. Ankol Leaves
Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng Asan, Moni Leaves
Cassia tora L. Kuvandio, Pochandio Whole plant

Dadha jozad
C.auriculata L. Aval, Avali, Whole plant
Crotalaria juncea L. Shon, Shan, Shaniyo Leaves and pods
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Gawar, Guwar Leaves and pods
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Darbh Leaves
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Nagli Seeds and leaves
Medicago sativa L. Lachko Seeds and leaves
Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Bth. Vilayti Amli Leaves
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Agathio Whole plant
Sesamum indicum L. Tal Cakes
Smithia conferta Sm. Whole plant
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Baru Leaves
Clitoria ternatea L. Babli Whole plant
Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass. Kursan Seed cake
Sorghum halepens (L.) Pers. Whole plant
Alhagi pseudalhagi Plant
Boerhavia diffusa L. Hatodi Whole plant
Cissampelos pareira L. Venivel Leaves
Cleome gynandra L. Gamdhatu Plant
178
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Vevdi Leaves
Crotalaria juncea L. Shan, Shamiyu Whole plant
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Ambla Leaves
Ficus virens Ait. Pipar Tender leaves
Holostemma annularium (Roxb.) K. Schum Khirdodi Whole plant
Justicia procumbens L. Pitpapdo Plant
Lepidium sativum L. Ashelio Whole plant
Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) W. & A. Dodi, Khir dodi Whole plant
Medicago sativa L. Rajko, Lachko Plant
Ocimum canum Sims Jangli Tulsi Takmariya, Barchi Plant
Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Parpti, Parpat Whole plant
Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Decne. Chamar Dudheli Plant
Salvadora persica L. Piludi Leaves
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. Agathio Plant
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Sarpankho Plant
Aeluropus lagopoides (Linn.) Trin. ex Thur. Leaves
Alysicarpus monilifer (Linn.) DC. Leaves and

young twigs
Apluda mutica Linn. Leaves
Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. Whole plant
Dicanthium annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf Leaves
Eleusine compressa (Forsk.) Aschers. & Schweinf. Whole plant
SPICES AND CONDIMENTS
Allium cepa L. Dongri, Kando Bulb
A. sativum L. Lasan Bulb
179
Anethum graveolens L. Suwa Seeds
Brassica juncea L. Rai Seeds
Capsicum annum L. var. Lelamarcha, Mirchi Fruits

acuminatum Fingerh
Cocos nucifera L. Narial Fruits
Coriandrum sativum L. Kothmir, Dhana Fruits and plant
Cuminum cyminum L. Jiru Fruits
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Valari Fruits
Mentha spicata L. Fundino Leaves
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spr. Kadipatti, Mitho Limdo Leaves
Sesamum indicum L. Tal, Til Seeds
Trigonella foenum-graceum L. Methi Seeds
Peucedanum grande Cl. Fruits
Ocimum americanum L. Leaves
BEVERAGES
Borassus flabellifer L. Tadi, Tady Sweet sugary sap
Madhuca indica Gmel. Mahavo, Mahudo Flowers
Oryza sativa L. Choka, Bhat Seed extract
Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. Kajhuri Sweet surgary juice
Zea mays L. Makai Seed extract
Cassia tora L. Seed powder,

a substitute for
coffee powder
OIL YIELDING PLANTS
Arachis hypogea L. Munghphal, Bhony singh Seeds
Azadirachta indica Juss. Limdo Seeds
180
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Malkangni Seeds
Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats Rosagrass Leaves
Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet Karanj Seeds
Guizotia abyssinica Cass. Kursan, Ramtil, Kalatil Seeds
Madhuca indica Gmel. Mahudo, Mauda Flowers and seeds
Mimusops elengi L. Bakul, Bakuli Seeds
Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) Muell. Arg. Shendri, Kapilo Seeds
Ricinus communis L. Divalio, Divelo Seeds
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Kush, Kusumdi, Kosimb Fruits and seeds
Sesamum indicum L. Tal, Til Seeds
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Valo, Khus Roots
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Limdo Seed oil
Pandanus fascicularis Lamk. Oil from the bracts
TOOTH BRUSHES
Acacia nilotica (L.) Dal. Baval Young stem or

branches
Azadirachata indica A. Juss. Limdo Young stem or

branches
Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Datan Young stem or

Muell.-Arg. branches
Ficus benghalensis L. Vad Young stem

or branches
Indigofera coerulea Roxb. Santapau Young stem or

var. monosperma branches
Salvadora persica L. Piludi Young stem or

branches
Derris indica (Lam.) Bennett Tender shoots
Mitragyna parviflora (Roxb.) Korth. Tender shoots
181
Ficus bengalensis L. Tender shoots
Cordia dichotoma Forst Gadgundo, Gundo Tender shoots
Kirganelia reticulata (Poir) Baill. Kamboi Tender shoots
BIDI WRAPPERS
Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Kanchaner, Champakathi Leaves
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Timurhu, Timru Leaves
TIMBER TREES
Acacia chundra (Roxb.) Willd. Kair, Khair Fire wood
Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Haldarvo, Haldavan

Bth. & Hk.f. ex Brand.
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Sisam
D.sissoo L. Moti Sisam
Desmodium oojeinesis (Roxb.) Hochr. Tanach
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Sivan
Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wt. Bhondara
Tectona grandis L. . Sag
Terminalia crenulata Roth. Sadad
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bth. Kalo Saras, Siris, Fire wood

Moto Haradi
Anogeissus latifolia Wall. ex Bedd. Dhavo, Dhavado
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Behda, Beda

Garuga pinnata Roxb.
Azadirachta indica Juss. Limdo

Melia dubia Cav.
Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk. Bor
Z. xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. Ghot Bor
182
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Kosumdi
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Madhol
Madhuca indica Gmel. Mahudo
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Biyo

var. acuminatus Prain.
Bauhinia foveolata Dalz.
Cassia fistula L. Garmalo
Tamarindus indica L. Amli
Acacia ferruginea DC. Kanti
A. nilotica (L.) Del. ssp. indica Baval Fire wood

(Bth.) Breman
Pithecellobium dulce (L.) Bth. Gorasamli Fire wood
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.) Wall. Dhavdo
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) W. & A. Arjunsadad
Terminalia crenulata Roth. Sadad

Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wt.
Alangium salvifolium (Roxb.) Ankol

Haldinia cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale
Mitragyna parviflora (Roxb.) Korth. Kadamb

Bridelia airyshawii P.T.L.
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.
Holoptelia integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch Kanjo
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Moto Arduso Fire wood
Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Zenzi, Asotri Fire wood
Bombax ceiba L. Shimlo Fire wood
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Khakhro, Kesudo Fire wood
Capparis sepiaria L. Kanthar Fire wood
Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham. Vaivarno Fire wood
Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corr. Paras Piplo Fire wood
183
FISH-POISONS AND ARROWHEAD POISONS
Baliospermum (Willd.) Muell.- Arg. Datan Leaves, latex
Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Akado Latex
Casearia graveolens Dalz. Kirambira, Kirmira Leaves and seeds
Datura innoxia Mill. Ganthovalo, Dhanturo Seeds
Derris indica (Lam.) Bennett Karanj Leaves and seeds
Euphorbia acaulis Roxb. Kali Muhili, Kali Mushli Latex
Soymida febrifuga Juss. Bark juice
Cassine glauca (Rottb.) O. Ktze. Plant juice
Mukia scabrella (L.) M. Roem. Fruit juice
Verbasum chinense (L.) Sant. Plant juice
Dolichandrone falcata Seem. Medsingh Leaf, fruit and seed
Euphorbia tirucalli L. Kharsani Latex
Jatropha curcas L. Jamal Gota Fruit juice
Securinega virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Pichrun Bark juice

Pax & Hoffm.
Holoptelia integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Kanjo Leaf juice
TABOOS
a) Sacred trees:
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Bili Whole tree
Ficus benghalensis L. Vad Whole tree
F. religiosa L. Piplo Whole tree
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Limdo Whole tree
Madhuca indica Gmel. Mahuvo, Mahudo Whole tree
Tectona grandis L. f. Sag Logs worshipped as

Bhamaro Dev
b) Plants used in religious ceremonies:
184
Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Akdo Flowers offered to

Lord Hanuman
C.procera (Ait.) R. Br. Akdo, Nano Akado Flowers offered to

Lord Hanuman
Cocos nucifera L. Nariel Fruit
Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay Mindal Fruit
Lawsonia inermis L. Mendhi Leaf dye to colour

palms and feet
Tectona grandis L. f. Sag Young bud dye to

colour palm
Ventilago denticulata Willd. Asi, Asuvel Root dye to colour

palm and feet
Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. Leaves
Ocimum basilicum L. Damso Leaves and

infloresce-nce
Ocimum sanctum L. Tulasi Leaves and

infloresce-nce
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Sami
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Cocos nucifera L. Nariel Leaves
Cucurbita maxima Duch. Lalkolu, Kolu, Patkolu Dried fruits
Dendrocalamus strictus Nees Narvans Stems
Lagenaria siceraria (Molin. ex Willd.) Standl. Dudhi Dried fruits
Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. Moti Dania Leaves
Gmelina arborea L. Sivan Leaves
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Jowar Stem
Tectona grandis L. f. Sag Leaves and stem
NARCOTICS
185
Bauhania purpurea L. Kanchanar Leaves
Datura innoxia Mill. Dhantura, Dhanturo Seeds
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Timurau Leaves
Hibiscus cannabinus L. Amabadi Leaves
Nicotiana tabacum L. Tamaku Leaves
Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Seed powder
FIBRE YIELDING PLANTS
Bombax ceiba L. Samervo Seeds, flowers
Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Akado Seeds, flowers
C.procer (Ait.) R. Br. Seeds, flowers
Corchorus olitorius L. Chunchio Stem
C.capsularis L. Bor Chinch Stem
Crotalaria juncea L. Shun, Shan, Shaniyu Stem
Gossypium herbaceum L. var. Kapas, Desi Kapas Seeds, flowers

acerifolium (Guill.& Perr.) Chev.
Helicteres isora L. Mardasingh, Maida Singh Fruit
Hibiscus cannabinus L. Ambadi Stem
Urena lobata L. Vagadau Bhindo Stem fibre
Careya arborea Roxb. Bark
Agave ingans Berger Leaves
Borassus flabellifer L. Petioles and spadix
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Bhinda Stem
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. Kanski, Khapat Stem
Hibiscus cannabinus L. Ambadi, Patsan Stem
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Stem
186
HEDGE PLANTS
Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. subsp. Baval, Bavalo, Ram Baval Whole plant
indica (Bth.) Brenan
Carissa congesta Wt. Karvanda, Karmada Whole plant
Capparis sepiaria L. Kanthar, Kantharo Whole plant
C. zeylanica L. Ruam Kantharo Aranti Whole plant
Clerodendrum innerme (L. f.) Gaertn. Whole plan

t
Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. Thor Whole plant
E. tirucalli L. Kharsani Whole plant
Opuntia elatior Mill Phafadothor Whole plant
Jatropha curcus L. Kharsani Whole plant
Lawsonia alba Lam. Mendhi Whole plant
Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding. Whole plant
Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk. Dried branches
Z.nummularia (Burm. f.) W. & A. Dried branches for

fencing
Lawsonia inermis L. Whole plant
Lantana camara L. var. aculeata Mold. Whole plant
Euphorbia ligularia Roxb. Whole plant
Euphortria tirucalli L. Whole plant
Agave ingens Berger Whole plant
Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce Katakiyo Leaves
Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew. Kerdo Dried twigs
Capparis sepiaria L. Kanthar Dried twigs
Jatropha gossypifolia L. Bhuso Jamlo Whole plant
Kirganelia reticulata (Poir) Baill. Kamboi Whole plant
Opuntia elatior Mill. Phafdo Thor Whole plant
187
MISCELLANEOUS
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Limdo Oil cake as manure;

dry leaves as insect
repellent
Soymida febrifuga Juss. Royani Bark in tanning
Ventilago denticulata Willd. Asvel Root yields red dye
Z. nummularia (Burm. f.) Wt. & Arn. Chania Bor Bark in tanning
Z. xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. Ghat Bor Bark in tanning
Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin Leaves chewed as

substitute for betel
leaves by tribals
Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem Large leaves as

dinner plates
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Kosumdi Tender branches for

roof thatching
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Madhol Bark yields gum
Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Ambada Leaves as substitute

for tamarind
Abrus precatorius L. Chanothi Seeds: cattle poison
Butea monosperma Taub. Kesudo Dried leaves: as

dining plates;
Flowers yield red dye
Indigofera tinctoria L. Gali Plant yields `indigo'

dye
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Biyo Bark in tanning
var. acuminatus Prain.
Bauhinia foveolata Dalz. Leaves: as dining

plates
Cassia auriculata L. Avali Plant: for tanning

leather
Cassia fistula L. Garmalo Bark for tanning
Acacia chundra (Roxb.) Willd. Khair Bark for tanning
Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. ssp. Baval Bark in tanning

indica (Bth.) Brenan
188
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.) Wall. Dhavdo Bark in tanning
Terminalia crenulata Roth. Sadad Bark in tanning
Careya arborea Roxb. Kumbh Leaves for making

drinking cups
Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wt. Bark in tanning
Lawsonia inermis L. Mendhi Dye from leaves
Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz. Leaves in tanning;

flowers yield a red dye
Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. Kapurio Plants used as an

insecticide and
mosquito repellent
Carvia callosa Bremek. Plants for thatching

huts
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell. Leaves for making

plates
Ficus bengalensis L. Leaves for making

dinner plates and
cups
Agave ingens Berger Leaves used as

broom
Borassus flabellifer L. Tad Leaves used for

thatching; spadix as
brooms
Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Khajuri Leaves for thatching

roofs, for making
mats and brooms
Typha domingensis Pers. Plants: for thatching

huts and making
mats
Cyperus rotundus L. Stem: used for making

mats
Dendrocalamus strictus Nees Narvans Stem: used in hut

con-struction etc.
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stiff Stem: used as brooms
189
Sorghum halepens (L.) Pers. Used for thatching
Themeda sp. Plant: as packing

material and as a pulp
in paper industry
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Bhinda The dried sstems are

used for the
framework of fences,
walls etc.
Abrus precatorius L. Chanothi The seeds are used

as weight by
goldsmiths; also used
as ornaments in
making necklace and
ear rings by Bharwad
ladies in Bhal area
Aloe barbadense Mill. Kunvar pathu Mosquito repellent
Borassus flabellifer L. Taad Stem flanks are used

to prepare bridge on
small canals
Hydrophila auriculata (Schum) Heine Aekhro It is believed that the

roots tied with head
gives sound sleep
Lantana camara L. Dhani Daha Dried leaves are used

in grain storage as an
insect repellent
Ocimum sanctum L. Tulasi Good mosquito

repellent
Sesamum indicum L. Tal The oil cake is mixed

with jaggery locally
known as `Kacchriya'
is used as tonic
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Halo The stem is cut into

two pieces to prepare
a `mala' and hanged
in the neck of the
jaundice patient
Typha angustata Bory & Chaub. Ghabajariu The long leaves are
tied vertically on the
hut walls made up of
mud to prevent
against rain
190
Appendix - 10
MEDICINAL PLANTS OF GUJARAT
Family and Species Vernacular Name Distribution
RANUNCULACEAE
Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. Moruvel 5B

C. triloba Heyne ex Roth Ranjai 4B, 5B
Delphinium ajacis L. C
Ranunculus sceleratus L. 4B, 5
DILLENIACEAE
Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Karmal 4B, 5B
MAGNOLIACEAE
Michelia champaca L. Sonchampa C
ANNONACEAE
Annona reticulata L. Ram-phal C

A. squamosa L. Sitaphal C
Artabotrys hexapetalus (L. f.) Bhandari Nagchampo C
MENISPERMACEAE
Cissampelos pareira L. Karandhis T

Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels Vevati T
C. pendulus (Forst.) Diels Unai 3A, 4B, 5B
Diploclisia glaucescens (Bl.) Diels 4B
191
Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers 3A

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hk. Gado T
T. sinesis (Lour.) Merr.
5B
NYMPHAEACEAE
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Suriya Kamal T

Nymphaea pubescens Willd. Kamal T
N. stellata Willd. Nil Kamal T
PAPAVERACEAE
Argemone mexicana L. Darudi T

Papaver somniferum L. Khuskhus 4B
FUMARIACEAE
Fumaria indica (Haussk.) Pugsley Pitapapdo 3A, 4B
BRASSICACEAE
Brassica campestris L. var. sarson Prain Sarsav 4B

B. juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. ex Coss. Sarsav C
B. nigra (L.) Koch Rai T
B. oleracea L. var. capitata Pangoli C
Cochlearia cochlearioides (Roth) Sant. & Mahesh. 5B
Eruca sativa Mill. Sarson 5B
Farsetia jacquemontii Hk.f. & Th. Shadio Asalio 3A, 4B
Lepidium sativum L. Asahio 4B
Raphanus sativus L. Mulo C
Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern. T
CAPPARACEAE
192
Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce Batkani T

Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew. Kerdo 4B, 5
C. sepiaria L. Kanthar 3A, 4B
C. spinosa L. Kantalo 3A, 4B
C. zeylanica 4B, 5
Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC. 3A, 4B
C. chelidonii L. f. 4B, 5
C. gynandra L. Kharner T
C. viscosa L. Tilvan T
Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham. var. nurvala Vayvarno T
VIOLACEAE
Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. 4B, 5

Viola cinerea Boiss. var. stocksii (Boiss.) Beck. Banafsha 4B
COCHLOSPERMACEAE
Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alst. Kadachogund 4B, 5
FLACOURTIACEAE
Casearia elliptica Willd. Tondrum 4B, 5B

C. esculenta Roxb. Tandol 5B
C. graveolens Dalz. Kirmira 4B, 5B
Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Gargugal T
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. T

Vaccaria pyramidata Medic. Vaccari T
193
PORTULACACEAE
Portulaca oleracea L. Loni T

P. quadrifida L. Jhiniluni T
P. tuberosa Roxb. 3A, 4B
TAMARICACEAE
Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. Laljhav 3A
T. troupii Hole Jarnu-Jhadu 3A, 4B,5A
ELATINACEAE
Bergia suffruticosa (Del.) Fenzl. Ropatri T
MALVACEAE
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Bhinda C
A. manihot (L.) Medic. Ran shindi 4B, 5
A. moschatus Medic. Muskdana 4B, 5B
Abutilon glaucum (Cav.) Sw. 3A, 4B,
A. hirtum (Lam.) G. Don 4B
A. indicum (L.) Sw. Dabaliar T
A. theophrasti Medic. Nani Khapat 3A, 4B
Althea rosea (L.) Cav. C
Azanza lampas (Cav.) Alef. Jangli Bhindi T
Gossypium arboreum L. C
G. barbadense L. Vilayati Kapas C
G. herbaceum L. var. acerifolium (Guill. & Perr.) Chevalier Desi Kapas C
Hibiscus cannabinus L. Chanak Bhindo C
H. furcatus Willd. 5B
H. ovalifolius (Forsk.) Vahl Chanak Bhindo T
H. rosa-sinensis L. Jasunt C
194
H. sabdariffa L. Lalambadi C
Kydia calycina Roxb. Mhotihircoani 5B
Malva parviflora L. Panirak 3A, 4B
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke 4B
Pavonia odorata Willd. Sugandhabala 3A
Sida acuta Burm. f. Bala T
S. alba L. Kantalobal T
S. cordata (Burm. f.) Boiss. Bhoyabala T
S. cordifolia L. Baladana T
S. retusa L. Baladana 4B, 5
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Corr. Paras Piplo C
Urena lobata L. Vagadau Bhindo T
BOMBACACEAE
Adansonia digitata L. Gorakh amli C

Bombax ceiba L. Ratoshemalo 4B, 5B
STERCULIACEAE
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Rudrakshi C

Helicteres isora L. Mriga shiga T
Sterculia urens Roxb. Kada 3A, 4B, 5B
TILIACEAE
Corchorus aestuans L. Chunch T

C. capsularis L. Chunchdo 3A, 4B
C. depressus (L.) Stocks Bahuphali 3A, 4B
C. fascicularis Lam. Chhunchhadi T
C. olitorius L. Chhunchho T
C. trilocularis L. KadviChhunchhdi T
Grewia subinequalis DC. Phalsa 4B, 5
195
G. tiliafolia Vahl var. tiliafolia Dalmon 4B

G. villosa Willd. Pade Khado 3A, 4B, 5B
Microcos paniculata L. 4B, 5B
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Jhipato T
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Fagonia cretica L. Dhamasa 3A, 4B

Peganum harmala L. Ispun 3A, 4B
Tribulus alatus Del. 3A
T. terrestris L. Betagokhru T
AVERRHOACEAE
Averrhoa bilimbi L. Blimbu C

A. carambola L. Kamrak C
OXALIDACEAE
Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Risamnu T
BALSAMINACEAE
Impatiens balsamina L. var. coccinea Hk. Takmaria T

RUTACEAE
Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. T, C

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Motunimbu C
Limonia acidissima L. Kotha C
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Kadipatti C
M. paniculata (L.) Jack Kamini C
196
SIMAROUBACEAE
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Adusa T
BALANITACEAE
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Ingorio T
BURSERACEAE
Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. Gugal T

Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari Gugal 3A, 4B
Garuga pinnata Roxb. Kakad T
MELIACEAE
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Limbdo T, C

Melia azedarach L. Bakan limbdo C
M. composita Willd. Kadukhajur 4B, 5
Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. Rohani 4B, 5B
CELASTRACEAE
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Malakanguni T

Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) D.Hou Vigo T
RHAMNACEAE
Ventilago denticulata Willd. Ragatarohado 4B, 5B

Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. Bor T
197
Z. nummularia (Burm. f.) W.& A. Abdaubordi 4B, 5B
VITACEAE
Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Junglidraksh T
A. tomentosa (Heyne ex Roth) Planch. 4B
Cayratia carnosa (Lam.) Gagnep. Khattemdu T
Cissus quadrangulare L. Chodhari T
LEEACEAE
Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merrill 4B, 5

L. macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. 4B, 5
SAPINDACEAE
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Karodio T

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Lakhmi C
Sapindus laurifolius Vahl Aritha C
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Kossame 4B, 5
ANACARDIACEAE
Anacardium occidentale L. Kaju C

Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Charoli 4B, 5B
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Mavedi T
Mangifera indica L. Ambo T, C
Semecarpus anacardium L. f. Bhilamu 5B
Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz. Ambada 4B, 5B
MORINGACEAE
Moringa concanensis Nimmo Jangli Saragavo T
M. oleifera Lam. Midhosaragav C
198
FABACEAE
Abrus precatorius L. Gumchi T

