Background
Methods
Study area
Ethnomycological work
Results
General classification | Mixtec name | Examples of subclasses and Mixtec name |
---|---|---|
Animals |
kɨtɨ, tɨ-
| Animal house (domestic) “kɨtɨ tata”; animal field (wild) “kɨtɨ yuku”; animal harmful (injurious) “kɨtɨ kui´na” |
Trees and shrubsa
|
yutnu, tnu-
| Pine tree “tnuyusa”, oak “tnuyaa”, chamizo “tnutau”, carrizo “tnuyoo” |
Herbs |
yɨ´ɨ, ku´u, yukú
| Herbs “ku´u”, flower “ita”, grass “ite” |
Mushrooms |
xi´i
| Good mushroom (edible mushroom) “xi´i va´a”, mushroom that is eaten (“xi´i saxio”)
|
Mushroom bad (poisonous mushroon) or crazy mushroom “xi´i kue´e”, mushroom that is not eaten “xi´i un tu saxío” Frog mushroom “xi´i la´va”, Toad mushroom “xi´i la´va ndɨ´yɨ” | ||
Mushroom growing on the dry stump “xi´i kene nuu ntu´u”, “xi´i kene nuu yutnu” | ||
Mushroom that grows on the soil “xi´i kene nuu ñu´u” | ||
Mushroom that grows on manure “xi´i nuu ka´ava” | ||
Mushroom that grows on the leaf litter “xi´i kene nuu vixi” |
Uses of fungi
Edible mushrooms and preparation methods
Taxa | Mixtec name | English translation |
---|---|---|
Agaricus campestris L. ex Fr. |
xi´i nuu ite (xi´i = mushroom; nuu = above; ite = grass) | grass mushroom |
Agaricus pampeanus Speg. |
xi´i ndeyu (ndei) (xi´i = mushroom; ndeyu = mole “amarillito”) | mushroom use to prepare mole “amarillito” |
Albatrellus aff. ovinus Schaeff. |
xi´i yaa idu (xi´i = mushroom; yaa = tongue; idu = deer (Odocoileus virginianus oaxacensis) | deer tongue mushroom |
Amanita aff. basii Guzmán & Ram. Guill.; Amanita aff. jacksonii Pomerl.; Amanita aff. laurae Guzmán & Ram. Guill.; Amanita sect. caesarea (Scop.:Fr.) Pers. |
xi´i naa (xi´i = mushroom; naa = exterminate) | mushroom who dies fast |
Boletus edulis s.l. Bull. ex Fr. |
xi´i taka ya´a (xi´i = mushroom; taka = nest of bird; ya´a = brown) | brown nest mushroom |
Cantharellus cibarius s.l. Fr. |
xi ´i veya (xi´i = mushroom; tɨveya = pumpkin flower (Cucurbita spp.) | pumpkin flower mushroom |
Hohenbuehelia petaloides (Bull.) Schulzer |
xi´i tnu tɨ´ma (xi´i = mushroom; tnu = tree; tɨ´ma = cazahuate (Ipomoea murocoides Roem. & Schult.) | mushroom of the cazahuate tree |
Hydnum repandum L.: Fr. |
xi´i tɨntaku (xi´i = mushroom; tɨndaku = worm) | worm mushroom |
Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schw. Fr.) |
xi´i lo´o (xi´i = mushroom; lo´o = rooster) | mushroom of rooster |
Calvathia cyathiformis (Bosc) Morgan |
xi´i ndɨvɨ kuni (xi´i = mushroom; ndɨvɨ = egg; kuni = turkey hen) | egg mushroom of turkey hen |
Lactarius volemus Fr.
