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Binucleate Stock Photos and Images
RM2WWBBD2–This photomicrograph revealed the presence of a binucleate parasitic trophozoite of Dientamoeba fragilis, stained with trichrome.
RM2AN3PM7–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . ationof a vegetative and a female nucleus. The binucleate character of the later formed large cells may, as hesuggests, be due to conjugate division, but, since he finds that the numerousbinucleate cells in the sheath1 are the result of rapid growth, this characterin the large cells is evidently susceptible of the same explanation. In anycase the rest of the archicarp degenerates and owing to the refractorycharacter of the material the ascogenous hyphae could not be further traced. According to Blackman and Welsford, all the cells of the archicar
RMPG2JAM–. Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. 394 MORPHOLOGY OF GYMNOSPERMS before the walls disappear the jacket cells become binucleate, the nuclei dividing mitotically and amitotically. Mitotic divisions may- occur simultaneously in every cell of both layers of the jacket, or every division may be amitotic, or both kinds of division may occur in the same jacket. Amitotic divisions occurring at the upper end of the archegonium might pass easily for fusions. In some jacket cells the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitall
RMW1T5WT–Archive image from page 94 of Cytology, with special reference to. Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus cytologywithspec00agar 0 Year: 1920 Ill GONOMERY 79 nucleus, so that each of the conjugating amoebae has now a single nucleus. These nuclei undergo a process of meiosis, comparable to the formation of the polar bodies of a Metazoan egg, converting each amoeba into a single gamete. The two gamete cells fuse together to form a zygote, their nuclei, however, remaining unfused. Thus the binucleate condition is restored, to be retained through an indefinite number of cell div
RM2WWBBRK–Under 1125X magnification, this photomicrograph revealed the presence of a parasitic binucleate cyst, Entamoeba coli.
RM2AN39KN–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . the oogonial and the upperof the trichophoric nucleus. These divide simultaneouslyand a binucleate inferior sterile cell is separated from thebinucleate fertile cell. This in turn divides to form theascogenic cells, from which the asci are to develop, andthese and the asci which they produce are thereforebinucleate. The two nuclei in the ascus fuse and theirunion is regarded by Faull as the only nuclear fusionwhich occurs in this very curious life history. Meiosisthen takes place, followed by the third division. Theupper daughter nuclei of this d
RMPFK92A–. Cytology. Cytology. Figure 5-10. Plate Showing Some of the Various Types of Aberrant Mitotic Figures in Dividing Tapetal Cells of Podophyllum peltatum. (Cour- tesy of Miss Gabriele N. Miihling, Montana State University.) so far as chromosome behavior is concerned, but since spindles are more or less randomly oriented and no further cytokinesis occurs, multi- nucleate cells are produced with the number of chromosomes per nucleus being highly variable. In a number of cases, with or without first estab- lishing a binucleate condition, configurations similar to those induced by colchicine may be
RMW1T5PW–Archive image from page 94 of Cytology, with special reference to. Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus cytologywithspec00agaruoft Year: 1920 GONOMERY 79 nucleus, so that each of the conjugating amoebae has now a single nucleus. These nuclei undergo a process of meiosis, comparable to the formation of the polar bodies of a Metazoan egg, converting each amoeba into a single gamete. The two gamete cells fuse together to form a zygote, their nuclei, however, remaining unfused. Thus the binucleate condition is restored, to be retained through an indefinite number of cell dids
RM2WWBBEA–This photomicrograph revealed a good example of a binucleate parasitic trophozoite of Dientamoeba fragilis, stained with trichrome.
RM2AN357T–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig 161. Tilletia Tritici (Bjerk) Wint.;a. basidium ihirly hours after germination1 if brand-spore; /. conjugation of basidio-spores : ? .,oo: after Plowright. 194 HEMIBASIDIOMYCETES [ch. pairs of associated nuclei takes place. Rawitscher observed a quite similarlife-history in T. lacvis. In the parasitic mycelium of Doassansia Alismatis and Entyloma Glaucii(fig. 162) Dangeard observed binucleate cells and the fusion of their nuclei.
RMPFK8M6–. Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus. Cells. Ill GONOMERY 79 nucleus, so that each of the conjugating amoebae has now a single nucleus. These nuclei undergo a process of meiosis, comparable to the formation of the polar bodies of a Metazoan egg, converting each amoeba into a single gamete. The two gamete cells fuse together to form a zygote, their nuclei, however, remaining unfused. Thus the binucleate condition is restored, to be retained through an indefinite number of cell didsions. , I. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may ha
RM2WWBB4D–Under 1150X magnification, this photomicrograph of a trichrome stained specimen revealed the presence of an immature, parasitic, binucleate cyst.
RM2AN2TH0–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . ear and fourbasidiosporcs are produced, which, in due course, give rise to a uninucleatemycelium. The sporophytic stage thus endures only from the fusion of thefertile cells until the germination of the spores which they produce. Incidentally these observations in the case of Kunkelia nitens havedemonstrated that the caeoma of this fungus is not a stage in the life-historyof the teleutospore-producing Puccinia Peckiana on the same host, for themycelial cells of/. Peckiana are binucleate and the teleutospores germinatein the usual way. The develop
RMPG4GH0–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 173 This binucleate cell after fusion of its nuclei develops into the one ascus characteristic of the genus. The ascus nucleus by- division gives rise to the spore nuclei and the spores are cut out of the periplasm by reflexion of the astral rays. In Erysiphe** the oogonium and antheridium arise in a very similar way, the oogonium being somewhat curved. Feri;ilization is also similar consisting of the union of two gametic nuclei. After fertilization the oospore nucleus divides and the oogonium de
RM2WWBBN1–This iodine-stained photomicrograph revealed ultrastructural morphology exhibited by a binucleate parasitic amoebic cyst of Entamoeba histolytica.
RM2AJ54AW–Fungous diseases of plants . ssesin the Uredinales. It had been known since the studies of Sappin-Trouffy and Dangeard that the binucleate condition of the teleuto-spore and of the mycelium preceding it leads finally to a fusion ofthese two nuclei preceding the development of the promycelium.The recent studies have been directed primarily toward a knowl-edge of the origin of this binucleate condition. Blackman in someextensive studies of a caeoma stage, in particular, demonstrated whathe believed to be a fusion phenomenon in the following manner :During the early development of this stage nume
RMPG451W–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. RUST FUNGI 193 the teliospore reaches maturity, the nuclei fuse, and the uninucleate condition then continues again until the formation of the aecia. In the micro- and lepto-iorms, which have no aecium or uredinium, we find that the association takes place at points in the ordinary mycelium, but. Fig. 67.—Portion of a section of cedar apple about 5 mm. below a teliosorus. Note (i) Binucleate intercellular inyceliiim; (2) the haustoria in various stages of development; (3) the doubling o
RM2WWBBCW–This photomicrograph revealed a good example of a binucleate parasitic trophozoite, Dientamoeba fragilis, stained with iron and hematoxylin.
RM2AN2XTT–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . its wall is variously roughened in most speciesby minute projections on the surface. Two or more germ-pores are usuallypresent and the uredospore, like the cells which give rise to it, is invariablybinucleate ; it produces a binucleate mycelium on which teleutospores orfurther crops of uredospores are formed. Certain species(Puccinia vexans,etc),occurring under very dry conditions, lit I LRKDINALKS 205 produce a second type of uredospore with thick walls which arc adapted tosurvive unfavourable conditions; these are known as amphispores. Both a
RMPG451M–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 194 MYCOLOGY. Fig. 68.—Portion of a. teliosorus of cedar apple in February showing mycelia stroma and the binucleate condition of the cells of young teliospores. (After Reed. H S , and Crabill, C. H., Techn. Bull. 9, Va. Agric. Exper. Slat., May, 191S-) basidiospores teleutospore uredospore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resem
RM2WWBB5E–This photomicrograph of a trichrome-stained specimen revealed the presence of a binucleate cyst of Entamoeba hartmanni (arrow). The cysts of E.
RM2AN49N3–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 40. Taphrina aurea (Pers.) Fr.; young asci, X joo. Ill EXOASCALES 93 mother-cell during development Two nuclei can frequently be recognizedin the cells of the fertile mycelium, and the young ascus, in all investigatedcases, is binucleate. The two nuclei fuse, the fusion nucleus undergoes threesuccessive divisions and eight spores are finned (fig. 48). In many speciesbudding of the ascospore takes place, so that the mature ascus containsnumerous minute conidia (fig. 50) by means of which the fungus is distributed.The Exoascales include the si
RMPFK8EW–. Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus. Cells; Cytology. GONOMERY 79 nucleus, so that each of the conjugating amoebae has now a single nucleus. These nuclei undergo a process of meiosis, comparable to the formation of the polar bodies of a Metazoan egg, converting each amoeba into a single gamete. The two gamete cells fuse together to form a zygote, their nuclei, however, remaining unfused. Thus the binucleate condition is restored, to be retained through an indefinite number of cell didsions. Fig. 36. Amoeba diploidca. (After Niigler, A.P.K., 1909.) A, the animal in its a
RM2WWBBC9–This photomicrograph revealed a good example of a trichrome-stained binucleate Dientamoeba fragilis parasitic trophozoite in this specimen (arrowhead).
