RM2AN40YT–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . , where it wascollected by Darwin in 1.S33. 126 DISCOMYCETES [CH. In the beech forests, he says, the trees are much diseased; on therough excrescences grow vast numbers of yellow balls. They are of thecolour of the yolk of an egg, and vary in size from that of a bullet to thatof a small apple ; in shape they are globular, but a little produced towardsthe point of attachment. They grow both on the branches and stems ingroups. When young they contain much fluid and are quite tasteless, butin their older and altered state they form a very essential
RMPG3YME–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. ASCOMYCETES 233 XXXII. WILT DISEASE OF COTTON, COWPEA, AND WATERMELON Neocosmospora vasinfecta (Atkinson) Erw. Smith Atkinson, Geo. F. Some Diseases of Cotton. III. Frenching. Ala. Exp. Sta. Built. 41: 19-29. 1892. Orton, W. A. The Wilt Disease of Cotton and its Control. Div. Veg^Phys. and Path., U. S. Dept. Agl. Built. 27: 1-16. pis. 1-14. 1900. Orton, W. A. The Wilt Disease of the Cowpea and its Control. Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. Agl. Built. 17: 1-20. ph. 1-4. 1902. S
RF2BX8CNP–Taphrina johansonii, known as the aspen tongue, wild fungus from Finland
RM2BND6WA–Elegant sunburst lichen (Xanthoria elegans) Baguales Valley, Chile.
RM2AN2XBC–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 180. a. Phragmidium Kuln Pers.; teleutosorus, x 240: after Sappin-Trouffy; b. Pkragmidiumviolaceum Wint.; teleutosorus, 240; after Blackmail. except in the genus Uredinopsis, on ferns, where they are scattered. Like theuredospores the teleutospores are with or without paraphyses and like themarise from rectangular basal cells. They appear as narrow binucleateoutgrowths in which one or more divisions take place so that, in themajority of cases, a stalk is formed below and the simple or compoundteleutospore is produced above (fig. 181). The st
RMPF9FJX–. Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik. Ein Grundriss der systematischen Botanik zum Selbststudium für Aerzte, Apotheker und Botaniker. Plants; Medicinal plants. 140 Fungi. Ascomycetes.. Fig. 67. Cordijci'ps. 1—3. C. entomoniiiza auf einer Elatcren-Larvc. 2. Die Hälfte der Frucht lüngsdurchschnittcii. 3. Das oliere Ende eines Saaniensclilauclies mit mehreren zer- gliedernden Saamen. 4—8. C. mililaris. 4. Deren Goni- dienfnrm: Isaria farinosa Fr. auf einer todteii Raupe von Uumbyx liubi L. 5. Ein der Isaria ähnlicher Schimmel, welcher am Grunde der Fruchtstiele Fig. G gefunden wu
RF2NYEA2F–Melanospora lagenaria and Trichoderma pulvinatum growing parasitic on a polypore fungus in Finland
RM2BNJE53–Foliose lichen (Melanelixia glabratula) Calver, Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, UK February
RM2AJ60CJ–Fungous diseases of plants . e United States,and in western Europe from England to Italy. The fungus hasnot been reported from the southern states growing tobacco,or from tropical regions. It is believed that abundant moistureis essential for serious trouble by this fungus, lack of drainageand other factors assisting in producing this condition. Briggshas recently shown that the presence of this fungus in tobaccosoils is an indication of alkalinity, a condition often broughtabout by the system of fertilization. n ASCOMYCETES 21 I Host Plants. The following is a list of the natural hosts, ascom
RMPF9FKG–. Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik. Ein Grundriss der systematischen Botanik zum Selbststudium für Aerzte, Apotheker und Botaniker. Plants; Medicinal plants. 136 Fungi. Ascomycetes. pyrins Fers. Eif.-kugelig, heerdenweise. Saamen 3—4zellig, hellfarbig; auf alten Brettern etc. S. inoriformis Tode, verkehrt eif. Wie Vor. S. sper- moides Hoffm. kegelf. Wie Vor. — § 2. Frucht in die Unterlage eingesenkt, später frei: * In Gruppen mit sehr kleiner Mündung. S. popiillna Pers. S. cupularis Pers. Auf Carpinus. S. Berlieridis Pers. S. Cucurbitaria Tul. Labiirui Pers. 60. 1. Saamen ma
RF2H9PT66–Tilachlidium brachiatum, known as cactus fungus, a sac fungus growing on spruce deadwood in Finland
RM2BNHMRG–King Alfred's cakes / Cramp ball (Daldinia concentrica) hard fungi often found on dead ash or beech wood, Hertfordshire, England, UK, December