|
xi´i dɨkuɨ(xi´i = mushroom; dɨkuɨ = milk) | milk mushroom |
Marasmius oreades Bolt. ex Fr. |
xi´i daa (xi´i = muhroom; tɨdaa = bird);
xi´i ndeyu (xi´i = mushroom; ndeyu = “amarillito” mole);
xi´i nuu ite (xi´i = mushroom; nuu = above; ite = grass) | bird mushroom; mushroom used to prepare mole “amarillito”; grass mushroom |
Neolentinus lepideus (Buxb.) Fr. |
xi´i ntaka’an ñu´u (xi´i = mushroom; ntaka’an = returns to talk; ñu´u = God or land); xi´i kolo (xi´i = mushroom; kolo = turkey) | mushroom of thunder (when God or land returns to talk); turkey mushroom |
Pleurotus aff. eryngii (Fr.) |
xi´i tnu tɨ´ma (xi´i = mushroom; tnu (yutnu) = tree; tɨ´ma = cazahuate) | mushroom of cazahuate tree |
Pleurotus aff. dryinus (Pers. ex Fr.) Kum. |
xi´i tnu tɨ´ma (xi´i = mushroom; tnu (yutnu) = tree; tɨ´ma = cazahuate) | mushroom of cazahuate tree |
Pseudofistulina radicata (Schw.) Burds. |
xi´i tuchi (xi´i = mushroom; tuchi = tendon, leathery)
xi´i tnu xikunta (xi´i = mushroom; tnu (yutnu) = tree; xikunta = guachépil (Diphysa robinioides Benth.) | mushroom of tendon mushroom of guachépil tree |
Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Ricken |
xi´i ndɨkɨ idú (xi´i = mushroom; ndɨkɨ = antler; idú = deer) | mushroom of antler deer |
Ramaria flava Quel. |
xi´i ndɨkɨ idú (xi´i = mushroom; ndɨkɨ = antler; idú = deer) | mushroom of antler deer |
Russula mexicana Burl. |
xi´i satu (xi´i = mushroom; satu = spicy, hot)
xi´i ya’a (xi´i = mushroom; ya´a = peper) | spicy mushroom mushroom of pepper |
Schizophyllum commune (Fr.) Fr. |
xi´i tnu kutu (xi´i = mushroom; tnu (yutnu) = tree; kutu = copal (Bursera spp.) | mushroom of copal tree |
Ustilago maydis
|
tɨká maa (tɨka = grasshopper; maa = bad) | bad grasshopper |
Taxa | Mixtec name | Use | Substrate | Habitat | TG | Mixtec community |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascomycetes | ||||||
Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schw. Fr.) |
xi´i lo´o
| EL | M | Q, P, P-Q | MY | 1, 2 |
Basidiomycetes | ||||||
Agaricus campestris L. ex Fr. |
xi´i nu ite
| EL | H | G | S | 1, 2 |
Agaricus pampeanus Speg. |
xi´i nde´i
| EL | H | G | S | 4 |
Albatrellus aff. ovinus Schaeff. |
xi´i yaa idu
| EL | H | P | S | 1 |
Amanita aff. basii Guzmán & Ram. Guill. |
xi´i naa
| EL | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Amanita bisporigera G.F. Atk |
xi´i la´ava
| DT | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Amanita chlorinosma (Peck) Lloyd |
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ kuixi
| T | S | Q, P, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita citrina Pers. |
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ
| T | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita crocea (Quél.) Singer ex Singer. |
xi´i la´ava
| T | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita echinocephala (Vittad.) Quel. |
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ
| T | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita flavoconia G.F. Atk. |
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ
| T | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita flavorubens (Berk. & Mont.) Sacc. |
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ
| T | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita fulva Fr. |
xi´i la´ava
| T | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita gemmata (Fr.) Bertill. |
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ
| T | S | Q, P, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita aff. jacksonii Pomerl. |
xi´i naa
| EL | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Amanita aff. laurae Guzmán & Ram. Guill. |
xi´i naa
| EL | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Amanita muscaria (L.: Fr.) Lam. |
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ
| T | S | Q, P, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Link. |
xi´i la´ava
| DT | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita polypyramis (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc. |
xi´i la´ava kuixi
| T | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita rubescens (Pers.: Fr.) S.F. Gray. |
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ
| T | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita sect. caesarea (Scop.:Fr.) Pers. |
xi´i naa
| EL | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam. |
xi´i la´ava
