Apothecia Black and White Stock Photos & Images

Lichen cladonia pyxidata and moss in autumn forest. Black and white photo. Stock Photo

RF2G21MF1–Lichen cladonia pyxidata and moss in autumn forest. Black and white photo.

. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. 40 THE LARCH CANKER same cushions as very young apothecia. They consist of a ramifying series of cavities nearly filled with hyphae. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hiley, W. E. (Wilfrid Edward). Oxford : Clarendon Press Stock Photo

RMPG44EC–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. 40 THE LARCH CANKER same cushions as very young apothecia. They consist of a ramifying series of cavities nearly filled with hyphae. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hiley, W. E. (Wilfrid Edward). Oxford : Clarendon Press

Lichen Xanthoria parietina on a tree bark, black and white photo Stock Photo

RF2GM320C–Lichen Xanthoria parietina on a tree bark, black and white photo

. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. Fig. 15.—Apothecia of Dasyscypha calycina on dead larch stem (x f). Closed in dry weather.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hiley, W. E. (Wilfrid Edward). Oxford : Clarendon Press Stock Photo

RMRDE1MW–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. Fig. 15.—Apothecia of Dasyscypha calycina on dead larch stem (x f). Closed in dry weather.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hiley, W. E. (Wilfrid Edward). Oxford : Clarendon Press

RMPG44EN–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. Fig. 15.—Apothecia of Dasyscypha calycina on dead larch stem (x f). Closed in dry weather.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hiley, W. E. (Wilfrid Edward). Oxford : Clarendon Press

. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. 'omimmm 180 rOPULAR HISTORY OF LICHENS. 5. IJmbttjcauta erosa {emlo, to eat into, or perforate) is distinguished bj the reticulate-cribrose character of the thallus, which is bronze-coh)ured,—below ociiroleucous or brownish and papillose. Apothecia innate, then appressed, otherwise resembling those of preceding species. Spermo- gones frequently abundant, but not easily seen, from having the same colour as the thallus; they are sm Stock Photo

RMREP3B7–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. 'omimmm 180 rOPULAR HISTORY OF LICHENS. 5. IJmbttjcauta erosa {emlo, to eat into, or perforate) is distinguished bj the reticulate-cribrose character of the thallus, which is bronze-coh)ured,—below ociiroleucous or brownish and papillose. Apothecia innate, then appressed, otherwise resembling those of preceding species. Spermo- gones frequently abundant, but not easily seen, from having the same colour as the thallus; they are sm

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER VII.âPHENOMENA OF VEGETATION.âLICHENS. 415 conical bodies like small flat apothecia of Peziza with the apex of the cone towards the thallus and produced by suitable branching of a tuft of hyphae; these bodies when they are present in large numbers unite together at the margins and form patches of some size; in Dictyonema and Laudatea they are smooth expanded layers usually resembling those of the Thelephoreae. The sporiferous structure of Rhipidonema is not cl Stock Photo

RMPG2KGX–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER VII.âPHENOMENA OF VEGETATION.âLICHENS. 415 conical bodies like small flat apothecia of Peziza with the apex of the cone towards the thallus and produced by suitable branching of a tuft of hyphae; these bodies when they are present in large numbers unite together at the margins and form patches of some size; in Dictyonema and Laudatea they are smooth expanded layers usually resembling those of the Thelephoreae. The sporiferous structure of Rhipidonema is not cl

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 124 LICHENACEI. [PTCNOTHELIA. As limited, this is a very natural tribe, readily known by the form of the thallus and the character of the variously coloured, but never normally black, apothecia. The five genera of which it is composed, as constituted by Nylander (two of which, viz. Heterodea and Cladia, are exotic), while closely related to each other, are separated by the basal thallus and the podetia. The species are for the most part very social in habit. Stock Photo

RMRE0KMH–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 124 LICHENACEI. [PTCNOTHELIA. As limited, this is a very natural tribe, readily known by the form of the thallus and the character of the variously coloured, but never normally black, apothecia. The five genera of which it is composed, as constituted by Nylander (two of which, viz. Heterodea and Cladia, are exotic), while closely related to each other, are separated by the basal thallus and the podetia. The species are for the most part very social in habit.

. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. THALLOPHYTA. 693 and Coleochseteae of the class Gamophycese of Green Algse. Thus the same Alga serves for many different Lichens. Classifying Lichens according to the characters of the fungal constituent, we find members of the following families: Discomycetes, Pyrenomycetes, Hymeno- mycetes, and Gasteromycetes. We may therefore speak of 4 families of Lichens: Biscolichenes, PyrenoUchenes, HymenoUchen'es, and Gasterolichenes. Discolichenes.—^AU produce asci in apothecia after the manner of Discomycet Stock Photo

RMPG1RC5–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. THALLOPHYTA. 693 and Coleochseteae of the class Gamophycese of Green Algse. Thus the same Alga serves for many different Lichens. Classifying Lichens according to the characters of the fungal constituent, we find members of the following families: Discomycetes, Pyrenomycetes, Hymeno- mycetes, and Gasteromycetes. We may therefore speak of 4 families of Lichens: Biscolichenes, PyrenoUchenes, HymenoUchen'es, and Gasterolichenes. Discolichenes.—^AU produce asci in apothecia after the manner of Discomycet

RMREP2H3–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. 318 POPULAR HISTORY OF LICHENS.. parasitic Celidimn, it will be observRcl, are very distinct from those of 8. puhno7iana, which are lanceolate, acute at both ends, and usually bilocular. C. Stldarum also constitutes a deformed state of the apothecia of Stlda scroUculata in some parts of Scotland; and it is the Lecanora parasitica of some Continental authors. Genus IV. PHACOPSIS, Tul. Gen, Chat. Apothecia innate-adnate, at first c

. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Limiting tissue of thallus. Pr(jtective hairs. Oogonia in varicius stages of development. iMouth of conceptacle. 4.—Y.S. Apothecia, Parmelia parietina.. Apothecia containing spores. Mycelium. Unicellular alga:. Rhizoides or root-hairs.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne & McKe Stock Photo

RMPG02A0–. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Limiting tissue of thallus. Pr(jtective hairs. Oogonia in varicius stages of development. iMouth of conceptacle. 4.—Y.S. Apothecia, Parmelia parietina.. Apothecia containing spores. Mycelium. Unicellular alga:. Rhizoides or root-hairs.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne & McKe

RMREP2K0–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. SI '1 310 POPULAR HISTORY OF LICHENS. miliar to Lichcnologists—under the name of CejjJialodia or other designations—as bhick tubercles, warts, or points on the thallus, or as black, deformed states of the ajiothecia, of various common Licliens, and especially of foliaceous species; but they have generally been regarded as abortive apothecia, or as parasitic fungi. In illustration, we may cite the black-punctate conditions of the

. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. RHYTISMA. 245 eight needle-shaped unicellular spores; pycnidia (spermogonia) with little unicellular conidia are also formed. The fungus attacks leaves of sycamore {Acer Pseudoplatanus), the black spots making their appearance in September. The apothecia ripen on the ground during the following summer.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for rea Stock Photo

RMPG4BFN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. RHYTISMA. 245 eight needle-shaped unicellular spores; pycnidia (spermogonia) with little unicellular conidia are also formed. The fungus attacks leaves of sycamore {Acer Pseudoplatanus), the black spots making their appearance in September. The apothecia ripen on the ground during the following summer.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for rea

RMRDCEKT–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER VII.âPHENOMENA OF VEGETATION.âLICHENS. 415 conical bodies like small flat apothecia of Peziza with the apex of the cone towards the thallus and produced by suitable branching of a tuft of hyphae; these bodies when they are present in large numbers unite together at the margins and form patches of some size; in Dictyonema and Laudatea they are smooth expanded layers usually resembling those of the Thelephoreae. The sporiferous structure of Rhipidonema is not cl

. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. Fig. 15.—Apothecia of Dasyscypha calycina on dead larch stem (x f). Closed in dry weather.. Pig. 16. -Same apothecia as in Fig. 15, open in wet weather.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hiley, W. E. (Wilfrid Edward). Oxford : Clarendon Press Stock Photo

