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Black spores Black & White Stock Photos
RM2AXGHXA–Poultry culture sanitation and hygiene . ue-grass and grains of rye. (See Fig. 104, k.)The grain becomes enlarged to twice or more in length, andvaries from a brown to black in color. The attacked grain isknown as an ergotized one. Grain and mash exposed to sufficient dampness becomemoldy. Figure 104, a, b, c, d, illustrates various kinds ofbacteria and molds, as stated before. The latter are made ofhyphse and spores. Damp graiji becomes dark in color and sprouts; the starch ischanged into sugar, and other chemical changes take place, be-sides some of the nutrients are used up by the mold. Fer
RMPG4FHP–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 126 Minnesota Plant Diseases. spores. Accessory spores are also found in abundance in these fungi, many being enclosed in special capsules similar in ap- pearance to the sac-capsules. The mycelium is, moreover, often black. Many of these fungi live on leaves but not in a typically parasitic fashion. They thrive well on the excretion of certain insects and since such excretions are found abun-. Fig. 52.—The fruiting body of the powdery mildew of willow, showing the appendages and spore-sacs. The latter have been forced out of splits in the sac-capsule
RMRDXHCC–. Introduction to the study of fungi; their organography, classification, and distribution, for the use of collectors. Fungi. DICHOCARPISM 67 the surface of the tubercle, recipients from which escape for some time waves either of pure spermatia or of spermatia mixed with stylospores. Both are ovoid, but the spermatia are uncoloured and much smaller than the stylospores, which are as black as the spores of a Melanconium. These two quotations are given as exhibiting what we have called Dicho- carpism as it was presented to the view of one who accomplished very much in demonstrating the fact that
RMPG4F03–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Fig. 134.—Powdery mildew of willow leaf (Uncinula salicis). The minute black spots are the spore-sac-capsules and under these can be seen the whitish mycelial coat of threads. Original. The sac-capsules are large compared with most other Min- nesota powdery mildews. They are black in color and have a ring of numerous, colorless, thread-appendages, each of which terminates in a single-pointed hook, in a manner similar to that of the vine powdery mildew. Each capsule contains at least several sacs, in each of which are found eight spores. The summer sp
RMRDXGXF–. Introduction to the study of fungi; their organography, classification, and distribution, for the use of collectors. Fungi. PlQ. 112.—Secondary spores of Entomophthom. S.P.C.K.. Fig. 113.—Conjugating hyphal bodies. Thaxter.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Cooke, M. C. (Mordecai Cubitt), b. 1825. London, A. and C. Black
![. Chestnut blight. Chestnut blight; Chestnut. .9 ^. I Div. = 10 TTiikTons Fig. i.-Types of spores other than those of EndoMa Para^tica obtained by the microscopic examination of the centrifuged sedunent from the test of bird No. ,. a downy woodpecker: «, Biown; 6, dark brown- ^,brown;i.cyanophyceous:e,browni/,nearIy black;,,smoky; A,brown; i.brown;>. brown; k brown- J, cyanophyceous. ..». "-u"", », uiuwu,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustration Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG161K/chestnut-blight-chestnut-blight-chestnut-9-i-div-=-10-ttiiktons-fig-i-types-of-spores-other-than-those-of-endoma-paratica-obtained-by-the-microscopic-examination-of-the-centrifuged-sedunent-from-the-test-of-bird-no-a-downy-woodpecker-biown-6-dark-brown-brownicyanophyceousebrownineariy-blacksmoky-abrown-ibrowngt-brown-k-brown-j-cyanophyceous-quot-uquotquot-uiuwu-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustration-PG161K.jpg ". Chestnut blight. Chestnut blight; Chestnut. .9 ^. I Div. = 10 TTiikTons Fig. i.-Types of spores other than those of EndoMa Para^tica obtained by the microscopic examination of the centrifuged sedunent from the test of bird No. ,. a downy woodpecker: «, Biown; 6, dark brown- ^,brown;i.cyanophyceous:e,browni/,nearIy black;,,smoky; A,brown; i.brown;>. brown; k brown- J, cyanophyceous. ..». "-u"", », uiuwu,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustration Stock Photo")
RMPG161K–. Chestnut blight. Chestnut blight; Chestnut. .9 ^. I Div. = 10 TTiikTons Fig. i.-Types of spores other than those of EndoMa Para^tica obtained by the microscopic examination of the centrifuged sedunent from the test of bird No. ,. a downy woodpecker: «, Biown; 6, dark brown- ^,brown;i.cyanophyceous:e,browni/,nearIy black;,,smoky; A,brown; i.brown;>. brown; k brown- J, cyanophyceous. ..». "-u"", », uiuwu,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustration
RMRE1GMR–. Fungi; their nature, influence, and uses;. Fungi. 50 FUNGI.. Fig the threads are branched, but the spores are collected in clusters usually, and are moreover septate. In other genera similar distinctions prevail. These tvFO groups of black moulds and â white moulds are the noblest, and contain the largest number of genera and species amongst the Hyphomycetes. There is, how- ever, the small group of Isariacei, in which the threads are compacted, and a semblance of such hymenomycetal forms as Olavaria and Pterula is the result, but it is doubtful if this g^oup contains many autonomous species.