RM2ANCDWY–A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . hae are binucleate, and in this case the nucleushas a double chromosome number. Hence is suggested an alternationof generations. The life cycle of Pyronema may be displayed in a graphic formbeginning with the ascospore and ending with its production again.The diploid, or twenty-four chromosome condition, may be repre-sented by the double lines. This life cycle is contrasted with thewell-known one of the fern where a well-marked alternation of genera-tion is shown. Fern (After Claussen) Pyronema Spore Spore Prothalluim / Antheridium Archegonium My
RMPFK97T–. Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus. Cells. Ill GONOMERY 79 nucleus, so that each of the conjugating amoebae has now a single nucleus. These nuclei undergo a process of meiosis, comparable to the formation of the polar bodies of a Metazoan egg, converting each amoeba into a single gamete. The two gamete cells fuse together to form a zygote, their nuclei, however, remaining unfused. Thus the binucleate condition is restored, to be retained through an indefinite number of cell divisions. Fig. 36. Amoeba diploidea. (After Nagler, A.P.K., 1909.) A, the animal in its active p
RM2WWBBMY–This iron hematoxylin stained photomicrograph depicts a binucleate amoeba, the parasitic trophozoite of Dientamoeba fragilis. CDC/Dr Mae Melvin 1977.
RM2AN4F4K–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . conidia. Perithecia are abundant; in their initiation two branches take part.The oogonium is at first uninucleate butas it elongates the nucleus undergoesseveral divisions. In the meantime asecond branch appears, usually borne ona narrower filament; it cuts off a uninu-cleate or occasionally binucleate terminalcell which applies itself to the middle ofthe oogonium, and the intervening wallsdisappear (fig. y3). Apparently, however,fertilization does not take place; the nu-cleus of the terminal cell is described as?I generating in situ while the oo
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 832 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE ginning of the binucleate condition marks the origin of the sporo- phyte. Biologic specialization ^"i' 1^2.174.309 much as is found in the Erys- iphales occurs also in the Uredinales. There are many species, each of which is found on a large number of hosts. Upon its numerous hosts the fungus may show no morphological variation, yet at-. i^fel. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appea Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG463J/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-832-the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-ginning-of-the-binucleate-condition-marks-the-origin-of-the-sporo-phyte-biologic-specialization-quoti-12174309-much-as-is-found-in-the-erys-iphales-occurs-also-in-the-uredinales-there-are-many-species-each-of-which-is-found-on-a-large-number-of-hosts-upon-its-numerous-hosts-the-fungus-may-show-no-morphological-variation-yet-at-ifel-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appea-PG463J.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 832 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE ginning of the binucleate condition marks the origin of the sporo- phyte. Biologic specialization ^"i' 1^2.174.309 much as is found in the Erys- iphales occurs also in the Uredinales. There are many species, each of which is found on a large number of hosts. Upon its numerous hosts the fungus may show no morphological variation, yet at-. i^fel. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appea Stock Photo")
RMPG463J–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 832 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE ginning of the binucleate condition marks the origin of the sporo- phyte. Biologic specialization ^"i' 1^2.174.309 much as is found in the Erys- iphales occurs also in the Uredinales. There are many species, each of which is found on a large number of hosts. Upon its numerous hosts the fungus may show no morphological variation, yet at-. i^fel. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appea
RM2AN4BN2–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 44. Phyllactinia Corylea (Pers.) Karst.; a. fertilization;b. fusion nucleus in oogonium ; c. </. young perithecia ; afterHarper. oogonium elongates and enlarges in diameter and the fusion nucleus divides.The first nuclear division is apparently never accompanied by cell wallformation, so that a binucleate stage persists for some time. Finally, however, PLECTOMYCETES [CH. the usual row of three to five cells is formed. The penultimate cell regularlycontains more than one nucleus ; the rest, as a rule, are uninucleate. Just after fertilizat
RMPG2JY4–. Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. 286 287. Figs. 285-288.—Cryptomeria japonica: development of the endosperm; fig. 285, longitudinal section of upper portion of endosperm showing multinucleate condition and also that the walls are incomplete; May 26, 1902; X23S; fig. 286, telophase of the mitosis which is to result in the formation of a binucleate cell like those shown in fig. 288; May 29, 1903; XijOoo; fig. 287, a later stage in the same mitosis, the two daughter nuclei completely inclosed by the kinoplasmic fibrils; X 1,000; fig. 288, portion of the endosperm soon a
RM2AN8D61–The Journal of experimental zoology . f the epithelium. Flemming. Acid fuchsin.325 diam. IS Surface view of epithelium of the crop, showing unusual conditions.Several binucleate cells are present, and also a region of cytoplasm where cellwalls are lacking. Perenyi. Ehrlichs haematoxylin. 200 diam. 19 Transverse section of stomach two days after ingestion of fat. Theepithelium shows frequent dark regions which indicate absorption of fat here.The lumen of the stomach contains oil drops, pieces of chitin, and other sub-stances. Hemming. Acid fuchsin. 35 diam. 20 Transverse section of a caecum, pr
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 394 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE nucleus b}^ two mitoses gives rise to four nuclei which wander through the sterigmata into the spores and constitute the four basidiospore nuclei. The significance of this phenomenon of fusion in the basidium followed by division, which is wide spread and apparently the. M NO P "0 l,0^.fl N:^ ^^ f^ ff /^: m A 7 ^#) ^ 8» f Id. 283.—Stages in the development of the basidium (Agaricus); original binucleate condition, followed (E-F) by fusion, and subsequent mitosis N-R, resulting in four sp Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG45Y2/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-394-the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-nucleus-b-two-mitoses-gives-rise-to-four-nuclei-which-wander-through-the-sterigmata-into-the-spores-and-constitute-the-four-basidiospore-nuclei-the-significance-of-this-phenomenon-of-fusion-in-the-basidium-followed-by-division-which-is-wide-spread-and-apparently-the-m-no-p-quot0-l0fl-n-f-ff-m-a-7-8-f-id-283stages-in-the-development-of-the-basidium-agaricus-original-binucleate-condition-followed-e-f-by-fusion-and-subsequent-mitosis-n-r-resulting-in-four-sp-PG45Y2.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 394 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE nucleus b}^ two mitoses gives rise to four nuclei which wander through the sterigmata into the spores and constitute the four basidiospore nuclei. The significance of this phenomenon of fusion in the basidium followed by division, which is wide spread and apparently the. M NO P "0 l,0^.fl N:^ ^^ f^ ff /^: m A 7 ^#) ^ 8» f Id. 283.—Stages in the development of the basidium (Agaricus); original binucleate condition, followed (E-F) by fusion, and subsequent mitosis N-R, resulting in four sp Stock Photo")
RMPG45Y2–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 394 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE nucleus b}^ two mitoses gives rise to four nuclei which wander through the sterigmata into the spores and constitute the four basidiospore nuclei. The significance of this phenomenon of fusion in the basidium followed by division, which is wide spread and apparently the. M NO P "0 l,0^.fl N:^ ^^ f^ ff /^: m A 7 ^#) ^ 8» f Id. 283.—Stages in the development of the basidium (Agaricus); original binucleate condition, followed (E-F) by fusion, and subsequent mitosis N-R, resulting in four sp
RM2AN39Y0–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 142. Amorphomyces Fala-griac Thaxter; paired spores;after Thaxter.. Fig. 143. Amorphomyces FalagriacThaxter; male andfemale individuals; a.young, b. mature; afterIll,i . r. Walls cut off the upper and the lower nucleus, and acentral binucleate cell is left, the lower nucleus of whichis presumably a daughter of the oogonial and the upperof the trichophoric nucleus. These divide simultaneouslyand a binucleate inferior sterile cell is separated from thebinucleate fertile cell. This in turn divides to form theascogenic cells, from which the asci
RMPG451H–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 68.—Portion of a. teliosorus of cedar apple in February showing mycelia stroma and the binucleate condition of the cells of young teliospores. (After Reed. H S , and Crabill, C. H., Techn. Bull. 9, Va. Agric. Exper. Slat., May, 191S-) basidiospores teleutospore uredospore.. uredospore secidiospore intercalary cell spermatium s gamete ¥ gametes fusion-cell Fig. 69.—Diagram of the alternation of generations of a typical rust. (After Grove, W. B., The British Rust Fungi, 1913, 27.). P
RM2AJ2MRE–Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College . n capsule is due to the presence ofmuscle fibres and connective tissue. The boundary line betweenamnion and serosa is visible only in the vicinity of the amnioticnuclei. eth.foL, epithelium of ovarian capsule (when the plates wereengraved I still took this to be the follicular epithelium, hence theerror in the abbreviation); n/./o/., nucleus of capsular epithelium;nl. sr., nucleus of serosa; nl. am., nucleus of amnion. X 630. Figs. 3-15 are all from the serosa. Fig. 3. Very small, binucleate cell. X 130. Figs. 4-10. Nuclei at d