Aeschynomene indica L. T
Alhagi pseudalhagi (M. Bieb.) Desv. Javaso 5B
Alysicarpus longifolius (Rottl. ex Spreng.) W. & A. Dhadasamous T
A. tetragonolobus Edgew. T
Arachis hypogaea L. Bhoising C
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Khakara T
B. parviflora Roxb. Palasvel 5B
B. superba Roxb. Khakhar-Velo 4B, 5B
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Tuver C
Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. Abao T
C. virosa W. & A. Sem 4B
Cicer arietinum L. Chana C
Clitoria ternatea L. Garani T
Crotalaria albida Heyne ex Roth 4B, 5
C. burhia Buch.-Ham. Ghangato - Kharshan 4B, 5B
C. juncea L. Sana T
C. medicaginea Lam. Rammethy T
C. prostrata Rottl. 4B, 5B
C. retusa L. Gughro T
C. spectabilis Roth 5B
C. verrucosa L. 4B
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Gawar C
Cylista scariosa Roxb. Kamalawel 5
Dalbergia lanceolaria L. f. Tanteshi 4B, 5B
D. latifolia Roxb. Shisam 4B, 5
D. sissoo Roxb. Motosisam C
D. sympathetica Nimmo ex Grah. 4B
D. volubilis Roxb. Nilsoti 5
Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet Karanj T, C
D. scandens (Roxb.) Bth. 5
Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. var. gangeticum Salvan T
D. heterocarpon (L.) DC. 5
199
D. triflorum (L.) DC. Jhinopandhio T

D. triquetrum (L.) DC. 4B, 5B
D. velutinum (Willd.) DC. 4B, 5
Dolichos trilobus L. Jangli Papdi 4B, 5B
Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Jagriyo-khakhare 4B, 5
E. variegata L. Panarawas C
Indigofera astragallina DC. T
I. caerulea Roxb. var. occidentalis Gillett & Ali Gado 4B, 5B
I. cassioides Rottl. ex DC. 4B
I. glabra L. 4B
I. glandulosa Roxb. ex Willd. Vekhariyo T
I. linifolia Retz. var. campbellii Wt. Jhinkigali T
I. linnaei Ali Fatakiya T
I. oblongifolia Forsk. Ziladi T
I. tinctoria L. Gali T
I. trifoliata L. Vekhario 5
I. trita L.f. subsp. trita var. trita Ali Vekhario 5
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Oliya C
Lathyrus sativus L. Lang Langue C
Melilotus alba Lam. Jangli methi T
M. indica Ali T
Moghania macrophylla (Willd.) O. Ktze. 5B
M. strobilifera (L.) St. Hil ex Jackson T
Mucuna prurita Hk. f. Kancha T
Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hochreut. Bhino Harmo 4B, 5B
Pisum sativum L. Vatana C
Pseudarthria viscida W.& A. Chapaknovelo 3A, 4B
Psoralea corylifolia L. Babchi T
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. var. acuminatus Prain Biyo 4B, 5B
Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb.) DC. Karwinai 4B, 5B
Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. F. Wight Ikad T
S. grandiflora (L.) Pers. Agathiyo C
S. sesban (L.) Merr. subsp. sesban var. sesban Gillet Raysingani C
Smithia conferta Sm. 4B, 5
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Ghodakan T
Teramnus labialis (L. f.) Spreng. Valiyovelo T
200
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Methi C

T. occulta Del. 4B
Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal Math C
V. angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi Lilamug C
V. radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata Verdcourt Arad C
V. trilobata (L.) Verdcourt Adabaumagi T
V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. cylindrica (L.) Eseltine Choli C
V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Verdcourt Kalathi C
CAESALPINIACEAE
Bauhinia purpurea L. Kanchner T, C

B. racemosa Lam. Kasotri T
B. tomentosa L. Asundro 4B
Caesalpinia coriaria Willd. Libi-libi C
C. crista L. Kachka T
C. decapetala (Roth) Alst. Chilar 5A
C. pulcherrima (L.) Sw. Snankhasur C
Cassia absus L. Chimar T
C. angustifolia Vahl Son-Makkai 4B
C. auriculata L. Avali T
C. fistula L. Garmala T, C
C. italica (Mill.) Lam. ex F.W. Surati- Sonamukhal T
Andrews subsp. micrantha Brenan
C. javanica L. C
C. mimosoides L. 5B
C. obtusifolia L. Punvadio T
C. occidentalis L. Kasuvayee T
C. pumila Lam. Chamediyum T
C. sophera L. var. sophera JungliSundri 4B, 5B
C. surattensis Burm. f. 4B
C. tora L. Kovaraya T
Delonix elata (L.) Gamble Sandsro C
Phanera integrifolia (Roxb.) Bth. Kokam 5B
Piliostigma malabaricum (Roxb.) Bth. 4B, 5B
201
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde Ashopalava C

Tamarindus indica L. Amli T, C
MIMOSACEAE
Acacia chundra (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Willd. Kher T

A. farnesiana (L.) Willd. Gu-baval C
A. ferruginea DC. Itchan 3A, 4B, 5
A. leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Hermobaval T
A. nilotica (L.) Del. subsp. indica (Bth.) Brenan Baval T
A. pennata (L.) Willd. Chillar T
A. senegal (L.) Willd. Coradio baval T
A. sinuata (Lour.) Merr. Reetah 4B
A. torta (Roxb.) Craib 4B, 5
Adenanthera pavonina L. Bade-Gumchi C
Albizia amara Boivin var. amara Brenan 5B
A. lebbeck (L.) Bth. Kalo Saras C
A. odoratissima (L. f.) Bth. Dholosaras T
A. procera (Roxb.) Bth. Safed Siris 3A, 4B, 5
Dichrostachys cineria (L.) W. & A. Mordhundhiyu T
Mimosa pudica L. Lajiaranti T
M. rubicaulis Lam. 3A
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Hamra T
CRASSULACEAE
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. T
RHIZOPHORACEAE
Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. 3A
COMBRETACEAE
202
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.) Wall. ex Bedd. Dhavdo T

Calycopteris floribunda (Roxb.) Lam. Bukshi 4B, 5
Quisqualis indica L. Barmasinivel C
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) W. & A. Panisadad 4B, 5B
T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Bahedo T
T. catappa L. Badamalili C
T. chebula Retz. Hirda 4B, 5
T. crenulata Roth Sadad T
MYRTACEAE
Barringtonia acutangula Gaertn. Samudarphal 5A

Eucalyptus globulus Labill. C
Psidium guajava L. Jamphal C
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Jambudo C
LECYTHIDACEAE
Careya arborea Roxb. Vakumbha 5
LYTHRACEAE
Ammannia baccifera L. Jalagio T

Lagerstroemia indica L. Chinai Mendi C
L. speciosa (L.) Pers. C
Lawsonia inermis L. Mendi C
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz. Dhawadina T
PUNICACEAE
Punica granatum L. Dadam C
203
ONAGRACEAE
Ludwigia octovalvis subsp. sessiliflora (Mich.) Raven Panlawang T
TRAPACEAE
Trapa natans L. var. bisponosa (Roxb.) Makino Shinghoda C
PASSIFLORACEAE
Passiflora foetida L. 3A, 4B, 5B
CARICACEAE
Carica papaya L. Papai C
CUCURBITACEAE
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Makhal T

C. lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumara & Nakai Tarbuj C
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Gholi T, C
Corallocarpus epigeus (Arn.) Cl. Kharaghoda 3A, 4B
Ctenolepis garcini (L.) Cl. 4B, 5
Cucumis callosus (Rottl.) Cogn. ex Cogn. & Harms Gaivasukadan T
C. melo L. var. agrestic Naud. Turbuch C
C. sativus L. Kakri C
Cucurbita maxima Duch. Pilun-Kohalun C
Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jaffery Shivlingi T
Kedrostis rostrata (Rottl.) Cogn. Nurkvel 3A, 4B
Lagenaria leucantha (Duch.) Rusby Dudhi C
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. var. acutangula Kadvi-Ghishodi T
204
L. cylindrica (L.) M.J. Roem. Galaka C

L. echinata Roxb. Kukaraval T
L. tuberosa Roxb. 4B
Momordica balsamina L. Chhochhidan 3A, 4B
M. charantia L. Karela C
M. dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Kantolan T
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem. Chanak-chibdi T
Solena heterophylla Lour. Gometi 4B, 5B
Trichosanthes anguina L. Padavli 3A(C)
T. bracteata (Lam.) Voight Ratanindra- ranan 4B, 5B
T. cucumerina L. Kadvipadvala T
T. dioica Roxb. Parval C
CACTACEAE
Opuntia elatior Mill. Phafdothor T
MOLLUGINACEAE
Gisekia pharnaceoides L. T
Glinus lotoides L. Mitho- okharad T
G. oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. Kadvo- Okharad T
Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. 4B, 5B
M. nudicaulis Lam. 4B, 5B
M. pentaphylla L. T
AIZOACEAE
Trianthema portulacastrum L. Satodo T

Zaleya decandra Burm. f. 4B, 5B
APIACEAE
205
Anethum graveolens L. Suwa C

Centella asiatica (L.) Karbrahmi T
Coriandrum sativum L. Dhana C
Cuminum cyminum L. Safed Jiraun C
Daucus carota L. var. sativa DC. Gajar C
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Warialli C
Sesili diffusum (Roxb. ex Sm.) Sant. & Wagh 4B, 5B
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague Ajamo C
T. roxburghianum (DC.) Craib Ajmod C
ALANGIACEAE
Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. Ankol T
RUBIACEAE
Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Bth. & Hk. f. ex Brandis Haldu 4B, 5

Borreria articularis (L. f.) F.N. Will. Ganthiyu T
Canthium parviflorum Lam. 4B
Gardenia resinifera Roth Pendri 5B, C
G. turgida Roxb. var. turgida Gangdi 4B, 5
Hymenodictyon excelsum (Roxb.) Wall. Bhammar chal 4B, 5B
Ixora arborea Roxb. ex Sm. Naveri 4B
I. coccinea L. Ratinevari C
Meyna laxiflora Robyns Ali 4B, 5B
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. Kalam T, C
Morinda tomentosa Heyne ex Roth Al 4B, 5
Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Parpat T
O. herbacea (L.) Roxb. Parpati T
O. umbellata L. 3A, 4B
Pavetta crassicaulis Bermek. Papat 5B
Xeromphis uliginosa (Retz.) Maheshwari Pinglu 3A, 4B, 5
ASTERACEAE
206
Adenostemma lavenia (L.) O. Ktze. 3A, 4B, 5B

Ageratum conyzoides L. Mankad Mari T
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. 4B
Bidens bipinnata L. Samarakokadi T
Blumea eriantha DC. Kapario 5
B. lacera (Burm. f.) DC. Kalara 3A, 4B, 5A
Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. & Aschers. Chhikani 4B, 5B
Cichorium intybus L. Chikory 4B, C
Dicoma tomentosa Cass. Pardesi Kanderi 3A, 4B
Echinops echinatus Roxb. Utakanto T
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Bhangra T
Elephantopus scaber L. Hastipad 4B, 5
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Hirankhuri T
Erigeron asteroides Roxb. Maredi 4B
Glossocardia bosvallea (L. f.) DC. Davanapada T
Glossogyne bidens (Retz.) Alst. Kagsuva 4B
Gnaphalium luteo-album L. Munderi 4B, 5B
Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Zinki Mundi T
Lactuca remotiflora DC. Pathari 3A, 4B
L. runcinata DC. Sonki 3A, 4B
Launaea glomerata (Jaub. & Spach.) Hk. 4B
L. procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal Moti Bhonpatri T
L. resedifolia (L.) Druce 4B
L. sarmentosa (Willd.) Alst. Bhonpatri T
Pulicaria crispa Sch. Bip. 3A, 4B
Siegesbeckia orientalis L. Pilibadakadi 3A, 4B
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. 4B, 5B
S. brachyotus DC. 4B
S. oleraceus L. Dudhali-Sonki T
Sphaeranthus indicus L. Bodiokalara T
Spilanthus calva DC. Akkalgaro 4B, 5
Tricholepis glaberrima DC. Brahmadandi 4B, 5B
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. Kadroyire 4B, 5
V. cinerea (L.) Less. Sadodi T
Xanthium strumarium L. Gadriyun T
207
GOODENIACEAE
Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. 3A, 4B
LOBELIACEAE
Lobelia nicotianaefolia Roth ex R. & S. Nali 4B
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Plumbago zeylanica L. Chitaro T

PRIMULACEAE
Anagalis arvensis L. var. coerulea (Schreb.) Gren. & Godr. Golo phuldi T
MYRSINACEAE
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (R.& S.) DC. Ambati 5B
SAPOTACEAE
Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel. Mahuda T

Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dub. Kaira T
M. zapota (L.) van Royen Chikoo C
Mimusops elengi L. Bakuli C
EBENACEAE
Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Timbru T
208
D. montana Roxb. Timbraroa 5B
OLEACEAE
Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andr. Mogro C

Nyctanthes arbortristis L. Parijatak 4B, 5B
Schrebera swietenioides Roxb. Markho 4B, 5
SALVADORACEAE
Azima tetracantha Lam. 4B

Salvadora oleoides Decne. Piludi 4B
S. persica L. Piludi T
APOCYNACEAE
Allamanda cathartica L. var. hendersonii Bailey C

Carissa congesta Wt. Karvanda 4B, 5B
Catharanthus pusillus (Murr.) G.Don Barmasi T
C. roseus (L.) G. Don Sadafuli C
Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill Sagar C
Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall ex G. Don Indra Javanu 4B, 5
Nerium indicum Mill. Kanera C
Plumeria rubra L. Rhadachampo C
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merrill Pilikaren C
Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. Indarjou 3A, 4B
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Asclepias curassavica L. C
Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Akado T
C. procera (Ait.) R. Br. Nano Akado T
94
Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. T

C. candelabrum L. 4B
Cosmostigma racemosum (Roxb.) Wt. 4B
Dregea volubilis (L. f.) Bth. ex Hk. f. Moti dodi 4B, 5
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult. Kavli 4B
Holostemma annularium (Roxb.) K. Schum. Khirdodi 4B, 5B
Oxystelma secamone (L.) Karst. Jaldudhi T
Pentatropis spiralis (Forsk.) Decne. Shigaroti T
Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov. Nagala-dudheli T
Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) Voigh Somvel 3A, 4B
Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Damnivel C, 4B
PERIPLOCACEAE
Cryptolepis buchanani (L.) R. & S. Rubber vel 4B, 5

Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. Rubber vel T
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. Dudhvel T
Periploca aphylla Decne. Singdio 3A
BUDDLEJACEAE
Buddleja asiatica Lour. 5B
LOGANIACEAE
Strychnos potatorum L. f. Kantas 4B
GENTIANACEAE
Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R. Br. Zinku Kariatu 4B, 5
Centaurium centaurioides (Roxb.) Zinku Kariatu 3A, 4B, 5
Rolla Rao & Hemandri
95
Enicostema hyssopifolium (Willd.) Verdoon T

Exacum bicolor Roxb. 4B, 5
E. pedunculatum L. 5A
Nymphoides indicum (L.) O. Ktze. Poyana 4B, 5
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl 4B, 5
EHRETIACEAE
Cordia dichotoma Forst. Vadgunda 4B, 5
C. gharaf (Forsk.) Ehrenb. & Asch. Liar Gundi 3A, 4B, 5A
C. macleodii Hk. f. & Th. Dahivi 5B
C. wallichii G. Don Gadgundi 4B, 5
Ehretia aspera Roxb. Nandh Kajiyari 3A, 4B, 5
BORAGINACEAE
Coldenia procumbens L. Okhrad 4B, 5

Cynoglossum meeboldii Brand 5B
Heliotropium ellipticum Ledeb. 3A, 4B
H. indicum L. Hathisun dhana 3A, 4B, 5A
H. strigosum Willd. 4B
Trichodesma africanum (L.) R. Br. 3A
T. indicum (L.) R. Br. Undha Fuli 4B
T. zeylanicum (Burm. f.) R. Br. 4B, 5A
CONVOLVULACEAE
Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Boj. Samudrashoka C

Convolvulus arvensis L. Khetrau Phudardi Veldi 3A, 4B, 5A
C. auricomus (A. Rich.) Bhandari var. auricomus Runchhal-iveldi 4B
94
Cressa cretica L. Rudanti 3A,4B, 5A (COASTAL)

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Kali Shankhavali T
Ipomoea alba L. C
I. aquatica Forsk. Nalini Bhaji T
I. batatas (L.) Lam. Sakaria C
I. coptica (L.) Roth ex R. & S. 4B
I. dasysperma Jacq. Dipad Vel 3A, 4B
I. eriocarpa R. Br. Bodi Fudardi T
I. illustris (Cl.) Prain Gogvel 4B, 5B
I. mauritiana Jacq. Bhui- Kohala C
I. muricata (L.) Jacq. Garayo T
I. nil (L.) Roth Kala-dana T
I. obscura (L.) Ker.-Gawl. Gumbadvel T
I. pes-caprae (L.) Sw. Dariani-vel C, T
I. pes-tigridis L. Photial T
I. quamoclit L. Kamini C
I. sepiaria Koen. ex Roxb. var. sepiaria Hanumanvel T
Merremia gangetica (L.) Cufod. Undarkani T
M. tridentata (L.) Hall. f. subsp. tridentata Bhinigario T
M. turpethum (L.) Shah & Bhatt Nahotara 4B, 5
M. vitifolia (Burm. f.) Hall. f. 3A, 4B, 5
CUSCUTACEAE
Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Amarvel T

C. hyalina Roth Amarvel 3A, 4B
C. reflexa Roxb. Akasvel T
SOLANACEAE
Capsicum annuum L. var. acuminata Fingerh. Marcha C

Datura innoxia Mill. Dhatoria T
D. metel L. C
Lycium barbarum L. Taleti 3A, 4B
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. 5B
Nicotiana tabacum L. Tabaku C
95
Physalis minima L. Parpoti T

Solanum incanum L. Ubhi ringni 4B, 5B
S. indicum L. Mhotiringni 4B, 5
S. melongena L. Ringhi C
S. nigrum L. Piludi T
S. surattense Burm. f. Bhoringni T
S. trilobatum L. 3A, 4B
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Asoda 3A, 4B, 5A
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell Bam T

Kickxia ramossisima (Wall.) Janch. Bhintgalodi T
Limnophila indica (L.) Druce Tarati T
Lindenbergia muraria (Roxb. ex D. Don) P. Bruchl Bhindachati T
Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alst. 4B, 5
Schweinfurthia sphaerocarpa (Bth.) A. Braun. Sanipat 3A, 5B
Scoparia dulcis L. T
Striga gesneroides (Willd.) Vatke Rotoagio T
Verbascum chinense (L.) Santapau Kalhar T
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. 3A, 4B, 5
OROBANCHACEAE
Cistanche tubulosa Wt. Piloagiyo 3a, 4B

Dolichandrone falcata Seem. var. lawii (Seem.) Haines Medsingh 4B, 5B
Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) K. Schum. Waras5
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. Tetu 4B, 5
Stereospermum personatum (Hassk.) Chatt. Padeli 4B, 5B
S. suaveolens (Roxb.) DC. 4B
Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. Ragat Rohido 3A, 4B, 5B
PEDALIACEAE
94
Pedalium murex L. Kadvaghokru T

Sesamum indicum L. Tal C
MARTYNIACEAE
Martynia annua L. Vinchhudo T

ACANTHACEAE
Acanthus ilicifolius L. 3A, 4B, 5A (COASTAL)

Adhatoda vasica (L.) Nees Arduso C
Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees Kariyatu 4B, 5A
A. paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees Kiryato 3A, 4B, C
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anders. 4B, 5
Barleria cristata L. 4B, 5B
B. lawii T. Anders. Kanta Shelio T
B. prionitis L. Kantausherio T
Blepharis linariaefolia Pers. 3A, 4B
Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees Aboli C
Eranthemum roseum (Vahl) R. Br. T
Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.) Heine Ekharo T
Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. C
J. procumbens L. T
Lepidagathis cristata Willd. 4B
Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus (Nees) Dalz. Ganthera T
Rhinacanthus nasuta (L.) Kurz 5A
Rungia parviflora Nees Mothokhad salio 4B, 5A
R. repens (L.) Nees Khatsalio T
AVICENNIACEAE
Avicennia officinalis L. Tavariya 3A, 4B, 5A (COASTAL)
95
VERBENACEAE
Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Dariajai T

C. multiflorum (Burm. f.) O. Ktze. Arani T
C. serratum (L.) Moon Bharanji 5B
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Shewan T
Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.) Mold. T
L. salvifolia Jacq. Ghanidalia T
Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Ratoliya T
Premna integrifolia L. Arni 3A, 4B
Tectona grandis L. f. Sag T
Vitex negundo L. Nagod T
V. trifolia L. 3A
LAMIACEAE
Acrocephalus indicus (Burm. f.) O. Ktze. 4B, 5

Anisochilus carnosus Wall. Ajamanu patree 4B
Anisomeles indica (L.) O. Ktze. Chodharo T
A. malabarica R. Br. Runchhalo 4B
Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. 4B
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. Matijer 4B, 5A
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Spr. Kubi T
L. cephalotes (Roxb. ex Roth) Spr. Doshinokubo T
L. lavandulaefolia J.E. Sm. Thinanpanni Kubo 3A, 4B
L. stelligera Wall. ex Bth. Dungaraukubo 4B
L. zeylanica R. Br. 4B
Mentha spicata L. Fudino C
Nepeta hindostana (Heyne ex Roth) Santapau 4 B
Haines var. woodrowii (Cooke)
Ocimum basilicum L. Damro C
O. canum Sims Jungli Tulso T
O. gratissimum L. Ramtulsi T
O. sanctum L. Tulsi C
Pogostemon parviflorus Bth. 4B, 5B
94
P. purpurascens Dalz. 5B
Salvia plebeia R. Br. 4B, 5
S. santolinaefolia Boiss. 3A, 4B, 5
PLANTAGINACEAE
Plantago ovata Forsk. Ghoda Jiru C
NYCTAGINACEAE
Boerhavia diffusa (L.) Druce Vakha Khaparo T

Mirabilis jalapa L. Gulbas C
AMARANTHACEAE
Achyranthes aspera L. var. aspera Safed Ahgedo 4B, 5B

Aerva javanica (Burm. f.) Juss. ex J.A. Schultes Bur 3A, 4B
A. lanata (L.) Juss. Gorakh Ganjo T
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Jala Jambo T
Amaranthus caudatus L. Chuko 5A
A. hybridus L. subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell. var. paniculatus (L.) Thell. Rajagro C
A. lividus L. Tandaljo C
A. spinosus L. Kantamidant T
A. tricolor L. var. tricolor Lapadi T
A. tricolor L. var. tristis (Prain) Nayar et al. 5B
A. viridis L. Dhimdo T
Celosia argentea L. Lambadi T
Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Kanajaro T
CHENPODIACEAE
Arthrocnemum indicum (Willd.) Moq. Machur 3A, 4B (COASTAL)
95
Beta vulgaris L. C
Chenopodium album L. Chilni Bhaji T
Salicornia brachiata Roxb. 4B, 5A
Salsola baryosma (R. & S.) Dandy 4B
BASELLACEAE
Basella rubra L. Poi T
POLYGONACEAE
Polygonum barbatum L. var. gracile Steward 4B, 5

P. fagopyrum L. 4B
P. glabrum Willd. 4B, 5
P. plebeium R. Br. Zinako Okhard T
ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. Gudhater 3A, 4B, 5A