RMPG44EH–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. Fig. 15.—Apothecia of Dasyscypha calycina on dead larch stem (x f). Closed in dry weather.. Pig. 16. -Same apothecia as in Fig. 15, open in wet weather.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Hiley, W. E. (Wilfrid Edward). Oxford : Clarendon Press

RMRDGAH1–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. THALLOPHYTA. 693 and Coleochseteae of the class Gamophycese of Green Algse. Thus the same Alga serves for many different Lichens. Classifying Lichens according to the characters of the fungal constituent, we find members of the following families: Discomycetes, Pyrenomycetes, Hymeno- mycetes, and Gasteromycetes. We may therefore speak of 4 families of Lichens: Biscolichenes, PyrenoUchenes, HymenoUchen'es, and Gasterolichenes. Discolichenes.—^AU produce asci in apothecia after the manner of Discomycet

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 190 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. the special literature. The most important and most general phenomenon of intetcalary growth in the surface of the hymenium consists in the introduction of new asci already mentioned, which goes on for a long time at all points. This is the cause of the long continued superficial growth of many hymenia. Some smaller disk-shaped apothecia, those for example of Ascobohis and Fyro- nema, show no marginal progressive growth Stock Photo

RMPG425Y–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 190 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. the special literature. The most important and most general phenomenon of intetcalary growth in the surface of the hymenium consists in the introduction of new asci already mentioned, which goes on for a long time at all points. This is the cause of the long continued superficial growth of many hymenia. Some smaller disk-shaped apothecia, those for example of Ascobohis and Fyro- nema, show no marginal progressive growth

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. LECANOEA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 349 A large genus comprising several subgenera, formerly ranking as distinct genera, but not sufficiently differing to warrant this arrangement. Indeed, so intimately are they related that Nylander seems at times in- clined to regard them as only leading sections. Some of these with bia- toroid apothecia have sometimes been arranged under the Lecideei; but in most cases the apothecia are, at least in a young state, lecanorine, with Stock Photo

RMRE0KFG–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. LECANOEA.] LECANO-LECIDEEI. 349 A large genus comprising several subgenera, formerly ranking as distinct genera, but not sufficiently differing to warrant this arrangement. Indeed, so intimately are they related that Nylander seems at times in- clined to regard them as only leading sections. Some of these with bia- toroid apothecia have sometimes been arranged under the Lecideei; but in most cases the apothecia are, at least in a young state, lecanorine, with

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—ASCOMYCETES. 189 The Ascomycetes which bear apothecia are well known under the name of Discomycetes and Qymnocarpous Iiichens. The apothecia in the largest species are compound sporophores of considerable size with limited growth in the direction of the apex or margin, club-shaped or cochleariform in Geoglossum, Spathulea, &c., a stalked cap in Morchella, Helvella, Leotia, Verpa, and others. The early stages of the development of the Stock Photo

RMPG4ABN–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—ASCOMYCETES. 189 The Ascomycetes which bear apothecia are well known under the name of Discomycetes and Qymnocarpous Iiichens. The apothecia in the largest species are compound sporophores of considerable size with limited growth in the direction of the apex or margin, club-shaped or cochleariform in Geoglossum, Spathulea, &c., a stalked cap in Morchella, Helvella, Leotia, Verpa, and others. The early stages of the development of the

RMRDBTHB–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—ASCOMYCETES. 189 The Ascomycetes which bear apothecia are well known under the name of Discomycetes and Qymnocarpous Iiichens. The apothecia in the largest species are compound sporophores of considerable size with limited growth in the direction of the apex or margin, club-shaped or cochleariform in Geoglossum, Spathulea, &c., a stalked cap in Morchella, Helvella, Leotia, Verpa, and others. The early stages of the development of the

. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Photo/iiicrograplis of Botanical Studies. IS 9.âY.S. Apothecia, Peziza convexula â *** .if ^. Upper concave surface of plant. Ascospores in various S % stages of development. A Paraphyses. Mycelium of fungus. ^T-^v:^, , Sterile tissue. 10.âY.S. Thallus of " Marchantia polymorpha. ". Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & M Stock Photo

RMPG0298–. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Photo/iiicrograplis of Botanical Studies. IS 9.âY.S. Apothecia, Peziza convexula â *** .if ^. Upper concave surface of plant. Ascospores in various S % stages of development. A Paraphyses. Mycelium of fungus. ^T-^v:^, , Sterile tissue. 10.âY.S. Thallus of " Marchantia polymorpha. ". Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & M

. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. (244) m' .' I Trib. v.—VERRUCARIACEI (Fr. 1821. F^e) Stizenb. Apothecia globosfi, apice poro pertusa; excipulo exteriori proprio (perithecio) nucleum gelatinosum interiori plus minus distineto (amphithecio) inclusum, tegente. Acluivius associated Pertusaria and Thelotrema with his Pyrenula ; and Gli/phis and Chiodecton with Trypcthelium. Turner and Borrer wrote before the appearance of the latest writings of the Swedish lichen- ographcr, and make no mention of Chiodecton and Glyphis; but they rega Stock Photo

RMRJ0GCG–. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. (244) m' .' I Trib. v.—VERRUCARIACEI (Fr. 1821. F^e) Stizenb. Apothecia globosfi, apice poro pertusa; excipulo exteriori proprio (perithecio) nucleum gelatinosum interiori plus minus distineto (amphithecio) inclusum, tegente. Acluivius associated Pertusaria and Thelotrema with his Pyrenula ; and Gli/phis and Chiodecton with Trypcthelium. Turner and Borrer wrote before the appearance of the latest writings of the Swedish lichen- ographcr, and make no mention of Chiodecton and Glyphis; but they rega

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 15. JUITZdCJARPON OBSCLIRATUM Massal. n. Pliint uu rook. '). Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of apothociam. cL Ascus and paraphyses. e. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Mo Stock Photo

RMPG3WBM–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 15. JUITZdCJARPON OBSCLIRATUM Massal. n. Pliint uu rook. '). Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of apothociam. cL Ascus and paraphyses. e. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Mo

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] PEZIZALES 119 orange apothecia occur on the dung of cows and rabbits, on old leather, rope and similar habitats. Chlamydospores are sometimes produced. As in Ascobolus, the archicarp is a coiled, multicellular filament; it varies considerably both in the size and number of its cells and in the amount of twisting which it undergoes. The central oogonial region includes three to seven large cells with granular contents. Between this and the parent hypha is a stalk of variable length and beyond it is a terminal portion (or trichogyne) of Stock Photo

RMRDTXRT–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] PEZIZALES 119 orange apothecia occur on the dung of cows and rabbits, on old leather, rope and similar habitats. Chlamydospores are sometimes produced. As in Ascobolus, the archicarp is a coiled, multicellular filament; it varies considerably both in the size and number of its cells and in the amount of twisting which it undergoes. The central oogonial region includes three to seven large cells with granular contents. Between this and the parent hypha is a stalk of variable length and beyond it is a terminal portion (or trichogyne) of

. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. 12 PhotoinicrograpJis of Botanical Studies. 3.—T.S. Female conceptacle, fucus vesiculosus. m^.. Limiting tissue of thallus. Pr(jtective hairs. Oogonia in varicius stages of development. iMouth of conceptacle. 4.—Y.S. Apothecia, Parmelia parietina.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne Stock Photo

RMPG02AB–. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. 12 PhotoinicrograpJis of Botanical Studies. 3.—T.S. Female conceptacle, fucus vesiculosus. m^.. Limiting tissue of thallus. Pr(jtective hairs. Oogonia in varicius stages of development. iMouth of conceptacle. 4.—Y.S. Apothecia, Parmelia parietina.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne

RMRDC1HE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. RHYTISMA. 245 eight needle-shaped unicellular spores; pycnidia (spermogonia) with little unicellular conidia are also formed. The fungus attacks leaves of sycamore {Acer Pseudoplatanus), the black spots making their appearance in September. The apothecia ripen on the ground during the following summer.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for rea

RMPG4BFB–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CEYPTOMYCES. 247 especially Salix incana, but also on ^S*. purpurea. When the black apothecial cushions break out through the bark, the twigs of the host-plant are frequently still green and leaf-clad. The apothecia originate in the lower bark and so loosen the epidermal layers as to cause the appearance of yellow spots. Black centres appear in the spots, due to the formation of a. Fig. 132.—Cryptomyces maximum. 1,

