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Ascochyta blight
• Economic importance: The disease can cause grain yield and quality losses up to 100%.
Symptoms:
Epidemiology:
Diseased debris left over in the fields also serves as a source of primary
inoculum.
Ascospores were also found to play a role in the initiation of disease epidemics.
Secondary spread is through pycnidiospores.
Cool, cloudy and wet weather favors the disease development.
The disease builds up and spreads fast when night temperatures are around 10°C,
day temperatures are around 20°C, and rains are accompanied by cloudy days.
Disease Cycle:
Disease Management:
Cultural practices: Sow late, remove and destroy dead plant debris, rotate crops, sow
deep (15 cm or deeper), wider row spacing, adopt low seeding rate, intercrop with wheat,
barley, mustard, bury diseased debris 10 cm or deeper, sow disease-free seeds
Resistant varieties/lines: F8, C 12/34, C 235, G 543, H 75-35, GG688,GNG
146,Gaurav, BG 261, GG 588,Hima chana-1, Gaurav, Vardan, Samrat, PBG 1 and BG
261
Chemical: Seed treatment: Azoxistrobin @ 1g/kg , Benomyl @ 2 g/kg , Calixin M®
(tridemorph + maneb) @ 3 g/kg , Calixin M® (tridemorph + maneb) + thiram (1:1) @ 2-
5 g/kg Foliar application: chlorothalonil, Wettable sulphur, dithianon (Dosage @ 3 g/l)
Symptoms:
Epidemiology:
The disease is usually seen at flowering time when the crop canopy is fully
developed.
Excessive vegetative growth due to too much irrigation or rain, close
spacing, and varieties that have a spreading habit favor disease
development.
Temperatures between 20 and 25°C and excessive humidity around flowering
and podding time favor disease development.
Disease Management:
Cultural practices: Use disease-free seed, burn infected debris, deep ploughing, adopt
late sowing and wider row spacing, intercrop with linseed or wheat, avoid excessive
vegetative growth, avoid excessive irrigation.
Resistant varieties/lines: BG 276, GL 90159, GL 91040, GL 91071 and GL 92162
Chemical: Seed treatment: carbendazim + thiram (1:1) vinclozolin, carbendazim
triadimefon, Dithane M 45® (maneb) Triadimenol, thiabendazole, iprodione
Foliar spray: vinclozolin
carbendazim @ 1g/L + thiram @ 2g/L
carbendazim @1 g/L , captan
Chlorothalonil, mancozeb, thiophonate methyl (Apply at 50 days after sowing or at the
first sign of symptoms)
Symptoms:
Seedling stage
The disease can be observed within 3 weeks of sowing.
Whole seedlings (3 - 5 weeks after sowing) collapse and lie flat on the ground.
When uprooted, they usually show uneven shrinking of the stem above and
below the collar region (soil level).
Dark brown to black discoloration of the internal stem tissues is clearly visible
Adult stage
The affected plants show typical wilting, ie, drooping of the petioles, rachis and
leaflets
Drooping is visible initially in the upper part of the plant but within a day or two,
the entire plant droops.
The lower leaves are chlorotic, but most of the other leaves droop while still
green.
Gradually, however, all the leaves turn yellow and then light brown or straw
colored.
When the stem is split vertically, internal discoloration can be seen. Around the
collar region, above and below, the xylem in the central inner portion (pith and
part of the wood) is discolored dark brown or black.
Causal organism:
The disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri, producing macro and
micro conidia. Chlamydospores often produced by pathogen.
Epidemiology:
Disease Cycle:
Cultural practices: Use disease-free seed, avoid sowing when temperatures are high
(late sowing), follow 4-year crop rotations, soil solarization during summer months,
Green manuring/ FYM application
Resistant varieties/lines: No. 10, S 26, G 24, C 214, BG 244, Pusa212, Avrodhi, JG 315,
JG 14, JG 11, JGK 2,KAK 2, Vijay, Vaibhav, JG 63, Birsa canna-3, WR 315, JG 74,
JAKI 9218, Vihar, JG 1265,BG 1053, PDG 4, Gujarat gram 4, Gujaratgram 1, BGM 47,
COG 29-1, L551
Chemical: Seed treatment with Bavistin @2g/kg of seed or carbendazim
Biological: Seed treatment with Trichoderma viridae @4g/kg or Pseudomonas
fluorescence @10 g/kg