RMPG4FHR–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 128 Minnesota Plant Diseases. Ergot fungi {Hypocreacece in part). The fungus which pro- duces ergot is a member of the black fungus group, though not a very close relative of the mildews. The life-story of such a fungus is somewhat com- plex and we may illus- trate by that of the ergot of rye. In the summer, when the youngest grains are commencing to fill, or just before that period when the grass flower opens, the spores of the ergot fungtis may lodge in the flower and start to grow. The young threads are capa- ble of attacking the grow- ing grain a
RMRDE34D–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 359 protuberances, each of which has an opening at its apex. These openings communicate with the pear-shaped cavities of the cap- sules, which contain the numerous spore-sacs, each bearing eight spores. These are the winter spores and are capable of causing infection during the year following their formation. The fungus. Fig. 191.—Black knot of wild cherry, showing various stages in the development of the knots. Original. mycelium may also live over the winter in the tissues of the host and grows from year to year. The ultim
RMPFYEHT–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. Fig. 141.—The winter spores of wheat-rust. means of these summer spores the rust may spread through a field of wheat and into adjoining fields with great rapidity. Later in the season, on the stubble and on plants not removed in the har- vesting, black lines and dots appear, which are masses of a very different kind of spore sent to the surface by the myce- Uum (Fig. 141). This spore, which is two- celled and has a very heavy wall, is the winter spore; for it is in this form that the rust usually endures the winter. In the spring the winte
RMRDC1HE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. RHYTISMA. 245 eight needle-shaped unicellular spores; pycnidia (spermogonia) with little unicellular conidia are also formed. The fungus attacks leaves of sycamore {Acer Pseudoplatanus), the black spots making their appearance in September. The apothecia ripen on the ground during the following summer.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for rea
RMPG2RJ4–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). Fig. 4. The sprouting of the spores of Penicillium. At b there is a cluster of seven spores sprouting to form a colony. nearly black, while still others grow red or pink. One of the very common forms consists of a rather coarse mass of threads, upon which develop numer- ous black balls containing spores, about the size of a period, while another consists of delicate threads with clusters of white spores looking like snowballs. Each of these different colors indicates a different species of mold. There are score
RMRDC13M–. Minnesota mushrooms ... Botany; Mushrooms. 150 MINNESOTA MUSHROOMS. BLACK FUNGI PYRENOMYCETES Three families of this order are represented by forms sufficiently large and common that the beginner should know them, although none of them are edible, with one exception. The spores are borne in sacks, which are found in flask-shaped cellars or cavities. When these are single, the fungus is too small to be seen by the beginner, but when these ca^â ities are grouped in masses, the plant may attain a considerable size, as in the following. The forms that grow on wood are usually black, but a few wh
RMPG4FAT–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 16 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS Mildew upon any plant surface consists of a whitish pow- dery fungous growth. Burn is a general term applied to all cases where the leaves turn red or brown, especially if the edge first shows the symptom. Smut consists of a mass of spores, usually black and pow-. FiQ. 6. — Clustercups of rust enlarged. After Clinton. dery. It is most common in the ovaries and other floral parts of the cereals. Rust should properly be applied only to cases where the special rust fungi (Uredinales) are present. Rusts usually show the
RMRDE671–. Farm friends and farm foes : a text-book of agricultural science . Agricultural pests; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. THE ASCOSPORE AND OTHER FUNGI 245 infection do likewise. Consequently it is evident that the threads of the fungus grow along with the new growth of the branch. The best remedy is to cut the branch off, some- what below the point of infection, thus removing the dis- eased tissues. Apple Scab and Pear Scab The Apple Scab is one of the most familiar fungous diseases. It appears as black spots, upon the surface of the apple, and also upon the leaves. The spores of the fungus
RMPG45EB–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 661 Soon the sclerotia form as mustard-seed-like bodies. They are produced in great abundance on all media but neither these struc- tures nor the mycelium have yet been seen to bear spores of any kind. The fungus was first studied by Halsted =' and later by many others. It was described and named by Saccardo from speci- mens communicated by Stevens. S. cepivorum Berk. Minute, spherical, gregarious, black. It is found on various species of Allium, causing rot.. Fig. 447.—S. roUsii, sclerotia. Afte
RMRE1R4W–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 224 REPRODUCTION OF BLACK MOULDS The ability of these spores, or sporangia, to produce zoospores is doubtless the survival of a trait inherited from their algal an- cestors. 80. Order c. Mucorales or Black Moulds.—^These are among the most common of the fungi and they are almost sure to appear ufKjn any cooked food or decaying matter that is exposed to the air even for a very short time (Fig. 134). The mycelium has practically the same structure as noted in the preceding groups, but the black moulds have lost all motile reproductive bodies and their
RMPG05MJ–. The structure and development of mosses and ferns (Archegoniatae). Plant morphology; Mosses; Ferns. IV. THE ANTHOCEROTES 141 simultaneously between the four nuclei dividing the mother cell into four tetrahedral cells,âthe young spores. The wall of the mother cell becomes thicker, and in the later stages swells up on being placed in water, so that it interferes a good deal with the study of the spores in the fresh condition. As the spores ripen they develop a thick exospore, which is yellow in colour and irregularly thickened in A. Pearsoni, and in A. fusiformis black and covered with small t