. Lichens. Lichens. 194 REPRODUCTION in some lichens, such as Cerania (Thamnolid) vermiailaris, they are the only sporiferous organs known. Not unfrequently crustaceous thalli bear sper- mogonia only, and in some Cladomae, more especially in ascyphous species, spermogonia are produced abundantly at the tips of the podetial branches (Fig. 109), while apothecia are exceedingly rare. Usually they occur in scattered or crowded groups, more rarely they are solitary. Very often they are developed and the contents dispersed before the apothecia reach the surface of the thallus; hence the difficulty i Stock Photo

RMRDX30Y–. Lichens. Lichens. 194 REPRODUCTION in some lichens, such as Cerania (Thamnolid) vermiailaris, they are the only sporiferous organs known. Not unfrequently crustaceous thalli bear sper- mogonia only, and in some Cladomae, more especially in ascyphous species, spermogonia are produced abundantly at the tips of the podetial branches (Fig. 109), while apothecia are exceedingly rare. Usually they occur in scattered or crowded groups, more rarely they are solitary. Very often they are developed and the contents dispersed before the apothecia reach the surface of the thallus; hence the difficulty i

RMPG4BG4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 244 ASCOMYCETES. The disease is best combated by prompt removal of fallen leaves in autumn; where this rule is followed Rhytisma is seldom found (see p. 71). Rhytisma punctatum (Pers.) CBritain and U.S. America). Whereas the spots of the Rhytisma just considered are large, those of this species seldom exceed a few millimetres. They are. Fig. 129 —Kkytisma punctatum. Leaf of Acer Pseudoplatanvs with apothecia; the le

. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] PHACIDIALES 133 of calcium oxalate; when the fruit opens it forms a white border around the hymenium. The pale colour, and the ragged or tppthed dehiscence of the sheath are very characteristic. Phacidiaceae The Phacidiaceae are distinguished by their black, thick-walled apothecia, usually scattered, sometimes, as in Rkytisma, grouped on a black stroma. Where the fertile disc is circular the sheath splits in a stellate manner, but where it is elongated, dehiscence takes place by means of a slit running along its entire length. The spe Stock Photo

RMRDTNJ0–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] PHACIDIALES 133 of calcium oxalate; when the fruit opens it forms a white border around the hymenium. The pale colour, and the ragged or tppthed dehiscence of the sheath are very characteristic. Phacidiaceae The Phacidiaceae are distinguished by their black, thick-walled apothecia, usually scattered, sometimes, as in Rkytisma, grouped on a black stroma. Where the fertile disc is circular the sheath splits in a stellate manner, but where it is elongated, dehiscence takes place by means of a slit running along its entire length. The spe

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 208 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS the outset the apothecium is closed, but opens by a circular or transverse split, and the edges are often torn or bent back as distinct lips or lobes. The apothecia are usually tough and leathery. The asci and paraphyses form a very closely adherent layer, in which the paraphyses overlap above the summit of the asci, forming a rather definite epithecium. Rhytisma is the only genus which is here of importance. XVI. THE BLACK SPOT OF MAPLE Rhytisma Acer Stock Photo

RMPG3YR4–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 208 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS the outset the apothecium is closed, but opens by a circular or transverse split, and the edges are often torn or bent back as distinct lips or lobes. The apothecia are usually tough and leathery. The asci and paraphyses form a very closely adherent layer, in which the paraphyses overlap above the summit of the asci, forming a rather definite epithecium. Rhytisma is the only genus which is here of importance. XVI. THE BLACK SPOT OF MAPLE Rhytisma Acer

RMRDBTH7–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 190 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. the special literature. The most important and most general phenomenon of intetcalary growth in the surface of the hymenium consists in the introduction of new asci already mentioned, which goes on for a long time at all points. This is the cause of the long continued superficial growth of many hymenia. Some smaller disk-shaped apothecia, those for example of Ascobohis and Fyro- nema, show no marginal progressive growth

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. MILDEWS AND RELATED FUNGI 167 contents into a single large one, from which the ascogenous hyphae then arise. Family 5. Pezizace^.—The apothecia of this family are saucer- or cup-shaped, sessile or stalked, arising from a mycelium which is found in the substratum. The peridium and hypothecium consists of rounded cells and they are of fleshy, or leathery consistency.. The asci, which are usually eight-spored, are separated by distinct para- physes. The spores are usually hyaline. Lacknea Stock Photo

RMPG453C–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. MILDEWS AND RELATED FUNGI 167 contents into a single large one, from which the ascogenous hyphae then arise. Family 5. Pezizace^.—The apothecia of this family are saucer- or cup-shaped, sessile or stalked, arising from a mycelium which is found in the substratum. The peridium and hypothecium consists of rounded cells and they are of fleshy, or leathery consistency.. The asci, which are usually eight-spored, are separated by distinct para- physes. The spores are usually hyaline. Lacknea

. Lichens. Lichens. i82 REPRODUCTION a. Open or closed Apothecia. Schwendener' drew attention to two types of apothecia directly influenced by the thallus: those that are closed at first and only open gradually, and those which are, as he says, open from the first. The former occur in genera and species in which the thallus has a stoutish cortex, as, for instance, in Lobaria where the young fructification has all the appearance of an opening perithecium. The open apothecia {primitus apertd) are found in non-corticate lichens, in which case the pioneer paraphyses arrive at the surface easily an Stock Photo

RMRDX32H–. Lichens. Lichens. i82 REPRODUCTION a. Open or closed Apothecia. Schwendener' drew attention to two types of apothecia directly influenced by the thallus: those that are closed at first and only open gradually, and those which are, as he says, open from the first. The former occur in genera and species in which the thallus has a stoutish cortex, as, for instance, in Lobaria where the young fructification has all the appearance of an opening perithecium. The open apothecia {primitus apertd) are found in non-corticate lichens, in which case the pioneer paraphyses arrive at the surface easily an

RMPG4BHY–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. HYPODERMELLA. 235 apothecia were present on the upper surface of the needles as isolated black spots or united into lines; they dehisce by an elongated fissure. The asci are cylindrical with rounded apices, and measure about 110m in length; they are almost sessile. Each contained four hyaline, unicellular, club-shaped spores ii. Fic. 119.—Hypodermella sulcigena. The apothecia form black lines on the needles. Ascus

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 112 tICHENACEI. [bjeomtces. This is at once distinguished by the colour and form of the apothecia and by their internal structure. The thallus, when sterile, often spreads extensively, and is then more continuous and aspersed with large rosy- white or white cephalodine granules, when it is Variolaria terricola Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 115. The apothecia are not common in this country; but the spermogones are frequent on otherwise barren thalli. They are Stock Photo

RMRE1G75–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 112 tICHENACEI. [bjeomtces. This is at once distinguished by the colour and form of the apothecia and by their internal structure. The thallus, when sterile, often spreads extensively, and is then more continuous and aspersed with large rosy- white or white cephalodine granules, when it is Variolaria terricola Tayl. in Mack. Fl. Hib. ii. p. 115. The apothecia are not common in this country; but the spermogones are frequent on otherwise barren thalli. They are

. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 413 DIVISION III.—MODE OF LIFE OF THE FUNGI. Ephebella Hegetschweileri' in the fresh condition has quite the look of a Scytonema (Fig 167, B, g); but if the plant is heated in solution of potash the gelatinous sheath of the Scytonema-filaments is seen to be traversed by a compact weft of very delicate hyphae running chiefly in a longitudinal direction, out of which apothecia are sometimes, but rarely, developed. The thallus of Ephebe (Fig. 177, 178), Spilonema, Gonion Stock Photo

RMPG41F2–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 413 DIVISION III.—MODE OF LIFE OF THE FUNGI. Ephebella Hegetschweileri' in the fresh condition has quite the look of a Scytonema (Fig 167, B, g); but if the plant is heated in solution of potash the gelatinous sheath of the Scytonema-filaments is seen to be traversed by a compact weft of very delicate hyphae running chiefly in a longitudinal direction, out of which apothecia are sometimes, but rarely, developed. The thallus of Ephebe (Fig. 177, 178), Spilonema, Gonion

