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    24 views8 pages

    Diseases of Gram

    Uploaded by

    Taushif Ahammed

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 8

    Diseases of Gram

    1. Alternaria blight: Alternaria alternata


    2. Ascochyta blight: Ascochyta rabiei
    3. Botrytis gray mold: Botrytis cineria
    4. Collar rot: Sclerotium rolfsii
    5. Dry root rot: Rhizoctonia bataticola/Macrophomina phaseolina
    6. Fusarium wilt: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri
    7. Powdery mildew: Oidiopsis taurica

    Ascochyta blight

    • Economic importance: The disease can cause grain yield and quality losses up to 100%.

    Symptoms:

     Flowering and podding time is most susceptible and producing patches of


    blighted plants.
     The emerging seedlings develop dark brown lesions at the base of the stem.
     Affected seedlings may collapse and die.
     Pycnidia may be formed on the lesions.
     On a susceptible cultivar, the necrosis progresses from the buds downwards,
    killing the plant.
     The fungus penetrates the pod and infects the developing seed.

    Ascochyta blight symptoms on Gram

    Dr. Arghya Banerjee, Assistant Professor (Plant Pathology), TNU


    Causal organism:

     Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. [teleomorph: Didymella rabiei (Kovacheski)


    von Arx (synonym: Mycosphaerella rabiei Kovacheski)], class
    Dothideomycetes, order Pleosporales, family Didymellaceae.
     The pycnidium was spherical or pear-shaped with an ostiole.
     The conidia (8-15 × 4-6 µm) were oval to oblong, hyaline, occasionally bi-
    celled, rounded at both ends
     They developed on conidiophores and embedded in a mucilaginous mass
    of cream-pink to light tan.
     The fungus was flat, submerged with sparse mycelium on artificial media.
     Bitunicate ascus and ascospores were produced by sexual stage of fungi,
    Didymella rabiei

    A-B. Growth on PDA, C. Pycnidium, D. Conidia of Ascochyta rabiei

    Epidemiology:

     Diseased debris left over in the fields also serves as a source of primary
    inoculum.
     Ascospores were also found to play a role in the initiation of disease epidemics.
     Secondary spread is through pycnidiospores.
     Cool, cloudy and wet weather favors the disease development.
     The disease builds up and spreads fast when night temperatures are around 10°C,
    day temperatures are around 20°C, and rains are accompanied by cloudy days.

    Dr. Arghya Banerjee, Assistant Professor (Plant Pathology), TNU


     Excessive canopy development also favors blight development.

    Disease Cycle:

    Disease Management:

     Cultural practices: Sow late, remove and destroy dead plant debris, rotate crops, sow
    deep (15 cm or deeper), wider row spacing, adopt low seeding rate, intercrop with wheat,
    barley, mustard, bury diseased debris 10 cm or deeper, sow disease-free seeds
     Resistant varieties/lines: F8, C 12/34, C 235, G 543, H 75-35, GG688,GNG
    146,Gaurav, BG 261, GG 588,Hima chana-1, Gaurav, Vardan, Samrat, PBG 1 and BG
    261
     Chemical: Seed treatment: Azoxistrobin @ 1g/kg , Benomyl @ 2 g/kg , Calixin M®
    (tridemorph + maneb) @ 3 g/kg , Calixin M® (tridemorph + maneb) + thiram (1:1) @ 2-
    5 g/kg Foliar application: chlorothalonil, Wettable sulphur, dithianon (Dosage @ 3 g/l)

    Dr. Arghya Banerjee, Assistant Professor (Plant Pathology), TNU


     Extracts from cultures of Aspergillus parasiticus are active against A. rabiei.

    Botrytis gray mold (BGM)

    • Economic importance: BGM can cause yield losses up to 100%.

    Symptoms:

     Lack of pod setting is the first indication of the disease


     Plants often die in patches
     The disease is more severe on portions of the plant hidden under the canopy
     When humidity is very high, the symptoms appear on stems, leaves, flowers
    and pods as gray or dark brown lesions covered with moldy sporophores.
     Lesions on stem are 10 - 30 mm long and girdle the stem completely
     Lesions on the pod are water-soaked and irregular
     Grayish white mycelium may be seen on the infected seeds.