A. indica L. Ruhimala 4B
LAURACEAE
Cassytha filiformis L. 4B, 5
LORANTHACEAE
Dendrophthoe falcata (L. f.) Etting. var. falcata VandoT
SANTALACEAE
209
Santalum album L. Chandan C
EUPHORBIACEAE
Acalypha hispida Burm. f. C

A. indica L. Vanchi-Kanto T
Antidesma ghaesaembilla Gaertn. 5
Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell. Arg. Dantimul T
Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alst. Kamboi 3A, 4B
B. rhamnoides (Bl.) Muell.-Arg. 4B
Bridelia retusa (L.) Spr. Asan T
Chrozophora prostrata Dalz. Betookharada T
C. rottleri (Geis.) Juss. ex Spr. Kalokharad T
C. tinctoria A. Juss. 4B
Cicca acida (L.) Merr. Khata ambala C
Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurus Putranjivi 4B, C
Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Amla 4B, 5B, C
Euphorbia acaulis Roxb. 4B, 5B
E. dracunculoides Lam. Ubhi Dudheli 4B
E. granulata Forsk. 4B
E. hirta L. Dudhi T
E. nerifolia L. Thor T
E. nivulia Buch.-Ham. Thor T
E. orbiculata H. B. & K. Dudhi T
E. parviflora L. Dudheli T
E. thymifolia L. Nahanidu dheli T
E. tirucalli L. Thora Danadalio T
Homonoia riparia Lour. Chandri 5
Jatropha curcas L. Jamalgota T
J. gossypifolia L. T
Kirganelia reticulata (Poir.) Baill. Datwan T
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. Kapito 4B, 5B
Phyllanthus fraternus Webster Bhonyanmali T
P. maderaspatensis L. Kanochha T
P. urinaria L. Kharsad Bhonyami 4B, 5
210
P. virgatus Forst. f. Motibhonyannmali T

Ricinus communis L. Diveli C
Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. Chinni 3A, 4B, 5B
S. virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Pax & Hoffm. Pichrun Safed fali 4B, 5
Tragia hildebrandtii Muell.-Arg. 4B, 5
Trewia polycarpa Bth. & Hk. f. ex Hk. f. Petar 5B
ULMACEAE
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Kanjo T

Trema orientalis (L.) Bl. Gol 4B, 5B
URTICACEAE
Girardinia zeylanica Decne. Agyya 4B, 5B

Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. 4B, 5
MORACEAE
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Phanas C

Ficus amplissima Sm. Pipar 3A, 4B, 5B
F. arnottiana Miq. Khadak Payar 4B, 5B
F. asperrima Roxb. Sariro 4B, 5B
F. benghalensis L. Vad T
F. carica L. Anjra C
F. hispida L. f. Jangli Anjir T
F. microcarpa L. f. Nandrek Vad C
F. racemosa L. Umbar T
F. religiosa L. Jari T
F. rumphii Bl. Pipli 5B
F. virens Ait. Pipli T
Morus alba L. Shetur C
Streblus asper Lour. Harero T
211
CANNABINACEAE
Cannabis sativa L. Ganja 4B, C

CASUARINACEAE
Casuarina equisetifolia L. Sharu C, T
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
Ceratophylum demersum L. Lila 4B, 5A
ORCHIDACEAE
Dendrobium ovatum (Willd.) Kranz 5B

Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hk. f. ex G. Don Rasno 4B, 5
ZINGIBERACEAE
Alpinia nutans (L.) Roscoe C

Costus speciosus (Koenig ex Retz.) Sm. Pavuta 5
Curcuma amada Roxb. Amiba Haldar C
MUSACEAE
Musa paradisiaca L. Kela C
CANNACEAE
Canna indica L. C
212
BROMELIACEAE
Ananas sativus L. & Schult. Ananas C
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Crinum asiaticum L. Nagdown C

C. defixum Ker.-Gawl. Nagrikand 3A, 4B, 5
C. latifolium L. 4B
HYPOXIDACEAE
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Musalikand 4B, 5B
AGAVACEAE
Agave americana L. Jangli Kanvar C

Polianthes tuberosa L. Gulehadi C
DIOSCOREACEAE
Dioscorea alata L. Ratalu C

D. bulbifera L. Goradu Kedrokand T
D. hispida Dennst. 3A, 4B, 5
D. oppositifolia L. 3A, 4B, 5
D. pentaphylla L. 4B, 5B
LILIACEAE
Allium cepa L. Kanda C
213
A. sativum L. Lasan C
Aloe barbadensis Mill. Kunvarpato T
Asparagus adscendens Roxb. Safed Murli ?
A. gonoclados Baker Shatavari 4B, 5B
A. racemosus Willd. var. javanicus (Kunth) Baker Satavar C, T
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Dungro T
Gloriosa superba L. Khadyanag T
Iphigenia indica (L.) A. Gray 4B, 5B
Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth Junglipyaz 4B, 5
SMILACACEAE
Smilax zeylanica L. Sarsaparila C
PONTEDERIACEAE
Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl. 5
COMMELINACEAE
Amischophacelus axillaris (L.) Rolla Rao & Kammathy 4B, 5

Commelina benghalensis L. Mhotunshushmuliyun T
C. diffusa Burm. f. Shismuli T
C. paludosa Bl. 4B, 5
C. suffruticosa Bl. 5B
ARECACEAE
Areca catechu L. Supari C

Borassus flabellifer L. Tad 3A, 4B, 5A
Calamus rotang L. Netar 4B
Caryota urens L. Ardhi-Sopari C
214
Cocos nucifera L. Naliyar C

Phoenix dactylifera L. Khajur 3A
P. sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Kajuri T
PANDANACEAE
Pandanus odoratissimus L. f. Kewoda C
ARACEAE
Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) Bl. ex Decne C

A. sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth Jungli Suran 4B, 5B
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott 5B
Arum colocasia Arvi C
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott C, T
Pistia stratiotes L. Jala Khhumbhi T
ALISMATACEAE
Sagittaria sagittifolia L. 4B, 5
CYPERACEAE
Cyperus articulatus L. 4B, 5A

C. esculentus L. 4B, 5
C. iria L. var. iria T
C. kyllinga Endl. 5B
C. rotundus L. subsp. rotundus Barik Motha T
C. scariosus R. Br. Nagaromothya 3A, 4B
C. stoloniferus Retz. 3A, 4B
C. triceps (Rottb.) Endl. T
Frimbristylis falcata (Vahl) Kunth 4B, 5
Scirpus grossus L. f. Gundaro 3A, 4B, 5A
215
POACEAE
Aristida adscensionis L. subsp. adscensionis Uth-Lampda T

Arundo donax L. C
Avena sterilis L. var. culta Raizada 4B
Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. Vans 5B
Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. Motu-Dharmmu T
Chionachne koenigii (Spr.) Thw. Kansado 4B, 5
Chloris virgata Sw. T
Coix lachryma-jobi L. Garolu 4B, 5A
Cymbopogon caesius (Nees) Stapf. Rashodo 4B, 5
C. citratus (DC.) Stapf. Lilacha C
C. jwarancusa (Jones) Schult. Jalavalo 3A, 4B
C. martinii (Roxb.) Wats. Roicha grass 4B, 5B
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Darth T
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv. T
Dendrocalamus strictus Nees Narvans 4B, 5B
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. Dabha T
Echinochola colonum (L.) Link Samoghas C
E. crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. Adbansamo 4B, 5
E. stagnina (Retz.) P. Beauv. 4B, 5
Eleusine corncana (L.) Gaertn. Bhavtonagli C
E. indica (L.) Gaertn. Adbannagli T
Hackelochloa granularis (L.) O. Ktze. Kasin 4B, 5
Hordeum vulgare L. Cheno C
Oryza sativa L. Chokha C
Panicum miliaceum L. Samli C
Pennisetum typhoides (Burm. f.) . Bajro C
Stapf. & Hubb
Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. Naire T
Saccharum bengalense Retz. Sarkhant T
S. officinarum L. Sherdi C
S. spontaneum L. Dabh T
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Chano C
216
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Baru T

Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Valo T
The distribution of plants is according the biogeographical classification of Gujarat.

3A - Kutch 4B - Gujarat-Rajwara 5A - Malabar Coast 5B - Western Ghat Mountains
5 - Common in both 5A and 5B C - Cultivated T - Throughout Gujarat
217
APPENDIX - 11 Gelliodes fibrosa Dendy

Raniera permollis (Bowerbank)
R. topsenti Thiele
PHYLUM PORIFERA R. hornelli
(SPONGES) R. fibroreticulata
R. semifobrosa Johnston
LIST OF SPONGES FOUND IN THE GULF OF Halichondria panicea Baer
KUTCH H. reticulata Dendy
Siphonochalina crassifibra Dendy
(A) CALCAREOUS SPONGES S. minor
Desmacella tubulata Dendy
CLASS : CALCAREA Thrinacophora cervicornis Ridley and Dendy
Sycon grantioides Axinella virgultosa Carter
Grantessa hastifera (Row) Phakellia donnani (Bowerbank)
Heteropia glomerosa (Bowerbank) Auletta lyrata var.glomerata Dendy
Leucandra donnani var. tenuiradiata Dendi A. elongata var. fruticosa Dov
L. wasiensis Jenkin Ciocalypla dichotoma
L. dwarkaensis Higginsia sp.
FAMILY : DESMACIDONIDAE
(B) NON CALCAREOUS SPONGES Esperella plumosa (Carter)
Desmacidon minor
CLASS : DEMOSPONGIA Iotrochota baculifera Ridley
ORDER : TETRAXONIDA Guitarra indica
FAMILY : STELLETTIDAE Psammochela elegans
Myriastra haeckeli Sollas Chondropsis kirkii (Carter)
Jaspis reptans (Dendy) Myxilla arenaria Dendy
Asteropus simplex (Carter) Clathria corallitincta Dendy
C. spiculosa Dendy
FAMILY : GEODIIDAE Echinodictylum gorgonoides
Geodia varispiculosa Thiele Raspailia fruticosa var. tenuiramosa Dendy
Acarnus tortilis Topsent
FAMILY : DONATIIDAE Bubaris radiata
Donatia seychellensis (Wright)
Tuberella aaptos (Schmidt) FAMILY : SPIRASTRELLIDAE
Spirastrella vagabunda var. tubulodigitata Dendy
FAMILY :CHONDROSITIIDAE Placospongia carinata (Bowerbank)
Chondrilla australiensis Carter
Chondrilla agglutinans FAMILY : CLIONIDAE
Cliona coronaria (Carter)
SUBORDER SIGMATOTETRAXONIDA
FAMILY : SEBERITIDAE
Tetilla dactyloidea (Carter) Suberites carnosus (Johnston)
T. hirsula Dendy S. flabellatus Carter
T. pilula S. cruciatus Dendy
T. barodensis Polymastia gemmipara
FAMILY : HAPLOSCLERIDAE ORDER : EUCERATOSA

Gellius fibulatus (Scmidt) var. microsigma FAMILY : APLYSILLIDAE
Megalopastas retiaria
G. ridleyi (Hentscel) Darwinella astraliensis Carter
218
FAMILY : SPONGELIIDAE APPENDIX - 12

Spongeliafragilis var. ramosa (Schulze)
S. cinerea (Keller)
S. elegans (Nardo)
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
(COELENTERATES)
FAMILY : SPONGIIDAE
Hippospongia clathrata (Carter) CLASS : HYDROZOA
Hebella scandens (Bale)

Clytia geniculata Thornely
Synthecium orthogonia (Busk)
S. maldivense Borradaile
Sertularia rugosissima Thornely
S. tenuis Bale
Pasythea quadridentata Ellis & Sol.
Idia pristis Lamouroux
Thuiaria fenestrata Bale
Monostaechas fischeri Nutting (1905),
var. simplex Billard
Plumularia badia Kirchenpauer
P. buskii Bale
P. caliculata Bale
P. concava Billard
Lytocarpus philippinus Kirch
L. plumosus Thornely
Halicornaria gracilicaulis (Jaderholm)
CLASS : SCYPHOZOA (JELLY FISHES)
Amphogona apsteini (Vanhoffen, 1902)

Solumundella bitentaculata (Quoy et Gaimard, 1833)
Diphyopsis chamissonis (Huxley)
Cassiopea andromeda var. maldevensis Browne
CLASS : ANTHOZOA
SUBCLASS: HEXACORALLIA
ORDER: MADREPORARIA (STONY CORALS)
Psammocora digitata
Acropora humilis
A. squarrosa
A. variabilles (extinct?)
Montipora explanata
M. venosa
M. turgescens
M. hispida
M. foliosa
M. monasteriata
M. verrucosa
Coscinaraea monile
219
Siderastrea savignyana Pteroides sp.

S. lilacea
S. radians
Pseudosiderastrea tayami SUBCLASS: OCTOCORALLIA
Goniopora planulata ORDER ALCYONACEA (SOFT CORALS)
G. minor Sclerophytum (Alcyonium) polydactylum
G. nigra (Ehrenberg),
Porites lutea Dendronephthya (Spongodes) dendrophyta
P. lichen (Wright and Studer)
P. compressa D. brevirama (Burckhardt)
Favia speciosa
F. favus
Favites melicerum ORDER: AXIFERA (HORNICORALS - SEA
Goniastrea pectinata FANS)
Platygyra sinensis
Hydnophora exesa Astromuricea stellifera
Plesiasterea versipora Echinomuricea uliginosa Thomson and
Leptastrea purpurea Simpson var. tenerior
Cyphaastrea serailia Lophogorgia lutkeni Wright and Studer
Symphyllia radians Juncell juncea (Pallas)
Acanthastrea simplex
A. hillae
Mycedium elephantotus
Paracyathus stokesi
Dendrophyllia minuscula
Tubastrea aurea
Turbinaria crater
T. peltata
ORDER : ACTINARIA (SEA ANEMONES)
Stoichacts gigantrum
Anemonia sp.
Bunodactis sp.
Paracondylactis sp.
Anthopleura sp.
Meteapeachia sp.
ORDER : CERIANTHARIA
Cerianthus
ORDER : ZOANTHIDEA
Gemmaria sp.
ORDER : PENNATULACEA (SEA PENS)

Virgularia rumphii, Kolliker
220
APPENDIX - 13 SUBORDER : CYCLOSTOMATA

Idmonea radians (Lamk.)
I. australis MacGillivray
LOPHOPHORATES I. milneana D'Orb.
Pustulopora deflexa Smitt.
The members of the phyla Brachiopoda
(Lampshells), Bryozoa (moss animals) and
Phoronida (horseshoe worms) show an unusual
SUBORDER : CTENOSTOMATA
food gathering tentacular structure called
lophophore and consequently are collectively
Pherusa tubulosa Lamx
known as lophophorates. Among the above three
Amathia distans Busk.
lophophorates only phylum Bryozoa has been
A. connexa Busk
studied systematically in Gujarat.
Buskia setigera Hincks.
Alcyonidium mytili Dalyell.
PHYLUM BRYOZOA (POLYZOA)
Cylindroecium giganteum (Busk)
SUBORDER : CHEILOSTOMATA
PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA
Aetea anguina (Linn.)
Brettia tropica Waters
CLASS : INARTICULATA
Catenicella buskii Wyv.Thomson
ORDER :ATREMATA
Scrupocellaria pilosa Busk.
Lingula anatima (Lamarck)
S. cervicornis Busk
S. macandrei Busk
Canda retiformis Pourtales
PHYLUM PHORONIDA
Nellia oculata Busk
Bicellaria glabra (Hincks)
Phoronis australis Haswell
Bugula neritina var. rubra
B. neritina var. fastigata nov.
Beania regularis, n.sp.
Synnotum aviculare (Pieper)
Membranipora serrata Mac Gillivray
M. curvirostris Hincks
Thalamoporella rozieri (Andouin)
Steganoporella magnilabris (Busk)
Cellaria gracilis Busk
Retepora monilifera MacGillivray
Microporella ciliata (Pallas)
Lepralia gigas Hincks.
L. japonica Busk
Mucronella thenardii (Aud.)
M. coccinea Abild
Porella compressa Sowerby
P. concinna var. gracilis Hincks.
Smittina trispinosa Hincks.
Haswellia australiensis (Haswelf)
Cellepora tridenticulata Busk
C. megasoma MacGillivray
C. bispinata Busk.
C. albirostris (Smitt)
221
APPENDIX - 14 Nerita albicilla Linn.

N. dombeyi Recluz
N. Plexa Chemnitz
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA N. oryzarum (Reecluz)
N. crepidularia (Lam.)
CLASS AMPHINEURA (POLYPACOPHORA)
Ichnochiton sp. (Coat-of-mail shells)

Family Littorinidae (Periwinkles)
Littorina undulata Gray

CLASS GASTROPODA
Family Fissurellidae
Family Turritellidae (Turrent or Screw shells)
Diodora bombayana (Sowerby)

Turritella acutangula (Linn.)
D. funiculata (Reeve)
T. columnaris (Kiener)
D. ticaonica (Reeve)
T. cerea (Receve)
Emarginula elongata (Phil.)
Scutus unguis (Linn.)
Family Architectonidae (Solariidae)
Family Patellidae
Architectonica laevigata Lamarck
Cellana radiata (Born)

Patella radiata (Born-Gravely)
Family Vermetidae (Worm shells)
Vermetes sp.
Family Trochidae
Trochus stellatus Gmelin

Family Potamididae (Telescope shells)
T. radiatus Gmelin
Monodonta australis Lamarck
TelescoPium telescopium Linn.
Angaria plicata (Kiener)
Cerithidea fluviatilis (Potiez & Michaud)
Clanculus microdon A. Adams
C. depictus (A. Ad.)
Euchelus asper Gmelin
Family Cerithiidae (Horn shells)
E. indicus (A. Ad.)
Calliostoma sp.
Cerithium obeliscus Bruguiere
Umbonium vestiarium(Linn.)
C. scabridum Phil.
Family Turbinidae (Turban shells)

Family Calyptraeidae (Crucible shells)
Turbo intercostalis Menke

Calyptraea sp.
T. bruneus (Roding)
T. coronatus Gmelin
Astrea semicostata (Kiener)
Family Strombidae (Wing shells)
A. stellata (Gmelin)
Clanculus sp.
Strombus urecus Linn.
Family Neritidae
Family Naticidae
222
Babylonia spirata (Linn.)

Natica tigrina (Roding) Cantharus undosus (Linn.)
N. didyma (Roding)
N. lamarckii Chenu
Sinum cuvierianum (Recluz) Family Nassidae
Nassa thersites (Bruguiere)

Family Cypraeidae (Cowries) N. hepatica (Montagu)
Cypaea ocellata Linn.

C.arabica Linn Family Fasciolariidae
Fusus sp.
Family Volemidae (Knobbed chanks)
Hemifusus sp. Family Olividae (Olives)
Oliva gibbosa (Born)

Family Bursidae 0. nebulosa Lamarck
0. lepida Duclos.
Bursa spinosa (Lamarck) Ancilla sp.
B. granularis (Roding)
B. tuberculata (Brod.)
Family Mitridae (Mitre shells)
Family Muricidae Mitra mica Reeve
Murex trapa Roding Family Vasidae (Turbinellidae) (Chank or Sankha)

M. virgineus (Roding) Xancus pyrum (Linn.)
M. adustus Lamarck
M. tribulus (Linn.)
Thais rudolphi (Lamarck) Family Conidae (Cone shells)
T. rugosa (Born)
T. carinifera Lamarck Conus punctatus Chemitz
Drupa tuberculata (Blainville)
D. margariticola (Broderip)
D. heptagonalis (Reeve) Family Terebridae (Auger shells)
Duplicaria duplicata (Linn.)

Family Pyrenidae
Pyrene versicolor (Sowerby) Family Hydatinidae

P. flavida (Lamarck)
Hydatina velum (Gmelin)
Family Pyrulidae
Family Bullidae (Bubble shells)
Pyrulaficus (Linn.)
Ficidae sp. Bulla ampulla Linn.
Family Buccinidae (Whelks) Family Atyidae
223
Haminoea tenera (Adams) CLASS: PELECYPODA (BIVALVIA)
Family Unionidae
Family Ellobiidae (Ear shells)
Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck)
Cassidula nucleus Gmelin L. consobrinus (Lea)
Indonaia caerulea (Lea)
Family Dorididae Family Istreidae
Dendrodoris nigra (Stimpson) Crassostrea gryphoides (Newton & Smith)

Chromodoris petechialia C. discoides (Born)
Family Arminidae Family Arcidae (Ark shells)
Pleurophyllidiella sp. Arca gubernaculum Reeve

A. granosa Lamarck
A. rhombea Born.
Family Bornellidae A. inaequivalvis Bruguiere
A. tortuosa Linn.
Bornella digitata Adams & Reeve A. symmetrica Reeve
Bornella rangii A. navicularis Bruguiere
A. avellana Lamarck
A. fusca Bruguiere
Family Onchididae (Sea slugs) A. complanata Chemnitz.
A. bistrigata Dunker
Onchidium verruculatum Cuvier Barbatia obliquata Gray
Family Lymnaeidae Family Glycimeridae
Limnea luteola (F.) Glycimeris taylori (Angas)

L. pinguis (Dohrn)
Family Mytilidae (Mussels and Daie shells)

Family Planorbidae
Mytilus viridis Linn.
Planorbis exustus (Deshayes) Modiolus metcalfei (Henley)
Septifer bilocularis (Linn.)
Family Subulinidae Lithophaga cinnamomea (Lamarck)
Opeas gracile (Hutton) Lithophaga sp.
Lithophaga sp.
L. teres (Philippi.)
Family Ariophantidae L. nigra (d'Orbigny)
Ariophanta solata
Family Pteriidae (Pearl Oysters and Wing shells)

Family Melaniidae
Pinctada vulgaris (Schumacher)
Melania striatella tuberculata (Muller) P. fucats (Gould)
224
Family Pinnidae (Feather shells)

Lucinia edentula Linn.
Pinna bicolor Gmelin Codakia divergens (Philippi)
P. atropurpurea Sowerby Divaricella cumingii (A. Adams & Angas)
P. vexillum Born
P. nigra Dil
Family Chamidae
Family Pectinidae (Scallops) Chama spinosa Broderip.

C.,fragrum Reeve
Pecten tranquebaricus (Gmelin) C.reflexa Reeve
P. distans Lamarck
P. crassicostatus Sowerby
P. pyxidatus (Born) Family Cardiidae (Cockles)
Spondylus layardi Reeve
Cardium asiaticum Bruguiere
C. assimile Reeve
Family Limidae C. australe Sowerby
C. flavum Linn.
Lima lima Linn. C. setosum Redfern.
Family Anomiidae (Window-pane oysters) Family Veneridae
Anomia achaeus Gray Meretrix meretri'x Linn.