RMRDWG3F–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 224 REPRODUCTION OF BLACK MOULDS The ability of these spores, or sporangia, to produce zoospores is doubtless the survival of a trait inherited from their algal an- cestors. 80. Order c. Mucorales or Black Moulds.—These are among the most common of the fungi and they are almost sure to appear upon any cooked food or decaying matter that is exposed to the air even for a very short time (Fig. 134). The mycelium has practically the same structure as noted in the preceding groups, but the black moulds have lost all motile reproductive bodies and their re
RMPG4GK8–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 153 B. polymorpha (Oed.) Wett.*-' *' is a common saprophyte on bark. It is said to sometimes become parasitic. Ascocarps black, stipitate; disk scarcely cupped, ranging up to 4 cm. in diameter although usually smaller. Caliciaceae (p. 134) Stroma more or less thalloid, with or without algal cells, often rudimentary and inconspicuous; ascoma more or less globoid, stipitate; the apex of the ascus dissolv- ing before the spores are matured, thus allowing the hyaline unripened spores to es- cape and
RMRDD7YN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 314 USTILAGINEAE. epispore, and the clusters appear black or leaden-grey. Ger- mination as in Entyloma. Melanotaenium endoirenum (Unger) (Britain). This is found on Galium MoUiigo and G. verum. The mycelium permeates the whole intercellular system of the host, and is nourished by large tufted haustoria. The host-plants remain small, with shortened internodes, shrunk leaves, and undeveloped flowers. The spores occur
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 210 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Dothichloe Atkinson (p. 199)"' Stroma thin, hard when dry, black, especially the outer portion, lighter within, effuse, pulvinate, disciform or armilla-form, partly or entirely surrounding the host; perithecia crowded, confluent with the stroma, but the thin walls of distinctive structure, im- mersed, the apex projecting; asci cylindric, 8-spored; spores fih- form, septate at maturity, and eventually separating at the septa into short seg- ments. Likfe the preceding genus, both species D Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4GA7/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-210-the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-dothichloe-atkinson-p-199quot-stroma-thin-hard-when-dry-black-especially-the-outer-portion-lighter-within-effuse-pulvinate-disciform-or-armilla-form-partly-or-entirely-surrounding-the-host-perithecia-crowded-confluent-with-the-stroma-but-the-thin-walls-of-distinctive-structure-im-mersed-the-apex-projecting-asci-cylindric-8-spored-spores-fih-form-septate-at-maturity-and-eventually-separating-at-the-septa-into-short-seg-ments-likfe-the-preceding-genus-both-species-d-PG4GA7.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 210 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Dothichloe Atkinson (p. 199)"' Stroma thin, hard when dry, black, especially the outer portion, lighter within, effuse, pulvinate, disciform or armilla-form, partly or entirely surrounding the host; perithecia crowded, confluent with the stroma, but the thin walls of distinctive structure, im- mersed, the apex projecting; asci cylindric, 8-spored; spores fih- form, septate at maturity, and eventually separating at the septa into short seg- ments. Likfe the preceding genus, both species D Stock Photo")
RMPG4GA7–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 210 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Dothichloe Atkinson (p. 199)"' Stroma thin, hard when dry, black, especially the outer portion, lighter within, effuse, pulvinate, disciform or armilla-form, partly or entirely surrounding the host; perithecia crowded, confluent with the stroma, but the thin walls of distinctive structure, im- mersed, the apex projecting; asci cylindric, 8-spored; spores fih- form, septate at maturity, and eventually separating at the septa into short seg- ments. Likfe the preceding genus, both species D
RMRDGJ12–. A Manual of botany : being an introduction to the study of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants . Botany. ESSENTIAL ORGANS—THE OVULE. 251 ing the spores, and surrounded by a cellular coat resembling a calyx, c. From this ovary-like body there is a prolongation which may be con-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Balfour, John Hutton, 1808-1884. Edinburgh : A. and C. Black
RMPG4BPN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 96.—Gibbera vaccinii. Isolated ascns with, eight spores; isolated hair from the outside of a perithecium. (v. Tubeuf del.) Fig. 95.—Gibbera vaccinii on Cowberry. The perithecia form black patches on the living leafy branch, as well as the dead brown one. (v. Tubeuf del.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and a
RMRE3B5A–. Practical botany. Botany. Fig. 176. Black mold Below is a slightly magnified illustration of plants, one of which has given'rise to the other by means of a runner, or stolon. Descending are the rliizoids and as- cending are the aerial branches, upon the tips of which spores are borne within sporangia. Above and at the right a more highly magnified sporangium is shown. Its wall (w) incloses many spores (s), through which may be seen the columella (c), which is the swollen tip of the stalk upon which the sporangium is borne. This wall may be broken away, so as to leave some of the spores lying
RMPG00XX–. Lessons in botany. Botany. Fig. 107. Head of wheat showing black .rust spots on the chaff and awns.. Fig. 108. Teleutospores of wheat rust, Showing two cells and the pedicel. Fig. iog. Uredospores of wheat rust, one showing remnants of the pedicel. to rounded. The mycelium of the fungus courses between the cells, just as is found in the case of the carnation rust, which belongs to the same family (see Chapter XV). 222. Uredospores of the red-rust form.—If we make a similar preparation from the pustules of the red-rust form we shall see that instead of two-celled spores they are one-celled..
![. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. THALLOPHYTES: FUNGI 281 wall, and forms what is called the " black rust," which ap- pears late in the summer on wheat stubble. These spores are the resting spores, which last through the winter and germinate in the following spring. They are called teleuto- spores, meaning the " last spores " of the growing season. They are also called " winter spores," to distinguish them from the uredospores or " summer spores." At first this teleutospore-bearing mycelium was not recognized to be identical with the uredosp Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE1JGE/plant-studies-an-elementary-botany-botany-thallophytes-fungi-281-wall-and-forms-what-is-called-the-quot-black-rustquot-which-ap-pears-late-in-the-summer-on-wheat-stubble-these-spores-are-the-resting-spores-which-last-through-the-winter-and-germinate-in-the-following-spring-they-are-called-teleuto-spores-meaning-the-quot-last-spores-quot-of-the-growing-season-they-are-also-called-quot-winter-sporesquot-to-distinguish-them-from-the-uredospores-or-quot-summer-sporesquot-at-first-this-teleutospore-bearing-mycelium-was-not-recognized-to-be-identical-with-the-uredosp-RE1JGE.jpg ". Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. THALLOPHYTES: FUNGI 281 wall, and forms what is called the " black rust," which ap- pears late in the summer on wheat stubble. These spores are the resting spores, which last through the winter and germinate in the following spring. They are called teleuto- spores, meaning the " last spores " of the growing season. They are also called " winter spores," to distinguish them from the uredospores or " summer spores." At first this teleutospore-bearing mycelium was not recognized to be identical with the uredosp Stock Photo")
RMRE1JGE–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. THALLOPHYTES: FUNGI 281 wall, and forms what is called the " black rust," which ap- pears late in the summer on wheat stubble. These spores are the resting spores, which last through the winter and germinate in the following spring. They are called teleuto- spores, meaning the " last spores " of the growing season. They are also called " winter spores," to distinguish them from the uredospores or " summer spores." At first this teleutospore-bearing mycelium was not recognized to be identical with the uredosp
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 312 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or colu Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4668/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-312-the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-and-the-mycelium-there-develops-richly-under-the-epidermis-the-outer-cells-remain-sterile-and-constitute-the-membrane-the-inner-gelatinize-and-develop-into-spores-s-reiliana-kiihn-cl-quot-quot-sori-very-prominent-forming-irregular-masses-including-more-or-less-of-the-entire-panicle-usually-5-15-cm-in-length-often-at-first-pro-tected-by-the-leaf-sheath-a-whitish-false-membrane-encloses-the-black-brown-spore-mass-and-the-ray-like-re-mains-of-the-jeduncles-or-colu-PG4668.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 312 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or colu Stock Photo")
RMPG4668–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 312 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or colu
RMRE1R4P–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 225 and so become spores (Fig. 135). The numerous sporangia filled with dark spores are the principal cause of the black color of these fungi. During the development of the spores a wall is constructed over the central protoplasm, thus often forming a dome-like structure in the sporangium known as the columella (Fig. 135, E). The walls of the sporangia (save at the region in contact with the stalk) readily dissolve in the presence of moisture, owing to their mucilaginous character, and thus allow the spores to float off in the a
RMPG3Y6X–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 400 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES developed. In their full maturity they appear as black specks. The tissue about them is yellowish. These bodies are not found on all leaves nor on all leaflets of a given leaf. Two or three weeks after the appearance of these structures evidence of rust is seen on the lower surface of the leaves. When mature, these bodies (sori) break open and expose an orange-colored mass of spores; whence the name orange-rust. Ordi- narily these sori with their spore- masses practically cover the lower sur- face of the leaf. Affected leaves are
RMRE40G6–. Rational fruit culture. Fruit-culture. RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. 77 little can be done except to prevent infection of healthy trees. Black cords of mycelium travel in the ground for great dis- tances in all directions, penetrating the bark of any tree they reach. To stop them, a trench, eight inches deep, should be. Fig. 27 The Toadstools which Cause Tree-root Rot. dug round any infected tree, well beyond the spread of the branches. All the toadstools should be collected and burned, and as spores are another source of infection, any wounds should be dressed with tar.. Please note that these im
RMPG416N–. The essentials of botany. Botany. OAliPOPEYTA. 167 tioally. These protophytes, -which live in the midst of the moist tis- sues of the lichens, were until re- cently supposed to be parts of the lichen itself, and were called go- nidia, a term which it is still con- venient to use. A few lichens are parasitic in this way upon plants a little higher than protophytes. 351. The spores of lichens are produced in sacs, which are either in discs (similar to those of Cup- fungi) or in cavities (similar to thcce of the Black Fungi). In many common species the spore- bearing discs (called apotheoia) ar