RM2AN4NCN–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . fuse, a nucleus wanders fromone to the other, and the cell thus provided with two nuclei grows out as a II] ASCOMYCETES 43 continuation of the ascogenous hypha, and gives rise to fresh asci (fig. 10).This process was first recorded in 1908 for Humaria rutilans and has sincebeen observed by McCubbin in Helvetia elastica, by Carruthers in Helvetiacrispa, and by Claussen in Pyronema confliiens. It suggests either that someadvantage is to be derived from an absence of relationship between thenuclei which fuse in the ascus, or that a scheme of rigid n
RMPF9FME–. Deutsche Flora. Pharmaceutisch-medicinische Botanik. Ein Grundriss der systematischen Botanik zum Selbststudium für Aerzte, Apotheker und Botaniker. Plants; Medicinal plants. 128 Fungi. Ascomycetes.. Fig. 53. * Fruclitanli. an der Spitze gekrümmt, Hyplio-Gonklien wie bei den folgen- den beiden Gruppen in Ketten, Unciuula Lev. : E. aduuca LL 53. 4. 6. E. Salicis DC. Anhänge im Umkreise der sehr kleinen Frucht zahlreich, etAvas länger als deren Durchmesser, einfach; Saamen 2 â 4 in jedem Schlauch. Auf Salix, Populus, Artemisia. Var. Ã. ülmorum LI: auf Ulmus. E. prunastri DC. E. Wallrothii
RF2E18R6P–Rhizina undulata, also called Helvella inflata, commonly known as pine firefungus or doughnut fungus, wild mushroom from Finland
RM2BND76H–Two lichens, Concentric boulder lichen (Porpidia crustulata) and Lecidea lithophila, on sandstone. Derbyshire, England, UK, September.
RM2AN3KM3–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . LF, F. A. Spore Formation in Podospora anserina, (Rabh.J Wint. Ann. Myc.x, p. 60. Sphaeriaceae The perithecia of the Sphaeriaceae are superficial, and are borne singlyor in groups; the peridium may be smooth or beset with hairs or spines.The papillate ostiole distinguishes this family from the succeeding formswith free perithecia. The majority are saprophytic on plant remains, frequently on wood; some are parasites, such as the speciesof Coleroa (fig. 118), which occur on theleaves of Potentilla, Rubtis, and otherflowering plants. Rosellina querc
RF2E9Y1N5–Helvella acetabulum, known as cabbage leaf Helvella, vinegar cup or the brown ribbed elfin cup, wild fungus from Finland
RM2BNJDYM–Lichen (Cladonia coniocraea) on oak stump, Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire UK
RM2AN43M6–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Iig. 77. Ascobolus Winteri Rehm.; archi-carp, x 10S0 ; after Dodge. n8 DISCOMYCETES [CH.. Fig. 78. Ascobolus immersus Pers.: archicarps showingpaired nuclei, x 1000; after Kamlow. or four cells, which diminish gradually in diameter and which he termsa trichogyne. In Ascobolus immersus the mycelium consists of multinucleate cells, thearchicarp is larger than that of A. Winteri and contains some twentydivisions, it is otherwise very similar. The cells contain numerous largenuclei and pores develop between them ; the ascogenous hyphae arise froma si
RF2BEPDJP–Tilachlidium brachiatum, known as cactus fungus, a sac fungi growing on a host fungus in Finland
RM2BNJEAG–Bay cup fungus (Peziza badia) Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, UK September
RM2AN2Y4R–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig- >79- • Phragmidium Rubi Pers.; uredosorus, x6oo; after Sappin-Trouffy; b. Phragmidiumviolaceum Wint.; uredosorus, X480; after Blackman. by paraphyses, or in certain genera (Pucciniastrum, UrcJinopsis) by a pseudo-peridium. In the young sorus a regular layer of somewhat rectangular basalcells is formed, from which the uredospore mother-cells arise. In Colco-sporitim, in Chrysomyxa, and in the secondary caeomata of Phragmidiumsubcorlicium, they are produced in vertical rows like the typical aecidiosporemother-cells and divide to form uredos
RF2T8DE0T–Helvella pezizoides, a saddle fungus from Finland, no common English name
RM2AN3BP2–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fg- l.i°- Laboulbenia triordinata Thaxter; 13= after Thaxter. ; r. Laboulbenia ehaetophorayoung perithecium and tricho-gyne, 360 ; after Fault. PYRENOMYCETES [CH. contain oil globules. Between adjacent cells that have the same origin theprotoplasm is continuous through broad pits. The cytoplasm on each sidedips into the pit, forming a thick strand which, in Laboulbenia at least, appearsto be intersected by the middle lamella (Faull). The latter in favourablecases is seen to be perforated by one or more fine pores through which com-plete continuit