| T | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita verna (Bull.: Fr.) Lamarck. |
xi´i la´ava
| T | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita virosa (Fr.) Bertill. |
xi´i la´ava
| DT | S | Q, P, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.: Pers.) Morgan. |
xi’i chɨndɨɨ
| L | S | Q, G | EM | 1 |
Boletus edulis s.l. Bull. ex Fr. |
xi´i taka ya´a
| EL | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Calvatia aff. cyathiformis (Bosc) Morgan |
xi´i ndɨvɨ kuni
| EL, L | H | G | S | 1,3 |
Cantharellus “cibarius” sp. 1 |
xi´i veya
| EL | S | Q, P, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Cantharellus “cibarius” sp. 2 |
xi´i veya
| EL | S | Q, P, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Hohenbuehelia petaloides (Bull.) Schulzer. |
xi´i tnu tɨ´ma
| EL | W | TDC | S | 1 |
Hydnum repandum L.: Fr. |
xi´i tɨntaku
| EL | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Lactarius volemus Fr. |
xi´i dɨkuɨ
| EL | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Lepiota sp.
|
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ
| T | H | Q, P-Q | S | 1 |
Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff. |
xi’i kue´e
| L | H | G | S | 1, 2 |
Lycoperdon aff. spadiceum Pers. |
xi’i kue´e
| L | H | G | S | 1 |
Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. |
xi’i kue´e
| L | H | G | S | 1, 2 |
Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer |
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ
| T | H | P | S | 1, 2 |
Marasmius oreades Bolt. ex Fr. |
xi´i daa, xi´i ndeyu
| EL | H | G | S | 1, 2 |
Neolentinus lepideus (Buxb.) Fr. |
xi´i ntaka’a ñu´u; xi´i kolo
| EL | W | P, P-Q | S | 1, 2 |
Pisolithus arhizus (Scop.: Pers.) Rausch. |
xi’i ndɨvɨ burru
| L | S | P, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Pleurotus aff. dryinus (Pers. ex Fr.) Kum. |
xi´i tnu tɨ´ma
| EL | W | TDF | S | 1, 2 |
Pleurotus aff. eryngii (Fr.) |
xi´i tnu tɨ´ma
| EL | W | TDF | S | 1, 2 |
Pseudofistulina radicata (Schw.) Burds. |
xi´i tuchi
| EL | W | Q, P-Q | S | 1, 2 |
Ramaria aff. fennica (P. Karst.) Ricken |
xi´i ndɨkɨ idu
| EL | S | Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Ricken. |
xi´i ndɨkɨ idu
| EL | S | Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Ramaria flava Quel. |
xi´i ndɨkɨ idu
| EL | S | Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Russula mexicana Burl. |
xi´i satu, xi´i ya’a
| EL | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Schizophyllum commune (Fr.) Fr. |
xi´i tnu kutu
| EL | W | TDF | S | 1, 2 |
Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda. |
tikaa maa
| EL | O | C | P | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Ludic use
Hallucinogenic mushrooms
Toxic mushrooms
Mushrooms with pharmacological potential
Taxa | Mixtec name | Use | Substrate | Habitat | TG | Mixtec community |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascomycetes | ||||||
Helvella acetabulum (L.) Quél. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | S | Q | EM | 1 |
Helvella crispa (Scop.) Fries |
xi’i kue´e
| E, PP | S | Q | EM | 1 |
Helvella elastica Bull. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | S | Q | EM | 1 |
Helvella lactea Boud. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | S | Q | EM | 1 |
Helvella lacunosa s. l. Afzelius ex Fries. |
xi’i kue´e
| E, PP | S | P-Q, Q | EM | 1 |
Hypomyces macrosporus Seaver |
xi´i lo´o ya´a
| E | M | P | MY | 1 |
Basidiomycetes | ||||||
Amanita fulva Fr. |
xi´i la´ava
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita rubescens (Pers.: Fr.) S.F. Gray. |
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Amanita sect. caesarea (Scop.:Fr.) Pers. |
xi´i naa
| PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Amanita vaginata (Bull.) Lam. |
xi´i la´ava
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel |
xi´i yutnu
| E | W | Q, P-Q | P | 1 |
Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.: Pers.) Morgan. |
xi’i chɨndɨɨ
| PP | S | Q, G | EM | 1 |
Austroboletus betula (Schwein.) E. Horak |
xi´i taka
| E | S | P, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Austroboletus gracilis (Peck) Wolfe |
xi´i taka
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Boletellus aff. ananas (M.A. Curtis) Murrill |
xi’i kue´e
| E | S | Q | EM | 1 |
Boletopsis grisea (Peck) Bondartsev & Singer |
xi´i taka
| E, PP | S | Q | EM | 1 |