RM2AN42JT–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 80. Ascophanus carneus Pers.; eld archicarp,showing associated nuclei, > Soo; alter Ramlow. formed so that the hypha consists of a series of binucleate cells. These. tig. Si. Ascophanuscarneiis Pers.; a. section through young asci (ring nuclear fusion in two cells of the archicarp, =so : . two cells of an archicarp,showing nuclear fusions, x 1240; after Cutting. nuclei, when satisfactorily fixed, showed a well-marked centrosome.Ramlow was unable to see whether one or several cells of the archicarp 120 DISCOMYCETES [CH. gave rise to ascoge
RM2AG9XDX–. The Gardeners' chronicle : a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects. ducing abundantly sooty-black irregular pyriform osub-quadrate muriform spores, which vary in size from20—70 mk. long, by 10—20 mk. wide,* Stvlospokes : Phoma destrucUva.—Perithecia carbo-naceous, minute, globose, spherical clustered spores,hyaline, oval, cylindrical, binucleate, 5—6 mk. long, by1.5—I mk. wide. Another disease which sometimes but much morerarely attacks Tomatos while still growing is due toa Dactylium very closely allied to if not identicalwith D. roseum, B., from which it differs in
RM2ANBWHR–A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Fig. 67.—Portion of a section of cedar apple about 5 mm. below a teliosorus.Note (i) Binucleate intercellular mycelium; (2) the haustoria in various stages ofdevelopment; (3) the doubling of nucleoli in the nuclei of some of the parenchymacells of the host. Material collected on March 31. {After Reed, H. S., and Crabill,C. H., Techn. Bull. 9, Va. Agric. Exper. Stat., May, 1915.) always before the formation of the teliospores. Whether theassociation of nuclei in the ordinary mycelium takes place by themigration of a nucleus from one cell to another,
RM2ANBW9M–A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Pig. 68.—Portion of a teliosorus of cedar apple in February showing myceliastroma and the binucleate condition of the cells of young teliospores. (After Reed,H. S., and Crabill, C. H., Techn. Bull, g, Va. Agric. Exper. Stal.. May. 1915) teleutospore basidiospores uredospore. uredospore secidiospore^ intercalary cell^ „ . „•^ msion-cell spermatium} gamete ? gametes Fig. 69.—Diagram of the alternation of generations of a typical rust. (After Grove,W. B., The British Rust Fungi, 1913, 27.) RUST FUNGI 19s been known to germinate, and the large size of
RM2CDCBAG–. Fungous diseases of plants, with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . cessesin the Uredinales. It had been known since the studies of Sappin-Trouffy and Dangeard that the binucleate condition of the teleuto-spore and of the mycelium preceding it leads finally to a fusion ofthese two nuclei preceding the development of the promycelium.The recent studies have been directed primarily toward a knowl-edge of the origin of this binucleate condition. Blackman in someextensive studies of a caeoma stage, in particular, demonstrated whathe believed to be a fusion phenomenon in the f
RMREF913–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. Fig. 100.—Taphrina deformans. 1. Subcuticular, binucleate ascogenous hyphae before caryogamy. 2. Young chlamydospores. (After Dangeard, 1894.) Thus the chlamydospores may be interpreted as zeugites, organs in which at the close of the dicaryophase, caryogamy occurs. In this sense they would be considered homologous to the probasidia and sclerobasidia of the Auriculariales, to the teliospores of the Uredinales and the smut spores of the Ustilaginales, and thus the conceptions to be discussed under the Basidiomycetes, concerning the differentiation of ze
RMRDTNDD–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 148 PYRENOMYCETES [CH. two nuclei each. In his opinion, the second nucleus in the originally uni- nucleate cell, is derived from its multinucleate neighbour, which he terms the antheridium ; the other binucleate cells receive their nuclei from it by conjugate division, and are the beginnings of ascogenous hyphae. Though he was unable to see either the entrance of the second nucleus, or the process of conjugate division, his facts are decidedly suggestive, but they point less to normal fertilization than to the pseudapogamous association o
![. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 204 PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES [CH. But the fact that these sori are developed on the same mycelium as the spermogonia, the fact that in their "fertile cells nuclear association takes place and the fact that in the formation of the fertile cell a sterile cell is cut off, all suggest that the true homology is with the aecidium. The mycelium formed by the germination of the aecidiospore grows with renewed energy. It consists of binucleate cells giving rise to uredospores. These are borne in groups or uredosori (fig. 179) which may be surround Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX0K4/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fungi-204-protobasidiomycetes-ch-but-the-fact-that-these-sori-are-developed-on-the-same-mycelium-as-the-spermogonia-the-fact-that-in-their-quotfertile-cells-nuclear-association-takes-place-and-the-fact-that-in-the-formation-of-the-fertile-cell-a-sterile-cell-is-cut-off-all-suggest-that-the-true-homology-is-with-the-aecidium-the-mycelium-formed-by-the-germination-of-the-aecidiospore-grows-with-renewed-energy-it-consists-of-binucleate-cells-giving-rise-to-uredospores-these-are-borne-in-groups-or-uredosori-fig-179-which-may-be-surround-RDX0K4.jpg ". Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 204 PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES [CH. But the fact that these sori are developed on the same mycelium as the spermogonia, the fact that in their "fertile cells nuclear association takes place and the fact that in the formation of the fertile cell a sterile cell is cut off, all suggest that the true homology is with the aecidium. The mycelium formed by the germination of the aecidiospore grows with renewed energy. It consists of binucleate cells giving rise to uredospores. These are borne in groups or uredosori (fig. 179) which may be surround Stock Photo")
RMRDX0K4–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 204 PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES [CH. But the fact that these sori are developed on the same mycelium as the spermogonia, the fact that in their "fertile cells nuclear association takes place and the fact that in the formation of the fertile cell a sterile cell is cut off, all suggest that the true homology is with the aecidium. The mycelium formed by the germination of the aecidiospore grows with renewed energy. It consists of binucleate cells giving rise to uredospores. These are borne in groups or uredosori (fig. 179) which may be surround
![. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. GASTEROMYCETES 485 like eggs, at the base of the fructification. These have the unfortunate name "peridioles." They do not open by themselves and the spores are only freed by injury or by decay of the hard wall. At high temperatures they germinate to strong, binucleate, clamp mycelia, which break up into oidia under certain conditions of nutrition. In the Nidulariaceae, a part of the fructification, the peridiole assumes the task of propagation instead of the basidiospores, which, on account of their angiocarpous formation, are no longer shot Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REEPYK/comparative-morphology-of-fungi-fungi-gasteromycetes-485-like-eggs-at-the-base-of-the-fructification-these-have-the-unfortunate-name-quotperidiolesquot-they-do-not-open-by-themselves-and-the-spores-are-only-freed-by-injury-or-by-decay-of-the-hard-wall-at-high-temperatures-they-germinate-to-strong-binucleate-clamp-mycelia-which-break-up-into-oidia-under-certain-conditions-of-nutrition-in-the-nidulariaceae-a-part-of-the-fructification-the-peridiole-assumes-the-task-of-propagation-instead-of-the-basidiospores-which-on-account-of-their-angiocarpous-formation-are-no-longer-shot-REEPYK.jpg ". Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. GASTEROMYCETES 485 like eggs, at the base of the fructification. These have the unfortunate name "peridioles." They do not open by themselves and the spores are only freed by injury or by decay of the hard wall. At high temperatures they germinate to strong, binucleate, clamp mycelia, which break up into oidia under certain conditions of nutrition. In the Nidulariaceae, a part of the fructification, the peridiole assumes the task of propagation instead of the basidiospores, which, on account of their angiocarpous formation, are no longer shot Stock Photo")
RMREEPYK–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. GASTEROMYCETES 485 like eggs, at the base of the fructification. These have the unfortunate name "peridioles." They do not open by themselves and the spores are only freed by injury or by decay of the hard wall. At high temperatures they germinate to strong, binucleate, clamp mycelia, which break up into oidia under certain conditions of nutrition. In the Nidulariaceae, a part of the fructification, the peridiole assumes the task of propagation instead of the basidiospores, which, on account of their angiocarpous formation, are no longer shot