RMRDE67G–. Farm friends and farm foes : a text-book of agricultural science . Agricultural pests; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. THE ASCOSPORE AND OTHER FUNGI 243 Those that fall upon green and tender bark are likely to germinate and start the disease again. As cold weather approaches, the tissues of the outer bark become much harder, with many little cavities inside. The fungus produces within these cavities spores that germinate the following spring and start the disease anew. The Black Knot affects most varie- ties of plum and cherry trees, both wild and cultivated, and the spores are easily carr
RMPG4AME–. Minnesota mushrooms ... Botany; Mushrooms. Figure 123. Xylaria polymorpha DALDINIA Daldinia concentrica. Figure 124. Daldinia concentrica Plants head-like or hemispheric, 2-5 cm. wide, black, coal-like, with concentric layers on the inside, each layer consisting of perithecia; spores brownish, ellipsoid, 12-15 X 7-lOju. The name refers to the layers. Common on dead branches, trunks, etc.; not edible.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly r
RMRDE30C–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 332 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS brane eventually bursts, loosening a powdery, dry, black mass of spores through which fibrous veins of the com plant still pene- trate. It has been conclusively dem- onstrated that the causal fungus is not conveyed to the new crop in the seed, as is the case with so many other smuts, and that therefore no form of seed treatment is of value for its pre- vention. The sow- ing of seed covered with smut spores does not result in any more smut than does the use of un- infected seed. It has been clearly shown that infec-
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or columellas. In time it becomes ruptured and t Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG466A/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-and-the-mycelium-there-develops-richly-under-the-epidermis-the-outer-cells-remain-sterile-and-constitute-the-membrane-the-inner-gelatinize-and-develop-into-spores-s-reiliana-kiihn-cl-quot-quot-sori-very-prominent-forming-irregular-masses-including-more-or-less-of-the-entire-panicle-usually-5-15-cm-in-length-often-at-first-pro-tected-by-the-leaf-sheath-a-whitish-false-membrane-encloses-the-black-brown-spore-mass-and-the-ray-like-re-mains-of-the-jeduncles-or-columellas-in-time-it-becomes-ruptured-and-t-PG466A.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or columellas. In time it becomes ruptured and t Stock Photo")
RMPG466A–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. and the mycelium there develops richly under the epidermis. The outer cells remain sterile and constitute the membrane; the inner gelatinize and develop into spores. S. reiliana (Kiihn) Cl.^* "'^ ^^ '*" ^^ Sori very prominent forming irregular masses including more or less of the entire panicle, usually 5-15 cm. in length; often at first pro- tected by the leaf-sheath. A whitish false membrane encloses the black- brown spore-mass and the ray-like re- mains of the j)eduncles or columellas. In time it becomes ruptured and t
![. Insects affecting vegetables [microform]. Légumes; Vegetables; Insect pests; Insectes nuisibles. stem, leaves, pods and seeds, beginning with the first leaves of the seedling plant. The disease appears as round, rusty or black, sunken spots. In the centre of each of these is pr<xluced a mass of spores which. Fig. 60. Bean Anthracnoae. Badljr attacked pml, show- ing the dark spots characteristic of the disease. are embedded in a gummy substance. This substance, when dry, keeps the spores attached to the spot but, wh-n moistened by rain or heavy dew, it becomes soft and allows the spores to Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REN46X/insects-affecting-vegetables-microform-lgumes-vegetables-insect-pests-insectes-nuisibles-stem-leaves-pods-and-seeds-beginning-with-the-first-leaves-of-the-seedling-plant-the-disease-appears-as-round-rusty-or-black-sunken-spots-in-the-centre-of-each-of-these-is-prltxluced-a-mass-of-spores-which-fig-60-bean-anthracnoae-badljr-attacked-pml-show-ing-the-dark-spots-characteristic-of-the-disease-are-embedded-in-a-gummy-substance-this-substance-when-dry-keeps-the-spores-attached-to-the-spot-but-wh-n-moistened-by-rain-or-heavy-dew-it-becomes-soft-and-allows-the-spores-to-REN46X.jpg ". Insects affecting vegetables [microform]. Légumes; Vegetables; Insect pests; Insectes nuisibles. stem, leaves, pods and seeds, beginning with the first leaves of the seedling plant. The disease appears as round, rusty or black, sunken spots. In the centre of each of these is pr<xluced a mass of spores which. Fig. 60. Bean Anthracnoae. Badljr attacked pml, show- ing the dark spots characteristic of the disease. are embedded in a gummy substance. This substance, when dry, keeps the spores attached to the spot but, wh-n moistened by rain or heavy dew, it becomes soft and allows the spores to Stock Photo")
RMREN46X–. Insects affecting vegetables [microform]. Légumes; Vegetables; Insect pests; Insectes nuisibles. stem, leaves, pods and seeds, beginning with the first leaves of the seedling plant. The disease appears as round, rusty or black, sunken spots. In the centre of each of these is pr<xluced a mass of spores which. Fig. 60. Bean Anthracnoae. Badljr attacked pml, show- ing the dark spots characteristic of the disease. are embedded in a gummy substance. This substance, when dry, keeps the spores attached to the spot but, wh-n moistened by rain or heavy dew, it becomes soft and allows the spores to