Placenta placenta Linn. M. caste (Chemnitz)
Paphia textile (Gmelin)
P. malabarica (Chemnitz)
Family Ostreidae (True oysters) P. alapapiliones Roding
Pitar erycina Linn.
Ostrea madrasensis Preston P. nobilis Reeve
0. folium Circe scripta Linn.
0. cucullata Venus chemnitzii Hanley.
V. reticulata Linn.
Sunetta scripta Linn.
Family Crassatellidae Gafrarium divaricata (Chemnitz)
G. tumidum Roding
Crassatella rostrata Lamarck Dosinia puella Angas.
D. cretacea Reeve
Tapes radiatus (Chemnitz)
Family Carditidae (False Cockles) Venerupis macrophylla Deshayes.
Cardita bicolor Lamarck

Beguina variegata (Bruguiere) Family Mesodesmatidae
Mesodesma glabratum (Lamarck)

Family Libitinidae
Libitina vellicata Reeve Family Mactridae (False clams)
Mactra gibbosula Deshayes.

Family Lucinidae (Bladder shells) M. cuneata Chemnitz
225
Spisula triangularis (Lamarck) Jouannetia cumingii Sowerby

Standelia nicobarica (Gmelin) Martesia striata Linn.
S. pellucida (Gmelin)
Lutraria arcuata Deshayes.
Family Teredinidae (Ship worms)
Family Donacidae (Wedge shells) Teredo sp.
Donax cuneatus Linn.

CLASSS :CAPHOPODA
Family Psammobiidae Dentalium octangulatum (Donovan)
Psammobia radiata Philippi.

Soletellina diphos Reeve CLASS :CEPHALOPODA
Family Lolignidae
Family Semelidae
Loligo indices Pfeffer
Semele crenulata (Sowerby) Loligo sp.
Semele striata (Ruppell)
Family Sepiidae
Family Tellinidae (Paper shells)
Sepiella inermis (F'erussac & d'Orbigny)
Tellina coarctata Philippi Sepis aculeatus (F'erussae & d'Orbigny)
T. pristis Lamarck Sepia sp.
T. ala Hanley
T. emarginata Sowerby
T. bruguieri Hanley Family Octopodidae
Gastrana polygona Hanley
Octopus honkongensis Hoyle
Family Glaucomyidae
Family Mitridae
Glaucomya cerea Reeve
Mitra (nebularia) aurantia aurantia Gmelin
M. aurantia subruppeli Finlay
Family Solenidae (Razor shells) Mitra (Stigatella ) Gmelin
Solen truncatus Wood

S. lamarckii
Cultellus maximum (Gmelin)
Family Gastrochaenidae
Gastrochaena lamellosa Deshayes.
Family Pholadidae (Piddocks)
226
APPENDIX - 15 APPENDIX - 16
PHYLUM SIPUNCULA PHYLUM ANNELIDA

(PEA-NUT WORMS)
CLASS : OLIGOCHAETA
FAMILY : ASPIDOSIPHONIDAE
Aspidosiphon sp. FAMILY : LUMBRICIDE
Glyphidrilus tuberosus (Steph.)
PHYLUM ECHIURA FAMILY : MEGASCOLECIDAE

Perioiiyx excavatus (Perr.)
Megascolex mauritii
Echiura is a small phylum of annelid-like, marine
worms with a remarkable proboscis. Most echiura
CLASS : HIRUDINEA
retreat from the world, dwelling in burrows and
crevices nd thrusting the proboscis out as a
FAMILY : GLOSSIPHONIDAE
periscope and food-finder. They show considerable
Glossiphonia complanata (linn.)
diversity in spite of an over-all sameness. The
folowiiig is a checklist of the bonellids identified
CLASS : POLYCHAETA
from the Pirotan Island in Gulf of Kutch by Datta
Gupta.
FAMILY : APHRODITIDAE
Savigny, 1818
Aplirodita aculeata Linnaeus, 1758
FAMILY : BONNELIDAE
Hermonia liystrix (Savigny, 1820)
Eiinoepallida (Ehlers, 1908)
Acanthobonellia miyajimai (Ikeda)
Lepidonotus cristatus (Grube, 1876)
A.rollandoe Menon & Datta Gupta
L. cai-inatus (Grube, 1870)
A.vulgaris Menon & Datta Gupta
L. tetiuisetosus (Gravier, 1901)
Anelassorhynchus sabinum (Lanchester)
L. (Thomora) jukesi (Baird, 1865)
Bonellia minor Marion
Paralepidonotus ampulliferus (Grube, 1878)
B. gigas Nielsen 1963
Scalisetosusfragilis (Claparede, 1868)
Ikedella misakiensis (Ikeda)
Ikedesoma pirotensis S. pellucidus (Ehlers, 1864) : Fauvel, 1953
Ochetostoma zanzibarense
FAMILY : AMPHINOMIDAE
Stephenson & Robertson
Savigny, 1818
0. formulosum (lampret)
Amphinome rostrata (Pallas, 1766)
Rubricetatus pirotansis
Eurvthoe complanata (Pallas, 1765)
Pareurythoe borealis (Sars, 1862: Dalal
and Dubale, 1975)
FAMILY : PHYLLOCIDAE
Williams, 1851
Eulalia viridis (Muller, 1771)
FAMILY : HESIONIDAE
Maimgren, 1867
Hesione splendida Savigny, 1818
Leocrates claparedii (Coasta, 1868)
FAMILY : SYLLIDAE Grube, 1840
227
Syllis (Syllis) gracilis Grube, 1840 Naineris laevigata (Grube, 1855)
S. (Typosillis) variegata Grube, 1860 FAMILY : OPHELIIDAE

Malmgren, 1867
FAMILY : NEREIDAE Johnston, 1865 Ophelina acuminata Oersted, 1843
Ceratonereis burmensis (Munro, 1937) FAMILY : CAPITELLIDAE Grube, 1862

C. costae (Grube, 1840) Notomastus latericeus Sars, 1851
Dendronereides heteropoda Southern, 1.921
Namalycastis(Lycastis) indica (Southern, 1921) FAMILY : FLABELLIGERIDAE
Neries (Lycoris) heteromorpha Horst, 1924 Saint Joseph, 1894
N. (Neanthes) diversicolor Muller, 1776 Pherusa parmata ( Grube, 1878)
N. (neanthes) indica Kinberg, 1866
N. (Neanthes) persica Fauvel, 1911 FAMILY : SABELLARIDAE
N. zonata persica Fauvel, 1953 Johnston, 1865
Perinereis nigropunctata (Horst, 1889) Sabellaria cementarium Moore, 1906
P. nuntia (Savigny, 1820)
P. vancaurica (Ehlers, 1868) FAMILY : TEREBELLIDAE Grube, 1851
Pseudonereis anonzala Gravier, 1901
P. variegata (Grube, 1857) Terebellides stroemi Sars, 1835
P. gallapagensis Kinberg, 1866: Fauvel, 1953) Lanice socialis (Willey, 1905)
Platynereis abnormis (Horst), 1924) Loimia medusa (Savigny, 1820)
Tylonereis bogoyawalenskyi Fauvel, 1911 Nicolea gracilibranchis (Grube, 1878)
Terebella ehrenbergi Grube, 1870
FAMILY : GLYCERIDAE Grube, 1850 Amphitrite sp.
Glycera alba (Muller, 1788)
G. tessellata Grube, 1863 FAMILY : SABELLIDAE
Goniada emerita Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833 Malmgren, 1867
Brachiomma (Dasychone) serratibranchis
FAMILY : EUNCIDAE Savigny, 1818 (Grube, 1878)
Eunice australis Quatrefages, 1865 Laonome indices Southern, 1921
E. (Nicidion) gracilis Crossland, 1904 Sabellafusca (porifera) Grube, 1870
E tentaculata Quatrefages, 1865 Sabellastrate sanctijosephi (GraVier, 1906)
E. (Palolo) siciliensis Grube, 1840 S. indices Savigny, 1820
E. tubifex
Lysidice collaris Grube, 1870
Lysidice natalensis Kinberg, 1865
Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu, 1815)
Diopatra neapolitana Dellechiaje, 1841
Lumbrinereis heteropoda (Marenzeller, 1879)
L. Polydesnia (Southern, 1921)
L. pseudobifilaris (fauvel, 1932)
L. Cimplex (Southern, 1921)
Arabella iricolor iricolor (Montagu, 1804)
Arabella iricolor (Montagu, 1804 : Fauvel, 1953)
FAMILY : CIRRATULIDAE Carus, 1863

Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu, 1808)
FAMILY : ORBINIIDAE Hartman, 1942
228
APPENDIX - 17 C. lyoni
FAMILY : THEREDIIAE
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
Genus : Theredion
CLASS ARACHNIDA (SPIDERS,
T. manjithar
SCORPIONS, TICKS AND MITES)
T. tikaderi
SPIDERS
Genus : Latrodectus
L. hasseltii
FAMILY : ULOBORIDAE
Genus : Argurodes
Genus : Uloborus
A. gazedes
U. khasiensis
A. dipali
U. danolius
A.cyrtophore
U. krishnae
A. jamkhedes
A. projiciens
FAMILY : AMOUROBIIDAE
Genus : Cyllognatha
Genus : Amourobius
C. surajbae
A. nathabhaii
Genus : Thwaitesia
T. dangensis
FAMILY : OECOBIIDAE
Genus : Oecobius
FAMILY : ARGIOPIDAE
0. putus
Genus : Argiope
A. pulchella
FAMILY : ERESIDAE
A. arcuata
Genus : Stegodyphus
Genus : Cyrtophora
S. sarasinorum
C. citricola
S. pacificus
C. cicatrosa
S. socialis
Genus : Gasteracantha
G. brevispira
FAMILY : FISTATIDAE
Genus : Leucauge
Genus : Filistata
L. decorata
F. poonaensis
L. tesselata
F. napadensis
Genus : Nephila
N. maculata
FAMILY : SCYTODIDAE
Genus : Araneus
Genus : Scytodes
A.laglaizei
S. thoracica
A.theisi
Genus : Loxoscleles
A.lagubris
L. kinsukus
A.cytrachoides
Genus : Cyclosa
FAMILY : GNAPHOSIDAE
C. insulana
Genus : Drassodes
C.mooduensis
D. guj'aratensis
Genus : Chorizopes
Genus : Scotophaeus
C. Khanjanes
S. chohanius
Genus : Phaeocedus
FAMILY : XI TETRAGNATHIDAE
P. haribhaiius
Genus : Tetragnatha
T. fletcheri
FAMILY : PHOLCIDAI
T. grachis
Genus : Pholcus
Genus : Tylorida
P. phalangioides
T. sdricita
Genus : Artema
A. atlenta
FAMILY : XII HERSILIIDAE
Genus : Crosopriza
229
Genus : Hersilia 0. wroughtari

H. savignyi 0. sitae
0. Chittrae
FAMILY : XIII THOMISIDAE Genus : Peucetia
Genus : Thomiscus P. latikae
T. projectus
T. cherapunjeus FAMILY XX : SALTICIDAE
Genus : Xysticus Genus : Salticus
X. minutus S. ranjitus
Genus : Monaeses Genus : Myrmarachne
M. parvati M. laetus
Genus : Tmarus Genus : Marpissa
T. Kotigehrus M. tigrina
Genus : Oxyptila Genus : Plexippus
0 - marathas P. paykull
Genus : Tibellus
T. elongatus ORDER: SCORPIONIDAE (SCORPIONS)
FAMILYXIV : SELENOPIDAE Heterasmetrus phipsoni (Pocock)

Genus : Selenops Heterametrus swarmmerdami (Simbn)
S. sumitrae Mesobuthus (Vacon) tamulus tamulus (Fabr.)
FAMILY XV : HETEROPODIDAE ORDER :DIPLOSPHYRONIDA

Genus : Heteropoda (PSEUDOSCORPIONS)
H. phasma
H. bhaikakar SUPERFAMILY : GARYPOIDEA
Chamberlin
FAMILY XVI : CLUBIONIDAE FAMILY : OLPIIDAE
Genus: Clubiona Chamberlin
C. pashabhaii SUBFAMILY : OLPIINAE Banks
Genus : Cheiracanthium GENUS : OLPIUM Koch
C. sraswati 0. digitum
C. nalsaroverensis 0.gujaraticum
Genus : Castianeria
C. tinae
FAMILY XVII : PISAURIDAE SUPERFAMILY : FEAELLOIDEA
Genus: Pisaura Chamberlin
P. sardarina FAMILY : FEAELLIDAE
Ellingsen
FAMILY XVIII : LYCOSIDAE GENUS : FEAELLA Ellingsen
Genus : Hippasa F. Indica
H. pisaurina F.Shrinathajii
Genus : Lycosa
L. annanddalei SUBORDER :MONOSPHYROIDEA
L. birmanica Chamberlin
L. sumatrana SUPERFAMILY : HELIFEROIDEA
L. rhenockensis Chamberlin
Genus : Venonia FAMILY : ATEMNIDAE
V. himalaensis Chamberlin
SUBFAMILY : MIRATEMNIDAE
FAMILY XIX : OXYOPIDAE Beir
Genus : Oxyopes GENUS : TULLGRENIUS
230
Chamberlin Palinuris polyphagus (Banded Spiny-lobster)

T. vachonicus
T. indicus FAMILY : THALASSINIDAE
T. ambikae Thenus orientalis (Mud lobster)
FAMILY : CHELIFERIDAE
Hagen SECTION 2 ANOMURA (HERMIT CRABS
SUBFAMILY : CHELIFERINAE ETC.)
Simon
GENUS : INDOCHELIFER FAMILY : PAGURIDAE
Madani & Murthy (HERMIT CRABS)
I. hoffi Clibanarius zebra
I. tuberculatus C. nathi
I. murthyi C. signatus
I. pateli C. infraspinatus
C. humulis
Diogenes investigagatoris
MITES Porcellana serratifrons
P. gaekwari
An elaborate list of phytophagus and predacious P. tuberculosa
mites infesting various crop plants in Gujarat is
given elsewhere
SECTION 3: BRACHYURA (TRUE CRABS)
TICKS
Peratelphues (Brytelphusa) jaquenwnti (Rathbun)
Argas persicus Charybdis cruciata
Ornithodoros savignyi Scilla serrata
Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum Neptunus pilagicus
yaloma marginatum isaaci Thalamita pryma
Boophilus bipinosa Uca sp.
Rhipiceplialus sangui'neus Eriphia laevimanas
Carybdis sp.
CLASS : CRUSTACEA Attegeratis inermis
SUBCLASS : MALACOSTRACA Pagarus sp.
SUPERORDER : HAPLOCARIDA Hyas sp. (Spider Crab)
ORDER : STOMATOPODA Pilumnus sp. (Furry Crab)
(MANTIS SHRIMPS) Atergatis inermis
Oratosquilla nepa
Squilla
Gonodactylus SUBORDER NATANTIA (SHRIMPS AND
Periclimnus brevicarpalis PRAWNS)
FAMILY : PENACIDAE
SUPERORDER : EUCARIDA Penaeus indicus
ORDER : DECAPODA P. latisulcatus
SUBORDER : REPANTIA (CRABS, P. merguiensis
LOBSTERS AND P. monodon
CRAY FISH)
P. penicillatus
SECTION 1 MACURA P. semisulcatus
(LOBSTERS AND CRAYFISH) Metapenaeus affinis
M. brevicornis
FAMILY : SCYLLARIDAE M. burkenroadi
231
M. lysianass Daphnia sp.

M.monoceros
M. stebbingi CLASS INSECTA (INSECTS)
M. kutchensis
Papr , penaepsis hardwickii Sub-Class : Apterygota
P. sculptilis ORDER : THYSANURA
P. stylifera
Trachypenaeus granulosa (BRISTLETAILS)
T. pescadoreensis Family : Lepismatidae
T. curvirostris
Solenocera crassicornis Lepisma collaris (Fabr.)
Metapenaeopsis stridulans Lepisma saccharina
FAMILY : SERGESTIDAE ORDER : COLLEMBOLA

Acetes indicus
(SPRINGTAILS)
FAMILY : PALAEMONIDAE Family : Poruridae
Palaemon semmelinkii Achorutes armatus
P. styliferus
P. tenuipes Sub-class : Pterygota
Division : Exopterygota
FAMILY : HIPPOLYSMATA ORDER : EPHEMEROPTERA
Hippolysmata ensirostris (MAYFLIES)
Saron marmoratus Family : Ephemeripteridae
Ephemera sp.
FAMILY : ALPHEUS
Alphius distinguendus
Stoichatis gigenteurn ORDER ODONATA (DRAGONFLIES AND
Discosoma sp. DAMSELFLIES)
FAMILY : ATYIDAE Sub~order : Anisoptera

Caridina nilotica (Roux.) Family : Libellulidae
SUPERORDER. : PERACARDIA Onychothemis testacea (Ris.)

ORDER : ISOPODA Orthetrum testaceum testaceum (Bzum)
Orthetrum glecum (Braver)
Ligia sp. Pentalaflavensis (Fabr.)
SUBCLASS : CIRRIPEDIA Trithemisfestiva (Ramr)
ORDER : BALANOMORPHA
Family : Gomphidae
Balanus amphitrite (Darwin) Gomphus sp.
B. tintinabulum (Darwin) Mesogomphus lingreni (Farses)
SUBCLASS : BRANCHIOPODA
ORDER : DIPLOSI'RACA Family : Ashnidae
SUBOREDR : CLADOCERA Aeshna sp.
FAMILY : CHYDORIDAE A nax sp.
Indialona ganapati (endemic sp.) Sub-order : Zygoptera

Family : Lestidae
FAMILY : DAPHNIIDAE Orlestes sp.
232
Family : Coenagriidae Family : Labiduridae

A rgia sp. Forcipula indices (Brindal)
Enallagma sp. Forcipula trispinosa (Dhrn)
Family : Platycnemidae
ORDER : EMBIOPTERA (WEBSPINNERS)
Copera annulata (Selys)
Family : Embidae
Embia sp.
ORDER : ORTHOPTERA (GRASSHOPPERS
AND CRICKETS)
ORDER :DICTYPOPTERA (COCKROACHES
Sub-order : Ensifera AND MANTIDS)
Family : Tettigoniidae
Conocephalu indicus (Redt.) Sub-order : Blattaria
Holochlora albida (Cockroaches)
Liogryllus bimaculatus (de G) Family : Blattelidae
Blatta gernwnica (Linn.)
Family : Grillidae Periplaneta americana (Linn.)
Ceuthophilus sp.
Gryllus bimaculatus Family : Epilampridae
Gryllus domesticus Stictolampra plicata (Navais)
Oecanthus indicus
Neombius sp. Sub-order : Mantodea
Family :Mantidae
Family : Gryllotalpidae Deiphobe ocellata
Gryllotalpa africana (Pal.B) Gongylus gongyloides (Linn.)
Hierodula coarctata (West.)
Sub-order : Caelifera Humbertiella indices (Ss.)
Family : Arididae
Acridium melanocorne ORDER : ISOPTERA (TERMITES

Acridium exaltata AND WHITE ANTS)
Chrotogonus lugubris (Bl.)
Cytacanthacris tatarica (Linn.) Family : Termitidae
Hieroglyphus.furcifer (Fab.), Microtermes obesi
Tetratodus monticollis (GR.) Odontotermes obesus
Tylotropidus didymus
Family : Pyrgomorphidae ORDER : HEMIPTERA (BUGS)

Atractomorpha crenulata
Poecilorus pictus (Fabr.) Sub-order : Homoptera
Family : Cicadidae
Platypleuro mackinnoni(Dist)
ORDER:PHASMIDA (STICK AND LEAF Platypleuro octoguttata(Fabr.)
INSECTS) Idocerus atkinsoni (Leth.)
Idocerus clypealis (Leth.)
Family : Phasmatidae Idocerus niveosparsus (leth.)
Carausis sp. Neophotettix bipunctatus (F.)
ORDER: DERMAPTERA (EARWIGS) Family : Aphididae

Sub-order : Forficulina Aphis adusta (zehnt.)
233
Aphis brassicae (Linn.)

Aphis gossypii (Glove) Family : Nepidae
Aphis craccivora (K) Laccotrephes maculatus (Fabr.)
MYzux persicae (Sulz.) Ranatrafiliformis (Fabr.)
Nyzus nerrii (Boyr.)
Family : Henicocephalidae
Family : Fulgoridae (Enicocephalidae)
PYrilla perpusilia (Wlk.) Henicocephalus basalis (West.)
Family : Membracidae ORDER : THYSANOPTERA (THRIPS

Oxyrhachis tarandus (Fabr.) AND THUNDERBUGS)
Suborder : Heteroptera Sub-order : Terebrantia

Family : Reduviidae Family : Thripidae
Brassivola hystrix Scirtothripis dorsalis (H.)
Harpactor costalis (Sal.) Thrips tabaci (L.)
Harpactorfusipes (Fabr.)
Division : Endopterygota
Family : Coreidae
Acantocephalafemorata (Fabr.) ORDER : NEUROPTERA (LACEWINGS
Anoplocemis phasiana (Fabr.) AND SNAKEFLIES ETC.)
Cletus rubidiventris (West.)
Til-moeocerus inoratus (Stal.) Sub-order : Planipennia
Homoeocerus prominulus (Dal.) Family : Myrmeleontidae
Petillia lobiPes (West.) Dendroleon sp.
Serintha augur (Fabr.) Myrmeleo singulare (West.)
Family : Ascalphidae
Family : Pyrrhocoridae Ascalphus sp.
DysderCus singulatus (F.) Helicomitus dicax
Family : Notonectidae ORDER : COLEOPTERA (BEETLES)

Enithares templetoni (Kirby.)
Sub-order : Adephaga
Family : Gerridae Family : Carabidae
Gerris spinole (Leth.) Anthia sexgluttata (Ho.)
Bembidion exratum
Family : Notonectidae Bembidion kara (Andr.)
HydrOmetra vittata (Stal.) Pheropsophus catoire (De Jean)
Family : Pentatornida'e Family : Dytiscidae

Antestia anchora (Thunb) Hydrocoptus subvittalus Aube
Erthensinafullo (Thunb) Canthydrus laetabilis (Walker)
Erthensia sp. Laccophilus chinensis inefficiens Walker
Halyomorpha picus L. flexuosus Aube
Placosternum dama L. parvulus Aube
L. sharpi Regimbart
Family : Lygaeidae L. wewalki Vazirani
Dieches leucocerus (Wlk.) Neptosternus circumductus Regimbart
Pamera vincta (Say.) Hydrovatus fusculus Sharp
Herophydrus musicus (Klug)
Family : Belastomidae Psechetius toxophorus Guignot
Sphaeroderma molestum (Duff.) P. quadricostatus (Aube)
234
Hyphydrus (Apriophorus) flavicans Regimbart Family : Lampyridae