Boletus aereus Bull. |
xi´i taka
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Boletus aff. erythropus Pers. |
xi´i taka
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Boletus bicolor Raddi |
xi´i taka
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Boletus edulis s.l. Bull. ex Fr. |
xi´i taka ya´a
| PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Boletus pinophilus Pilát & Dermek |
xi´i taka
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Butyriboletus regius (Krombh.) Arora & J.L. Frank |
xi´i taka tikue´e
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Cantharellus “cibarius” sp. 1 |
xi´i veya
| PP | S | Q, P, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Cantharellus “cibarius” sp. 2 |
xi´i veya
| PP | S | Q, P, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Cantharellus cinnabarinus (Schwein.) Schwein. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Chroogomphus jamaicensis (Murrill) O.K. Mill |
xi’i kue´e
| E | S | Q | EM | 1 |
Clavulina rugosa (Bull.) J. Schröt |
xi´i ndɨkɨ idu
| E | S | Q | EM | 1 |
Clitocybe gibba (Pers.) P. Kumm. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | H | Q | S | 1 |
Coprinus comatus (O. F. Müll.) Pers. |
xi´i nuu ka´ava ntukutu
| E | H | G | S | 1, 2 |
Craterellus cornucopioides (L.) Pers. |
xi’i kue´e
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Craterellus lutescens (Fr.) Fr. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quél. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Frostiella russellii (Frost) Murrill |
xi´i taka tɨkue´e
| E | S | P, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Hydnum repandum L.: Fr. |
xi´i tɨntaku
| PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Hygrophorus russula (Schaeff.) Kauffman |
xi’i kue´e
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Imleria aff. badia (Fr.) Vizzini |
xi´i taka
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Laccaria amethystina Cooke |
xi’i kue´e
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Laccaria aff. bicolor (Maire) Orton |
xi’i kue´e
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Laccaria laccata s. l. (Scop.: Fr.) Cooke. |
xi’i kue´e
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Lactarius aff. piperatus (L.) Pers. |
xi’i kue´e
| PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Lactarius aff. vellereus (Fr.) Fr. |
xi’i kue´e
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Lactarius indigo (Schwein.) Fr. |
xi´i kuilu
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff.) Gray |
xi´i kue´e
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Lentinus crinitus (L.) Fr. |
xi´i yutnu
| E | W | Q, P-Q | S | 1, 2 |
Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | H | G | S | 1, 2 |
Lycoperdon aff. spadiceum Pers. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | H | G | S | 1 |
Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | H | G | S | 1, 2 |
Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Singer |
xi’i kue´e
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer |
xi´i la´ava ndɨ´yɨ
| E | H | P | S | 1, 2 |
Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Ricken. |
xi´i ndɨkɨ idu
| PP | S | Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Ramaria flava Quel. |
xi´i ndɨkɨ idu
| PP | S | Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr. |
xi’i kue´e
| E, PP | S | Q | EM | 1 |
Russula brevipes Peck. |
xi´i ya’a
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Russula cyanoxantha (Sch.) Fr. |
xi´i ya’a
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Russula delica Fr. |
xi’i kue´e
| E, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Russula grata Britzelm. |
xi´i ya’a
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Russula rosea Pers. |
xi´i ya’a
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, |
Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | W | P, P-Q | S | 1 |
Strobilomyces confusus Singer |
xi’i kue´e
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Suillellus luridus (Schaeff.) Murrill |
xi´i taka
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Suillus collinitus (Fr.) Kuntze |
xi´i taka kuaan
| E, PP | S | P, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Tremellodendron schweinitzii (Peck) G.F. Atk. |
xi’i kue´e
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Tricholoma equestre (L.) P. Kumm.