RF2WJ2CC6–Vibrissea truncorum, a sac fungus with no common English name growing in forest streams in Finland during springtime
RM2BNJEDN–Lichen (Cladonia pocillum) Snowdonia National Park, North Wales, UK October
RM2AN3DWF–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 1:6. Poroniapunctata (L.) Fr.; stroma cut across; after Tulasne. v] SPHAERIALES [(,., The perithccium is initiated by the development of a coil of large,deeply-staining cells forming the archicarp. It arises amongst the vegetativefilaments of the stroma, forms a couple of loops and is continued towardsthe surface of the stroma as a slender multicellular trichogyne (fig. 127 cj).At an carl)- stage the coiled portion becomes surrounded by a knot of small,densely-staining hyphae; later the trichogyne disappears, degenerationprogressing from the
RF2PCY6T3–Melanospora lagenaria and Trichoderma pulvinatum growing parasitic on a polypore fungus in Finland
RM2BNJTJ5–Tree lungwort (Lobaria pulmonaria) lichen in ancient forest,, Alberes Mountains. Massane reserve, Pyrenees, France, November.
RM2AN322B–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . eir destination by insects. The aecidia occur in groups, usually on the abaxial side of the leaf; in them the aecidiospores areproduced in basipetal rows(fig. I/O) alternating withsmall, abortive, intercalarycells, by the disintegration ofwhich they are set free. Theymay be carried to consider-able distances by the wind,and there is evidence thatthey are sometimes distri-buted by means of insects orof snails. The mature aecidio-spore is usually subgloboseor polygonal in form, it isenclosed in a thick wall per-forated byseveral germ-pores,and cont
RF2HCR53W–Vibrissea truncorum, a sac fungus with no common English name growing in forest streams in Finland during springtime
RM2BNE0CC–Scarlet caterpillar club (Cordyceps militaris) a parasitic fungus on the buried larvae of butterflies and moths. Sussex, England, UK, November.
RM2AN373E–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. [51. Fischfri; -.pore- ball, one spore germinating, ? ;oo;after Plowright. Fig. 1-2. Ustilago Cario; u. young, binucleatebrand-spores; b. l<lrr spores after nuclearfusion; after Rawitscher. The young spore, like the cells of the mycelium from which it is derived,contains two nuclei (fig. 152a). These undergo fusion, so that the maturespore is uninucleate (fig. 152/;). The pairing of the nuclei, which beginswith the association of the basidiospores (or their conidia), is thus completedin the brand-spore. The minute investigation of the gro
RF2E9KNWP–Taphrina johansonii, known as the aspen tongue, wild fungus from Finland
RM2BNJEAE–Beech jellydisc fungus (Neobulgaria pura) growing in Cypress-leaved plait moss (Hypum cupressiforme) Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, UK Octob
RM2AN37FE–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . lago Scabiosae Sow.; development of basidium; after Harper. least two divisions; the basidium in turn produces a number of uninucleatesporidia or basidiospores. The basidium may be unicellular, giving rise toa bunch of basidiospores at its apex (Tilletia (fig. 148c?)), or multicellular,usually four-celled, producing one ormore basidiospores from each cell {Us-tilago (fig. 147 e)). The nucleus of theparent cell does not travel into thebasidiospore but divides, sending onedaughter nucleus into the spore, whilethe other, remaining in the basidial ce
RF2HD4G1E–Taphrina johansonii, known as the aspen tongue, wild fungus from Finland
RM2BNJE01–Reindeer moss (Cladonia portentosa) Peak District National Park, Derbyshire, UK
RM2AJ5W9K–Fungous diseases of plants . different raceson a scale of one thousand.) Variety Jan7io7ntch Mitafifi (average of 3 strains) Abbasi Jackson (one strain) .... Sea Island Eldorado Texas Wood ...... Doughty Hawkins Prolific Resistance 565 559479453233227162148142 Variety Brady Cooks Long StapleExcelsior .... Drake Jones King Peterkin .... Truitt Russell 127124104908883717155 ASCOMYCETES 237 In the same way as for the cotton, so also in the case of thecowpea, resistant races have been found. The most resistant ofthe original varieties tested was the form known as Iron Moun-tain, which has since be