RMPG4BGN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 242 ASCOMYCETES. Schizothjnrium. The roundish or oblong apothecia dehisce by lobes. The club- shaped asci contain oblong, hyaline, two-celled spores. Sch. ptarmicae Desm. (Britain). This occurs as a parasite on Hying green leaves and stems of Achillea Ptarmica. The apothecia form little black points, which on rupturing break. Fio. 127.—Schizothyrium ptarmicae on Achillea Pta^-niica. (v, Tubeuf del.) up the epidermis
![. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. THALLOPIIYTES: FDNGI 66 wall, aud forms what is called the " black rust," which ap- pears late in the summer on wheat stubble. These spores are the resting spores, which last through the winter and germinate in the following spring. They are called teleuto- spores, meaning the " last spores " of the growing season. They are also called " winter spores," to distinguish them from the uredospores or " summer spores." At first this teleutospore-bearing mycelium was not recognized to be identical with the uredospore-be Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDWAYJ/plants-a-text-book-of-botany-botany-thallopiiytes-fdngi-66-wall-aud-forms-what-is-called-the-quot-black-rustquot-which-ap-pears-late-in-the-summer-on-wheat-stubble-these-spores-are-the-resting-spores-which-last-through-the-winter-and-germinate-in-the-following-spring-they-are-called-teleuto-spores-meaning-the-quot-last-spores-quot-of-the-growing-season-they-are-also-called-quot-winter-sporesquot-to-distinguish-them-from-the-uredospores-or-quot-summer-sporesquot-at-first-this-teleutospore-bearing-mycelium-was-not-recognized-to-be-identical-with-the-uredospore-be-RDWAYJ.jpg ". Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. THALLOPIIYTES: FDNGI 66 wall, aud forms what is called the " black rust," which ap- pears late in the summer on wheat stubble. These spores are the resting spores, which last through the winter and germinate in the following spring. They are called teleuto- spores, meaning the " last spores " of the growing season. They are also called " winter spores," to distinguish them from the uredospores or " summer spores." At first this teleutospore-bearing mycelium was not recognized to be identical with the uredospore-be Stock Photo")
RMRDWAYJ–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. THALLOPIIYTES: FDNGI 66 wall, aud forms what is called the " black rust," which ap- pears late in the summer on wheat stubble. These spores are the resting spores, which last through the winter and germinate in the following spring. They are called teleuto- spores, meaning the " last spores " of the growing season. They are also called " winter spores," to distinguish them from the uredospores or " summer spores." At first this teleutospore-bearing mycelium was not recognized to be identical with the uredospore-be
RMPFXCWX–. Timber and some of its diseases. Timber; Trees. 156 TIMBER AND SOME OF ITS DISEASES, [chap. series of dark shining strings, looking almost like the purple-black leaf-stalks of the maidenhair fern, and. Fig. 15.—a small group of Agaricus (Arfmllarz'a) melhus. The toad-stool is taw ny-ycllow, and produces white spores; the gills are decurrent, and the stem bears a ring. The fine hair-like appendages on the pileus should be bolder, these strings branch and meander in the wood of the tree, and in the soil, and may attain even great. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page i
RMRDC1MR–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. HYPODERMELLA. 235 apothecia were present on the upper surface of the needles as isolated black spots or united into lines; they dehisce by an elongated fissure. The asci are cylindrical with rounded apices, and measure about 110m in length; they are almost sessile. Each contained four hyaline, unicellular, club-shaped spores ii. Fic. 119.—Hypodermella sulcigena. The apothecia form black lines on the needles. Ascus
RMPG3N1G–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. Fig. 103. — Black-knot; cross- section of a knotted twig. The enlargement has not completely en- circled the twig. January to June, depending upon the locality, and which are discharged upon maturity. The further history of these spores is similar to that of the summer spores previously described ; they propagate the parasite. The original portion of the knot is thus matured, but the fungus in the bark may continue to grow at either end, thereby increasing the length of the old knot. In this manner a single knot may in time extend a long distance on a branch
RMRDYBRP–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 194 BOTANY. aecidiospores, and of tlie second uredospores, while tie tliird name is retained as the scientific name of the genus. The sporids cannot ordinarily produce rust directly upon wheat, probably because of the toughness of the epidermis ; but it has been. Fio. 114.—Wheat-rust. A and B, Black-rust spores germinating and producing sporids, sp; C, fragment of a Barberry-leaf with a spond, sp. germinating and penetrating the epidermis; I), showing manner germination of Red-rust spore. All highly magnified. of shown that when sporids germinate upon very y