RMRHK02R–. The biology of the Protozoa. Protozoa; Protozoa. 460 BIOLOGY OF THE PROTOZOA spines. Each spore has three polar capsules containing distinct protriisible filaments. The development processes leading to the formation of spores involves fertilization phenomena of a characteristic type. They are essentially similar to those of the IMyxosporidia but differ in some important details. A plasmodial stage appears to be absent or represented by a binucleate amcebula only, which develops into a spore. The two nuclei divide and form 4 cells, 2 of which disappear with the formation of a membrane within
RMRDX0HK–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 208 PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES [CH. the usual way. In the micro- form Puccinia transformans OHve observed that the binucleate condition was brought about by the fusion in pairs of cells to form the basal cells from which the teleutospores arose and the same has been reported by Moreau for Puccinia Buxi and Uromyces Ficariae. In Puccinia Malvacearuni Moreau occasionally found a difference in size between the fusing cells, and Werth and Ludwig observed the migration of the nucleus of the smaller cell into the larger (fig. i84«). Below the teleutos
RMREF5XR–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. UREDINALES 567 (Strelin, 1912). The close agreement which has been found in this respect between the manner of formation of spore and of peridium of the aecidia and uredinia is suggestive. In Uromyces Glycerrhizae, plas- mogamy appears to occur somewhere on the mycelium, as the hyphae which form the uredinium are already binucleate (Olive, 1913). These primary uredinia which have arisen on the uninucleate mycelium often differ in their appearance from the secondary ones formed later on the binucleate mycelium, e.g., they are distinguished by a greater
![. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VII] USTILAGINALES 193 uninucleate or binucleate (fig. 160), but it is not known whether fusion takes place in them. The multinucleate character of the mycelial cells strongly suggests that no preliminary pairing of the nuclei occurs. In Ustilago Zeae Lutman also observed a mycelium of multinucleate cells; at the time of spore-formation binucleate and uninucleate cells and finally uninucleate spores appear. Tilletiaceae The principal genera of the Tilletiaceae are Tilletia,Entylofna, Tuburcinia, Urocystis and Doassansia. They have in comm Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX0TX/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fungi-vii-ustilaginales-193-uninucleate-or-binucleate-fig-160-but-it-is-not-known-whether-fusion-takes-place-in-them-the-multinucleate-character-of-the-mycelial-cells-strongly-suggests-that-no-preliminary-pairing-of-the-nuclei-occurs-in-ustilago-zeae-lutman-also-observed-a-mycelium-of-multinucleate-cells-at-the-time-of-spore-formation-binucleate-and-uninucleate-cells-and-finally-uninucleate-spores-appear-tilletiaceae-the-principal-genera-of-the-tilletiaceae-are-tilletiaentylofna-tuburcinia-urocystis-and-doassansia-they-have-in-comm-RDX0TX.jpg ". Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VII] USTILAGINALES 193 uninucleate or binucleate (fig. 160), but it is not known whether fusion takes place in them. The multinucleate character of the mycelial cells strongly suggests that no preliminary pairing of the nuclei occurs. In Ustilago Zeae Lutman also observed a mycelium of multinucleate cells; at the time of spore-formation binucleate and uninucleate cells and finally uninucleate spores appear. Tilletiaceae The principal genera of the Tilletiaceae are Tilletia,Entylofna, Tuburcinia, Urocystis and Doassansia. They have in comm Stock Photo")
RMRDX0TX–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VII] USTILAGINALES 193 uninucleate or binucleate (fig. 160), but it is not known whether fusion takes place in them. The multinucleate character of the mycelial cells strongly suggests that no preliminary pairing of the nuclei occurs. In Ustilago Zeae Lutman also observed a mycelium of multinucleate cells; at the time of spore-formation binucleate and uninucleate cells and finally uninucleate spores appear. Tilletiaceae The principal genera of the Tilletiaceae are Tilletia,Entylofna, Tuburcinia, Urocystis and Doassansia. They have in comm
RMRDXWDE–. Morphology of angiosperms (Morphology of spermatophytes. Part II). Angiosperms; Plant morphology. coincident with the mother-cell stage, but the greatest devel- opment of the tapetal cells is during the formation of tetrads. During this process they may increase greatly in size, this being associated with the disorganization of the cells of one or more of the middle layers. It is very common for the enlarged tapetal cells, filled with food material, to become binucleate (Fig. 10, C), and later even multinucleate, as in Typha (Schaff- ner17) and Hepatica (Coul- ter19), in the latter genus six
RMRDXWDK–. Morphology of angiosperms (Morphology of spermatophytes. Part II). Angiosperms; Plant morphology. 3 b MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPBRMS. coincident with the mother-cell stage, but the greatest devel- opment of the tapetal cells is during the formation of tetrads. During this process they may increase greatly in size, this being associated with the disorganization of the cells of one or more of the middle layers. It is very common for the enlarged tapetal cells, filled with food material, to become binucleate (Fig. 10, C), and later even multinucleate, as in Typha (Schaff- ner17) and Hepatica (Coul-
RMRDH5WR–. Morphology of gymnosperms. Gymnosperms; Plant morphology. 394 MORPHOLOGY OF GYMNOSPERMS before the walls disappear the jacket cells become binucleate, the nuclei dividing mitotically and amitotically. Mitotic divisions may- occur simultaneously in every cell of both layers of the jacket, or every division may be amitotic, or both kinds of division may occur in the same jacket. Amitotic divisions occurring at the upper end of the archegonium might pass easily for fusions. In some jacket cells the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitall
![. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VIIl] UREDINALES 205 produce a second type of uredospore with thick walls which are adapted to survive unfavourable conditions; these are known as amphispores. Both aecidio- and uredospores germinate readily and without a rest if fully ripe, but many are shaken off by wind and rain before they reach maturity and remain incapable of germination. Moreover it is stated that spores will not ripen properly on leaves that have been removed from the plant. Sooner or later the mycelium of binucleate cells gives rise to teleuto- spores; these are Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX0JR/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fungi-viil-uredinales-205-produce-a-second-type-of-uredospore-with-thick-walls-which-are-adapted-to-survive-unfavourable-conditions-these-are-known-as-amphispores-both-aecidio-and-uredospores-germinate-readily-and-without-a-rest-if-fully-ripe-but-many-are-shaken-off-by-wind-and-rain-before-they-reach-maturity-and-remain-incapable-of-germination-moreover-it-is-stated-that-spores-will-not-ripen-properly-on-leaves-that-have-been-removed-from-the-plant-sooner-or-later-the-mycelium-of-binucleate-cells-gives-rise-to-teleuto-spores-these-are-RDX0JR.jpg ". Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VIIl] UREDINALES 205 produce a second type of uredospore with thick walls which are adapted to survive unfavourable conditions; these are known as amphispores. Both aecidio- and uredospores germinate readily and without a rest if fully ripe, but many are shaken off by wind and rain before they reach maturity and remain incapable of germination. Moreover it is stated that spores will not ripen properly on leaves that have been removed from the plant. Sooner or later the mycelium of binucleate cells gives rise to teleuto- spores; these are Stock Photo")
RMRDX0JR–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VIIl] UREDINALES 205 produce a second type of uredospore with thick walls which are adapted to survive unfavourable conditions; these are known as amphispores. Both aecidio- and uredospores germinate readily and without a rest if fully ripe, but many are shaken off by wind and rain before they reach maturity and remain incapable of germination. Moreover it is stated that spores will not ripen properly on leaves that have been removed from the plant. Sooner or later the mycelium of binucleate cells gives rise to teleuto- spores; these are
RMREF65W–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. 544 COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI Iola, mostly parasitic on moss sporophytes, continues the tendency of Helicobasidium and Platygloea nigricans to store up reserves in the zeugites which are developed to characteristic organs called probasidia. The mycelium grows through the cap of the sporogonium, forming a thick felt between cap and capsule and then penetrates the interior. The hyphae are binucleate, septate and without clamps. At the surface of the sporogonium (Fig. 364, 8, Sp) they form a felt which is relatively loose in the Brazilian I. Hookeri
RMRHB48F–. Botanical gazette. Plants. BOTANICAL GAZETTE [JULY and basidia in practically mature condition are shown in figs. 45, 46, 49, and in text fig. 6. The young basidia and cystidia, and the filaments which bear them, are constantly binucleate, as are the other cells of the young hymenophore, and in fact all parts of the young basid- iocarp. The nuclei in the cystidia never fuse, and older cystidia lose their nuclei by degeneration. The cystidia are at all times much vacuo- late and with scanty cytoplasm, while the basidia and paraphyses are filled with dense protoplasm. Very com- monly the matur