    Botrytis gray mold symptoms on Gram

    Epidemiology:

     The disease is usually seen at flowering time when the crop canopy is fully
    developed.
     Excessive vegetative growth due to too much irrigation or rain, close
    spacing, and varieties that have a spreading habit favor disease
    development.
     Temperatures between 20 and 25°C and excessive humidity around flowering
    and podding time favor disease development.

    Dr. Arghya Banerjee, Assistant Professor (Plant Pathology), TNU


    Disease Cycle:

    Disease Management:

     Cultural practices: Use disease-free seed, burn infected debris, deep ploughing, adopt
    late sowing and wider row spacing, intercrop with linseed or wheat, avoid excessive
    vegetative growth, avoid excessive irrigation.
     Resistant varieties/lines: BG 276, GL 90159, GL 91040, GL 91071 and GL 92162
     Chemical: Seed treatment: carbendazim + thiram (1:1) vinclozolin, carbendazim
    triadimefon, Dithane M 45® (maneb) Triadimenol, thiabendazole, iprodione
     Foliar spray: vinclozolin
     carbendazim @ 1g/L + thiram @ 2g/L
     carbendazim @1 g/L , captan
     Chlorothalonil, mancozeb, thiophonate methyl (Apply at 50 days after sowing or at the
    first sign of symptoms)

    Dr. Arghya Banerjee, Assistant Professor (Plant Pathology), TNU


    Wilt disease
    • Economic importance: Yearly yield losses are estimated at 10-15% in India and
    Spain, with losses of 70-100% in years of severe outbreaks of the disease.

    Symptoms:

     Seedling stage
     The disease can be observed within 3 weeks of sowing.
     Whole seedlings (3 - 5 weeks after sowing) collapse and lie flat on the ground.
     When uprooted, they usually show uneven shrinking of the stem above and
    below the collar region (soil level).
     Dark brown to black discoloration of the internal stem tissues is clearly visible
     Adult stage
     The affected plants show typical wilting, ie, drooping of the petioles, rachis and
    leaflets
     Drooping is visible initially in the upper part of the plant but within a day or two,
    the entire plant droops.
     The lower leaves are chlorotic, but most of the other leaves droop while still
    green.
     Gradually, however, all the leaves turn yellow and then light brown or straw
    colored.
     When the stem is split vertically, internal discoloration can be seen. Around the
    collar region, above and below, the xylem in the central inner portion (pith and
    part of the wood) is discolored dark brown or black.

    Dr. Arghya Banerjee, Assistant Professor (Plant Pathology), TNU


    Wilt disease symptoms on Gram

    Causal organism:

     The disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri, producing macro and
    micro conidia. Chlamydospores often produced by pathogen.

    a) Microconidia, b) Macroconodia produced by Fusarium oxysporum


    f.sp. ciceri, a) Chlamydospore, b) Mycelium

    Epidemiology:

     Wilt is a seed and soil borne disease.


     Wilt incidence is generally higher when chickpea is grown in warmer and
    drier climates (> 25°C) and when crop rotations are not practiced.

    Disease Cycle:

    Dr. Arghya Banerjee, Assistant Professor (Plant Pathology), TNU


    Disease Management:

     Cultural practices: Use disease-free seed, avoid sowing when temperatures are high
    (late sowing), follow 4-year crop rotations, soil solarization during summer months,
    Green manuring/ FYM application
     Resistant varieties/lines: No. 10, S 26, G 24, C 214, BG 244, Pusa212, Avrodhi, JG 315,
    JG 14, JG 11, JGK 2,KAK 2, Vijay, Vaibhav, JG 63, Birsa canna-3, WR 315, JG 74,
    JAKI 9218, Vihar, JG 1265,BG 1053, PDG 4, Gujarat gram 4, Gujaratgram 1, BGM 47,
    COG 29-1, L551
     Chemical: Seed treatment with Bavistin @2g/kg of seed or carbendazim
     Biological: Seed treatment with Trichoderma viridae @4g/kg or Pseudomonas
    fluorescence @10 g/kg

    Dr. Arghya Banerjee, Assistant Professor (Plant Pathology), TNU

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