RMRDEFJ1–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. MILDEWS AND RELATED FUNGI 167 contents into a single large one, from which the ascogenous hyphae then arise. Family 5. Pezizace^.—The apothecia of this family are saucer- or cup-shaped, sessile or stalked, arising from a mycelium which is found in the substratum. The peridium and hypothecium consists of rounded cells and they are of fleshy, or leathery consistency.. The asci, which are usually eight-spored, are separated by distinct para- physes. The spores are usually hyaline. Lacknea

. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. iiii. — A foliose lichen (^Physcia) on tree bark; note the marginal vegetative propagation characteristic of lichens, also the numerous fruiting structures, the apothecia. — From Coulter (Part I). Lichens. — Structural relations. — A lichen is a plant complex made up of a fungus body in which algae are enclosed. Formerly lichens were supposed to be in- dividual plants, and the green cells, now known to be algae, were called gonidia (figs. 1111-1113). The dual nature of lichens was discov- ered by making sep- arate cultures o Stock Photo

RMPG3FG1–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. iiii. — A foliose lichen (^Physcia) on tree bark; note the marginal vegetative propagation characteristic of lichens, also the numerous fruiting structures, the apothecia. — From Coulter (Part I). Lichens. — Structural relations. — A lichen is a plant complex made up of a fungus body in which algae are enclosed. Formerly lichens were supposed to be in- dividual plants, and the green cells, now known to be algae, were called gonidia (figs. 1111-1113). The dual nature of lichens was discov- ered by making sep- arate cultures o

. A Manual of botany : being an introduction to the study of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants . Botany. LICHENES. 645 cortical or outer layer, it expands in the form of shield-like discs, called apothecia (amSrixii), a repository), or patellae (figs. 891 s, 892 a), (patella, a hollow disk), or linear expansions called lireUse (lira, a furrow). Sometimes the cortical matter forms a border round the fructification. ^,:/'. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of Stock Photo

RMRDGYXK–. A Manual of botany : being an introduction to the study of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants . Botany. LICHENES. 645 cortical or outer layer, it expands in the form of shield-like discs, called apothecia (amSrixii), a repository), or patellae (figs. 891 s, 892 a), (patella, a hollow disk), or linear expansions called lireUse (lira, a furrow). Sometimes the cortical matter forms a border round the fructification. ^,:/'. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 29. X 50U PH^OGBAPHIS LYELLII A. Zahlbr. â. Plant on bark, h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. '^â J'^^];;^';;;':^'''" of th alius d. Vei-ticul section of apothecia.' e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural His Stock Photo

RMPG3W6J–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 29. X 50U PH^OGBAPHIS LYELLII A. Zahlbr. â. Plant on bark, h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. '^â J'^^];;^';;;':^'''" of th alius d. Vei-ticul section of apothecia.' e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural His

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. PHrSCTA.] rHTSCIEI. 295 somewliat- prominent, j-ellowi&h or blackish; sterigmata very rarely subsimple. Tbe species of this genus are di^•erse iu habit, some beiiig- everniiform, a few subplacodioid; but the larger number are parmelioid. They also vary somewhat in the structure of the cortical layer, the form of the spores, and the spermatia." Thej' agree, however, in what is more essential, the lecauorine apothecia. The colour of the thallus, here c Stock Photo

RMRE0KGR–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. PHrSCTA.] rHTSCIEI. 295 somewliat- prominent, j-ellowi&h or blackish; sterigmata very rarely subsimple. Tbe species of this genus are di^•erse iu habit, some beiiig- everniiform, a few subplacodioid; but the larger number are parmelioid. They also vary somewhat in the structure of the cortical layer, the form of the spores, and the spermatia." Thej' agree, however, in what is more essential, the lecauorine apothecia. The colour of the thallus, here c

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 32. XSOO CHIODECTON ALBIDUM Leight, a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of tballus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Stock Photo

RMPG0PG7–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 32. XSOO CHIODECTON ALBIDUM Leight, a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of tballus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of

RMRDC1MR–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. HYPODERMELLA. 235 apothecia were present on the upper surface of the needles as isolated black spots or united into lines; they dehisce by an elongated fissure. The asci are cylindrical with rounded apices, and measure about 110m in length; they are almost sessile. Each contained four hyaline, unicellular, club-shaped spores ii. Fic. 119.—Hypodermella sulcigena. The apothecia form black lines on the needles. Ascus

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 14 I I. rjEC!IOGRAPHA PARASITICA Massal. a. Plant on lichen. 6. Portion of host and apothecia. c. Vertical section of apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphysis. e. Spores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Mor Stock Photo

RMPG3WC8–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 14 I I. rjEC!IOGRAPHA PARASITICA Massal. a. Plant on lichen. 6. Portion of host and apothecia. c. Vertical section of apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphysis. e. Spores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Mor

RMRDC1J1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 244 ASCOMYCETES. The disease is best combated by prompt removal of fallen leaves in autumn; where this rule is followed Rhytisma is seldom found (see p. 71). Rhytisma punctatum (Pers.) CBritain and U.S. America). Whereas the spots of the Rhytisma just considered are large, those of this species seldom exceed a few millimetres. They are. Fig. 129 —Kkytisma punctatum. Leaf of Acer Pseudoplatanvs with apothecia; the le

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 9. X 400 X 600 BIATORBLLA MOBIFORWIS Th. Fries a. Plant on wood. h. Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Histor Stock Photo

RMPG3WD9–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 9. X 400 X 600 BIATORBLLA MOBIFORWIS Th. Fries a. Plant on wood. h. Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Histor

RMREP31W–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. 218 POPULAR HISTORY OF LICHENS. r» If. everywhere; it is abundant in woods and on roadside trees and walls. Some varieties are peculiar to certain trees or rocks; for instance, var. pinaslri, a non-granulose, leprose, yellowish or greenish form, grows on the bark of the Pirns sylvestris, the "Scotch fir r and var. nrenulata, which has small, flattened, subpruinose apothecia, with a tumid crenu- late margin, grows chiefly on

. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. i66 MYCOLOGY Family 4. Ascobolace^.—The apothecia of the fungi of this family are unstalked. They are superficial and grow up on manure. The peridium is mostly thin, or wanting, and the hypothecium, which is well developed, consists of rounded parenchyma-like cells. In Ascobolus, the ascospores are discharged from the asci by a squirting. Fig. 58.—A, B, Lachnea sculellala. A, Habit; B, ascus with paraphysis; C, D, Lachnea hemisphierica; C, habit; D, ascus with paraphysiS; E, Sarcospktsr Stock Photo

RMPG453N–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. i66 MYCOLOGY Family 4. Ascobolace^.—The apothecia of the fungi of this family are unstalked. They are superficial and grow up on manure. The peridium is mostly thin, or wanting, and the hypothecium, which is well developed, consists of rounded parenchyma-like cells. In Ascobolus, the ascospores are discharged from the asci by a squirting. Fig. 58.—A, B, Lachnea sculellala. A, Habit; B, ascus with paraphysis; C, D, Lachnea hemisphierica; C, habit; D, ascus with paraphysiS; E, Sarcospktsr

RMRDDC42–. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. 12 PhotoinicrograpJis of Botanical Studies. 3.—T.S. Female conceptacle, fucus vesiculosus. m^.. Limiting tissue of thallus. Pr(jtective hairs. Oogonia in varicius stages of development. iMouth of conceptacle. 4.—Y.S. Apothecia, Parmelia parietina.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 2000 WMtm. X 2000 X 350 ENTEKOGRAPHA CRASSA F4:e a. Plant on bark. 6. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia and spermogone. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore, g. Sterigma and spermatia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Stock Photo

RMPG0PGF–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 2000 WMtm. X 2000 X 350 ENTEKOGRAPHA CRASSA F4:e a. Plant on bark. 6. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia and spermogone. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore, g. Sterigma and spermatia.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. LEPTOGItlM.] 63 to the anatomical structure of the thallus and the character of the apo- thecia, it is divided by Nylander into four subgenera, all of which occur in our Islstnds. Subgeii. HOMODIUM Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 297 {efr. Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 12).—ThaUus microphylline, granulose, or variously lobed or fruticulose, entirely cellular within ; gonimia rarely in part moniliform. Apothecia urceolate or biatoroid; spores variously septate and divided.. F Stock Photo