![. Embryology of insects and myriapods; the developmental history of insects, centipedes, and millepedes from egg desposition [!] to hatching. Embryology -- Insects; Embryology -- Myriapoda. 340 EMBRYOLOGY OF INSECTS AND MYRIAPODS a striking difference, the cells of the former being in active mitotic division, whereas the latter, binucleate and quadrinucleate, have ceased dividing (Fig. 295A). The germ band, when thus first formed, lies wrapped around the equator of the yolk, in length nearly equal to the circumference of the egg, the head and tail ends being separated by a narrow isthmus of se Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RF0980/embryology-of-insects-and-myriapods-the-developmental-history-of-insects-centipedes-and-millepedes-from-egg-desposition-!-to-hatching-embryology-insects-embryology-myriapoda-340-embryology-of-insects-and-myriapods-a-striking-difference-the-cells-of-the-former-being-in-active-mitotic-division-whereas-the-latter-binucleate-and-quadrinucleate-have-ceased-dividing-fig-295a-the-germ-band-when-thus-first-formed-lies-wrapped-around-the-equator-of-the-yolk-in-length-nearly-equal-to-the-circumference-of-the-egg-the-head-and-tail-ends-being-separated-by-a-narrow-isthmus-of-se-RF0980.jpg ". Embryology of insects and myriapods; the developmental history of insects, centipedes, and millepedes from egg desposition [!] to hatching. Embryology -- Insects; Embryology -- Myriapoda. 340 EMBRYOLOGY OF INSECTS AND MYRIAPODS a striking difference, the cells of the former being in active mitotic division, whereas the latter, binucleate and quadrinucleate, have ceased dividing (Fig. 295A). The germ band, when thus first formed, lies wrapped around the equator of the yolk, in length nearly equal to the circumference of the egg, the head and tail ends being separated by a narrow isthmus of se Stock Photo")
RMRF0980–. Embryology of insects and myriapods; the developmental history of insects, centipedes, and millepedes from egg desposition [!] to hatching. Embryology -- Insects; Embryology -- Myriapoda. 340 EMBRYOLOGY OF INSECTS AND MYRIAPODS a striking difference, the cells of the former being in active mitotic division, whereas the latter, binucleate and quadrinucleate, have ceased dividing (Fig. 295A). The germ band, when thus first formed, lies wrapped around the equator of the yolk, in length nearly equal to the circumference of the egg, the head and tail ends being separated by a narrow isthmus of se
RMREF635–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. UREDINALES 561 (Poirault, 1913, 1915) and of PucciniaPruni-spinosae (Kursanov, 1914), a layer of palisade cells is normally formed at the base of the aecia. This layer occasionally may cut off a few sterile cells. Although these are still uninucleate, they proceed without apparent cause to differentiate aeciospore mother cells which appear entirely similar to the binucleate ones and, like these, divide into aeciospores and intercalary spores. The aeciospores are naturally uninucleate, i.e., the whole course of development proceeds parthenogenetically.
RMRDYFWW–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. TIIALLOPHYTES 89 so into the basidiospores, liave all been observed in mushrooms. In the common field mushroom {Agriacus campesiris) the basidium often produces only two sterigmata and spores, but in such cases four nuclei have been ob- served in the mature basidium. The vegetative mycelium has been observed to be binucleate, the con- dition found in the uredospore- teleutospore mycelium of rusts. With a uninucleate basidiospore and a binucleate mycelium, it is a matter of interest to determine where the binucleate condition orig
RMRDX11R–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 143. Amorphomyces FalagriaeT'3.yite'c; male and female individuals; a. young, b. mature; after Thaxter. Walls cut off the upper and the lower nucleus, and a central binucleate cell is left, the lower nucleus of which is presumably a daughter of the oogonial and the upper of the trichophoric nucleus. These divide simultaneously and a binucleate inferior sterile cell is separated from the binucleate fertile cell. This in turn divides to form the ascogenic cells, from which the asci are to develop, and these and the asci which they pr
RMRHB0AJ–. Botanical microtechnique. Botany -- Anatomy; Botany -- Morphology; Microscopy -- Technique; Microscopes -- Technique; Botany; Plants -- anatomy & histology; Microscopy. ^^^ SI.. Fig. 15.5-rt, First binucleate stage in embryo sac of Lilium tigrinum. Note the lag- ging cliromosomes; b, linear megaspores of L. pardalinum; c, cruciate arrangement of megaspores of L. umbcllatum.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original wo
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. SPOROZOA 107 cold-b ooded animals. They are at least binucleate in the youngest free state, and become large and multinncleate apocytes, which may bud off outgrowths as well as reproduce by spores. The spores of the apocyte are not produced by simultaneous breakino- up, but by successive differentiation. A single nucleus aggregates around itself a hmited portion of the cytoplasm, and this again forms a membrane, becoming an archespore or a "pansporoblast," destined to produce two spores; within this, nuclear division takes place so as to form Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDKY39/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-sporozoa-107-cold-b-ooded-animals-they-are-at-least-binucleate-in-the-youngest-free-state-and-become-large-and-multinncleate-apocytes-which-may-bud-off-outgrowths-as-well-as-reproduce-by-spores-the-spores-of-the-apocyte-are-not-produced-by-simultaneous-breakino-up-but-by-successive-differentiation-a-single-nucleus-aggregates-around-itself-a-hmited-portion-of-the-cytoplasm-and-this-again-forms-a-membrane-becoming-an-archespore-or-a-quotpansporoblastquot-destined-to-produce-two-spores-within-this-nuclear-division-takes-place-so-as-to-form-RDKY39.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. SPOROZOA 107 cold-b ooded animals. They are at least binucleate in the youngest free state, and become large and multinncleate apocytes, which may bud off outgrowths as well as reproduce by spores. The spores of the apocyte are not produced by simultaneous breakino- up, but by successive differentiation. A single nucleus aggregates around itself a hmited portion of the cytoplasm, and this again forms a membrane, becoming an archespore or a "pansporoblast," destined to produce two spores; within this, nuclear division takes place so as to form Stock Photo")
RMRDKY39–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. SPOROZOA 107 cold-b ooded animals. They are at least binucleate in the youngest free state, and become large and multinncleate apocytes, which may bud off outgrowths as well as reproduce by spores. The spores of the apocyte are not produced by simultaneous breakino- up, but by successive differentiation. A single nucleus aggregates around itself a hmited portion of the cytoplasm, and this again forms a membrane, becoming an archespore or a "pansporoblast," destined to produce two spores; within this, nuclear division takes place so as to form
RMREF64T–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. 550 COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI a gel. The cells are binucleate, the terminal cells become pyriform, the dicaryon fuses, the diploid nucleus divides twice with more or less longitudinal spindles. The basidia are two celled. After the first division a single septum forms and one nucleus slips into the basidiospore while the other degenerates (Fig. 367, 2 to 7). Pilacrella Solani is rather better developed, the caps becoming fleshy discs while the fertile layer contains long sterile periphyses which extend above the basidia. Hoehneliomyces shows the
RMRDX1RX–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. cytoplasm forming the primordium of a;spore. In 1879 Schmitz observed nuclei in the vegetative cells of several Ascomycetes, and in 1893 Gjurasin in Peziza vesiculosa recognized that the divisions in the ascus are karyokinetic. The Fusion in the Ascus. In 1894, Dangeard showed in Peziza vesi- culosa and other forms with a well-developed fructification, that the ascus at its first inception is binucleate and that the two nuclei subsequently unite to form the definitive nucleus of de Bary.. He at first believed that the ascus was produced i
RMRE38DP–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ueedospobes » The Uredospoees. The germ-tube soon forms a more or less extensive my- celium, which may penetrate the greater part of the leaf of the Carex, but in many species of Puccinia is strictly localised to a small defined spot. All its cells are binucleate, like the spore from which it originated. The cells of the mycelium, in every stage, send haustoria into the cells of the host; when an haustorium arises from a binucleate mycelium, it is itself. Fig. 8. Section of leaf of Carex paludosa, with a sorus
RMRH28WY–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi -- Great Britain. UREDOSPOKES !» The Uredospores. The germ-tube soon forms a more or less extensive m celium, which may penetrate the greater pari of the leaf of the Garex, but in many species of Puccinia is strictly localised to a small defined spot. All its cells are binucleate, like the spore from which it originated. The cells of the mycelium, in every stage, send haustoria into the cells of the host : when an haustorium arises from a binucleate mycelium, it is itself. Fig. 8. Section of leaf of Garex. palu
RMREF651–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. AURICULARIALES 549 before spores are produced on the lateral sterigmata, reminding one of the conditions found in some smuts. In S. Michelianum (Kiihner, 1926) the uninucleate basidiospores germinate with a short sterigma which bears a secondary spore only slightly smaller than itself. This becomes three to six septate and produces one to two very small, ellipsoidal conidia from each cell. The binucleate basidiospores form a septum between the nuclei then germinate as above. The morphological significance lies in the increasing differentiation of the z