RMPG3N22–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. PLVM DISEASES 361. Fig. 103. — Black-knot; cross- section of a knotted twig. The enlargement has not completely en- circled the twig. January to June, depending upon the locality, and which are discharged upon maturity. The further history of these spores is similar to that of the summer spores previously described ; they propagate the parasite. The original portion of the knot is thus matured, but the fungus in the bark may continue to grow at either end, thereby increasing the length of the old knot. In this manner a single knot may in time extend a long d
RMRDWG3C–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 225 and so become spores (Fig. 135). The numerous sporangia filled with dark spores are the principal cause of the black color of these fungi. During the development of the spores a wall is constructed over the central protoplasm, thus often forming a dome-like structure in the sporangium known as the columella (Fig. 135, E). The walls of the sporangia (save at the region in contact with the stalk) readily dissolve in the presence of moisture, owing to their mucilaginous character, and thus allow the spores to float off in the a
RMPG452Y–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 170 MYCOLOGY The spores are brown, very long and many-celled, 100 to 120 by 4 to 7At. G. glutinosum, another American species, grows on the ground among the grass. It is black and smooth with the ascigerous portion one-third the entire length of the fruit body and in shape oblong- lanceolate, slightly viscid. The upper portion passes imperceptibly into the stalk. The spores are eight in number, arranged parallel to each other with obtuse ends and three-septate, 65 to 75 by 5 to 6/*, and
RMRDW9KF–. Textbook of botany. Botany. 384 TEXTBOOK OF BOTANY spores continue to be produced for three or four months. In the meantime the knot has been growing in size and has turned almost black, and small rounded swellings have appeared on the surface; these swellings contain a second type of spore. During the late summer another set of rounded bodies appear on the knot; these remain over the winter, and in the spring they are found to contain many small sacs, in each of which are eight spores. The only known means of controlling this disease is to cut out and destroy the knots. This means is succes
![. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. ^& (On the ground] %l I On Plant B I -y Fig. 71. of some definite species, the host b. In the case of the black rust of wheat, this plant is the barberry. The germ- tube which grows from a sporidium pierces the cuticle and enters an epidermal cell of the host B, and develops into a mycelium which fills the tissues, and gives rise to another special type of pustule, also usually rust-red in colour, which is called the aecidium. The aecidium pustules contain spores, known as aecidiospores, which are incapable of infecting plant b, but in Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4DM9/the-fungal-diseases-of-the-common-larch-larches-amp-on-the-ground-l-i-on-plant-b-i-y-fig-71-of-some-definite-species-the-host-b-in-the-case-of-the-black-rust-of-wheat-this-plant-is-the-barberry-the-germ-tube-which-grows-from-a-sporidium-pierces-the-cuticle-and-enters-an-epidermal-cell-of-the-host-b-and-develops-into-a-mycelium-which-fills-the-tissues-and-gives-rise-to-another-special-type-of-pustule-also-usually-rust-red-in-colour-which-is-called-the-aecidium-the-aecidium-pustules-contain-spores-known-as-aecidiospores-which-are-incapable-of-infecting-plant-b-but-in-PG4DM9.jpg ". The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. ^& (On the ground] %l I On Plant B I -y Fig. 71. of some definite species, the host b. In the case of the black rust of wheat, this plant is the barberry. The germ- tube which grows from a sporidium pierces the cuticle and enters an epidermal cell of the host B, and develops into a mycelium which fills the tissues, and gives rise to another special type of pustule, also usually rust-red in colour, which is called the aecidium. The aecidium pustules contain spores, known as aecidiospores, which are incapable of infecting plant b, but in Stock Photo")
RMPG4DM9–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. ^& (On the ground] %l I On Plant B I -y Fig. 71. of some definite species, the host b. In the case of the black rust of wheat, this plant is the barberry. The germ- tube which grows from a sporidium pierces the cuticle and enters an epidermal cell of the host B, and develops into a mycelium which fills the tissues, and gives rise to another special type of pustule, also usually rust-red in colour, which is called the aecidium. The aecidium pustules contain spores, known as aecidiospores, which are incapable of infecting plant b, but in
![. A practical course in botany, with especial reference to its bearings on agriculture, economics, and sanitation. Botany. CRYPTOGAMS 319 only the dark teleutospores are produced. These remain on the culms in the stubble fields over winter, ready to begin the work of reproduction in spring. For this reason the teleutos are popularly known as " winter spores " in contra- distinction to the uredos, or " summer spores," whose activity is confined to the warm months. It was formerly supposed that black rust was caused by a different fungus from that producing red rust, and to i Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE2J5C/a-practical-course-in-botany-with-especial-reference-to-its-bearings-on-agriculture-economics-and-sanitation-botany-cryptogams-319-only-the-dark-teleutospores-are-produced-these-remain-on-the-culms-in-the-stubble-fields-over-winter-ready-to-begin-the-work-of-reproduction-in-spring-for-this-reason-the-teleutos-are-popularly-known-as-quot-winter-spores-quot-in-contra-distinction-to-the-uredos-or-quot-summer-sporesquot-whose-activity-is-confined-to-the-warm-months-it-was-formerly-supposed-that-black-rust-was-caused-by-a-different-fungus-from-that-producing-red-rust-and-to-i-RE2J5C.jpg ". A practical course in botany, with especial reference to its bearings on agriculture, economics, and sanitation. Botany. CRYPTOGAMS 319 only the dark teleutospores are produced. These remain on the culms in the stubble fields over winter, ready to begin the work of reproduction in spring. For this reason the teleutos are popularly known as " winter spores " in contra- distinction to the uredos, or " summer spores," whose activity is confined to the warm months. It was formerly supposed that black rust was caused by a different fungus from that producing red rust, and to i Stock Photo")