RF2AKAJXG–Hypocrea pulvinata, known as ochre cushion, growing on top of red belt conk, Fomitopsis pinicola, wild fungi from Finland
RM2BNKKT8–Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica) in flower, Rondane, Norway July
RM2AN4F4K–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . conidia. Perithecia are abundant; in their initiation two branches take part.The oogonium is at first uninucleate butas it elongates the nucleus undergoesseveral divisions. In the meantime asecond branch appears, usually borne ona narrower filament; it cuts off a uninu-cleate or occasionally binucleate terminalcell which applies itself to the middle ofthe oogonium, and the intervening wallsdisappear (fig. y3). Apparently, however,fertilization does not take place; the nu-cleus of the terminal cell is described as?I generating in situ while the oo
RF2E92HC4–Taphrina johansonii, known as the aspen tongue, wild fungus from Finland
RM2BNKKTA–Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica) in flower, Rondane, Norway July
RM2AN4BN2–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 44. Phyllactinia Corylea (Pers.) Karst.; a. fertilization;b. fusion nucleus in oogonium ; c. </. young perithecia ; afterHarper. oogonium elongates and enlarges in diameter and the fusion nucleus divides.The first nuclear division is apparently never accompanied by cell wallformation, so that a binucleate stage persists for some time. Finally, however, PLECTOMYCETES [CH. the usual row of three to five cells is formed. The penultimate cell regularlycontains more than one nucleus ; the rest, as a rule, are uninucleate. Just after fertilizat
RF2E92HBP–Taphrina johansonii, known as the aspen tongue, wild fungus from Finland
RM2BNKKT6–Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica) in flower, Rondane, Norway July
RM2AN38TH–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . f ., ?? ?:. ? 9. ?. ... ??:-;?? b Fig. 14J. Laboulbenia chaetophora (?). «. cell formed by binucleateoogonial and trichophoric cells, x 430; b. first division in ascusdescribed by Fauil as the anaphase, K1510; c. nuclear division inspore, showing four chromosomes, X2800; after Faull. Since almost all our knowledge of the group is due to the brilliant workof Professor Thaxter of Harvard it follows that the North American speciesare far better known than those of other localities. Such material as he wasable to obtain from warmer regions proved,
RF2BE4EBK–Tilachlidium brachiatum, known as cactus fungus, a sac fungi growing on a host fungus in Finland
RM2BNMC15–Coastal lichen (Xanthoria aureola) Isle of Mull, Scotland, UK, June.
RM2AN4561–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fr.) Sacc; very young ascocai p,x soo. In another species of this genus, Humaria rutilans1, reduction has gone yetfurther and not even an archicarp is produced. The apothecium arises asa dense weft of tangled filaments, which for a time differ from one anotheronly in the relatively thick walls of the outer hyphae, and the richer proto-plasmic content of the inner (fig. 69). Each cell of the weft contains oneor a few nuclei. After a while the nuclei in the central part of the massmay be seen to be of two sizes, and the smaller have been found to f
RF2AKAM3N–Trichoderma leucopus, wild fungus from Finland
RM2BNJDYN–Lichen (Peltigera hymenina) Snowdonia National Park, North Wales, UK
RM2AJ5XKX–Fungous diseases of plants . Fig. 87. Gooseberry Mildew. (After Close) or brown and thick-walled with age. The mycelium forms densecircular or effuse patches, sometimes completely covering a berryand the adjacent twig. The perithecia are imbedded in the dense mycelium. Theyaverage about 80-ioo/x in diameter and are beset with a fewlight brown, tortuous appendages. A single subglobose ascus ASCOMYCETES 223 contains relatively large spores. According to Salmon this speciesis indistinguishable from the Sphaerotheca found in Europe uponEuphorbia, The latter is, however, not very common in Europe,D
RF2BX5NP4–Byssonectria deformis, a discomycete fungus from Finland with no common english name
RM2BND78G–Crawfish lichen (Ochrolechia parella) growing on a headstone. Gower, South Wales, UK.