RMRDDBXB–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 173 This binucleate cell after fusion of its nuclei develops into the one ascus characteristic of the genus. The ascus nucleus by- division gives rise to the spore nuclei and the spores are cut out of the periplasm by reflexion of the astral rays. In Erysiphe** the oogonium and antheridium arise in a very similar way, the oogonium being somewhat curved. Feri;ilization is also similar consisting of the union of two gametic nuclei. After fertilization the oospore nucleus divides and the oogonium de
![. The classification of lower organisms. Biology. 220] The Classification of Lower Organisms Order Cnidosporidia Doflein Protozoen 177 (1901). Order Myxosporidia Calkins Biol. Prot. 449 (1926). Most species of this order parasitize fishes, living either in internal cavities or in the tissue cells; fewer than a dozen species are known from miscellaneous other ani- mals, amphibia, reptiles, insects, and worms. Most of these parasites are not extremely injurious. The infective protoplast which issues from a spore is, at least usually, binucleate. The nuclei fuse and the fusion nucleus divides rep Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REK8JG/the-classification-of-lower-organisms-biology-220-the-classification-of-lower-organisms-order-cnidosporidia-doflein-protozoen-177-1901-order-myxosporidia-calkins-biol-prot-449-1926-most-species-of-this-order-parasitize-fishes-living-either-in-internal-cavities-or-in-the-tissue-cells-fewer-than-a-dozen-species-are-known-from-miscellaneous-other-ani-mals-amphibia-reptiles-insects-and-worms-most-of-these-parasites-are-not-extremely-injurious-the-infective-protoplast-which-issues-from-a-spore-is-at-least-usually-binucleate-the-nuclei-fuse-and-the-fusion-nucleus-divides-rep-REK8JG.jpg ". The classification of lower organisms. Biology. 220] The Classification of Lower Organisms Order Cnidosporidia Doflein Protozoen 177 (1901). Order Myxosporidia Calkins Biol. Prot. 449 (1926). Most species of this order parasitize fishes, living either in internal cavities or in the tissue cells; fewer than a dozen species are known from miscellaneous other ani- mals, amphibia, reptiles, insects, and worms. Most of these parasites are not extremely injurious. The infective protoplast which issues from a spore is, at least usually, binucleate. The nuclei fuse and the fusion nucleus divides rep Stock Photo")
RMREK8JG–. The classification of lower organisms. Biology. 220] The Classification of Lower Organisms Order Cnidosporidia Doflein Protozoen 177 (1901). Order Myxosporidia Calkins Biol. Prot. 449 (1926). Most species of this order parasitize fishes, living either in internal cavities or in the tissue cells; fewer than a dozen species are known from miscellaneous other ani- mals, amphibia, reptiles, insects, and worms. Most of these parasites are not extremely injurious. The infective protoplast which issues from a spore is, at least usually, binucleate. The nuclei fuse and the fusion nucleus divides rep
RMRD33D4–. Cytology. Cytology. Figure 5-10. Plate Showing Some of the Various Types of Aberrant Mitotic Figures in Dividing Tapetal Cells of Podophyllum peltatum. (Cour- tesy of Miss Gabriele N. Miihling, Montana State University.) so far as chromosome behavior is concerned, but since spindles are more or less randomly oriented and no further cytokinesis occurs, multi- nucleate cells are produced with the number of chromosomes per nucleus being highly variable. In a number of cases, with or without first estab- lishing a binucleate condition, configurations similar to those induced by colchicine may be
![. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology; Zoologia Geral. IV SPOROZOA TO/ cold-blooded animals. They are at least binucleate in the youngest free state, and become large and multinucleate apocytes, which may bud off outgrowths as well as reproduce by spores. The spores of the apocyte are not produced by simultaneous breaking up, but by successive differentiation. A single nucleus aggregates around itself a limited portion of the cytoplasm, and this again forms a membrane, becoming an archespore or a " pansporoblast," destined to produce two spores; within this, nuclear division takes Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RG3WTF/the-cambridge-natural-history-zoology-zoologia-geral-iv-sporozoa-to-cold-blooded-animals-they-are-at-least-binucleate-in-the-youngest-free-state-and-become-large-and-multinucleate-apocytes-which-may-bud-off-outgrowths-as-well-as-reproduce-by-spores-the-spores-of-the-apocyte-are-not-produced-by-simultaneous-breaking-up-but-by-successive-differentiation-a-single-nucleus-aggregates-around-itself-a-limited-portion-of-the-cytoplasm-and-this-again-forms-a-membrane-becoming-an-archespore-or-a-quot-pansporoblastquot-destined-to-produce-two-spores-within-this-nuclear-division-takes-RG3WTF.jpg ". The Cambridge natural history. Zoology; Zoologia Geral. IV SPOROZOA TO/ cold-blooded animals. They are at least binucleate in the youngest free state, and become large and multinucleate apocytes, which may bud off outgrowths as well as reproduce by spores. The spores of the apocyte are not produced by simultaneous breaking up, but by successive differentiation. A single nucleus aggregates around itself a limited portion of the cytoplasm, and this again forms a membrane, becoming an archespore or a " pansporoblast," destined to produce two spores; within this, nuclear division takes Stock Photo")
RMRG3WTF–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology; Zoologia Geral. IV SPOROZOA TO/ cold-blooded animals. They are at least binucleate in the youngest free state, and become large and multinucleate apocytes, which may bud off outgrowths as well as reproduce by spores. The spores of the apocyte are not produced by simultaneous breaking up, but by successive differentiation. A single nucleus aggregates around itself a limited portion of the cytoplasm, and this again forms a membrane, becoming an archespore or a " pansporoblast," destined to produce two spores; within this, nuclear division takes
RMRDX0Y0–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 149. Ustilago antheraritm Fr.; a. and b. conju- gating basidiospores; c. conjugation between a cell of the basidium and a basidiospore; after Harper. the other, but does not fuse with its nucleus (fig. 150). Later both nuclei divide, and a mycelium of binucleate cells is produced. It is on this mycelium that the infection of the host depends ; it penetrates the tissues usually of the seedling, but sometimes of the developing parts of the mature plant, being in most cases derived from spores which adhered to the seed coat. These may b
RMRHP0YA–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. FIGURE 13. Reproduction of Yatsu's Figures 22 and 23 of a Ccrcbratulus egg, whose pre- vious mitoses were inhibited by compression, about to cleave into four binucleate cells. The bending of the spindle is clearly shown. In ether, even though the nuclear division takes place, the cytoplasmic division is suppressed and binucleated cells are obtained (Wilson, 1901). If these eggs are later washed free from ether, at the second cleavage, two spindles are formed side by side. Under this circumstance, the cleavage furrow appears
RMRDX0TM–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 194 HEMIBASIDIOMYCETES [CH. pairs of associated nuclei takes place. Rawitscher observed a quite similar life-history in T. laevis. In the parasitic mycelium oiDoassansia Alismatis and Entyloina Glaucii (fig. 162) Dangeard observed binucleate cells and the fusion of their nuclei. Fig. 162. Development of brand-spores ; u. Doassansia Alismatis (Nees) Corn.; b. Entyloma Glattcii Dang.; after Dangeard. in pairs in preparation for the formation of the brand-spores. The same stages were recorded by Lutman vaDoassansiadeformans^EntylomaNympheae
![. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Ill] EXOASCALES 93 mother-cell during development. Two nuclei can frequently be recognized in the cells of the fertile mycelium, and the young ascus, in all investigated cases, is binucleate. The two nuclei fuse, the fusion nucleus undergoes three successive divisions and eight spores are formed (fig. 48). In many species budding of the ascospore takes place, so that the mature ascus contains numerous minute conidia (fig. 50) by means of which the fungus is distributed. The Exoascales include the single family Exoascaceae; with this is so Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTP3J/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fungi-ill-exoascales-93-mother-cell-during-development-two-nuclei-can-frequently-be-recognized-in-the-cells-of-the-fertile-mycelium-and-the-young-ascus-in-all-investigated-cases-is-binucleate-the-two-nuclei-fuse-the-fusion-nucleus-undergoes-three-successive-divisions-and-eight-spores-are-formed-fig-48-in-many-species-budding-of-the-ascospore-takes-place-so-that-the-mature-ascus-contains-numerous-minute-conidia-fig-50-by-means-of-which-the-fungus-is-distributed-the-exoascales-include-the-single-family-exoascaceae-with-this-is-so-RDTP3J.jpg ". Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Ill] EXOASCALES 93 mother-cell during development. Two nuclei can frequently be recognized in the cells of the fertile mycelium, and the young ascus, in all investigated cases, is binucleate. The two nuclei fuse, the fusion nucleus undergoes three successive divisions and eight spores are formed (fig. 48). In many species budding of the ascospore takes place, so that the mature ascus contains numerous minute conidia (fig. 50) by means of which the fungus is distributed. The Exoascales include the single family Exoascaceae; with this is so Stock Photo")