H. (A) intermixtus (Walker) Lamprophorus sp.
Guignotusflammulatus (Sharp)
G. pendjabensis Guignot Family : Meloidae
G. gujaratensis sp.n. Cantharis hirticornis (Hacq.)
Clypeodytes (lioclypeus) orissaensis Vazirani Epicautata sp.
Uravus genitilis (Sharp) Psolydolytla sp.
Yola consansanguinea (Regimbart) Mylabris pustulate (thunb)
Copelatus mysorensis Vazirani
Eretes sticticus (Linnaeus) Family Scarabaeidae
Hydraticus vittiatus (Fabricius) Anatoma sp.
H. luczonicus Aube Heliocorpis bucephalus
Sandracottus dejeani (Aube) Gynopleurus cyaneus
Cybister (Meganectes) limbatus (Fabricius) Oxycetonia versicolour (Var.)
C. tripunctatus asiaticus Sharp
C. confussus Sharp Family : Chrysomelidae
Oldes bipunctata (Fabr.)
Family :.Gryinidae Platycorynus sp.
Dineutes indicus (Aube)
ORDER MECOPTERA (SCORPION FLIES)
Sub-order Polyphaga Sub-order Ewnecoptera
Family Melolonthidae Family Bittacidae
Hollotricha serrata Bittacus sp.
Family : Cerambycidae
Acanthophorus serraticornis (Olive) ORDER DIPTERA (TRUE FLIES)
Apomeycyna sp. Sub-order Brachycera
Bactocera rubra (Linn.) Family asilidae
Coleosterna sp.
Hypoeschrus indicus (Pahan) Laxencera flavibarbis
Promachus ruflpes
Family : Buprestidae
Chrysochora chinensis (C&G) Family : Bombylidae
Chrysochora mutabilis (Olive) Bombylias orientalis (Macq.)
Psiloptera fastuosa Exoprosopa flammea
Sternocera chrysidioides (C&G) Exoprosopa lar (F.)
Family Tenebroinidae Systoechus nivialis (Brun.)
Platynotus perforatus (Muls.)
Gonocephalum sp. Family : Nemestrinidae
Hirmoneura annandalei
Family : Hydrophilidae Family :Tabanidae
Hydrophilus olivaceus (Fabr.) Pangonia longirostris
Tabanus striatus (F.)
Sub-order :Cyclorrhapha
Family :Coccinellidae Family :Muscidae
Chilomens sexmaculata (Fabr.) Musca domestica (Linn.)
Coccinella septempunctata (linn.)
Epilachna viginti octopunctata (Fabr.) Family : Syrphidae
Helophilus bengalensi's
Family : Cassididae Microdon stilbodies
Aspidomorpha millaris (Fabr.)
Sub-order :Nemetocera
235
Family : Psycodidae Phalanta phalanta (Dry)

Phlebotomus argentipes Neptis hylas
Psycodabengalensis Euthalia nais (Forster)
Family : Culicidae Family : Papilionidae

Anopheles elegans (James) Papilio bootes (Wd.)
Anopheles stephensi (Liston) Papilio demoleus (Linn.)
Culexfatigens (Wied) Papilio limedon (Moore)
Papilio pammon (Linn.)
Family : Sarcophagidae Papilio polytes (Linn.)
Sarcophaga lineatocollis (Macq.) Polydorus hector (Linn.)
Tros aristolochiae
ORDER : LEPIDOPTERA Vanessa carduii
(BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHOY
Family : Pieridae
Sub-order : Ditrysia Catopsila crocale (Cr.)
Family : Acraeidae Terias hecabe (Linnaeus)
Acraea violae(Fabr.) T. libythea (F.)
Catopsila crocalepomona (F.)
Family : Arctiidae Catopsila pyranthe (F)
Pericallia ricini (E) Delias eucharis (Drury)
Eurema hecabe (Linn.)
Family : Danaidae Calotis restalis (Butler)
Danus liminiace leopardus (Butler) Calotis danane (Fabricius)
Danus crysippus (Linn.) Calotis etrida (Boisduval)
Danus plexipus (Linn.) C. eucharius (Fabricius)
Euploea core (Cramer) Ixias marianne (Cramer)
Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus)
Family : Limantidae
Porthesia sp. Family : Psychidae
Psyche vitrea (Hmpsn)
Family : Lycaenidae
Nacaduba kurava Family : Pyralidae
Lycaenesthes lycaenida (Felder) Dichocrocis punctiferalis (Guen.)
Azanus ubaldus (Cramer)
Lampides boeticus Family : Saturnidae
E'uchrysops pandava (Horsfield) Antheraea paphia (Linn.)
Zizeeria gaika
Chilades laius (Cramer) Family : Satyridae
Melantis leda ismene (Cr.)
Family : Noctuidae Melantis phedima (Stall.)
Tricantra sp.
Family : not identified
Family : Nymphalidae
Hypolimnas bilina Atella phalantha (Drury)
Byblia ilithyia Zeticles agamemnon (L.)
Hypolimnas missipus (Linn.)
Nymphalis orsis Family : Sphingidae
Precis hierta (F) Agrius sp.
Precis almana (Linn.) Cephanodes hylas (Linn.)
Precis Orithya (Linn.) Pseudosphinx discistriga (Wlk.)
Precis lemonias (Linn.) Rhopalopsyche anycteris (Koll.)
236
Theretra nessus (Drwy) Family : Vespidae

Icaria terruginea (Fabr.)
Family : Pyraustidae Polistes herbroeus (Sausseure)
Hapalia macheoralis
CLASS : MYRIAPODA (MILLIPEDES
Family : Hyblaeidae AND CENTIPEDES)
Hybloea puera (Gram)
ORDER : DIPLOPODA
ORDER : HYMENOPTERA (BEES, SUBORDER : CHILOGNATHA
ANTS AND WASPS ETC.) Apocrita
Spirostreptus sp.
Sub-order : Apoerita Polydesmus sp.
Family : Apidae ORDER : CHILOPODA
Scolopendra sp.
Sub-family : Apinae
Apis dorsata (Fabr.)
Apisfiorea (Fabr.)
Apis indices (Fabr.)
Anthidium pulchellum (Klug)
Sub-family : Xylocopinae
Xylocopa aestuans (Linn.)
Family : Chrydididae
Chrysis oculata (Fabr.)
Family : Euminidae
Eumenes esuriens (Fabr.)
Eumenes petilata (Fabr.)
Family : Formicidae
Camponotus compressus (Fabr.)
Dorylus labiatus
Eridomyrme anceps
Oecophylia smargdina (Fabr.)
Family : Pompilidae
Pompilus analis
Pseudogenia honesta
Family : Scoliidae
Elis grossa
Scolia quadripustulata (Fabr.)
Family : Sphegidae
Ammophila atrips (Smith)
Ammophila lavigata (Smith)
Ampulex compresses
Philanthus pulchrrimns (Smith)
Sceliphron madraspattanam (Fabr.)
Sphex lobatus (Fabr.)
Stizus prismaticus
237
ARTHROPOD PESTS INFESTING VARIOUS CROPS IN

SAURASHTRA
Name of Pest Order
CEREAL CROPS
1. BAJRA
Leaf miner A cromyza pennisetivora Spencer (D1)

Black hairy caterpillar Amsacta lectinea (Cramer) (LE)
Hairy caterpillar Amerila rhodopa (Walker) (LE)
Shoot fly Atherigona approxiniata Malloh (D1)
Hairy caterpillar Celama analis Wil. & Westw (LE)
Earhead beetle Chiloloba acute (Wiedemann) (CO)
Leaf eating caterpillar Creatonotos gangis (L.) (LE)
Earhead worm Cryptoblaber gnidiella Mill. (LE)
Blister beetle Cylindrothorax pictus (Lap.) (CO)
Caterpillar Euproctis virguncula Walk. (LE)
Earhead borer Helicoverpa armigera Hub. (LE)
Leaf roller Marazmia trapezalis Gn. (LE)
Black bug Proustica moesta (Westw) (HE)
Earhead worm Pyroderces simplex WaIsL (LE)
Stem borer Sesamia inferens Walker (LE)
Millet beetle Tribolium castaneum Herbst (CO)
2.SORGHUM
Flea beetle Chaetocnema. indices Weise (CO)

Aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (H0)
Root aphid Tetraneura nigriabdominalis Sasaki (H0)
3. MAIZE
Four spotted beetle Ceratobasis nair Lac. (CO)

Leaf roller Marasmia suspicalis Walk., (LE)
Aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch (H0)
Green Beetle Chiloloba acute Wied. (CO)
4. WHEAT
Shoot fly Atherigona sp., (D1)

Jassid Empoasca motti Pruthi (H0)
Aphid Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (H0)
Stem borer Sesamia inferens Walker (LE)
Weevil (Storage) Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus (CO)
238
5.PADDY
Root grub Hydronomidius molitor Fst. (CO)

Saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (CO)
FIBRE CROP
6. COTTON
Scale insect Cerococous indicus (Maskell) (H0)

Leaf weevil Cyrtozemia dispar Pac. (CO)
Spotted bollworm Eariasfebia Cramer (LE)
Spotted bollworm Earias insulana Bdv. (LE)
Mealy bug Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) (H0)
Leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (D1)
Leaf roller Phycita bipartella Hamps. (LE)
Red mite Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre (AC)
OIL SEED CROPS
7. GROUND NUT
Leaf miner/folder Aproaerema modicella Deventer (LE)

Jassid Balclutha hortensis Lindberg (HO)
Jassid Balclutha rufofasciata Merino
(Serisu Linnavouri (1960). (HO)
Pod beetle (Store) Caryedon serratus (Oliv) (CO)
Thrip Caliothrips indicus Bagnall (TH)
Thrip Caliothrips impurus (Priesner) (TH)
Pod (sucking) Elasmolomus sordidus (Fab.) (HE)
Jassid Empoasca kerri Purthi (HE)
Jassid Empoasca motti Purthi (HE)
Thrip Frankliniella schultzei Bagnall (TH)
Pod borer (Wireworm) Gonocephalum Sp. (CO)
White grub Holotrichia consanguinea Blanch (CO)
Thrip Megalurothrips usitatus Trybom (TH)
Pod borer (Wire worm) Opatroidas frater (Fairmaire) (CO)
Pod borer (Wire worm) Penthicoides seriatoporus (Fairmaire) (CO)
Mite Petrobia latens (Muller) (AC)
Jassid Ratbura nagpurensis (Distant) (HO)
Thrip Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (TH)
Jassid Sogatella sp. (HO)
8. CASTOR
Semi-looper Achaea serve F. (=janata L.) (LE)

Capsule borer Dichomeris punctiferalis Gn. (LE)
239
Hairy caterpillar buproctis sp. (LE)

Leaf miner Liriomyze trifolii (Burgess) (DI)
Thrip Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood) (TH)
9. MUSTARD
Sawfly Athalia lugen proximo Klug (HY)

Hellula Crocidolomia binotalis (Zeller) (LE)
Aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (HO)
Diamond back moth Plutella nwculipennis (LE)
9a. SESAMUM
Gall fly Ashondylia sesami Felt (D1)
10. SUNFLOWER
Jassid Amrasca biguttula Ishida (H0)

Aphid Aphis gossypil Glover (H0)
Head beetle Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson (CO)
Fly Caphalochrysa sp. (D1)
Leaf weevil Cyrtozemia dispar Pascoe (CO)
Bug Erthesina acuminata Dallas (HE)
Beetle Gametis versicolor Fab. (CO)
Earhead borer Helicoverpa armigera Hub (LE)
Beetle Scleron latipes (Guerin Meneville) (CO)
11. SAFFLOWER
Aphid Lactynotus compositae Theobald (H0)

Aphid Uroleucon (Uromelan) compositae Theobald (H0)
12.SOYABEAN

Jassid Empoasca sp. (H0)
Semi-looper Rivula sp. (LE)
Leaf eating caterpillar Zizeeria karsandra (Moore) (LE)
PULSE CROPS
13. PIGEONPEA
Pod bug Clavigralla gibbose (Spinola) (HE)

Pod bug Clavigralla scutellaris (Westwood) (HE)
Mealy bug Coccidohystrix insolita (Green) (H0)
240
Blue buttefly Euchrysops cneajus Fab. (LE)

Thrips Frankliniella schultzei Bagnall (AC)
Semi-looper Grammodes geometrica Fab,. (LE)
Pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Hub. (LE)
Thrip Megalurothrips usilatus Trybom (TH)
Pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa Mallock (D1)
Plant hooper Otinotus sp (H0)
Lacewing bug Urentius euonymus Distant (HE)
14. COWPEA
Leaf miner Acroceroops cadrulea Meyrick (LE)

Aphid Aphis craccivora Koch. (H0)
Semi-looper Grammodes geometrica Fab. (LE)
Leaf roller Hedylepta indicate F. (LE)
Thrips Megalurothrips usitatus Trybom (TH)
Jassid Sogatella longifurcifera (Esaki & Ishihara) (H0)
Blister beetle Sybaris testsceus (F.) (CO)
15. GREEN GRAM
Jassid Amrasca 'de'vastans (Distant) (H0)

Leaf weevil Ardetogaster orientalis (Cherr.) (CO)
Pulse beetle @Callosobruchus analis F. (CO)
Pulse beetle Callosobruchus phaseoli Gyllenhal (CO)
Pod borer Cydia ptychora Meyr. (LE)
Jassid Empoasca motti Pruthi (H0)
Blue butterfly Euchrysops cneajus Fab. (LE)
Pod borer Maruca testulalis Geyr (LE)
Pod weevil Panchytychius elongatus (Gyll.) (CO)
16. BLACK GRAM
Mite Tetranychus ludeni (Zacher group) (AC)
17. BEAN
Aphid Aphis craccivora Koch. (H0)

Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (H0)
Pulse beetle Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman (CO)
18. CLUSTER BEAN
Aphid Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordwilko (H0)
241
19.SUGARCANE
Whitefly Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell) (H0)

Black ant Camponotus compressus Fab. (H0)
Ant Crematogaster sp. (HY)
Redfly Biostrombus carnosus (Westwood) (HY)
Mealy bug Kiritshenkella sacchari (Green) (H0)
Scale insect Melanaspis glomerate (Green) (H0)
Hispa Phidodonta modesta Weise (CO)
Blacktly Proutista moesta (Westwood) (H0)
Mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) (HO)
Yellow scale insect Saccharolecanium krugeri (Zehntener) (H0)
Mite Schizotetranychus andropogoni (Hirst) (AC)
FRUIT CROPS
20. COCONUT
Scale insect Aonidiella orientalis (Newst) (H0)

Scale insect Coccus hesperidum Linn. (H0)
Scale insect Chrysomphalus aonidum L. (H0)
Inflorescence pest Decadarchis spodomicta Meyr. (LE)
Stem borer Diocalendrafrumenti F. (CO)
Thrip Halpothrip tenuipennis Bagn. (TH)
Scale insect Hemiberlesia latanide (Signi) (H0)
Scale insect Lipidosaphes sp. (H0)
Mite Neocypholaelaps stridulans Ev. (AC)
Leaf eating caterpillar Opisina arenosella Walker (LE)
Crown borer Oryctes rhinocerus L. (CO)
Leaf caterpillar Phalacra vidhisara Walk (LE)
Scale insect Pseudaulacapsis cockerels (Cooley) (H0)
Mealy bug Pseudococcus citriculus Green (H0)
Red plam weevil Rhynchophorusferrugineus (Olivir) (CO)
Lacewing bug Stephanitis typicus Dist. (HE)
Stem borer Xyleborus perforans Woll (CO)
21. MANGO
Thrip Aleolothrips intermedius Bagnall (TH)

Thrip Aleolothrips meridionalis Priesner (TH)
Psylla Aleurocanthus mangiferae Q&B (HO)
Psylla Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (HO)
Hopper Amritodus atkinsoni (Leth.) (HO)
Fruit scale Aspdoiotus destructor Signoret (HO)
Fruit scale Aulacspis tubercularis Newstead (HO)
Thrip Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (TH)
Flower bug Campylomma sp. (HE)
Scale insect Coccus mangiferae (Green) (HO)
Fruit fly Dacus zonatus (Saunders) (DI)
Fruit midge Desineura mangiferae (Felt) (DI)
242
Flower beetle Epuraea motschulskii Reitter (CO)

Mealy bug Icerya aegyptiace (Douglas) (HO)
Hopper Idioscopus clypealis (Leth) (HO)
Mite Oligonychus mangiferus (Rahman & Sapra) (AC)
Black bug Orius (Dimorphella) latibasis Ghauri (HE)
Black bug Orius (Dimorphella) maxidentex Ghauri (HE)
Black bug Orius niger (Wolff) (HE)
Hopper Ootinotus sp. (HO)
Hopper Ooxyrachis sp. (HO)
Flower Semi-Looper Pingasa dispensata (Walker) (LE)
Fruit midge Procystiphora mangiferae (Felt) (DI)
Mealy bug Rastrococcus spinosus Robinson (HO)
22. CHIKU
Fruit fly Dacus dorsalis Hendel (DI)

Fruit fly Dacus (Zengodacus) sp. (DI)
Mealy bug Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) (HO)
Scale insect Hemiberlesia lateniae (Signoret) (HO)
Mealy bug Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) (HO)
Twig scale Parasdissetia nigra (Nietner) (HO)
Mealy bug Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerall) (HO)
23. CITRUS
Blackfly A leurocanthus woglumi Ashby (HO)

Root mite Caloglyphus sp. (AC)
Psylla Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (HO)
Leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (LE)
Leaf folder Psorosticha zizyphi Stainton (LE)
24. BER
Fruit fly Carpomyia vesuviana Costa (DI)

Mealy bug Cbceidohystrix insolita Green (HO)
Black bug Monosteira zizyphora Ghauri) (HE)
Fruit fly Phytomyza sp. or Chromatomyia sp. (DI)
25. GUAVA

Mealy bug Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) (H0)
VEGETABLE CROPS
243
26. BRINJAL
Jassid Amrasca devastans (Distant) (H0)

Jassid Amrasca motti Pruthi (H0)
Jassid Balclutha sp (H0)
Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (H0)
Green bug Hishimonus sp. (H0)
Bank borer Oxycetonia varsicolor (Fab.) (CO)
Lacewing bug Petalocnemis sp. (HE)
Red mite Tetranychus naocaledonicus Andre (AC)
Red mite Tetranychus sp. (Ludeni zacher group) (AC),
Lacewing bug Urentius euonymus Distant (HE)
Lacewing bug Urentius hystricellus (Rechter) (HE)
Green bug Zanchius breviceps Wagner (HE)
27. TOMATO
Aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (H0)

Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (H0)
Thrip Saplothrips ganglbaueri Schmutz (TH)
Fruit borer Helicoverpaarmigera Hub. (LE)
Leaf miner Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (DI)
28. BITTER GOURD
Aphid aphis gossypii Glover (H0)

Fruit fly Dacus (Didacus) ciliatus Loew (D1)
Fruit fly Dacus (Strumeta) cucurbitae Coq. (DI)
29. BOTTTLE GOURD

Red pumpkin beetle Aulacophora foveicollis Lucos (CO)
Sucking bug Cyrtopeltis (Nesidocoris) volucer Kirkaldy (HE)
Fruit fly Dacus ciliatus Loew (D1)
Sucking bug Halticus tibiatis Reuter (HE)
Sucking bug Urentius hystricellus (Richter) (HE)
30. SMOOTH COURD
Fruit fly Dacuss (Didacus) ciliatus Loew (D1)

244
31. OKRA
Aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (H0)

Mite Tetranychus ludeni (Zacher group) (AC)
32. RADISH
Leaf miner Chromatomyialhorticola (Gaureau) (D1)

Weevil Cylasformicerius (Fab.) (CO)
Aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenhach) (H0)
Aphid Rhopalosiphum nymphacae (Linnaeus) (H0)
33. CABBAGE
Caterpillar Helicoi,erpa armigera Hub. (LE)

Aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kltb.) (H0)
Semi-looper Trichoplusia ni Hub. (LE)
34. CAULI FLOWER
Head borer Hellula undalis Fab. (LE)

Diamond back moth Plutella xylostella L. (LE)
35. BROAD BEAN (VALOL)
Bean bug Megacopta cribraria Fab. (HE)
36. CLUSTER BEAN
Aphid Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordwilko (H0)
37. WAL

Bug Clavigralla scutellaris (Westwood) (HE)
Cricket Gtylliis bimaculatus DeGeer (OR)
Aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer (H0)
Bug Nezara vividula Linn. (HE)
38. CHILLIES
245
SPICES AND CONDIMENTS
39. CUMIN

Jassid Empoascanara sp. (H0)
Bug Nysius sp. (HE)
Thrip Thrips tabaci Lindeman (TH)
Aphid Uroleucon (Uromelan) compositae Theobold (H0)
40. FENNEL
Seed midge Aprostocetus sp. (HY)

Seed midge Baryscapus sp. (HY)
Flower beetle Bruchidius walkeri pic. (CO)
Flower beetle Callosobruchus chinensis L. (CO)
Bug Creontiades sp. (HE)
Flower beetle Cryptocephalus sehestedti Fab. (CO)
Seed midge Dinarmus ba@alis Rondani (HY)
Jassid Empoasca spinosa Dworakowaska (H0)
Aphid Hyadaphis coriandri (Das) (H0)
Seed midge Liodontomerus indicus Subba Rao & Bhatia (HY)
Flower beetle Phalacrus tenuicornis Champion (CO)
Seed midge Systole albipennis W. (HY)
Seed midge Tetrastichus sp. (HY)
41. FENUGREEK

Aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (H0)
42. CORIANDER

Aphid Hyadaphis coriandari (Das) (H0)
Seed midge Systole sp. (HY)
43. ANISE (SUVA)

Aphid Hyadaphis corianderi (Das) (H0)
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
44. CROTON
246
Scale insect Cerococcus indicus Maskell (H0)

Mealy bug Icerya aegyptiaca (Dauglas) (H0)
Mealy bug Planococcus pacificus Cox (H0)
45. ROSE
Mealy bug Icerya aegyptiaca (Dauglas) (H0)
46. MULBERRY
Thrip Aeolothrips collaris Priesner (TH)

Mealy bug Icerya aeoyptiaca (Dauglas) (H0)
47. TAGAR
Mite Euletranychus orientalis (Klein) (AC)
48. NEEM TREE
Mite Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (AC)

Mealy bug Pulvinaria sp. (H0)
AC - Acarina; CO - Coleoptera; DI - Diptera; HE -

Heteroptera;
HO - Homoptera; HY - Hymenoptera; LE - lepidoptera;
OR - Orthoptera; TH - Thysanoptera
Source: Butani et al. (1995)
MITES INFESTING VARIOUS CROPS IN GUJARAT
Phytophagous and predatory mites infesting various agrcultural crops in Gujarat have been identified
under ICAR sponsored poject on Agricultural Acarology at the Department of Entomology, N.M. College
of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari. The published report on their findings highlight
various technologies developed for the management of mite pests, information on the life cycle and
period of occurrence of various species of mites as well as the the economically important mites for
biological control of other pest mites. Altogether 59 species of phytophagous and predatory mites have
been identified.
247
PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES Tyrophagous putrescentae