RMRE1GD6–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. LEPTOGItlM.] 63 to the anatomical structure of the thallus and the character of the apo- thecia, it is divided by Nylander into four subgenera, all of which occur in our Islstnds. Subgeii. HOMODIUM Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 297 {efr. Cromb. Grevillea, xv. p. 12).—ThaUus microphylline, granulose, or variously lobed or fruticulose, entirely cellular within ; gonimia rarely in part moniliform. Apothecia urceolate or biatoroid; spores variously septate and divided.. F

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 12. '/ X400 X oOO BACIDIA RUBELLA Massal. a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of tballus. d. Vertical section of apotbecium. c. Asous and jmraphyses. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). De Stock Photo

RMPG3WCA–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 12. '/ X400 X oOO BACIDIA RUBELLA Massal. a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of tballus. d. Vertical section of apotbecium. c. Asous and jmraphyses. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). De

. Lichens. Lichens. 142 MORPHOLOGY observed and commented on by succeeding botanists: first by Malpighi' who judged them to be seeds, he having seen them develop new plants; by. Fig. 8i. Vertical section of young soralium oi Evernia Jurfuracea var. soralifera Bitter x 60 (after Bitter). Micheli^ who however distinguished between the true fruit and those seeds; and by Linnaeus^ who considered them to be the female organs of the plant, the apothecia being, as he then thought, the male organs. Hedwig*, on the other hand, regarded the apothecia as the seed receptacles and the soredia as male bodie Stock Photo

RMRDTPCB–. Lichens. Lichens. 142 MORPHOLOGY observed and commented on by succeeding botanists: first by Malpighi' who judged them to be seeds, he having seen them develop new plants; by. Fig. 8i. Vertical section of young soralium oi Evernia Jurfuracea var. soralifera Bitter x 60 (after Bitter). Micheli^ who however distinguished between the true fruit and those seeds; and by Linnaeus^ who considered them to be the female organs of the plant, the apothecia being, as he then thought, the male organs. Hedwig*, on the other hand, regarded the apothecia as the seed receptacles and the soredia as male bodie

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X50 .^.' /'V/".^ , ^ - X 700 X 700 LFX'IDEA (EULECIDEA) PARASEMA Ach. a. Plant on Ijark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. (•. Vectlca) seotion of thallus. d. Vertical sectioD of apothecia. r. Asous and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Stock Photo

RMPG3WDN–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X50 .^.' /'V/".^ , ^ - X 700 X 700 LFX'IDEA (EULECIDEA) PARASEMA Ach. a. Plant on Ijark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. (•. Vectlca) seotion of thallus. d. Vertical sectioD of apothecia. r. Asous and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British

RMRDCEMW–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 413 DIVISION III.—MODE OF LIFE OF THE FUNGI. Ephebella Hegetschweileri' in the fresh condition has quite the look of a Scytonema (Fig 167, B, g); but if the plant is heated in solution of potash the gelatinous sheath of the Scytonema-filaments is seen to be traversed by a compact weft of very delicate hyphae running chiefly in a longitudinal direction, out of which apothecia are sometimes, but rarely, developed. The thallus of Ephebe (Fig. 177, 178), Spilonema, Gonion

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 22. X 500 X500 LITHOGRAPHA TESSEIIATA JSfyl. a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus, d. Vertical section of apothecium. c. Ascus and paraphysi /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Stock Photo

RMPG3W95–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 22. X 500 X500 LITHOGRAPHA TESSEIIATA JSfyl. a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus, d. Vertical section of apothecium. c. Ascus and paraphysi /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History).

. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 branches push up between them and gradually a compact sheath of para- physes is built up. The ascogenous hyphae meanwhile spread radially at the base of the paraphyses and the asci begin to form. The apothecia may be further enlarged by intercalary growth, and this vigorous development of vegetative tissue immediately underneath raises the whole fruit structure well above the surface level. Sattler^ in his paper on Cladoniae'^ cites as an argument in favour of fertilization the relative positions of carpogonia and spermogonia on the podetia. Stock Photo

RMRDX32M–. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 branches push up between them and gradually a compact sheath of para- physes is built up. The ascogenous hyphae meanwhile spread radially at the base of the paraphyses and the asci begin to form. The apothecia may be further enlarged by intercalary growth, and this vigorous development of vegetative tissue immediately underneath raises the whole fruit structure well above the surface level. Sattler^ in his paper on Cladoniae'^ cites as an argument in favour of fertilization the relative positions of carpogonia and spermogonia on the podetia.

$. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 238 ASCOMYCETES. ripening in the spring of the fourth year. Or, again, a " casting" of brown one-year-old needles may take place in autumn. The disease is found everywhere, but in some parts {e.g. in the forests of Saxony ^), it is exceedingly common and very dangerous. The apothecia are developed as long, shining, black swellings on the two under surfaces of the quadrangular needles (Fig. 121). The club-s Stock Photo$

RMPG4BHM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 238 ASCOMYCETES. ripening in the spring of the fourth year. Or, again, a " casting" of brown one-year-old needles may take place in autumn. The disease is found everywhere, but in some parts {e.g. in the forests of Saxony ^), it is exceedingly common and very dangerous. The apothecia are developed as long, shining, black swellings on the two under surfaces of the quadrangular needles (Fig. 121). The club-s

. Lichens. Lichens. i6o REPRODUCTION I. DISCOLICHENS a. Carpogonia of Gelatinous Lichens. Stahl's^ work on various Collemaceae followed on the same lines as that of Fuisting. The first species selected by him for examination, Collema (Leptogiufn) microphylluni, is a gelatinous lichen which grows on old trunks of poplars and willows. It has a small olive-green thallus which, in autumn, is crowded with apothecia; the spermogones or pycnidia appear as minute reddish points on the edge of the thallus. Within the thallus, and midway between the upper and lower surface, there arises, as a branch fro Stock Photo

RMRDX3G6–. Lichens. Lichens. i6o REPRODUCTION I. DISCOLICHENS a. Carpogonia of Gelatinous Lichens. Stahl's^ work on various Collemaceae followed on the same lines as that of Fuisting. The first species selected by him for examination, Collema (Leptogiufn) microphylluni, is a gelatinous lichen which grows on old trunks of poplars and willows. It has a small olive-green thallus which, in autumn, is crowded with apothecia; the spermogones or pycnidia appear as minute reddish points on the edge of the thallus. Within the thallus, and midway between the upper and lower surface, there arises, as a branch fro

RMPG4BJK–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. HYSTEROGRAPHIUM. 233 Eostrup ^ regards it as a parasite on Fraxinus. Twigs of the ash attacked show flat collapsed plates of bark, on which are developed pycnidia containing one-celled conidia, and, later, the apothecia. On young twigs the diseased part often extends round the whole circumference, and causes the death of the upper living part. As yet I have only found this fungus as a saprophyte. HYPODERMIEAE. Hypod

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. PELXIDEA..J PELTIGBKEI. 277 marginal and adnate eil-.her to the upper or the lower surface, or innate and scattered on the upper surface of the thallus ; spores Suae, rarely 4n8B or 2rtse, colourless, septate and fusiform in the marginal apothecia, brown, ellipsoid and bilocular in the scattered apotheeia; paraphyses discrete, articulate, usually thiekish. Sper- mogones (in so far as known) immersed in the thallus, with jointed sterigmata. Nylander points out Stock Photo

RMRE0KHG–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. PELXIDEA..J PELTIGBKEI. 277 marginal and adnate eil-.her to the upper or the lower surface, or innate and scattered on the upper surface of the thallus ; spores Suae, rarely 4n8B or 2rtse, colourless, septate and fusiform in the marginal apothecia, brown, ellipsoid and bilocular in the scattered apotheeia; paraphyses discrete, articulate, usually thiekish. Sper- mogones (in so far as known) immersed in the thallus, with jointed sterigmata. Nylander points out

. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 141 It causes a rot of the grape, much dreaded in Europe, attacking leaves, fruit and stem. The fungus can persist long as a sapro- phyte in the conidial condition. Sclerotia are borne within the affected tissues. On germination they may either produce the conidia directly or form apothecia. Both ascospores and conidia are capable of infecting the grape but infection is much more certain from a vigorous mycelium (see S. libertiana, p. 142). Attachment organs, c. f. Fig. 93, which consist of close Stock Photo

RMPG4GNP–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 141 It causes a rot of the grape, much dreaded in Europe, attacking leaves, fruit and stem. The fungus can persist long as a sapro- phyte in the conidial condition. Sclerotia are borne within the affected tissues. On germination they may either produce the conidia directly or form apothecia. Both ascospores and conidia are capable of infecting the grape but infection is much more certain from a vigorous mycelium (see S. libertiana, p. 142). Attachment organs, c. f. Fig. 93, which consist of close

. Lichens. Lichens. 'f.Wll'-.-r,. thus distinguishing it from the purely hyphal stall<s of the apothecia in Caliciaceae. Even in the genus Baeomyces, while the podetia of some of the species are without gonidia, neighbouring species are provided with green cells on the up- right stalks clearly showing their true affinity with the Cladoniae. In one British species of Cladonia {CI. caespiticid) the short podetium consists only of the fibrous chondroid cylinder, and thus resembles the apothecial stalk of Baeomyces riifus, but in that species also there are occasional surface gonidia that may g Stock Photo

RMRDTPF8–. Lichens. Lichens. 'f.Wll'-.-r,. thus distinguishing it from the purely hyphal stall<s of the apothecia in Caliciaceae. Even in the genus Baeomyces, while the podetia of some of the species are without gonidia, neighbouring species are provided with green cells on the up- right stalks clearly showing their true affinity with the Cladoniae. In one British species of Cladonia {CI. caespiticid) the short podetium consists only of the fibrous chondroid cylinder, and thus resembles the apothecial stalk of Baeomyces riifus, but in that species also there are occasional surface gonidia that may g

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 17. LOPADIUM PEZIZOIPEUM Koerh. u L L ^ Plant on n,oss b. Portion of thallu« and apothecia. c. Vertical section d 'f If If thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. .. Ascus with spore and paraphysis.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History) Stock Photo

RMPG3WBD–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 17. LOPADIUM PEZIZOIPEUM Koerh. u L L ^ Plant on n,oss b. Portion of thallu« and apothecia. c. Vertical section d 'f If If thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. .. Ascus with spore and paraphysis.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History)

RMRDE80J–. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Photo/iiicrograplis of Botanical Studies. IS 9.âY.S. Apothecia, Peziza convexula â *** .if ^. Upper concave surface of plant. Ascospores in various S % stages of development. A Paraphyses. Mycelium of fungus. ^T-^v:^, , Sterile tissue. 10.âY.S. Thallus of " Marchantia polymorpha. ". Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & M

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X80. X460 X 700 ARTHONIA ASTROIDEA Aoh. a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. c. Ascus and paraphysei /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Bo Stock Photo

RMPG3W9F–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X80. X460 X 700 ARTHONIA ASTROIDEA Aoh. a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. c. Ascus and paraphysei /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Bo

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. SCniZOMA.] 39 towards the extremities. In Journ. Bot. 1874,1, c, it was observed that this species probably constituted a separate genus, though, as neither form of fructification was then known, it might be retained as an anomalous section of Collema. I have since detected the spermogones in Great Britain, and I hope the apothecia may be also discovered. The de- scription of the thallus of Collema radiatum Somnl. (possibly an Ompha- laria) and its habitat gi Stock Photo

RMRE1GDG–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. SCniZOMA.] 39 towards the extremities. In Journ. Bot. 1874,1, c, it was observed that this species probably constituted a separate genus, though, as neither form of fructification was then known, it might be retained as an anomalous section of Collema. I have since detected the spermogones in Great Britain, and I hope the apothecia may be also discovered. The de- scription of the thallus of Collema radiatum Somnl. (possibly an Ompha- laria) and its habitat gi

. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 274 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES the enlargement of the lesion the whole fruit becomes involved, is brownish, shrunken, and eventually shrivels into a dark mummy. The mummy may cling to the tree or it may fall to the ground. While on the tree mummies cling together in groups of two or more. Cause of hroum-rot. The pathogene, the fungus Sclerotinia cinerea, hibernates in both the fallen and hanging mummies, and in the cankers. From sclerotial crusts in the fallen mummies arise apothecia (Fig. 74) in the spring of the year. The hanging mummies furnish a habitation Stock Photo

RMPG3YN8–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 274 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES the enlargement of the lesion the whole fruit becomes involved, is brownish, shrunken, and eventually shrivels into a dark mummy. The mummy may cling to the tree or it may fall to the ground. While on the tree mummies cling together in groups of two or more. Cause of hroum-rot. The pathogene, the fungus Sclerotinia cinerea, hibernates in both the fallen and hanging mummies, and in the cankers. From sclerotial crusts in the fallen mummies arise apothecia (Fig. 74) in the spring of the year. The hanging mummies furnish a habitation

RMRDJFCP–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 208 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS the outset the apothecium is closed, but opens by a circular or transverse split, and the edges are often torn or bent back as distinct lips or lobes. The apothecia are usually tough and leathery. The asci and paraphyses form a very closely adherent layer, in which the paraphyses overlap above the summit of the asci, forming a rather definite epithecium. Rhytisma is the only genus which is here of importance. XVI. THE BLACK SPOT OF MAPLE Rhytisma Acer

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 28. X 500 GRAPHIS BLBGANS Ach. a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. c. Ascus and paraphysis /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botan Stock Photo

RMPG3W6W–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 28. X 500 GRAPHIS BLBGANS Ach. a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. c. Ascus and paraphysis /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botan

. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. 33° STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES. Fig. 238.—A lichen, Parmelia perlala (,L.) Acli. i. Plant, slightly reduced in size; a, apothecia', h, lobe of thallus; c, soredialpatches. The soredia are vegetative reproductive bodies composed of both algal and fun- gal elements, and therefore able to reproduce the lichen; the ascospores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gager, C. Stuart Stock Photo

RMRE2FEE–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. 33° STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES. Fig. 238.—A lichen, Parmelia perlala (,L.) Acli. i. Plant, slightly reduced in size; a, apothecia', h, lobe of thallus; c, soredialpatches. The soredia are vegetative reproductive bodies composed of both algal and fun- gal elements, and therefore able to reproduce the lichen; the ascospores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gager, C. Stuart

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. XlOO XYLOGBAPHA PARALLELA Nyl. a. Plant on wood. h. Protruding apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus and apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphysis. t:. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Morrison, 1833-190 Stock Photo

RMPG3W8B–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. XlOO XYLOGBAPHA PARALLELA Nyl. a. Plant on wood. h. Protruding apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus and apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphysis. t:. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Morrison, 1833-190

. Lichens. Lichens. DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 ^^^. wall or " proper margin " round the spore-bearing disc. The branching of the hyphae is fastigiate with compact shorter branches at the exterior. In such an apothecium gonidia are ab- sent both below thehypothecium and in the margins. In lecanorine development the ascending hyphae from the medulla, in some cases, carry with them algal cells which multiply and spread as a second gonidial layer under the hypo- thecium (Fig. 102). These hyphae may also spread in a radial direction while still within the thallus and give rise to an &qu Stock Photo

RMRDX32C–. Lichens. Lichens. DEVELOPMENT OF APOTHECIA 183 ^^^. wall or " proper margin " round the spore-bearing disc. The branching of the hyphae is fastigiate with compact shorter branches at the exterior. In such an apothecium gonidia are ab- sent both below thehypothecium and in the margins. In lecanorine development the ascending hyphae from the medulla, in some cases, carry with them algal cells which multiply and spread as a second gonidial layer under the hypo- thecium (Fig. 102). These hyphae may also spread in a radial direction while still within the thallus and give rise to an &qu