RM2AN32KN–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 164. Germinating teleutospores ; a. Phragmidium bulbosum Schm.; b. Triphragmidium UlmariaeLk.; c. Colcosporitim Sonchi Lev.; d. Uromy es appendiculatus (Fabae) Lev.; after Tulasne. (II. VIII] IRKIMXALKS ?97 of the spore forms other than tlie teleutospore, such as Aecidium, Caeomaand Uredo, still survive in our nomenclature. The teleutospores (figs. 164, 165, 166) may be unicellular or they maybe made up of two or more cells forming a compound structure, each cell of. Fig 165. Cronartiumepiadeum Fr. ; te-leutospore mass withbasiclia and spore
RFRF0RK1–Ochre cushion, Hypocrea pulvinata, growing as a parasite on red belt conk, Fomitopsis pinicola.
RM2BND7BY–Yellow sunburst lichen (Xanthoria parietina) growing on a headstone, Fetlar, Shetlands, Scotland, UK, June.
RM2AN3FAH–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . r as blackdots scattered over the surface of the disc (fig. 126). The asci, when ripe,protrude through the ostiole so that the dark brown spores are shed outsidethe perithecium. Dawson was able readily to obtain pure cultures, both from the asco-spores and from the conidia, on 10 per cent, gelatine made up with decoctionof horse dung. The ascospore forms a single lateral germ-tube, which develops septaand branches freely. The conidia produce germ-tubes from either end orfrom both and sometimes also laterally; the mycelium is at first much moredel
RF2B7DJME–Crocicreas cyathoideum, a sac fungus from Finland with no common english name
RM2BND6W9–Crab eye lichen (Ochrolechia parella) on headstone, Gower, South Wales, UK, June.
RM2AN3A70–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . cells reach the trichogyne and, though theactual process of fertilization has not yet been seen, it appears likely thatit is accomplished. Afterwards the oogonium divides into three superposed cells, the sterileinferior cell, the sterile superior cell and a fertile cell lying between the two(fig. 136^, //). This middle cell cuts off a secondary sterile cell below(fig. 136/) which like the other sterile cells is eventually destroyed. It thendivides longitudinally into four ascogenic cells, two of which are shown in v] L.MUiU.KKNIAI.ES i/V fig. 136
RF2AMENK4–Trichoderma leucopus, wild fungus from Finland
RM2BNN168–Foliose lichen (Lobaria scrobiculata) on birch bark. Sensitive to pollution. Drumnadrochit, Inverness, Scotland
RM2AN2PNR–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . eoma; sterile cell pushing up betweenepidermal cells of host, x 1.500; afterBlackman. Fig-9S- Phragmidium speciosum Fr.;fertile cells after conjugation; aecidio- spore mother-cell above ; after Christ-man. takes place and aecidiospore mother-cells arc cut off so that a single rowof aecidiospores is developed from each pair of gametes. Christman regardsthe fertile cells as isogametes between which conjugation takes place, andthe sterile cells merely as buffers, of which the function is to assist in therupture of the epidermis. His observations on
RFW55C31–Hypocrea pulvinata, known as the Ochre cushion, growing on a host polypore known as the red belt conk, Fomitopsis pinicola
RM2BND84W–Caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) held in human hand. This fungus parasitizes caterpillar under the ground and produces fruiting body above
RM2AN4K09–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . the spores (fig. 23). Dipodascus differs from Eremascus and the other Endomycetaceae in thepresence of accessory nuclei in its gametangia, and from all except Wclkia,in the formation of numerous spores in its ascus. In spite of these differencesthe resemblance seems sufficiently close to permit its inclusion in the samegroup. ENDOMYCETACEAE: BIBLIOGRAPHY 1883 ElDAM, E. Zur Kenntniss der Entwk kelung bui clen Ascomyceten. Cohns Beitrage zur Biol, der Pflanzen, iii, p. 385.1S92 dk LAGERHEIM, G. Dipodascus albidus eine neue geschlechtliche Hemiascee
RF2BX5NMM–Mollisia sp growing on spruce cone, a discomycete fungus from Finland with no common english name
RM2BNKNMR–Map lichen (Rhizocarpon geographicum) on gneiss, North Harris, Outer Hebrides, Scotland, April.