Rhizoglyphus sp.
FAMILY : TETRANYCHIDAE
(SPIDER MITES) FAMILY : PYMOTIDAE
Tetranychus sp Pymotes sp.
Tetranychus cinnabarinus
(Two spotted spider mite)
T.ludeni (Carmine mite) PREDACEOUS MITES
T.macfarlanei (Red mite)
T.neocaledonicus (Red vegetable mite) FAMILY : PHYTOSEIIDAE
T. urticae Amblyseiusfinlandicus
Eutetranychus orientalis (Oriental citrus mite) A. coccinae
Eotetranychus sp. A. alstoniae
Eotetranychus broodryki A. delhiensis
E. rajouriensis A. largoensis
Oligonyclius indicus (Sugarcane red spider mite) A. chitragurae
O. biharensis A. suknaensis
O. mangiferus (Mango red spider mite) A. tetranychivorus
Schizotetranychus andropogoni (White patchy A. multidentatus
/Colonial mite) A. peltatus
Panonychus sp. A. ovalis
Petrobia sp. Typhlodromus honwlii
T. occidentalis
FAMILY : TENUPALPIDAE (FALSE Phytoseius kapuri
SPIDER MITE) Amblyseius sp.
Brevipalpus sp.
Brevipalpus phoenicis (Scarlet mice) FAMILY : STIGMAEIDAE
Raoiella indices (Coconut red mite) Agistemus sp.
Tenupalpus sp. Agistemusfleschneri
Raoiella macfarlanei
Pentamerisnus sp. FAMILY : TYDEIDAE
Pronematus fieschneri
FAMILY : ERIOPHYIDAE (GALL Tydeus sp.
MITES)
Aceria mangiferae (Mango bud mites) FAMILY : ERYTHREIDAE
A. sacchari (Blister mite) Leptus sp.
A. cajani (PPSM mite)
A. gossypii (Wooly or Cotton mite) FAMILY : AMEROSEIIDAE
A. lycopersici (Erineum mite) Neocypholaelaps stridulans
A. jasmini (Jasmine crineum mite)
A. litchii (Litchi crenium mite) Note : Among the predatory mittes, Phytoseiidae
Calepitrimerus azadirachtae Amblyseius alstoniae, A. finlandicus,
Cisaberoptus kenyae (Mangoleaf coating mite) A.tetranychivorus,Stigmacidae
Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Common broad/ Agistemusfleschneri are predatory on
Yellow mite) other phytophagus mites and used in
Phyllocoptes sp. biological pest control.
FAMILY : TUCKERILLIDAE Source: Patel et al. (1993)

Tuckerilla sp.
FAMILY : ACARIDAE
Caloglyphus chinensis
248
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA PISCES (FISHES)
Asterina sp. MARINE AND ESTUAAINE FISHES

Astropecten polycanthus
Clypeaster humilis FAMILY : RHINCODONTIDAE
Holothuroidea (Whale sharks)
Lamprometra palmata Rhinodon typus Smith
Macrophioihrix sp.
Ophiothrix sp. FAMILY : ORECTOLOBIDAE
Palmipis (Carpet or Nurse sharks)
Pateria sp. Chiloscyllium indicus (Gmelin)
Salmacia bicolor Stegostoma varium (Seba)
Temnopleura
FAMILY : LAMNIDAE (Thresher and
Mackerel sharks)
Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre)
FAMILY : SCYLIORHINIDAE
Atelomycterus nwrmoratum (Bennett)
FAMILY : CARCHARHINIDAE
(Muller & Henle)
Carcharhinus dusswnieri (Muller & Henle)
C. limbatus (Millier & Henle)
C. ellioti (Day)
C. melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard)
C. menisorrah (Muller & Henle)
Galeocerdo cuvieri (Le Sueur)
Hypoprion macloti Miiller & Henle
Mobula diabolus
Rhizoprionodon acutus (Riippell)
Scoliodon laticaudus Miiller & Henle
S. plassorah
FAMILY : SPHYRNIDAE
(Hammerhead sharks)
Sphyrna blochii (Cuvier)
S. eludes
FAMILY : PRISTIDAE (Saw fishes)

Pristis cuspidatus (Latham)
P. microdon Latham
FAMILY : RHINOBATIDAE (Guitar

fishes)
Rhinobatus lionotus (Norman)
Rhino ancylostoma (Schneider)
Rhynchobatus djeddensis (Forsskal)
249
FAMILY : TORPEDINIDAE (Electric FAMILY : CHIROCENTRIDAE (Wolf

rays) herring)
Narcine brunnea Annandale Chirocentrus dorab Forsk
N.timlei (Schneider) C. nudus Swainson
FAMILY : RAJIDAE (Skates) FAMILY : ELOPIDAE (Tenpounders)

Raja mamillidens Alcock Elops machnata (Forsskal)
FAMILY : TRYGONIDAE FAMILY : MEGALOPIDAE (Tarpons)

Trygon sephen Cuv. Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet)
T. narnak
FAMILY : MURAENESOCIDAE (Pike
FAMILY : DASYATIDAE (Sting rays) eels)
Dasyatis imbricata (Schncider) Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker)
D. zugei (Miiller & Henle) Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskal)
Gymnura poecilura (Shaw)
FAMILY : ARIIDAE (Sea catfishes)
FAMILY : MYLIOBATIDAE (Eagle Tachysurus arius (Hamilton)
rays) T. caelatus (Valenciennes)
Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen) T. dussumieri (Valenciennes)
Aetomylus maculatus (Gray) T. thalassinus (Riippell)
Rhinoptera javanica Miiller & Henle
FAMILY : SYNODONTIDAE (Lizard
FAMILY : MOBULIDAE (Manta and fishes)
Devil ays) Saurdia tumbil (Bloch)
Manta diabolus (Shaw)
FAMILY : HARPADONTIDAE
FAMILY : CLUPEIDAE (Shads, (Bombay ducks)
Sardines) Harpadon nebereus (Hamilton)
Chanos chanos
Kowala koval FAMILY : BREGMACEROTIDAE
Sardinellafimbriata (Valenciennes) Bregmaceros macclellandi Thompson
S. longiceps Valenciennes
Ilisha elongata (Bennett) FAMILY : BATRACHOIDIDAE
Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier) Batrachus grunnicus (,Bloch)
Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton) B.gangene (Hamilton)
H. toli (Valenciennes)
Nematalosa nasus (Bloch) FAMILY : CHAUNACIDAE
Chaunaux pictus Lowe
FAMILY : MURAENIDAE
Muraenesox telabonoides FAMILY : EXOCOETIDAE
M. cinereus Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus
Gymnothorax favagineus Rhynchorhampus georgii (Valenciennes)
G. undulatus
FAMILY : BEIONIDAE
FAMILY : ENGRAULIDAE Strongylura strongyllira (van llasselt)
Colia dussumieri Valenciennes S. incisa (Valenciennes)
C. reynaldi Valenciennes Tylosurus crocodilus (Peron & Le Sucur)
Thryssa dussumieri (Valenciennes)
T.hamiltonii (Gray) FAMILY : CYPRINODONTIDAE
T.mystax (Schneider) Aphanius dispar (Riippell)
250
FAMILY : FISTULARIIDAE (Hair- FAMILY : LACTARIIDAE

tailed, Flute mouths, Cornet Lactaris lactarius (Schneider)
fish)
Fistularia petimba Lacepede FAMILY : RACHYCENTRIDAE
Rachycentron canadus (Linnaeus)
FAMILY : SYNGNATHIDAE (Sea
horses, Pipefish) FAMILY : SQUAMIPINNES
Hippocampus kuda Bleeker Ephippus orbis
Syngnathus cyanospilus Bleeker
Trachyrhamphus serratus (Schlegel) FAMILY : SCORPAENIDAE
Choridactylusmultibai-bis Richardson
FAMILY : SCLERODERMI Minous monodactylus
Ostracion gibbosus Pterois russelli (Van Hass)
Triacanthus brevirostris Pterois volitans
Monacanthus choirocephalus
Stephanolepis dispros FAMILY : ECLIENETDAE (Remoras)
Echeneis naucratus Linnaeus
FAMILY : GYMNODONTES E. remora Linnaeus
Arthron immaculatus
A. leopardus FAMILY : TRACHINIDAE
A. stellatus Parapercis pulchella
Diodon hystrix Linn.
FAMILY : PEDICULATI
FAMILY : CENTROPOMIDAE Antennarius pinniceps
Lates calcarifer (Bloch)
Psammoperca waigiensis (Cuvier) FAMILY : COTTIDAE
Platycephalus crocodilus Tilesius
FAMILY : SERRANIDAE Platycephalus scaber
Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes) P. indicus
E. diacanthus (Valenciennes)
E. lanceolatus FAMILY : CARANGIDAE
E. fasciatus (Forsskal) Atropus atropus (Bloch)
E. aculatus Carangoides caeruleopinnatus (Riippell)
E. merra C. malabaricus (Bloch)
E. sexfasciatus C. sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard
E. tauvina Leiognathus fasciatus
Gaterin cinctum Lactarius lactarius
G. picoides Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus)
Gerres oblongus Scomberoides commersonianus Lacepede
G. setifer S. lysan (Forsskal)
Lobotes surinamensis S. sanctipeiri
Nemipterus japonicus S. tol
Therapon jarbua Klunzinger Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede)
Variola louts
FAMILY : CORYPHAENIDAE
FAMILY : PRIACANTHIDAE (Bull- Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus
eyes, Big-eyes) Mene maculata
Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskal)
FAMILY : LEIOGNATHIDAE
FAMILY : APOGONIDAE (Cardinal Leiognathus elongatus Giinther
fishes) L. bindus (Valenciennes)
Apogon auritus (Lacepede) L. equulus (Forsskal)
251
S. insidiator (Bloch) FAMILY : EPHIPPIDAE (Spadefishes)

Drepane punctata (Linnaeus)
FAMILY : LUTJANIDAE
Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal) FAMILY : SCATOPHAGIDAE
L.fulviflamma (Forsskal) Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus)
L.johni (Bloch)
FAMILY : MUGILIDAE
FAMILY : NEMIPTERIDAE Liza macrolepis (Smith)
Nemipterusjaponicus (Bloch) L.tade (Forsskal)
N. mesoprion L.vigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard)
Mugil cephalus Linnaeus
FAMILY : GERREIDAE M. cunnesius
Gerresfilamentosus Cuvier M. dussumieri
M. parsia
FAMILY : POMADASYIDAE Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton)
Plectorhynchus rayi (Menon & Talwar) Valamugil sehil (Forsskal)
Pomadasys argyreus (Valenciennes)
P.jubelini (Cuvier) FAMILY : SPHYRAENIDAE
Sphyraenajello Cuvier
FAMILY : LETHRINIDAE S. Obtusata Cuvier
Lethrinusfreanatus Valenciennes
L. miniatus FAMILY : GLYPHIDODONTIDAE
L.ornatus Valenciennes Amphiprion polymnus
L.ramak (Forsskal) Abdudefduf bengalensis
Pomacentrus sindensis
FAMILY : PENTAPODIDAE
Gnathodentex aurolineatus (Forsskal) FAMILY : LABRIDAE
Callyodon harid
FAMILY : SPARIDAE Platyglossus dussumieri
Argyrops spinifer (Forskaal) P. marginatus
Chrysophrys berda
C. datuia FAMILY : GADIDAE
C. sarba Bregmaceros McClellandi Thompson
Crenidens forskalii
C. indicus
Sargus noct FAMILY : PLEURONECTIDAE
Cyanoglossus lingua
FAMILY : SCIAENIDAE C. lida
Johnius dussiimieri (Cuvier) Psettodes erumei Bl. Schn.
J. vogleri (Bleeker) Pseudorhombus arsius Gunther
Otolithus argenteus
O.cuvieri Trewavas FAMILY : SILURIDAE
O. maculatus Batrocephalus mino Bleeker
Otolithoides biauritus (Cantor)
O. brunneus FAMILY : SCOMBRESOCIDAE
O. ruber (Schneider) Hemirrhamphus marginatus
Paranbea semiluctuosa (Cuvier)
Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepede) FAMILY : POLYNEMIDAE
Pterolithus maculatus (Cuvier) Polynemus heptadactylus Cuvier
P. indicus Shaw
FAMILY : MULLIDAE P. plebeius Broussonet
Upeneus (Upeneus) moluccenis (Bleeker) P. tetradactylus Shaw
U.vitatus (Lacepede)
252
FAMILY : GOBIIDAE (Gobies) FAMILY : TETRADONTIDAE

Boleophthalmus dentatus Cuvier & Valenciennes (Puffer fish, Blow-fish, Toad
B. dussumieri Cuvier & Valenciennes fish)
Gobius striatus Tetradon spp.
Periophthalmus koelreuteri
Scartelaos viridis (Hamilton)
S. tenuis (day) FRESHWATER FISHES
Trypauchen vagina
FAMILY : CLUPEIDAE
FAMILY : TRICHIURIDAE Gonialosa manminna (Hamilton)
Eupleurogrammuus muticus (Gray) Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton)
Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier) Chanos salmoneus Cuv.
Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus
T. muticaus FAMILY : NOTOPTERIDAE
T. savala Notopterus notopterus (Pailas)
Notopterus chitala
FAMILY : SCOMBRIDAE (Mackeral FAMILY : CYPRINIDONTIDAE

and Tunas) Aplocheilus panchax
Euthynnus affinis (Cantor) A. lineatum
Rastreglliger kanagurta (Cuvier)
Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker) FAMILY : CYPRINIDAE (Minnows or
Carps)
FAMILY : XIPHIIDAE Cyprinus carpio communis (linnaeus)
Xiphias gladius Linnaeus Chela laubuca (Hamilton)
Oxygaster clupeoides
FAMILY : ISTIOPHORIDAE (Sail- O. phulo
fishes, Spear-fishes) O. bacaila (Hamilton)
Istiophorus gladius (Broussonnett) Barilius barila (Hamilton)
I. platypterus B. bendelisis var. chedra (Hamilton)
Makaira indicus (Cuvier) B. evezardi (Day)
B. radiolatus (Gunther)
FAMILY : STROMATEIDAE B. varga (Hamilton)
Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) Danio (Danio) sequipinnatus (McCelland)
P. chinensis (Euphrasen) D. (Brachydanio) rerio (Hamilton)
D. devario (Hamilton)
FAMILY : SOLEIDAE D.malabaricus
Euryglossa orientalis (Bloch) Esomus danricus (Hamilton)
Solea elongata Day Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton)
Zebrias quagga (Kaup) Rasbora deniconicus (Hamilton)
R. rasbora
FAMILY : CYNOGLOSSIDAE R. vaterifloris
(Tounge-soles) Amblypheryngdon mola (Hamilton)
Cynoglossus lida Tor khudree (Sykes)
C. lingua Hamilton T. putitora (Hamilton)
T.tor (Hamilton)
FAMILY : HORAICHTHYIIDAE T. mussullah (Sykes)
Horachthyys setani Puntius embassis (Day)
P. amphibius (Cuvier and valenciennes)
FAMILY : CONOROGARDIIDAE P.chrysopoma (Cuvier)
Pholioides thomaseni P. conchonius (Hamilton)
P. dorsalis
253
P.guagonio (Hamilton) Colisafasciatus (Bloch & Schneider)

P. pinnauratus (day)
P. sarana (Hamilton) FAMILY : SILURIDAE
P. sophore (Hamilton) Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch)
P. ticto (Hamilton) O.macrophthalmus
P. titius (Hamilton) O.pabda (Hamilton)
P.chola Wallago attu (Schneider)
P. parrah Plotossus anguillaris
P. melanostigma Eutropiichthys'vacha (Hamilton)
p . arenatus
P. puckelli FAMILY : SEHILBEIDAE
P. pleurotaenia Silonia silondia (Hamilton)
P. bovanicus
P. hexastichus FAMILY : BAGRIDAE
P. vittatus Mystus bleekeri (Day)
P. stigma M. cavasius (Hamilton)
P. chrysopterus M. vittatus vittatus (Bloch)
Oreichthys cosuatus (Hamilton) M. (Osteobagrus) aor (Hamilton)
Catla catla (Hamilton) M. seenghala (Sykes)
C. reba (Hamilton) M. punctatus
C. latia M. gulio
Garra gotyla (Gray) Rita pavimentata (Day)
G. lamta (Hamilton) R.rita (Hamilton)
G. mullya (Sykes)
Lebeo bata (Hamilton) FAMILY : AMBLYCIPITIDAE
L. boggut (Sykes) Amblyceps mangois Hamilton
L. calbasu (Hamilton)
L. dyocheilus (McClelland) FAMILY : SISORIDAE
L. fimbriatus (Bloch) Gagata itchkeea (Sykes)
L. gonius (Hamilton) Glyptothorax lonas (Sykes)
L. rohita (Hamilton) Lagunia ribeiroi Hora
L. nukta Day
L. pangusia (Hamilton) FAMILY : SCHILBEIDAE
L. angra Clupisoma gaura (Hamilton)
L. potail
L. ariza (Hamilton) FAMILY : HETEROPNEUSTIDAE
L. kontius (Jerdon) Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
L. dussumieri
L. porcellus FAMILY : CLARIIDAE
Osteobrama cotio cotio (Hamilton) Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus)
O. bakeri
Crosschelius latius latius (Hamilton) FAMILY : ANGUILLIDAE
Parapsilorhynchus tentaculatus (Ann.) Anguilla bengalensis (Grey & Hardy)
Nemacheilus botia (Hamilton)
N. beavani (Gunther) FAMILY : BELONIDAE
N.dayi (Hora) Xenentedon cancila (Hamilton)
N.evezardi (Day)
FAMILY : CHANIDAE
FAMILY : ANABATIDAE Channa gachua (Hamilton)
Anabas testudineus (Bloch) C.marulius (Hamilton)
C.punctatus (Bloch)
FAMILY : BELONTIIDAE C. striatus
254
FAMILY : CENTROPOMIDAE
APPENDIX - 20
Chanda nama Hamilton
C.ranga Hamilton
AMPHIBIA
FAMILY : NANDIDAE
ORDER : APODA
Badia badis Hamilton
Nandus nandus Hamilton
FAMILY : ICTHYPOPHIDAE
Icthypophis bombayensis Taylor, 1960
FAMILY : GOBIIDAE (Gobies)
Glessogobius giuris (Hamilton)
ORDER : ANURA
FAMILY : MASTACEMBELIDAE
FAMILY : RANIDAE
Vastocembelus armatus (Lacepedo)
M.pancalus (Hamilton)
Rana limnocharis (Gravenhorst, 1829) Indian
Cricket Frog
Rana tigerina (Daudin, 1802) Indian Bull Frog
Rana keralensis (Dubois. 1980) Verrucose Frog
Rana hexadactyla (Lesson, 1834) Indian Pond Frog
Rana cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) Skipper Frog
Rana malabarica Tschudi, 1838 Fungoid Frog
Rana leithii Boulenger, 1888 Leith's Frog
Tomopterna breviceps (Schneider, 1799) Indian
Burrowing rog
FAMILY : RHACOPHORIDAE
Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1834) Common Tree
Frog
FAMILY : MICRORYLIDKE
Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 Ceylon Kaloula
Ramanella montana (Jerdon) 1854 Jerdon's
Ramanella
Uperodon globulosus (Gunther, 1854) Baloon
Frog
1Jperodon system (Schneider, 1799) Marbled
Baloon Frog
Microhyla ornate (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841)
Ornate Microhylid
Microhyla rubra Jerdon, 1854 Red Microhylid
FAMILY : BUFONIDAE
Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799 Common
Indian Toad
Bufo stomaticus Lutken, 1862 Marbled Toad
Bufo viridis, Laurenti, 1768 Green Toad
The new generic names of some Ranid species

(Dubois, 1986; Dutta, 1992)
Limnonectes limnocharis = Rana Limnocharis

Limnonectes tigerinus = Rana tigerina
255
Limnonectes keralensis = Rana keralensis APPENDIX - 21

Occidozyga cyanophlyctis = Rana cyanophlyctis
Occidozyga hexadactyla = Rana hexadactyla
REPTILIA
Indirana leithii = Rana leithii
CROCODILES
FAMILY : CROCODYLIDAE
Crocodylus palustris Lesson
(Marsh Crocodile)
TURTLES AND TORTOISES
FAMILY : CHELONIDAE
Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus)
(Green turtle)
Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholte)

(Olive Ridley Turtle)
FAMILY : DERMOCHELIIDAE
Dermochelys ceriacea (Vandelli)
(Leatherback Turtle)
FAMILY : TRIONYCHIDAE
Lissemys punctata punctata Lacepede
(Indian Flap-shell Turtle)
Aspiderates (Trionyx) gangeticus(Cuvier)

(Indian Soft-shell Turtle)
Geochelone elegans (Schoepff)

(Starred Tortoise)
GECKOS
FAMILY : GEKKONIDAE
Hemidactylus brookii (Gray)
(Spotted Indian house gecko)
H.leschenaulti Dumeril & Bibron (Bark Gecko)
H.flaviviridis Ruppell (Yellow bellied house gecko)
H.triedrus (Daudin) (Terimite Hill Gecko)
H. maculatus Dum. & Bibr. (Rock Gecko)
Eublepharis macularius (Blyth) (Fat-tailed Gecko)
Crytopodion (Cyrtodactylus)
kachhensis (Stolliczkal)
256
(Banded Gecko)
SNAKES
AGAMES
FAMILY : TIYPHLOPIDAE
FAMILY : AGAMIDAE Ramphotyphlolps braminus (Daudin) (Brahminy
Sitana ponticeriana Cuvier Snake, Common Blind Snake)
(Sargota lizard)
Typhlops acutus (Dumeril & Bibron) Beaked blind
Calotes versicolor (Daudin) snake
(Indian Bloodsucker, Indian Garden lizard)
Typhlops porrectus Stoliczka
Calotes rouxii Dumeril & Bibron (Forest Calotes) (Slender Blind Snake)
Laudakia (Agama) minor (Hardwicke & Gray) FAMILY : UROPELTIDAE

(Small tailed Indian Agama) Uropeltis ellioti (Gray)
(Elliot's Shield-tail Snake)
Uromastyx hardwickii Gray
(Spiny-tailed Lizard) Uropeltis macrolepis (Poters)
(Bombay Shield-tail Snake)
CHAMELEONS
FAMILY : BOIDAE
FAMILY : CHAMALEONIDAE Eryx conicas (Schneider)
Chaniaeleon zeylanicus Laurenti (Russel's Sand Boa)
(Indian Chamaelon)
Eryx johnii (Russell)
SKINKS (Red or Blunt-tailed Sand Boa)
Python molurus (Linnaeus)
FAMILY : SCINCIDAE (Indian Python)
Mabuya carinata (Schneider)
(Common Brahminy Skink) FAMILY : ACROCHRDIAE
Acrochordus granulatus (Schneider)
Mabuya macularus (Blyth) (Little Skink) (File Snake)
Riopa (Lygosoma) lineata Gray (Snake Skink) FAMILY : COLUBRIDAE

Achaetulla nasutus (Lacepede)
Riopa punctata (Gmelin) (Snake Skink) (Common Vine Snake)
LAND LIZARDS Achaetulla pulveruientus (Dum. & Bib.)