. Foundations of botany. Botany; Botany. TYPES OF CRYPTOGAMS; THALLOPHYTES 271 329. The Fruit. â Loot for small lance-shaped disks seated upon the thallus. Note the approximate sizes and color within and â without. These disks are called apothecia. Note the very minute black specks (spermogones) which are scattered in the surface of the thallus. Pick one from the thallus, with as little of the thaUus as possible, and examine under high power. It may be macerated in a drop of potash solution and crushed under the cover-glass. If the contents are not easily defined, they may then be made more op Stock Photo

RMPG41E0–. Foundations of botany. Botany; Botany. TYPES OF CRYPTOGAMS; THALLOPHYTES 271 329. The Fruit. â Loot for small lance-shaped disks seated upon the thallus. Note the approximate sizes and color within and â without. These disks are called apothecia. Note the very minute black specks (spermogones) which are scattered in the surface of the thallus. Pick one from the thallus, with as little of the thaUus as possible, and examine under high power. It may be macerated in a drop of potash solution and crushed under the cover-glass. If the contents are not easily defined, they may then be made more op

RMRDD8CA–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CEYPTOMYCES. 247 especially Salix incana, but also on ^S*. purpurea. When the black apothecial cushions break out through the bark, the twigs of the host-plant are frequently still green and leaf-clad. The apothecia originate in the lower bark and so loosen the epidermal layers as to cause the appearance of yellow spots. Black centres appear in the spots, due to the formation of a. Fig. 132.—Cryptomyces maximum. 1,

RMPG4BGN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 242 ASCOMYCETES. Schizothjnrium. The roundish or oblong apothecia dehisce by lobes. The club- shaped asci contain oblong, hyaline, two-celled spores. Sch. ptarmicae Desm. (Britain). This occurs as a parasite on Hying green leaves and stems of Achillea Ptarmica. The apothecia form little black points, which on rupturing break. Fio. 127.—Schizothyrium ptarmicae on Achillea Pta^-niica. (v, Tubeuf del.) up the epidermis

. Lichens. Lichens. 92 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of the cortex and are greyish or whitish-grey, as in Physcia ciliaris or in Physcia hispida (Fig. i lo). They provide a yellow fringe to the apothecia of Physcia chrysophthalma and a green fringe to those of Usnea florida. They are dark-brown or almost black in Parmelia perlata var. ciliata and in P. cetrata, etc. as also in Gyrophora cylindrica. The fronds of Cetraria i^landica and other species of the genus are bordered with short spinulose brown hairs whose main function seems to be the bearing of "pycnidia" though in many cases Stock Photo

RMRDTPKB–. Lichens. Lichens. 92 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of the cortex and are greyish or whitish-grey, as in Physcia ciliaris or in Physcia hispida (Fig. i lo). They provide a yellow fringe to the apothecia of Physcia chrysophthalma and a green fringe to those of Usnea florida. They are dark-brown or almost black in Parmelia perlata var. ciliata and in P. cetrata, etc. as also in Gyrophora cylindrica. The fronds of Cetraria i^landica and other species of the genus are bordered with short spinulose brown hairs whose main function seems to be the bearing of "pycnidia" though in many cases

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. ra XllO. X2000 X 1000 X 500 PLATYGRAPHA PEBICLEA Nyl. a Plant on bark. h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical Kection of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History Stock Photo

RMPG3W9Y–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. ra XllO. X2000 X 1000 X 500 PLATYGRAPHA PEBICLEA Nyl. a Plant on bark. h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical Kection of apothecium. e. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 286 LICHENACBI. [nEPHKOMICM. Applecross, Eoss-shire. Fairhead, oo. Antrim; Luggelaw, eo. Wicklow ; Killarney, eo. Kerry; Derryclare, Connemara, co. Galway. Form panniforme Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 77.—Thallus lobulato-dissected, closely imbricate, the lobules small, crowded, beneath dark-brown. Apotheoia small. Has the appearance of other panniform conditions of foliaceous lichens. The apothecia, which in the specimens seen are with one exception very Stock Photo

RMRE0KH0–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 286 LICHENACBI. [nEPHKOMICM. Applecross, Eoss-shire. Fairhead, oo. Antrim; Luggelaw, eo. Wicklow ; Killarney, eo. Kerry; Derryclare, Connemara, co. Galway. Form panniforme Cromb. Grevillea, xv. (1887) p. 77.—Thallus lobulato-dissected, closely imbricate, the lobules small, crowded, beneath dark-brown. Apotheoia small. Has the appearance of other panniform conditions of foliaceous lichens. The apothecia, which in the specimens seen are with one exception very

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 25. X (iOO c ENCEPHALOGBAPHA CEREBRINA Koerb. a Plant on rock. h. Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallui.. 'I- Vertical section of apothccium. r. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores. Ml. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Hi Stock Photo

RMPG3W84–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 25. X (iOO c ENCEPHALOGBAPHA CEREBRINA Koerb. a Plant on rock. h. Portion of tliallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallui.. 'I- Vertical section of apothccium. r. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spores. Ml. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Hi

. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 109. CladoniafurcataSchxzA. Branched podetium with spermogonia at the tips (after Krabbe). Fig. 110. Physcia hispida TncVexm. Ciliate frond, a, spermogonia; b, apothecia. x ca. 5 (after Lindsay). In a very large number of lichens, both crustaceous and foliose, the spermogonia are scattered over the entire thallus (Fig. 110), covering it more or less thickly with minute black dots, as in Parmelia conspersa. In other instances, they are to some extent confined to the peripheral areas as in Parmelia physodes; or they occur on the extreme edge of the thallus as in the crus Stock Photo

RMRDX307–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 109. CladoniafurcataSchxzA. Branched podetium with spermogonia at the tips (after Krabbe). Fig. 110. Physcia hispida TncVexm. Ciliate frond, a, spermogonia; b, apothecia. x ca. 5 (after Lindsay). In a very large number of lichens, both crustaceous and foliose, the spermogonia are scattered over the entire thallus (Fig. 110), covering it more or less thickly with minute black dots, as in Parmelia conspersa. In other instances, they are to some extent confined to the peripheral areas as in Parmelia physodes; or they occur on the extreme edge of the thallus as in the crus

RMPG4BF2–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 250 ASCOMYCETES. Scleroderris. A ^black stroma is formed in the bark of twigs attacked by this fungus, and thence the apothecia break out in great numbers, at first as closed spheres, later as stalked open cups with finely lobed rims. The asci are cylindrical or club- m Fig. 13B-'Scleroderris full' rtinosa on living twig of Salix Caprea. (v. Tubeuf del.). Fig. 134.— i^clerodei-^'is faliginosa ou living twig of Salix

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. CONIOCTBE.] CALICIEI. 99 In the type of the apothecia this has the same relation to Calicium that Biatora has to Eulecidea. It diifers from Calicium in the pulverulent glohose capitulum and in the constantly spherical form of the spores, although, as already observed, it closely approaches suhgen. Allodium. 1. C. furfuracea Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1816, p. 288.—Thallus leproso-pulverulent, greenish-yel- low or sulphur-coloured. Apo- thecia small or moderate, con Stock Photo

RMRE1GBJ–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. CONIOCTBE.] CALICIEI. 99 In the type of the apothecia this has the same relation to Calicium that Biatora has to Eulecidea. It diifers from Calicium in the pulverulent glohose capitulum and in the constantly spherical form of the spores, although, as already observed, it closely approaches suhgen. Allodium. 1. C. furfuracea Ach. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1816, p. 288.—Thallus leproso-pulverulent, greenish-yel- low or sulphur-coloured. Apo- thecia small or moderate, con

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. XodO GEAPHINA SOPHISTICA Muell. Arg. 1.1.1. a. Plant on balk. h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vevtieal section ol ol 0 of thallus. li. A'ertical section of apothecium. c. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Histor Stock Photo

RMPG3W67–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. XodO GEAPHINA SOPHISTICA Muell. Arg. 1.1.1. a. Plant on balk. h. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vevtieal section ol ol 0 of thallus. li. A'ertical section of apothecium. c. Ascus and paraphysis. /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Histor

. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. Fig. 236.- -An orchid {Callleya Sp.) growing as an epiphyte on a portion of a branch of white birch. Note the aerial roots.. Fig. 237.—A thallose lichen, Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyb., growing on a rock. The cup-shaped structures are the fruiting bodies (apothecia). At the left are seen two very young plants.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gager, C. Stuart (Charles Stuart), Stock Photo