RMRDTP3J–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Ill] EXOASCALES 93 mother-cell during development. Two nuclei can frequently be recognized in the cells of the fertile mycelium, and the young ascus, in all investigated cases, is binucleate. The two nuclei fuse, the fusion nucleus undergoes three successive divisions and eight spores are formed (fig. 48). In many species budding of the ascospore takes place, so that the mature ascus contains numerous minute conidia (fig. 50) by means of which the fungus is distributed. The Exoascales include the single family Exoascaceae; with this is so
RMRD2AD3–. Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus. Cells. Ill GONOMERY 79 nucleus, so that each of the conjugating amoebae has now a single nucleus. These nuclei undergo a process of meiosis, comparable to the formation of the polar bodies of a Metazoan egg, converting each amoeba into a single gamete. The two gamete cells fuse together to form a zygote, their nuclei, however, remaining unfused. Thus the binucleate condition is restored, to be retained through an indefinite number of cell didsions. , I. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may ha
RMRHMN02–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. BINUCLEATE AND TKtNUCLEATE OOCYTKS .. 225. FIGURE 1. Binucleate #2 photographed hi sifit in unfixed ovarian tissue. Adjacent is the mononucleate used as a control for comparative measurements. Included also are younger oocytes and an older yolk-filled one. 430 X Measurements. Three different methods of measurement of egg and nucleus diameters were employed, depending on the exigencies of the moment. Fixed eggs : When an egg with two nuclei was found, it was measured with an o o oo ocular micrometer in at least three or four
RMRDTP4T–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 44. Phyllactinia Corylea (Pers.) Karst.; a. fertilization; b. fusion nucleus in oogonium; c. d. young perithecia; after Harper. oogonium elongates and enlarges in diameter and the fusion nucleus divides. The first nuclear division is apparently never accompanied by cell wall formation, so that a binucleate stage persists for some time. Finally, however,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not
RMRDX0Y3–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 149. Ustilago antheraritm Fr.; a. and b. conju- gating basidiospores; c. conjugation between a cell of the basidium and a basidiospore; after Harper. the other, but does not fuse with its nucleus (fig. 150). Later both nuclei divide, and a mycelium of binucleate cells is produced. It is on this mycelium that the infection of the host depends ; it penetrates the tissues usually of the seedling, but sometimes of the developing parts of the mature plant, being in most cases derived from spores which adhered to the seed coat. These may b
RMRH28TH–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales), their biology and classification. Uredineae. uredospores v The Uredospores. The germ-tube soon forms a more or less extensive my- celium, which may penetrate the greater part of the leaf of the Carex, but in many species of Puccinia is strictly localised to a small defined spot. All its cells are binucleate, like the spore from which it originated. The cells of the mycelium, in every stage, send haustoria into the cells of the host; when an haustorium arises from a binucleate mycelium, it is itself. Fig. 8. Section of leaf of Carc.v paludosa, with a sorus
RMREF9CR–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. SW3,. f* Fig. 32.—Physoderma Zeae-maydis. 1. Hyphae with turbinate cells. 2. Mature zoosporangium discharging zoospores by the removal of a lid. 3. Mature zoospore. 4, Amoeboid zoospore. 5. Hyphae with young, binucleate hypnospores. (After Tisdale, 1919.) zoospore membrane. The larger, rich in oil droplets and reserves, is divided into two or more daughter cells; these develop to hyphae which penetrate to neighboring cells of the host and there form similar swellings. On these swellings resting sporangia are formed in a manner as yet unknown. In Physod
![. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VII] USTILAGINALES 189 formation of clamp-connections (fig. I53«), or between unrelated cells through a conjugation tube (fig. IS3(^). Where basidiospores are formed they conjugate in a similar manner. In every case the nucleus of one of the paired cells passes over into the other, and the two nuclei lie close together, though without fusion. The mycelium throughout the develop- ment of the host plant consists of binucleate cells and breaks up in spore- formation into binucleate segments (fig. 152 a). Each young spore has thus two nuclei Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX0XE/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fungi-vii-ustilaginales-189-formation-of-clamp-connections-fig-i53-or-between-unrelated-cells-through-a-conjugation-tube-fig-is3-where-basidiospores-are-formed-they-conjugate-in-a-similar-manner-in-every-case-the-nucleus-of-one-of-the-paired-cells-passes-over-into-the-other-and-the-two-nuclei-lie-close-together-though-without-fusion-the-mycelium-throughout-the-develop-ment-of-the-host-plant-consists-of-binucleate-cells-and-breaks-up-in-spore-formation-into-binucleate-segments-fig-152-a-each-young-spore-has-thus-two-nuclei-RDX0XE.jpg ". Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VII] USTILAGINALES 189 formation of clamp-connections (fig. I53«), or between unrelated cells through a conjugation tube (fig. IS3(^). Where basidiospores are formed they conjugate in a similar manner. In every case the nucleus of one of the paired cells passes over into the other, and the two nuclei lie close together, though without fusion. The mycelium throughout the develop- ment of the host plant consists of binucleate cells and breaks up in spore- formation into binucleate segments (fig. 152 a). Each young spore has thus two nuclei Stock Photo")
RMRDX0XE–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VII] USTILAGINALES 189 formation of clamp-connections (fig. I53«), or between unrelated cells through a conjugation tube (fig. IS3(^). Where basidiospores are formed they conjugate in a similar manner. In every case the nucleus of one of the paired cells passes over into the other, and the two nuclei lie close together, though without fusion. The mycelium throughout the develop- ment of the host plant consists of binucleate cells and breaks up in spore- formation into binucleate segments (fig. 152 a). Each young spore has thus two nuclei
RMRDX11J–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. i8o PYRENOMYCETES [CH. whether exogenous or endogenous, and in the latter case whether produced in simple or compound organs. In this way three families, Peyritschiel- laceae (compound endogenous), Laboulbeniaceae (simple endogenous) and Ceratomycetaceae (exogenous) are distinguished.. Fig. 145. Laboulbenia chaetophora (?). a. cell formed by binucleate oogonial and trichophoric cells, X430; b. first division in ascus described by FauU as the anaphase, X1510; c. nuclear division in spore, showing four chromosomes, x 2800; after FauU. Since
RMRD2XR9–. Cytology, with special reference to the metazoan nucleus. Cells. Ill GONOMERY 79 nucleus, so that each of the conjugating amoebae has now a single nucleus. These nuclei undergo a process of meiosis, comparable to the formation of the polar bodies of a Metazoan egg, converting each amoeba into a single gamete. The two gamete cells fuse together to form a zygote, their nuclei, however, remaining unfused. Thus the binucleate condition is restored, to be retained through an indefinite number of cell divisions. Fig. 36. Amoeba diploidea. (After Nagler, A.P.K., 1909.) A, the animal in its active p
RMRDE2DY–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 194 MYCOLOGY. Fig. 68.—Portion of a. teliosorus of cedar apple in February showing mycelia stroma and the binucleate condition of the cells of young teliospores. (After Reed. H S , and Crabill, C. H., Techn. Bull. 9, Va. Agric. Exper. Slat., May, 191S-) basidiospores teleutospore uredospore.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resem
RMREEPG4–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. TREMELLALES 525 conidia are produced (Fig. 344, 2). In Tremella, the conidia are spherical, and may sprout in nutrient solution (Fig. 345,3 to 7). In Tremella lutescens they are found in Nature on young, still felt-like fructifications where they are cut off in large numbers on branched conidiophores (Brefeld, 1888). In T. mesenterica they are replaced by uni- or binucleate oidia which result from the breaking up of the terminal portions of hyphae (Fig. 345, 1 and 2) and multiply by sprouting (Dangeard, 1895). With the appearance of basidia and the inc
RMRHP0W7–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. FIGURE 12. Sections of an egg of Strongylocentrotiis pulchcrriinus in the second division, the first cleavage of which was suppressed by ether. Fixed in chrome-formol mixture, la and b are two successive sections of an egg showing two spindles and four asters (the slit in the middle of b is an artefact). Two is an egg cleaving into two binucleate cells with the bend- ing of the spindles. Three is another egg in a slightly later stage with sharply bent spindles, the spindles being much more vague in this case.. Please note
RMREEPDX–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. Fig. 355.-—Dacryomyces deliquescens. 1. Section of fructification with binucleate oidia, O, at left; a young basidium, B, at the right. 2. Same, with mature basidia. (X 600; after Dangeard, 1895.) stroma and at the periphery break up into an immense number of orange, binucleate oidia which give a yellowish color to the whole stroma. They generally divide before their separation into two daughter cells and, in suitable nutrient solutions, develop to mycelia. In a second or later winter the amber-colored basidia begin to appear on the hyphal cushions; th