|
xi’i kue´e
| Ea, PP | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst. |
xi´i taka
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1, 2 |
Xerocomellus chrysenteron (Bull.) Šutara |
xi´i taka
| E | S | Q, P-Q | EM | 1 |
Ecology, phenology and trophic groups of wild mushrooms
Mycophagy by wild animals
Transmission of mycological knowledge
Environmental and cultural factors
Name of community | Populationa
| Native Mixtec Speakersa,b
| Natural vegetation covera
| Degree of soil erosiona
| Degree of economic marginalizationa
| Richness of fungal species recognized and used |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCE | 1,156 | 94.8 % | PQF (72 %), RA (21 %), SV (7 %) | Medium | Very high | 48 |
SJY | 432 | 45.3 % | PQF (50 %), RA (29 %), SV (21 %) | Medium | Very high | 24 |
SMT | 346 | 8.1 % | PQF (40 %), SG (46 %), SH (2 %), RA (12 %) | Very high | Medium | 2 |
SAY | 695 | 50.7 % | PQF (40 %), TDF (15 %), SV (33 %), RA (11 %) | High | High | 2 |
Commercialization and potential use of wild mushrooms
Discussion
Term | Variants of the term Mixtec and English translation | Geographic region of linguistic variation | Citation |
---|---|---|---|
NW of Oaxaca | |||
siye
| mushrooms | Teposcolula | [38] |
ji´i
|
ji´i váyá “mushroom orange” | San Miguel El Grande | [39] |
xí´î
|
xí´í nda´nda idu, xí´í yau “mushroom of maguey”, xiti “huitlacoche” | San Juan Diuxi | [42] |
jihì
|
jihì naa “mushroom (large edible yellow)”, jihì ñáá “mushroom bad (poisonous)”, jihì ichà “mushroom grass”, jihì landia “mushroom blue”, jihì leyu “champiñón”, jihì martiu “mushroom hammer”, jihì sòho vílu“mushroom cat ear”, jihì yáa sndikì “mushroom bull tongue”, jihì takà“mushroom deer horn”, jihì yaha “mushroom of pepper”, jihì jahà yunu“mushroom walking stick”, jihì shàhan “mushroom lard”, jihì burru“mushroom of donkey”, jihì kóhló “mushroom turkey” | Chalcatongo (ñuù ndéyá) | [43] |
ji’i
|
ji’i chisun “champiñón”, ji’i [yika tnu_ni’ma ma] “mushroom of Cazahuate tree”, ji’in [nuu ñu’ú ma] “mushroom of soil” | Magdalena Peñasco | [48] |
NE of Oaxaca | |||
xɨ´xɨ
| mushrooms | San Juan Coatzospan | [47] |
SW of Oaxaca | |||
ji´i
|
ji´i ya´a “mushroom spicy”, ji´i ya´a isu “mushroom deer”, ji´i saa nchaa “mushroom of little bird”, ji´i tɨndaku “mushroom of little worms”, ji´i vaya “mushroom yellow”, ji´i xini “mushroom skull” | Santiago Yosondua | [46] |
sehie
| mushrooms | Chayuco | [40] |