RM2AN4161–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . ts in which yellowish whitestromata are produced. These give rise to minute unicellular conidia, andlater, if the atmosphere is sufficiently moist, to ascocarps. In the genus Sclerotinia the stalked ascocarps arise from sclerotia (fig. 81 i I.A number of species arc parasitic : S. tuberosa on - Xnemone nodosa; S. sclero-tiorum on the potato, cabbage and other hosts in the stems of which thesclerotia are formed; S.fructigena and .V. entered on species ofPrunus andPyrus where they give rise to brown rot, blossom wilt and other pathologicalcondition
RF2E4X2N3–Crocicreas cyathoideum, a sac fungus from Finland with no common english name
RM2BND841–Caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) parasitizing body of caterpillar which is under the ground. Mount Namjagbarwa, Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyo
RM2AN45JB–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . the occurrence of a single fusion in this species, that in theascus, and a single reducing division1. Lachnea cretea has a pale buff apothecium, beset with hairs (fig. 66a).It has been found on plaster ceilings, and, like many other saprophyticspecies, grows readily in artificial culture. 1 The magnification of Browns figures of the divisions in the oogonium is enormous (x 11,100),and their details should therefore probably be received with some caution. I IO DISCOMYCETES [CH. The archicarp (figs. 66 b-e) consists of a long, branched, multicellul
RF2A8A2K4–Tilachlidium brachiatum, known as cactus fungus, a sac fungi growing on spruce deadwood from Finland
RM2BNJE08–Mosses and lichen (Cladonia fimbriata) and (Peltigera hymenina) Snowdonia National Park, North Wales, UK
RM2AN3G92–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . The species grouped under Fusicladium amongthe I lyphomycetes are in some cases conidial forms of this genus. Theconidia are two-celled, borne on short conidiophores arranged in groups;/-. dendriticum is the cause of scab or black-spot on apples, and /?. Pyrinumof a similar disease on pears. 11 l62 PYRENOMYCETES [CH. Leptospliaeria includes some 500 species characterized by the papillateor conical ostiole, usually free from hairs. The majority are saprophytes onplant remains, some are parasites on land plants, and some on the RedAlgae. L. Lemanea
RF2A9KM9B–Tilachlidium brachiatum, known as cactus fungus, a sac fungi growing on spruce deadwood from Finland
RMW7PGWH–Leafhopper (Phromnia rosea) and larvae, camouflaged like lichens, Madagascar
RM2AN2TXP–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . f teleutosorus; b. teleutospore; Lev.; fertile cells and spores; after both after Werth and Ludwig. c. Puccinia Podophylli Hoffmann.S-; migrations at base of teleutosorus; after Christman. A sporophytic stage of exceptionally brief duration is also found in thespecies of Endophyllum and in the form on Rubus frondosus known asKunkelia nitens1. In both cases the characteristic spores are developed inbasipetal chains (fig. 185), and in both the fertile cells which give rise tothem fuse in pairs (Olive 08; Hoffmann 11), so that the spore mother-cells
RF2PC7EM9–Trichoderma pulvinatum, known as the Ochre cushion, growing on a host polypore known as the red belt conk, Fomitopsis pinicola
RMG9XN68–Lichen (Lecanora sp probably L. chlarotera) growing on a birch twig. Focus-stacked image, X3 magnification.