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 832 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE ginning of the binucleate condition marks the origin of the sporo- phyte. Biologic specialization ^"i' 1^2.174.309 much as is found in the Erys- iphales occurs also in the Uredinales. There are many species, each of which is found on a large number of hosts. Upon its numerous hosts the fungus may show no morphological variation, yet at-. i^fel. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appea Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDE64D/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-832-the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-ginning-of-the-binucleate-condition-marks-the-origin-of-the-sporo-phyte-biologic-specialization-quoti-12174309-much-as-is-found-in-the-erys-iphales-occurs-also-in-the-uredinales-there-are-many-species-each-of-which-is-found-on-a-large-number-of-hosts-upon-its-numerous-hosts-the-fungus-may-show-no-morphological-variation-yet-at-ifel-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appea-RDE64D.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 832 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE ginning of the binucleate condition marks the origin of the sporo- phyte. Biologic specialization ^"i' 1^2.174.309 much as is found in the Erys- iphales occurs also in the Uredinales. There are many species, each of which is found on a large number of hosts. Upon its numerous hosts the fungus may show no morphological variation, yet at-. i^fel. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appea Stock Photo")
RMRDE64D–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 832 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE ginning of the binucleate condition marks the origin of the sporo- phyte. Biologic specialization ^"i' 1^2.174.309 much as is found in the Erys- iphales occurs also in the Uredinales. There are many species, each of which is found on a large number of hosts. Upon its numerous hosts the fungus may show no morphological variation, yet at-. i^fel. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appea
RMRDX0XM–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 151. Urocystis Fischeri; spore- ball, one spore germinating, x 500; after Plowright. Fig. 152. Ustilago Carbo u, young, binucleate brand-spores; l>. older spores after nuclear fusion; after Rawitscher. The young spore, like the cells of the mycelium from which it is derived, contains two nuclei (fig. 1^20). These undergo fusion, so that the mature spore is uninucleate (fig. 152(5). The pairing of the nuclei, which begins with the association of the basidiospores (or their conidia), is thus completed in the brand-spore. The minute
RMRE38DH–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. Fig. 8. Section of leaf of Carex paludosa, with a sorus of uredospores of P. Garicis; a, upper epidermis; 6, a vascular bundle. Most of the pedicels have lost their spores, x ISO. likewise binucleate. After a few days this mycelium begins to form the third kind of spore—the uredospore. A knot of hyphas is formed just beneath the epidermis; some of the branches turn upwards and form a regular layer parallel to the surface—the spore- bed (Fig. 8). The upper rounded cell of each hypha is divided into two daughter-
RMRMHDD6–. Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology. Parasites. i?7 This fact is of the utmost interest and importance, for it reveals m the clearest possible manner, and in a way which apparently has not been clearly pointed out before, the affinity with the micro sporidan spore, e.g., the spore of Nosema apis (cf. Text-fig.). Both spores contain a binucleate sporoplasm. The single oval sporocyst of N. apis, is, we believe, homologous with the bivalve ' shell' or spore coat of Coccomyxa and other Myxosporidia. In the formation of the spore of A', apis, we clearly sec two sporocyst. s. n, .- Text-F
RMRDX0FC–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 192. Phragmidium violaceum'^ent.; caeoma; «. migration of nucleus liom vegetative cell of one hypha to fertile cell of another, x 1040; b. and (. binucleate cells showing the pore through which the second nucleus has passed, x loro; after Welsford. After entering the fertile cell the second nucleus is at first smaller and denser than that originally present, but soon becomes similar to it in size and consistency. The fertile cell now elongates and in doing so pushes through and destroys the sterile cell above. The associated nuclei d
RMRH28WJ–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi -- Great Britain. Fig. 8. Section of leaf of Garex. paludosa, with a sorus of uredospores of P. Caricis; a, upper epidermis ; 6, a vascular bundle. Most of the pedicels have lost their spores. x 180. likewise binucleate. After a few days this mycelium begins to form the third kind of spore—the uredospore. A knot of hyphse is formed just beneath the epidermis; some of the branches turn upwards and form a regular layer parallel to the surface—the spore- bed (Fig. 8). The upper rounded cell of each hypha is divided
RMRDE2EC–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. RUST FUNGI 193 the teliospore reaches maturity, the nuclei fuse, and the uninucleate condition then continues again until the formation of the aecia. In the micro- and lepto-iorms, which have no aecium or uredinium, we find that the association takes place at points in the ordinary mycelium, but. Fig. 67.—Portion of a section of cedar apple about 5 mm. below a teliosorus. Note (i) Binucleate intercellular inyceliiim; (2) the haustoria in various stages of development; (3) the doubling o
![. Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory and the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 14. Botany; Botany. « « 4 ^ ^ > i 1938] True: Gall Development on Pinus Sylvestris 41. Fia. 6, A. A portion of the dome of the peridium with cells drawn in outline. B. Portion of the bases of aecial spore chains showing binucleate and trinueleate condition. C. Young aeciospores, some binucleate and some trinueleate. D. An apparent binucleate condition in a cell of a vegetative hypha. E. Hyphae and haustorium in the cortex. Note the effects of shrinkage upon the nucleus at its poin Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE9KYM/contributions-from-the-botanical-laboratory-and-the-morris-arboretum-of-the-university-of-pennsylvania-vol-14-botany-botany-4-gt-i-1938-true-gall-development-on-pinus-sylvestris-41-fia-6-a-a-portion-of-the-dome-of-the-peridium-with-cells-drawn-in-outline-b-portion-of-the-bases-of-aecial-spore-chains-showing-binucleate-and-trinueleate-condition-c-young-aeciospores-some-binucleate-and-some-trinueleate-d-an-apparent-binucleate-condition-in-a-cell-of-a-vegetative-hypha-e-hyphae-and-haustorium-in-the-cortex-note-the-effects-of-shrinkage-upon-the-nucleus-at-its-poin-RE9KYM.jpg ". Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory and the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 14. Botany; Botany. « « 4 ^ ^ > i 1938] True: Gall Development on Pinus Sylvestris 41. Fia. 6, A. A portion of the dome of the peridium with cells drawn in outline. B. Portion of the bases of aecial spore chains showing binucleate and trinueleate condition. C. Young aeciospores, some binucleate and some trinueleate. D. An apparent binucleate condition in a cell of a vegetative hypha. E. Hyphae and haustorium in the cortex. Note the effects of shrinkage upon the nucleus at its poin Stock Photo")
RMRE9KYM–. Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory and the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania, vol. 14. Botany; Botany. « « 4 ^ ^ > i 1938] True: Gall Development on Pinus Sylvestris 41. Fia. 6, A. A portion of the dome of the peridium with cells drawn in outline. B. Portion of the bases of aecial spore chains showing binucleate and trinueleate condition. C. Young aeciospores, some binucleate and some trinueleate. D. An apparent binucleate condition in a cell of a vegetative hypha. E. Hyphae and haustorium in the cortex. Note the effects of shrinkage upon the nucleus at its poin
RMRHN1BX–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. 15 20 TO. Time after fertilization (min) Figure 4. Migration of female pronuclei in normal (a) and binucleate (b) eggs after fertilization at 26°C. Migration indicated by the decrease in the distance (in ordinates) between pronuclei and the center of the eggs. Stars in (b) indicate fused nuclei.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Marine Biol
RMRDTNNC–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 84. Thelebolus stercoreus Tde.; a. young ascocarp with binucleate, asci; containing fusion nucleus, both x8io; after Ramlow. b. ascus place, so that a row of cells is formed. Most of these are uninucleate, but one contains two nuclei (fig. 8412); it enlarges and becomes the single ascus; in it the two nuclei fuse (fig. 84^). The definitive nucleus divides karyo- kinetically, sometimes as many as ten times, so that 1042 nuclei are formed.. Fig. 85. Thelebolus stercoreus, Tde.; development of archicarp, x 1750; after Ramlow. Spore-form
RMREF66J–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. 542 COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI ium becomes reticulate until it is almost merulioid, while the sterile surface may be strigose to tomentose (Fig. 361). As usual, the hyphae of the fructifications are binucleate; the basidia are united in a palisade and at their base may show the place of nuclear fusion by a slight swelling. They are entirely imbedded in a gel (Fig. 362, 1) and, as those of Platygloea, elevate their spores on long sterigmata to the surface. At germination, the basidiospores may be abjointed I 1 L^ SHk M f M * W^ ,11 % W..nF. Fig.
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