RMRE2FEH–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. Fig. 236.- -An orchid {Callleya Sp.) growing as an epiphyte on a portion of a branch of white birch. Note the aerial roots.. Fig. 237.—A thallose lichen, Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyb., growing on a rock. The cup-shaped structures are the fruiting bodies (apothecia). At the left are seen two very young plants.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gager, C. Stuart (Charles Stuart),

RMPG4BHA–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. LOPHODEEMIUM. 239 Lophodermium nervisequium (D. C.)^ (U.S. America). This very common fungus attacks both old and young silver firs. The needles die after becoming brown, and remain for a long 1/. Fia. 124.—lophodermium nervisequium on Abies pectinata (Silver Fir). 1, Under surface of needle with apothecia. 2, Upper surface with pycnidia. Fig. 125.—Lophodermium nervisequium. Section of a needle of Silver Fir. b, Pyc

$. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 238 ASCOMYCETES. ripening in the spring of the fourth year. Or, again, a " casting" of brown one-year-old needles may take place in autumn. The disease is found everywhere, but in some parts {e.g. in the forests of Saxony ^), it is exceedingly common and very dangerous. The apothecia are developed as long, shining, black swellings on the two under surfaces of the quadrangular needles (Fig. 121). The club-s Stock Photo$

RMRDC1M8–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 238 ASCOMYCETES. ripening in the spring of the fourth year. Or, again, a " casting" of brown one-year-old needles may take place in autumn. The disease is found everywhere, but in some parts {e.g. in the forests of Saxony ^), it is exceedingly common and very dangerous. The apothecia are developed as long, shining, black swellings on the two under surfaces of the quadrangular needles (Fig. 121). The club-s

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 500. X 500 ^^3 W^ X 1200 GYALECTA GUPULAEIS Schfer. a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apotheciuna. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Hist Stock Photo

RMPG3WF7–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X 500. X 500 ^^3 W^ X 1200 GYALECTA GUPULAEIS Schfer. a. Plant on rock. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apotheciuna. e. Ascus and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural Hist

RMRDJE05–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 28. X 500 GRAPHIS BLBGANS Ach. a. Plant on bark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. c. Ascus and paraphysis /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botan

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 16. XfiOO BOMBYLIOSPORA PACHYCARPA Massal. a a (> a. Plant on moss. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section 0 0 0 of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. c, Ascus with spore and paraphyses.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Na Stock Photo

RMPG3WBF–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 16. XfiOO BOMBYLIOSPORA PACHYCARPA Massal. a a (> a. Plant on moss. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section 0 0 0 of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecium. c, Ascus with spore and paraphyses.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Na

$. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. (2T6) m (lifters except that the spores—agreeing in their dimensions with t'l^ larger ones just cited—arc in twos; suggesting a comparison with Verr. (fcminella, Nyl. {Pi/rcnoc. p. 40) from Mexico. Paraphyses well oxhibite<l in most of these plants, but not always (as compare Koerb. Parcrg. p. 330, with Massalougo and Nylauder) and the habit of the species, owing to the colour of the thalline film, and the mostly small apothecia, seems a little alien to that of the present cluster. An Alabama lic Stock Photo$

RMRJ1AHF–. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. (2T6) m (lifters except that the spores—agreeing in their dimensions with t'l^ larger ones just cited—arc in twos; suggesting a comparison with Verr. (fcminella, Nyl. {Pi/rcnoc. p. 40) from Mexico. Paraphyses well oxhibite<l in most of these plants, but not always (as compare Koerb. Parcrg. p. 330, with Massalougo and Nylauder) and the habit of the species, owing to the colour of the thalline film, and the mostly small apothecia, seems a little alien to that of the present cluster. An Alabama lic

. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 204 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. Fig. 77 b. Alfalfa defoliated by the Leaf Spot Fungus. (Photo- graph by H. H. Whetzel) Small sooty brown or black spots about -X- inch in diameter are 1 D produced, first evident on the upper surfaces of the leaves (Fig. 78). In these spots there appear later in the season the relatively simple, sessile apothecia, which are formed beneath the epidermis and break through at maturity. The spots are often very numer- ous, causing defoliation of many of Stock Photo

RMPG3YRW–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 204 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. Fig. 77 b. Alfalfa defoliated by the Leaf Spot Fungus. (Photo- graph by H. H. Whetzel) Small sooty brown or black spots about -X- inch in diameter are 1 D produced, first evident on the upper surfaces of the leaves (Fig. 78). In these spots there appear later in the season the relatively simple, sessile apothecia, which are formed beneath the epidermis and break through at maturity. The spots are often very numer- ous, causing defoliation of many of

RMRDC1NC–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. HYSTEROGRAPHIUM. 233 Eostrup ^ regards it as a parasite on Fraxinus. Twigs of the ash attacked show flat collapsed plates of bark, on which are developed pycnidia containing one-celled conidia, and, later, the apothecia. On young twigs the diseased part often extends round the whole circumference, and causes the death of the upper living part. As yet I have only found this fungus as a saprophyte. HYPODERMIEAE. Hypod

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. ;j^T^HHiiyMHIMMil|E£ktS£ - ^«^ ^OC5i-$C30(!:3CDC:JC JCli C3C>c->CJ cvCT'. XIOOO X fiOO OPEGBAPHA ATBA Pers. n. Plant on bark, 5. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. (7. Vertical section of apothecia. c. Ascus and paraphysis /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfec Stock Photo

RMPG3W71–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. ;j^T^HHiiyMHIMMil|E£ktS£ - ^«^ ^OC5i-$C30(!:3CDC:JC JCli C3C>c->CJ cvCT'. XIOOO X fiOO OPEGBAPHA ATBA Pers. n. Plant on bark, 5. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. (7. Vertical section of apothecia. c. Ascus and paraphysis /. Spore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfec

RMRDC1JY–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 242 ASCOMYCETES. Schizothjnrium. The roundish or oblong apothecia dehisce by lobes. The club- shaped asci contain oblong, hyaline, two-celled spores. Sch. ptarmicae Desm. (Britain). This occurs as a parasite on Hying green leaves and stems of Achillea Ptarmica. The apothecia form little black points, which on rupturing break. Fio. 127.—Schizothyrium ptarmicae on Achillea Pta^-niica. (v, Tubeuf del.) up the epidermis

RMPG4BFJ–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 130.—Sections of Maple leaves showing the upper epidermis ruptured by 1, RKytisma acerinwm; 2, Rhytisma 2mnctatum. Fig. 131.—Rhytisma symvietricum Miill. Two leaves of Salix purpurea vrith stromata. A, The upper side. B, The lower side. C, Longitudinal section through the same leaf, showing numerous apothecia on the upper side, fewer on the lower ; the shaded middle part represents leaf-tissue, the remainder is

RMRDCXC0–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 274 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES the enlargement of the lesion the whole fruit becomes involved, is brownish, shrunken, and eventually shrivels into a dark mummy. The mummy may cling to the tree or it may fall to the ground. While on the tree mummies cling together in groups of two or more. Cause of hroum-rot. The pathogene, the fungus Sclerotinia cinerea, hibernates in both the fallen and hanging mummies, and in the cankers. From sclerotial crusts in the fallen mummies arise apothecia (Fig. 74) in the spring of the year. The hanging mummies furnish a habitation

. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 33. X 600 X 1500 X 60(J GLYPHIS LABYEINTHICA Ach, a. Plant on baik. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus with paraphysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural His Stock Photo

RMPG0PG3–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 33. X 600 X 1500 X 60(J GLYPHIS LABYEINTHICA Ach, a. Plant on baik. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. c. Vertical section of thallus. d. Vertical section of apothecia. e. Ascus with paraphysis. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural His

RMRDJ201–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. X50 .^.' /'V/".^ , ^ - X 700 X 700 LFX'IDEA (EULECIDEA) PARASEMA Ach. a. Plant on Ijark. b. Portion of thallus and apothecia. (•. Vectlca) seotion of thallus. d. Vertical sectioD of apothecia. r. Asous and paraphyses. /. Spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British

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