(Brown Wine Snake)
FAMILY : LACERTIDAE
Acanthodactylus cantoris cantoris Gunther (Indian Amphiesma stolata (Linn.)
Fringe-toed Sand lizards) (Buffstriped Keelback)
Ophisopsjerdoni Blyth (Golden-striped lizard) Argyrogenafascilolatus (Shaw)

(Fascilolatus Ratsnake or Banded Racer)
OPhisoPs microlepis Blanford (Snake-eyed lizard)
Argyrogena ventromaculata (Gray & Hardwicke)
MONITOR LIZARDS (Gray's Ratsnake or Glossy-bellied Racer)
FAMILY : VARANIDAE Boigaforesteni (,Dum. & Bibron)

Varanus bengalensis (Daudin) (Common Gree Whip Snake)
(Indian monitor)
257
Boiga trigonatus (Schneider) Enhydrina schistosa (Daudin)

(Indian Gamma or Catsnake) (Beaked sea snake, Hook-nosed Sea Snake)
Lapemis curtus (Shaw) (Malabar Sea Snake)
Cerberus rhynchops (Schneider)
(Dog-faced Watersnake) Leioselasma cyanocincta (Daudin)
(Annulated Sea Snake)
Chrysopelea ornate (Shaw)
(Flying snake) Leiocephalus spiralis (Shaw)
(Yellow Sea Snake)
Coluber mucosus (Linnaeus)
(Rat Snake or Dhaman) Hydrophis mamillaris(Daudin)
(Bombay Sea Snake)
Dendrelaphis tristis (Daudin)
(Common Indian Bronzeback or tree Snake) Hydrophis caeruiescens (Shaw)
(Malacca Sea Snake)
Elaphi helena (Daudin)
(Common Trinket Sna.ke) Microcephalophis cantoris (Gunther)
(Cantor's Narrow-headed Sea Snake)
Geradia prevostianus (Eydoux & Gervais)
(Glossy Marsh Snake) Microcephalophis gracilis (Shaw)
(Common Narrow-headed Sea Snake)
Lycodon aulicus (Linnaeus)
(Common Wolf Snake) Pelamis platurus
(Yellow and Black sea snake)
Lycodon flavomaculatus Wall
(Yellow-spotted Wolf Snake) FAMILY : ELAPIDAE
Bangariis caeruleus (Schneider)
Lycodon striatus (Shaw) (Barred Wolf Snake) (Common Indian Krait)
Macropistodon plumbicolor (Cantor) Bungarus sindanus Boulenger (Sindh Krait)

(Green Keelback)
Calliophis melanursus (Shaw)
Oligodon arnensis (Shaw) (Common Kukri Snake) (Slender Coral snake)
Oligon taeniolatus (Jerdon) Naja naja (Linn.)

(Streaked kukri snake) (Common or spectacled Cobra)
Psammophis leithii Gunther Naja oxiana (Eichwald)

(Indian Ribbon Snake) (Black Cobra)
Psammophis longifrons(Boulenger) FAMILY : VIPERIDAE

(Stout Sandsnake) Echis carinatus (Schneider)
(Saw-scaled Viper)
Sihynophis subpunctatus (Dum. & Bib.)
(Dumeril's Black Headed Snake) Trimeresurus gramineus (Shaw)
(Bamboo Pit Viper)
Spalerosophis diadema (Schlegel) (Royal Snake)
Vipera russellii (Shaw & Nodder)
Xenochrophis piscator (Schneider) (Russel's Viper)
(Checkered Keelback)
FAMILY : HYDROPHIDAE
258
APPENDIX - 22
AVES (BIRDS)
Family PODICIPEDIDAE: Grebes

GREAT CRESTED GREBE Podiceps cristatus
BLACKNECKED GREBE Podiceps nigricollis
LITTLE GREBE,Podiceps ruficollis
Family HYDROBATIDAE : Storm Petrels
WILSON'S STORM PETREL Oceanites oceanicus
Family PHAETHONTIDAE: Tropic-birds
REDBILLED (or SHORT~TAILED) TROPIC-BIRD Phaethon aethereus

REDTAILED TROPIC-BIRD Phaethon rubricauda
Family PELECANIDAE : Pelicans
ROSY or WHITE PELICAN Pelecanus onocrotalus

SPOTTEDBILLED PELICAN Pelecanus phill'ppensis
DALMATIAN PELICAN Pelecanus philippensis crispus
Family PHALACROCORACIDAE: Cormorants
CORMORANT Phalacrocorax carbo

INDIAN SHAG Phalacrocorayfuscicollis
LITTLE CORMORANT Phalacrocorax niger
DARTER Anhinga rufa
Family ARDEIDAE : Herons, Egrets, Bitterns
GREY HERON Ardea cineria

PURPLE HERON Ardea purpui-ea
LITTLE GREEN HERON Ardeola striatus
POND HERON or PADDYBIRD Ardeola grayii
CHINESE POND HERON Ardeola bacchus
CATTLE EGRET Bubulcus ibis
LARGE EGRET Ardea alb a
SMALLER EGRET Egretta intermedia
LITTLE EGRET Egretta garzetta
INDIAN REEF HERON Egretta gularis
NIGHT HERON Nycticorax nycticorax
CHESTNUT BITTERN Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
YELLOW BITTERN Ixobrychus sinensis
BlACK BITTERN Ixobrychusflavicolli.y

BITTERN Botaurus stellaris
Family CICONIIDAE : Storks
259
PAINTED STORK Mycteria leucocephala

OPENBILL STORK Anastomus oscitans
WHITENECKED STORK Ciconia episcopus
WHITE STORK Ciconia ciconia
BLACK STORK Ciconia nigra
BLACKNECKED STORK Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus
ADJUTANT Leptoptilos dubius
LESSER ADJUTANT Leptoptilosjavanicus
Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE : Ibises, Spoonbill
WHITE IBIS Threskiornis aethiopica

BLACK IBIS Pseudibis papillosa
GLOSSY IBIS Plegadisfalcinellus
SPOONBILL Platalea leucorodia
Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE: Flamingos
,FLAMINGO Phoenicopterus roseus

LESSER FLAMINGO Phoeniconaias minor
Family ANATIDAE : Ducks, Geese, Swans
WHITEFRONTED GOOSE Anser albiforns

GREYLAG GOOSE Anser anser
BARHEADED GOOSE Anser indicus'
BEWICK'S SWAN Cygnus cygnus bewickii
LESSER WHISTLING TEAL or TREE DUCK Dendrocygna javanica
LARGE WHISTLING TEAL Dendrocygna bicolar
RUDDY SHELDUCK Tadorna ferruginea
COMMON SCHELDUCK Tadorna tadorna
MARBLED TEAL Marmaronetta angustirostris
PINTAIL Anas acute
COMMON TEAL Anas crecca
BAIKAL TEAL Anasformosa
SPOTBILLED DUCK Anas poecilorhyncha
MALLARD Anas platyrhynchos
GADWALL Anas strepera
FALCATED TEAL Anasfalcata
WIGEON Anas penelope
GARGANEY Anas querquedula
SHOVELLER Anas clypeata
CRESTED POCHARD Netta rufina

AMON POCHARD Aythyaferina
ITE-EYED POCHARD or FERRUGINOUS DUCK Aythya nyroca
TUFTED DUCK Aythyafuligula
SCAUP DUCK Aythya marila
COTTON TEAL or QUACKY-DUCK Nettapus coromandelianus
COMB DUCK Sarkidiornis melanotos
260
Family ACCIPITRIDAE : Hawks, Vultures, etc.
BLACKWINGED KITE Elanus caeruleus

HONEY BUZZARD Pernis ptilorhyncus
PARIAH KITE Milvus migrans govinda
BLACKEARED or LARGE INDIAN KITE Milvus migrans lineatus
BRAHMINY KITE Haliastur indus
GOSHAWK Accipiter gentilis
SHIKRA Accipiter badius
SPARROW-HAWK Accipiter nisus melaschistos
BESRA SPARROW-HAWK Accipiter virgatus besra
LONGLEGGED BUZZARD Buteo rufinus
UPLAND BUZZARD Buteo hemilasius
DESERT BUZZARD Buteo buteo vulpinus
WHITE-EYED BUZZARD-EAGLE Butastur teesa
CRESTED HAWK-EAGLE Spizaetus cirrhatus
BONELLI'S EAGLE Hieraaetusfasciatus
BOOTED HAWK-EAGLE Hieraaetus pennatus
IMPERIAL EAGLE Aquila heliaca
TAWNY EAGLE Aquila rapax vindhiana
EASTERN STEPPE EAGLE Aquila rapax nipalensis
GREATER SPOTTED EAGLE Aquila clanga
LASSER SPOTTED EAGLE Aquila pomarina
BLACK EAGLE Ictinaetus malayensis
WHITEBELLIED SEA EAGLE Haliaeetus leueogaster
PALLAS'S FISHING EAGLE Haliaeetus leueoryphus
GREYHEADED FISHING EAGLE lchthyophaga ichthyaetus
BLACK or KING VULTURE Sarcogyps calvus
CINEREOUS VULTURE Aegypius monachus
GRIFFON VULTURE Gyps fulvus
INDIAN LONGBILLED VULTURE Gyps indicus
INDIAN WHITEBACKED VULTURE Gyps bengalensis
EGYPTIAN or SCAVENGER VULTURE Neophron percnopterus
HEN-HARRIER Circus cyaneus
PALE HARRIER Circus macrourus
MONTAGU'S HARRIER Circus pygargus
MARSH HARRIER Circus aeruginosus
SHORT-TOED EAGLE Circaetus gallicus
CRESTED SERPENT EAGLE Spilomis cheela
OSPREY Pandion haliaeatus
Family FALCONIDAE: Falcons
SAKER or CHERRUG FALCON Falco biarmicus cherrug

PEREGRINE FALCON Falco peregrinus japonensis
SHAHEEN FALCON Falco peregrinus peregrinator
LAGGER FALCON Falco biarmicus
HOBBY Falco subbuteo
ORIENTAL HOBBY Falco severus
REDHEADED MERLIN Falco chicquera
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KESTREL Falco tinnunculus
Family PHASIANIDAE : Pheasants, Patridges, Quails, etc.
BLACK PARTRIDGE Francolinusfrancolinus

PAINTED PARTRIDGE Francolinus pictus
GREY PARTRIDGE Francolinus pondiceri'anus
GREY QUAIL Coturnix coturni'x
BLACKBREASTED OR RAIN QUAIL Coturnix coramandelica

JUNGLE BUSH QUAIL Perdicula asiatica
ROCK BUSH QUAIL Perdicula argoondah
RED SPURFOWL Galloperdix spadicea
GREY or SONNERAT'S JUNGLEFOWL Gallus sonneratii

COMMON PEAFOWL Pavo cristatus
Family TURNICIDAE : Bustard-Quails
LITTLE BUSTARD-QUAIL Turnix sylvatica

YELLOWLEGGED BUTTON QUAIL Turnix tanki
COMMON BUSTARD-QUAIL Turnix suscitator
Family GRUIDAE: Cranes

COMMON CRANE Grus grus
SARUS CRANE Grus antigone
DEMOISELLE CRANE Anthropoides virgo
Family RALLIDAE : Rails, Coots.
BLUEBREASTED BANDED RAIL Rallus striatus
BAILLON'S CRAKE Porzana pusilla
SPOTTED CRAKE Porzana prozana
BROWN CRAKE Amaurornis akool
WHITEBREASTED WATERHEN Amaurornis phoenicurus

WATER COCK Gallicrex cinerea
MOORHEN Gallinula chloropus
PURPLE MOORHEN Porphyrio porphyrio
COOT Fulica atra
Family OTIDIDAE : Bustards
GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD Ardeotis nigriceps

HOUBARA BUSTARD Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni.
LIKH or LESSER FLORICAN Sypheotides indices
Family JACANIDAE : Jacanas
PHEASANT-TAILED JACANA Hydrophasianus chirurgus

BRONZEWINGED JACANA Metopidius indicus
Family HAEMATOPODIDAE : Oystercatchers
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OYSTERCATCHER Haematopus ostralegus
Family ROSTRATULIDEA : Painted Snipe
PAINTED SNIPE Rostratula benghalensis
Family REC URVIROSTRIDAE : Stilts, Avocets
BLACKWINGED STILT Himantopus himantopus

AVOCET Recurvirostra avosetta
Family DROMADIDAE : Crab Plovers

CRAB PLOVER Dromas ardeola
Family BURHINIDAE : Stone Curlews, Thick-knees
STONE CURLEW Burhinus oedicnemus
GREAT STONE PLOVER Esacus magnirostris
Family GLAREOLIDAE : Coursers, Pratincoles
CREAMCOLOURED COURSER Cursorius cursor

INDIAN COURSER Cursorius coromandelicus
COLLARED PRATINCOLE Glareola pratincola pratincola
SMALL INDIAN PRATINCOLE Glareola lactea
Family CHARADRIIDAE : Plovers, Sandpipers, Snipes
SOCIABLE LAPWING Vanellus gregarius

WHITETAILED LAPWING Vanellus leucurus
REDWATTLED LAPWING Vanellus indicus
YELLOW-WATTLED LAPWING Vanellus malabaricus

GREY, or BLACKBELIED PLOVER Pluvialis squatarola
EASTERN GOLDEN PLOVER Pluvialis dominica
LARGE SAND PLOVER Charadrius leschenaultii
RINGED PLOVER Charadrius hiaticula
LITTLE RINGED PLOVER Charadrius dubius
KENTISH PLOVER Charadrius alexandrinus
LESSER SAND PLOVER Charadrius mongolus
WHIMBREL Numenius phaeopus
CURLEW Numenius arquata
BLACKTAILED GODWIT Limosa limosa
BARTAILED GODWIT Limosa lapponica
SPOTTED or DUSKY REDSHANK Tringa erythropus
REDSHANK Tringa totanus
MARSH SANDPIPER Tringa stagnatilis
GREENSHANK Tringa nebularia
GREEN SANDPIPER Tringa ochropus
WOOD SANDPIPER Tringa glareola
TEREK SANDPIPER Tringa terek
COMMON SANDPIPER Tringa hypoleucos
TURNSTONE Arenaria interpres
263
PINTAIL SNIPE Gallinago stenura

FANTAIL SNIPE Gallinago gallinago
JACK SNIPE Gallinago minima
WOODCOCK Scolopax rusticola
KNOT Calidris canuta
EASTERN KNOT Caladris tenuirostris
SAANDERLING Calidris alba
LITTLE STINT Calindris minute
TEMMINCK'S STINT Calidris temminckii
DUNLIN Calidris alpina
CURLEW-SANDPIPER Calidris testacea
BROADBILLED SANDPIPER Limicolafalcinellus
RUFF and REEVE Philomachus pugnax
REDNECKED PHALAROPE Phalaropus lobatus
Family STERCORARIIDAE : Skuas, Jaegers
POMATORHINE SKUA or JAEGER Stercorarius pomarinus

PARASITIC OR RICHARDSON'S SKUA OR JAEGER Stercorarius parasiticus
Family LARIDAE : Gulls, Terns
HERRING GULL Larus argentatus
GREAT BLACKHEADED GULL Larus ichthyaetus
BROWNHEADED GULL Larus brunnicephalus
BLACKHEADED GULL Larus ridibundus
SLENDERBILLED GULL Larus genei
WHISKERED TERN Chlidonias hybrida
WHITEWINGED BLACK TERN Chlidonias leucopterus

BLACK TERN Chlidonias niger
GULLBILLED TERN Gelochelidon nilotica

CASPIAN TERN Hydroprogne caspia
INDIAN RIVER TERN Sterna aurantia
COMMON TERN Sterna hirundo
BLACKBELLIED TERN Sterna acuticauda
LITTLE TERN Stema albifrons
LARGE CRESTED TERN Sterna bergii
INDIAN LESSER CRESTED TERN Sterna bengalensis

INDIAN SKIMMER Rynchops albicollis
Family PTEROCLIDIDAE : Sandgrouse
INDIAN SANDGROUSE Pterocles exustus

SPOTTED SANDGROUSE Pterocles senegallus
IMPERIAL SANDGROUSE Pterocles orientalis
PAINTED SANDGROUSE Pterocles indicusindicus
Family COLUMBIDAE : Pigenos, Doves
YELLOWLEGGED GREEN PIGEON Treronphoenicoptera
264
BLUE ROCK PIGEON Columba livia
IMPERIAL PIGEON Ducula badia
RUFOUS TURTLE DOVE Streptopelia orientalis

INDIAN RING DOVE Streptopelia decaocto
RED TURTLE DOVE Streptopelia tranquebarica

SPOTTED DOVE Streptopblia chinensis
LITTLE BROWN or SENEGAL DOVE Streptopelia senegalensis

EMERALD OR BRONZEWINGED DOVE Chalcophaps indica
Family PSITTACIDAE: Parrots
ALEXANDRINE PARAKEET Psittacula eupatria

ROSERINGED PARAKEET Psittacula krameri
BLOSSOMHEADED PARAKEET Psittacula cyanocephala
Family CUCULIDAE . Cuckoos
PIED CRESTED CUCKOO Clamatoriacobinus
COMMON HAWK-CUCKOO or BRAINFEVER BIRD Cuculus arius
INDIAN CUCKOO Cuculus micropterus
THE CUCKOO Cuculus canorus
INDIAN BANDED BAY CUCKOO Cacomantis sonnerat-ii

INDIAN PLAINTIVE CUCKOO Cacomantis passen.nus
KOEL Eudynamys scolopacea

LARGE GREENBILLED MALKOHA Rhopodytes tristis
SMALL GREENBILLED MALKOHA Rhopodytes viridirostris
SIRKEER CUCKOO Taccocua leschenaultii
Family STRIGIDAE : Owls
BARN OWN Tyto alba

STRIATED, or PALLID, SCOPS OWL Otus britcei
SCOPS OWL Otus scops
COLLARED SCOPS OWL Otus bakkamoena
EAGLE-OWL or GREAT HORNED OWL Bubo bubo
DUSKY HORNED OWL Bubo coromandus
BROWN FISH OWL Bubo zeylonensis
JUNGLE OWLET Glaucidium radiatum
BROWN HAWK-OWL Ninox scutulata
SPOTTED OWLET Athene brama
MOTTLED WOOD OWL Strix ocellata
SHORTEARED OWL Asio flammeus
Family PODARGIDAE : Frogmouths

HODGSON'S FROGMOUTH Batrachostomus hodgsoni
Family CAPRIMULGIDAE . Nightjars, Goatsuckers
INDIAN JUNGLE NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus indicus
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EUROPEAN NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus europaeus

SYKES'S NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus mahrattensis
COMMON INDIAN NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus asiaticus
FRANKLIN'S, or ALLIED, NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus affinis
Family APODIDAE: Swifts
ALPINE SWIFT Apus melba

HOUSE SWIFT Apus affinis
PALM SWIFT Cypsiurus parvus
CRESTED TREE SWIFT Hemiprocne longipennis
Family TROGONIDAE: Trogons
MALABAR TROGON Harpactesfasciatus
Family ALCEDINIDAE : Kingfishers
LESSER PIED KINGFISHER Ceryle rudis

COMMON KINGFISHER Alcedo atthis
BLUE-EARED KINGFISHER Alcedo meninting

STORKBILLED KINGFISHER Pelargopsis capensis
WHITEBREASTED KINGFISHER Halcyon smyrnensis
BLACKCAPPED KINGFISHER Halcyon pileata
Family MEROPIDAE : Bee-eaters
CHESTNUTHEADED BEE-EATER Merops leschenaulti

EUROPEAN BEE EATER Merops apiaster
BLUECHEEKED BEE-EATER Merops superciliosus
GREEN BEE-EATER Merops orientalis
Family CORACIIDAE: Rollers
EUROPEAN ROLLER Coracias garrulus

INDIAN ROLLER Coracias benghalensis
Family UPUPIDAE: Hoopoes
HOOPOE Upupa epops
Family BUCEROTIDAE: Hornbills
COMMON GREY HORNBILL Tockus birostris
Family CAPITONIDAE : Barbets
LARGE GREEN BARBET Megalaima zeylanica

SMALL GREEN BARBET Megalaima viridis
CRIMSONBREASTED BARBET, COPPERSMITH Megalaima haemacephala
Family PICIDAE : Woodpeckers
RUFOUS WOODPECKER Micropternus brachyurus
SCALYBELLIED GREEN WOODPECKER Picus squamatus
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LITTLE SCALYBELLIED GREEN WOODPECKER Picus 0myrmecophoneus

LESSER GOLDENBACKED WOODPECKER Dinopium benghalense
INDIAN GREAT BLACK WOODPECKER Dryocopus javensis
YELLOWFRONTED PIED WOODPECKER Picoides mahrattensis
GREYCROWNED PIGMY WOODPECKER Picoides canicapillius
HEARTSPOTTED WOODPECKER Hemicircus canente
BLACKBACKED WOODPECKER Chrysocolaptesfestivus
LARGER GOLDENBACKED WOODPECKER Chrysocolaptes lucidus
Family PITTIDAE:Pittas
INDIAN PITTA Pitta brachyura

SINGING BUSH LARK Mirafra javanica
Family ALAUDIDAE: Larks
REDWINGED BUSH LARK Mirafra erythropteia

ASHYCROWNED FINCH-LARK Eremopterix grisea
DESERT FINCH-LARK Ammomanes deserti
RUFOUSTAILED FINCH-LARK Ammomanes phoenicurus
SHORT-TOED LARK Calandrella cinerea
SAND LARK Calandrella raytal
CRESTED LARK Galerida cristata
MALABAR CRESTED LARK Galerida malabarica
SYKES'S CRESTED LARK Galerida deva
EASTERN SKYLARK Alauda gulgula
Family HIRUNDINIDAE: Swallows
COLLARED SAND MARTIN Riparia riparia

PLAIN SAND MARTIN Riparia paludicola
CRAG MARTIN Hirundo rupestris
DUSKY CRAG MARTIN Hirundo concolor
SWALLOW Hirundo rustica
WIRETAILED SWALLOW Hirundo smiths
INDIAN CLIFF SWALLOW Hirundofluvicola
STRIATED or REDRUMPED SWALLOW Hirundo daurica
Family LANIIDAE : Shrikes
GREY SHRIKE Lanius excubitor
BAYBACKED SHRIKE Lanius vittatus
REDBACKED SHRIKE Lanius collurio
Ssp. isabellinus
RUFOUSBACKED SHRIKE Lanius schach
Family ORIOLIDAE : Orioles
GOLDEN ORIOLE Oriolus oriolus
BLACHEADED ORIOLE Oriolus xanthornus
Family DICRURIDAE: Drongos
BLACK DRONGO or KING-CROW Dicrurus adsimilis
GREY or ASHY DRONGO Dicrurus leucophaeus
WHITEBELLIED DRONGO Dicrurus caerulescens
GREATER RACKET-TAILED DRONGO Dicrurus paradiseus
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Family ARTAMIDAE : Swallow-Shrikes or Wood Swallows
ASHY SWALLOW-SHRIKE Artamusfuscus

Family STURNIDAE : Starlings, Mynas
GREYHEADED MYNA Sturnus malabaricus
BLACKHEADED, or BRAHMINY, MYNA Sturnus pagodarum
ROSY PASTOR Sturnus roseus
STARLING Sturnus vulgaris
PIED MYNA Sturnus contra
COMMON MYNA Acridotheres tristis
BANK MYNA Acridotheres ginginianus
JUNGLE MYNA Acridotheresfuscus
Family CORVIDAE : Crows, Magpies, Jays, etc.
INDIAN TREE PIE Dendrocitta vagabunda

HOUSE CROW Corvus splendens
JUNGLE CROW Corvus macrorhynchos
RAVEN Corvus corax
Family CAMPEPHAGIDAE : Cuckoo-Shrikes and Minivets
PIED FLYCATCHER-SHRIKE Hemipus picatus