RM2AXHF3K–Nature and development of plants . ^^M, ^fyptti Fig. 155. Fig. 156. Fig. 155. The stroma of Cordyceps emerging from the pupa of a mothanil forming a club-like organ with numerous ascocarps, as, in its apicalregion. Fig. 156. One of the common cup fungi, Pcziza, with hroadly openascocarps. Common upon rich humus soil and decaying wood. cocoon stage. At this time, the mycelium which flourishes inthe tissues of the host, sends up club-like bodies (Fig. 155).that bear the ascocarps as in the case of the ergot. 90. Forms with Broadly Opened Ascocarps.—The remainingorders of the Ascomycetes include
RF2PC7EPH–Trichoderma pulvinatum, known as the Ochre cushion, growing on a host polypore known as the red belt conk, Fomitopsis pinicola
RMG9XFJB–Two lichens on a headstone, Grab eye lichens (Ocrolechia parella) - pale grey, and Rusty shielded lichen (Caloplaca crenularia)
RM2AN47H4–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 56. Ascodesmis nigricans Van Tiegh.; sexualapparatus; a. trichogyne; b. antheridium; c.oogonium; (/. stalk; e. gametophytic hypha;after Claussen. Fig. 57. Pyronema confluens; spherical oogo-nium giving rise to ascogenous hyphae; a. an-theridium ; /. trichogyne; c. oogonium ; d. as-cogenous hyphae; x 1040; after Clau6sen. the oogonium becomes septate, so that the fertile part is multicellular andthe ascogenous hyphae arise from several cells. This type closely approxi-mates to that in Eurotium and some other Plectascales, and there seemsreaso
RFW5P4B0–Hypocrea pulvinata, known as the Ochre cushion, growing on a host polypore known as the red belt conk, Fomitopsis pinicola
RM2AN41GE–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . inucleate. In Rhyparobius {Thecotheus) Pelletieri Overton has described several IV] PEZIZALES l 2 I multicellular archicarps, each rather like the single scolecite of Ascobolus.The cells are not connected by pores, and ascogenous hyphae arise fromseveral in each archicarp. In R.brunneus Dangeard reports a single archicarp, consisting of a short,somewhat twisted branch. Ramlow has also recorded a single archicarp inA, polysporus and Barker in an unnamed species. Overton has made somestudy of tin- development of the numerous spores in A. Pelletieri
RMW7XYX7–Bog beacon (Mitrula paludosa) in small brook in central Holland.
RM2AJ6223–Fungous diseases of plants . e develops as a small fungous body of rapidly growing tissue,completely immersed in the leaf, and more or less surrounded bythe old hyphae of the Gloeosporial form. With further develop-ment the epidermis is ruptured and the apothecium opens as afleshy disk-shaped structure, the basal portions of which consistof more or less pseudoparenchymatous tissue from which arisenumerous asci and paraphyses. The basal portion remains inpart surrounded by thick-walled cells of the old mycelium, as ASCOMYCETES 207 shown in Fig. 80, b. The asci are club-shaped and bear eighthyah
RMF153WN–Cup fungus (Cookeina sp) Danum Valley, Sabah, Borneo.
RM2AN39Y0–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 142. Amorphomyces Fala-griac Thaxter; paired spores;after Thaxter.. Fig. 143. Amorphomyces FalagriacThaxter; male andfemale individuals; a.young, b. mature; afterIll,i . r. Walls cut off the upper and the lower nucleus, and acentral binucleate cell is left, the lower nucleus of whichis presumably a daughter of the oogonial and the upperof the trichophoric nucleus. These divide simultaneouslyand a binucleate inferior sterile cell is separated from thebinucleate fertile cell. This in turn divides to form theascogenic cells, from which the asci
RM2BNDBKD–Oakmoss / stag lichen (Evernia prunastri) close up, La Brenne, France, June.
RM2AN4X1E–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . cetes, 5, 8 Yamanouchi, S., 173 Zyiosaicharomyces, 63 (Fig. 24) Yeasts, 2, 7, 11 ; and see Saccharomycetaceae g Barkeri 64 Z. Chevalieri, 64Zaghouania, 220 Zygotaxis .27 Zea Mays, 21, 190 Zymase, 10, 12, 62 PRINTED IN ENGLAND BY J. B. PEACE, M.A.AT THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Nvw Yo<h Botanical G»rd#n Lib»«y QK603 G9 1922 gen Gwynne-Vaughan/Fungi, Ascomvceles, Usui 3 5185 00125 0446fungiascomycetes00gwyn. 6
RM2BNEAXN–Basalt covered in various coastal lichen species including Sea ivory (Ramalina siliquosa). Anglesey, Wales, UK. December.
RM2AN4KTK–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . n the young mycelium, did not persist. It is no doubtdependent upon rapidity of growth. From this mycelium pairs of uninucleate branches grow up, usually fromthe same, sometimes from different hyphae, and fuse at their apices (fig. 19).Their nuclei also fuse and after three karyokinetic divisions eight spores areformed. Sometimes, especially in old cultures, the fertile hyphae mayproduce asci without fusion. These are usually small and generally containfour spores or even a lesser number. As a rule three nuclear divisions takeplace in the parthen
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