LARGE WOOD SHRIKE Tephrodornis vigatus
COMMON WOOD SHRIKE Tephrodornis pondicerianus
LARGE CUCKOO-SHRIKE Coracina novaehollandiae
BLACKHEADED CUCKOO-SHRIKE Coracina melanoptera
SCARLET MINIVET Pericrocotusflammeus
LONGTAILED MINIVET Pericrocotus ethologus
SMALL MINIVET Pericrocotus cinnamomeus
WHITEBELLIED MINIVET Pericrocotus erythropygi,us
Family IRENIDAE . Fairy Bluebird, loras and Leaf Birds
COMMON IORA Aegithina tiphia
MARSHALL'S IORA Aegithina nigrolutea
GOLDENFRONTED CHLOROPSIS, or LEAF BIRD Chloropsis aurifrons
ORANGEBELLIED CHLOROPSIS, or LEAF BIRD Chloropsis hardwickii
GOLDMANTLED CHLOROPSIS, or LEAF BIRD Chloropsis chochinchinensis
Family PYCNONOTIDAE: Bulbuls

REDWHISKERED BULBUL Pycnonotusjocosus
WHITECHEEKED BULBUL Pycnonotus leucogenys
REDENTED BULBUL Pycnonotus cafer

WHITEBROWED BULBUL Pycnonotus luteolus
Family MUSCICAPIDAE : Babblers, Flycatchers, Warbles, Thrushes and Chats
SPOTTED BABBLER Pellorneum ruficeps

ABBOTT'S BABBLER Trichastoma abbotti
SLATYHEADED SCIMITAR BABBLER Pomatorhinus horsfieldii
RUFOUSBELLIED BABBLER Dumetia liyperythra
YELLOWEYED BABBLER Chrysomma sinense
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COMMON BABBLER Turdoides caudatus

LARGE GREY BABBLER Turdoides malcolmi
JUNGLE BABBLER Turdoides striatiis
QUAKER BABBLER Alcippe poioicephala
SPOTTED FLYCATCHER Muscicapa striata
BROWN FLYCATCHER Muscicapa latirostris
RUFOUSTAILED FLYCATCHER Muscicapa ruficauda
REDBREASTED FLYCATCHER Muscicapa parva
BLACK-AND-ORANGE FLYCATCHER Muscicapa nigrorufa
TICKELL'S BLUE FLYCATCHER Muscicapa tickelliae
GREYHEADED FLYCATCHER Culicicapa ceylonensis
WHITEBROWED FANTAIL FLYCATCHER Rhipidura aureola
WHITETHROATED FANTAIL FLYCATCHER Rhipidura albicollis
PARADISE FLYCATCHER Terpsiphone paradisi
BLACKNAPED FLYCATCHER Hypothymis azurea
MOUSTACHED SEDGE WARBLER Acrocephalus melanopogon
FRANKLIN'S WREN-WA.RBLER Prinia hodgsonii
RUFOUSFRONTED WREN-WARBLER Prinia buchanani
STREAKED WREN-WARBLER Prinia gracilis
PLAIN WREN-WARBLER Prinia subflava
ASHY WREN-WARBLER Prinia socialis
JUNGLE WREN-WARBLER Prinia sylvatica
TAILOR BIRD Orthotomus sutorius
BRISTLED GRASS WARBLER Chaetornis statue
INDIAN GREAT REED WARBLER Acrocephalus stentoreus
BLYTH'S REED WARBLER Acrocephalus dumetoruin
PADDYFIELD WARBLER Acrocephalus agricola
BOOTED WARBLER Hippolais caligata
ORPHEAN WARBLER Sylvia hortensis
WHITETHROAT Sylvia communis
LESSER WHITETHROAT Sylvia curruca blythi
DESERT WARBLER Sylvia nana
BROWN LEAF WARBLER, or CHIFFCHAFF Phylloscopus collybita
TYTLER'S LEAF WARBLER Phylloscopus tytleri
TICKELL'S LEAF WARBLER Phylloscopus affinis
OLIVACEOUS LEAF WARBLER Phylloscopus griseolus
DULL GREEN LEAF WARBLER Phylloscopus trochiloides
RUFOUS CHAT Erythropygia galactotes
BLUETHROAT Erithacus svecicus
BLUE CHAT Erithacus brunneus
MAGPIE-ROBIN or DHYAL Copsychus saularis
SHAMA Copsychus malabaricus malabaricus
BLACK REDSTART Phoenicurus ochruros phoenicuroides
BROWN ROCK CHAT.Cercomelafusca
STOLICZKA'S BUSH CHAT Saxicola macrorhyncha
STONE CHAT Saxicola torquata
PIED BUSH CHAT Saxicola caprata
ISABELLINE CHAT Oenanthe isabellina
REDTAILED CHAT Oenanthe xanthoprymna
DESERT WHEATEAR Oenanthe deserti
PIED CHAT Oenanthe picata
INDIAN ROBIN Saxicoloidesfulicata
269
BLUEHEADED ROCK THRUSH Monticola cinclorhynchus

BLUE ROCK THRUSH Monticola solitarius
MALABAR WHISTLING THRUSH Myiophonus horsfieldii
ORANGEHEADED GROUND THRUSH Zoothera citrina
Ssp. cyanotus
BLACKBIRD Turdus merula nigropileus
Family PARIDAE : Tits or Titmice
GREY TIT Parus mayor

WHITEWINGED BLACK TIT Parus nuchalis
YELLOWCHEEKED TIT Parus xanthogenys
Family SITTIDAE : Nuthatches, Creepers
CHESTNUTBELLIED NUTHATCH Sitta castanea

VELVETFRONTED NUTHATCH Sitta,frontalis
SPOTTED GREY CREEPER Salpornis spilonotos
Family MOTACILLIDAE : Pipits and Wagtails
INDIAN TREE PIPIT Anthus hodgsoni

TREE PIPIT Anthus trivialis
PADDYFIELD PIPIT Anthus novaeseelandiae
TAWNY PIPIT Anthus campestris
REDTHROATED PIPIT Anthus cervinus
VINACEOUSBREASTED PIPIT Anthus roseatus
BROWN ROCK PIPIT Anthus similis
FOREST WAGTAIL Motacilla indica
YELLOW WAGTAIL Motacilla flava
YELLOWHEADED WAGTAIL Motacilla citreola
GREY WAGTAIL Motacilla.cinerea
PIED, or WHITE, WAGTAIL Motacilla alba

LARGE PIED WAGTAIL Motacilla maderaspatensis
Family DICAEIDAE : Flowerpeckers

THICKBILLED FLOWERPECKER Dicaeum agile
TICKELL'S FLOWERPECKER Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
Family NECTARINIIDAE : Sunbirds, Spi riunters
PURPLERUMPED SUNBIRD Nectarinia zeylonica

SMALL SUNBIRD Nectarina minima
LOTEN'S SUNBIRD Nectarinia lotenia
PURPLE SUNBIRD Nectarinia asiatica
YELLOWBACKED SUNBIRD Aethopyga siparaja
STREAKED SPIDER HUNTER Arachnothera magna
Family ZOSTEROPIDAE : White eyes
WHITE-EYE Zosterops palpebrosa
270
Family PLOCEIDAE : Weaver Birds

HOUSE SPARROW Passer domesticus
TREE SPARROW Passer montanus
YELLOWTHROATED SPARROW Petronia xanthocollis
BAYA Ploceus philippinus

BLACKTHROATED WEAVER BIRD Ploceus benghalensis
STREAKED WEAVER BIRD Ploceus manyar
RED MUNIA, or AVADAVAT Estrilda amandava
GREEN MUNIA Estrildaformosa
COMMON SILVERBILL, WHITETHROATED MUNIA Lonchura malabarica
WHITEBACKED MUNIA Lonchura striata
NUTMEG MANNIKIN, SPOTTED MUNIA Lonchura unctulata
BLACKHEADED MUNIA Lonchura malacca
Family FRINGILLIDAE : Finches

COMMON ROSEFINCH, SCARLET GROSBEAK Carpodacus ervthrinus
Family EMBERIZIDAE : Buntings
BLACKHEADED BUNTING Emberiza melanocephala
REDHEADED BUNTING Emberiza bruniceps
GREYNECKED BUNTING Emberiza buchanani
STRIOLATED BUNTING Emberiza striolata
CRESTED BUNTING Melophus lathami
271
APPENDIX - 23
Bandicota indica indica (Bechstein)
(Large Bandicot Rat)
MAMMALIA (MAMMALS)
Bandicota bengalensis (Gray and Hardwicke)

(Indian Mole Rat)
FAMILY : LEPORIDAE
Lepus nigricollis F. Cuvier
Tereta indica indica (Hardwicke)
(Black-naped Hare)
(Indian Antelope Rat)
FAMILY : ERINACEIDAE
Rattus meltada pallidor (Ryley) (Soft-furred Rat)
Paraechinus micropus (Blyth)
(Hedge Hog)
Rattus rattus rufescens (Gray) (House Rat)
Hemiechinus collaris (Gray)
Meriones hurricanae (ierdon)
(Hardwicke's Hedgehog)
(Indian Desert Gerbill)
Suncus murinus sindensis (Anderson & Gray)
FAMILY : EQUIDAE (Equids)
(Musk Shrew)
Equus onager khur Lesson (Indian Wild Ass)
Suncus caeruleus (Ground Shrew)
FAMILY : BOVIDAE
Tetracerus quadricornis
FAMILY : MANIDAE
(Four-horned Antilope)
Manis crassicaudata Gray
(Indian Pangolin)
Antelope cervicapra
(Black Buck)
FAMILY : SCIURIDAE
Funambulus pennati Wroughton
Gazella gazella bennetti (Skyes) (Chinkara)
(Five striped Palm Squirrel)
Boselaphus tragocamelus (Pallas) (Nilgai)

F. palmarum (linnaeus)
(Three striped palm squirrel)
FAMILY : CERVIDAE
Muntiacus muntjak (Zinimerrnari)
Ratufa indices (Sparmann)
(Barking Deer)
(The Indian Giant Squirrel)
Cervus (Axis) axis (Erxleben)

FAMILY : HYSTRICIDAE
(Chital, Spotted Deer)
Hystrix indica Kerr.
(Indian porcupine)
Cervus unicolor Kerr (Sambar)
FAMILY : MURIDAE
FAMILY : SUIDAE
Millardia meltada (Gray)
Sus scrofa Linnaeus
(Field Rat)
(Indian Wild Boar)
Mus boodunga (Gray)
FAMILY : FELIDAE
(Field Mouse)
Felis chaus Guldenstaedt
(Jungle Cat)
Mus musculus bactrianus Blyth (House Rat)
Felis bengalensis Kerr

Mus platythrix Bennet (Spined Field Mouse)
(Leopard Cat)
Golunda ellioti gujerati Thomas (Indian Bush Rat)
Felis rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted Cat)
272
Felis libyca Forster (The Desert Cat) Lutra lutra

(Indian Otter)
Felis caracal schmitzi Matschie (Caracal)
FAMILY : CERCOPITHECIDAE
Panthera pardus Macaca mulatta (Zimmerman)
(Common Indian Leopard) (Rhesus Monkey)
Panthera leo persica Meyer (Lion) Presbytis entellus (Dufresne)

(Common Langur)
Panthera tigris tigri's (Linnaeus) (Tiger)
FAMILY : PTEROPIDAE
Acinonyxjubatus (Schreber) EXTINCT (Cheetah) Pteropus giganteus (Brunnich, 1782,)
(Indian Flying Fox)
FAMILY : CANIDAE
Vulpes bengalensis (Shaw) Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797)
(Indian Fox) (Short-nosed Bat)
Vulpes pusilla Blyth (Whitefooted Fox) Rosettus leschenaulti (Desmarest, 1820)

(Fulvous Fruit Bat)
Cuon alpinus (Pallas)
(Indian Wild Dog or Dhole) FAMILY : RHINOPOMATIDAE
Rhinopoma harwickii Gray 1831
Canis aureus Linnaeus (lesser Mouse-tailed bat)
(Golden Jackal)
FAMILY : EMBALLONURIDAE
Canis lupus Linnaeus (Wolf) TaPhOZosus longimanus Hardwicke, 1825
(Long-winged Tomb Bat)
FAMILY : VIVERRIDAL
Viverricula indica (Desmarest) T.melanopogon Temminck, 1841
(Small Indian Civet) (Black-beared Bat)
Paradoxurus hernwphroditus (Pallas) T.perforatus E. Geoffroy, 1818

(Palm Civet or Toddy Cat) (Egyptian Tomb Bat)
Herpestes edwardsii (Geoffroy) T.kachhensis Dobson, 1872

(Common Mongoose) (Naked-rumped Tomb Bat)
H. javanicus FAMILY : MEGADERMATIDAE

(Small Indian Mongoose) MegaderMa Iyara E. Geoffroy, 1810
(Greater False Vanpire)
FAMILY : HYAENIDAE
Hyaena hynaena FAMIL : RHINOLOPHIDAE
(Hyena) Hipposiderosfulvus Gray, 1838
(Fulvous leaf-nosed Bat)
FAMILY : URSIDAE
Melursus ursinus (Shaw) H.speoris (Schneider, 1800)
(Sloth Bear) (Schneider's Leaf-nosed Bat)
FAMILY : MUSTELIDAE Pipistrellus ceyloneus (Kelaart, 1852)

Mellivora capensis (Schreber) (Kelaart's Pipistrelle)
(Ratel or Honey badger)
273
FAMILY : DUGONGIDAE
Dugong dugong (Muller)
(Dugong)
FAMILY : PHYSETERIDAE
Physter microcephalus Gray
(Sperm Whale)
FAMILY : DELPHINIDAE
Delphinus delphis Linnaeus
(Common Dolphin)
274
DOMESTIC ANIMALS RARE AND THREATENED ANIMALS
OF GUJARAT
Bos indicus (Cattle)
Bos bubalis (Buffalo) 1. Threatened species of animals found in
Ovis aries (Sheep) Gujarat according to Red Data Book of the
Capra hircus (Goat) Zoological Survey of India.
Equs caballus (Horse)
Camelus dromedarius (Camel) MAMMALS
Sus scrofa (Pig),
Canisfamiliaris (Dog) Endangered species
Felis domesticus (Cat) Equs onager khur (Indian Wild Ass)
oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit) Felis libyca (Desert Cat)
Coturnix coturnixjaponica (Japanese Quail) Felis carcal schmitzi (Caracal)
Columba livia domestica (Pigeon) Panthera leo persica (Asiatic Lion)
Anser domesticus (Geese)
Atias platyrhynchos (Duck) Vulnerable Species
Gallus domesticus (Fowl) Antelope cervicapra (Black Buck)
Canis lupus (Wolf)
Dugong dugong (Dugong)
Felis bengalensis (Leopard Cat)
Gazella gazella benneti (Chinkara)
Manis crassicaudata (Indian Pangolin)
Panthera pardus (Common Indian Leopard)
Panthera tigris tigris (Tiger)
Tetracerus quadricornis (Four-homed Antelope)
Status Insufficiently Known

Felis rubiginosa (Rusty-spotted Cat)
BIRDS
Endangered Species
Ardeotis nigriceps (Great Indian Bustard)
Chlamydotis undulata nwccqueeni (Houbara
Bustard)
Ciconia ciconia (White stork)
Falco peregrinus peregrinator (Shaheen Falcon)
Falco biarmicus (Lagger Falcon)
Leptoptiilos dubius (Adjutant Stork)
Leptoptilosjavanicus (Lesser Adjutant)
Platelia leucorodia (Spoonbill)
Vulnerable Species
Haliaeetus leucogaster (White-bellied Sea Eagle)
Pandion haliaeatus (Osprey)
Pavo cristatus (Common Peafowl)
Pelecanus philippensis (Dalmatian Pelican)
Syphiotides indices (Likh or Lesser Florican)
REPTILES
275
Endangered Species FISHES

Crcodylus palustris (Marsh Crocodile or Mugger)
Chelonia mydas (Green sea Turtle) Hippocampus kuda (Sea Horse)
Lepidochelys olivacea (Olive Ridley Turtle) Narcine timlei (Electric Ray Fish)
Dermochelys ceriacea (Leatherback Turtle) Gymnothorax undulatus
Varanus bengalensis (Indian Monitor) Fistularia petimba
Python molurus (Indian Python) Exocoetus volitans
Tetradon sp.
Vulnerable Species Mene maculata
Lissemys punctata punctata (Indian Flap-shell Drepane punctata
Turtle) Pterois voletans (Scorpion Fish)
Aspiderates (Trionyx) gangeticus (Indian Soft- Dyodon hystrix (Porcupine fish)
shelled Turtle)
INVERTEBRATES
FISHES
The status of invertebrate fauna of Gujarat is poorly
Threatened Species of Fresh Water understood, except the marine forms
Fishes reported from the Marine National Park,
Notopterus chitala Jamnagar. Several of the marine
Tor khudree invertebrate species are facing threat due
Tor putitora to increased exploitation of marine
Tor tor resources and multitude of other factors.
Labeo kontius
Cnidarians
11. List of endangered, vulnerable or rare Stoichacts gigantrums
species of animals as reported from Marine All Coral species
National Park, Jamnagar (Forest Astromuricea stellifera
Department, Government of Gujarat) Rubriceratus pirotansis
Ikedella misakiensis
MAMMALS Salmacis bicolar
Polynoe sp.
Endangered Species Planeria sp.
Dolphinus delphis (Dolphin)
Whales Molluscs
Strombus gigas
BIRDS Xancus pyrum
Lambis sp.
Endangered Species Murex sp.
Calidris tenuirostris (Eastern Knot) Pinctata fucata
Calindris minute (Little Stint) Solen trunchetus
Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (Blackneeked Stroke) Pinna bicolar
Telescopium telescopium
Vulnerable species Majority of the Nudibranchs
Phalacocoraxfascicollis (Indian Shag)
Anhinga rufa (Darter) Arthropods
Ardeola striatus (Little Green Heron) Lobsters
Haliastur indus (Brahminy Kite) Solenocerca crasicornis
Tringa erythropus (Spotted or Dusky Redshank)
Tringa nebularia (Green Shank) 111. Vulnerable Species of Freshwater Fishes
Asiofiammeus (Shorteared Owl) of Narmada River. Singh, S.N. (undated,C.
Emberiza striolata (Striolated Bunnting) 1. C. F. R. I.)
276
Tor tor
T. putitora
T. khudree
Labeo fimbriatus
Notopterus chitala
Rita rita
Tenualosa ilisha
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
IV. List of some species of animals recorded

by M.S. University team whose status is rare
in Gujarat state (but may or may not be rare
in other state).
Amphibians
Rana malabarica (Malabar Fungoid Frog)
Rana keralensi, (Verr-ucose Frog)
Uperodon systoma (Marbled Baloon Frog)
Kaloula Pulchra (Ceylon Kaloula)
Reptiles
Lygosoma lineata (Little skink)
This rare skink was collected from Kevadia, about

1 km from Sardar Sarovar Dam in 1993. The report
constitutes the first record of the species from
Gujarat (Naik and Vinod, 1994) and second from
India. The species being reported previously only
from Western India, between North Kanara and
Pune by Smith in 1935.
Birds
Hodgson's Frogmouth
V. Forest Department, Govermnent of Gujarat
Vulnerable Species
Uromastix hardwickii
The distribution of Uromastic hardwickii (Spiny-

tailed lizard) is restricted to the and zones in
Rajasthan and Gujarat. In Gujarat the Spiny-tailed
lizard is found in Kutch district. Once abundant
species in Kutch, their number has been drastically
reduced in recent times due to exetensive
poaching. These animals are captured in large
numbers by the tribals and oil is extracted from the
whole body with the belief that it is aphroidisiac.
277

Biological Diversity of Gujarat

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Biological Diversity of Gujarat

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Biological Diversity of

Gujarat Ecology Commission

Gujarat Ecology Commission

Biological Diversity: Issues and Options 1

Protection of Biodiversity: Policy Issues

Flora of Gujarat: State of the Art 15

Fauna of Gujarat: State of the Art 40

Important Biodiversity Areas of Gujarat 61

Recommendations of Gujarat Ecology Commission 63

STUDY TEAM FOREWORD

The primary concern of Gujarat Ecology

Yet another area which has received special

Gujarat has had several ruling families of the

are yet to be carried out extensively for re- PREFACE

The information have been gathered from various

We have spared no efforts to refer all available

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the floral components.

Mr. A. C. Shah, Librarian, Dr. R. M. Oza (Scientist)

Dr. S. A. Chavan, Chief Conservator of Forests,

EXECUTIVESUMMARY University team in the Narmada valley region in

The avian fauna of Gujarat is unique and

Analysis of the livestock population of Gujarat has

Based on the available data an attempt has also

BIOLOGICALDIVERSITY: areas or undocumented number of species, the

CONSERVATION OF SPECIES based on the principle of sustained yield with

In response to the global concern and increased

The National Forest Policy of 1952 has been

1. Maintenance of environmental stability

2. CONSERVING the natural heritage of the

To achieve these objectives, a network of

Geogra- Forest Forest % to No. PA % to Biogeo-

Kachchh 45652 2860.61 6.27 1252 2.74 3 12903.92 28.27 Indian

Central Gujarat33210 3274.83 9.86 1645 4.95 3 306.85 0.92 Gujarat-

South 23703 5813.00 24.52 5346 22.55 3 792.50 3.34 Western

The Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA),

Sr.No. Legal coverage by law Wild Domestic Genetic

11 Intellectual Property Rights N N N N N

N - Not covered; P - Partially covered; W - Well covered

BIOGEOGRAPHY OF GUJARAT Zone 5. The Western ghats:

the climate in general the State can be divided into

Rainfall varies from about 340 mm in the western

A large variation in soil types can be seen across

All along the eastern border of Gujarat State there

1. Southern hills Dangs, Bulsar 1793 Semi-arid Deep black,

2. Southern Gujarat Surat, Bharuch 974 -do- -do-

3. Middle Gujarat Baroda, Kheda, 904 Semi-arid Medium black

4. North Gujarat Ahmedabad, 735 Arid to semi-arid Gray brown

5. North West arid Kachchh 340 Arid Gray brown

6. North Saurashtra Amreli, 537 Semi-arid Medium black

also richer in South Gujarat than in North Gujarat

Gujarat State is endowed with a great diversity of

From preservation of biodiversity point of view

FLORA OF GUJARAT: STATE OF THE ART KINGDOM PLANTAE

localities of Gujarat coast namely Okha, Dwarka,

Members of division Bacillariophyta, diatoms as MARINE ALGAE

PTERIDOPHYTA from Gujarat, though few other ornamental species

PANEL - 2 Gujarat is one of the smaller Indian States. Lying on

forests are, therefore, concentrated in the hilly parts

The total area under forests in Gujarat is 18707.80

S.No. District Forest area sq. km Percentageof the

1 Ahmedabad 114.65 0.054

Total 18707.80 9.532

MOIST DECIDUOUS FORESTS: The floristic and vegetational studies in Gujarat

Apart from those categories mentioned above,