RMRE2J5C–. A practical course in botany, with especial reference to its bearings on agriculture, economics, and sanitation. Botany. CRYPTOGAMS 319 only the dark teleutospores are produced. These remain on the culms in the stubble fields over winter, ready to begin the work of reproduction in spring. For this reason the teleutos are popularly known as " winter spores " in contra- distinction to the uredos, or " summer spores," whose activity is confined to the warm months. It was formerly supposed that black rust was caused by a different fungus from that producing red rust, and to i
RMPG45E0–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 29 spreading the disease. The early spring spores of rusts are often accompanied by structures exuding sweet fluids that are attractive to insects and may be materially beneficial in the sow- ing of spores. There is a certain group of fungi, often known as the honey-dew fiingi, which grow chiefly on the leaves of higher plants. They are not parasites but hve on insect secre- tions and excreta which are deposited upon the leaves of plants. In this rich pabulum the fungi grow luxuriantly and often form very black sooty coats o
RMRE3CP8–. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 35° FUNGI cuous as causing diseases of grasses. As a rule the attack of the para- site is limited to one special region of the host, e.g. the ovary, or the whole flower, or the leaf, or the stem, or even, in a few cases, the root; and when the fungus has attained its maturity, the result commonly is that the part affected has been destroyed with the exception of the epi- derm or integument and the remains of vascular tissue, and is replaced by a powdery mass of brown or black resting-spores. The mycele sends its long thin hyphse mostly along the
RMPG0E28–. A manual of veterinary hygiene. Veterinary hygiene. FOOD 163 The grain in course of time gets converted into a black or olive-coloured greasy powder, of a fishy objectionable odour. Smut (Fig. 26) is a disease which attacks the flowering heads of grasses and grains, more particularly, wheat, bar- ley, oats, and rye. It com- mences as a white deposit, but later turns to a black mass. This consists of spores of the fungus Ustilago carbo. The effect of this fungus is to completely destroy the flower- ing head, so that the whole ear disappears and nothing but its framework is left. The disease i
RMRE0M4W–. Experiments with plants. Botany. 224. Summer spores, or uredo- spores (I'ed nist stage), of the Black Stem Rust of Wheat. Autumn spores, or teleuto- spores (black rust stage), of the Black Stem Rust of Wheat. (uredospores) earlier, the other (teleutospores), later in the season. The uredospores germinate during the summer; they send out germ-tubes which enter the stomata of the leaf (Fig. 226). The teleutospores rest â â during the winter; in the spring they germinate, producing conidia (Fig. 227, c),which are borne by the wind to the leaves of the Barberry plant; here they germinate, penetr
RMPG0RB5–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 498 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Fusicoccum Corda (p. 483) Stroma subepidermal, several-chambered, erumpent, leathery, black; conidia fusoid, straight and usually large. Some forty species, several of which are regarded as conidial forms of Diaporthe and Gnomonia. F. veronense Massal on Sycamore and Oak=Gnomonia veneta. See p. 274. F. viticolum Red. on grape=Cryptosporella viticola. See p. 280. 0?^. Fig. 343.—F. viticolum, compound pycnidium, germinating spores, pa- raphyses. After Reddick. F. amygdali Del. causes a spot dis
RMRDGX6X–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. ROOT CROPS. 45 ramifies chiefly in the upper part of tte bulb, causing decay. Among this mycelium are numbers of black grains —the sclerotia, or masses of mycelia in a resting state. Each sclerotium germinates by throwing out hyphse which ultimately give rise (at their ends) to sporangia containing oval sporidia (spores). The sporangia, when ripe, burst in the air, and the spores are wafted about by air currents, causing destruction to crops of onions. The spores ger-. Fig. 18.
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 445 It parasitizes sugar cane, horse cliestnut, chestnut, mulberry" and orange.. Fig. 310.—S. alneum. After Clemtnts. Marasmieae (p. 443) Pileus tough, leathery, thin, membranous, or rarely somewhat fleshj% reviving after dr>dng with the return of moisture. About five hundred fifty species. Key to Gexeka of Marasmieae Gills leathery-horn}'; spores black 1. Anthracophyllum. Gills leathery; spores hyaline Pileus not distinct from the stipe; sporo- phore trumpet-shaped Gills forked, edge blu Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG0REG/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-445-it-parasitizes-sugar-cane-horse-cliestnut-chestnut-mulberryquot-and-orange-fig-310s-alneum-after-clemtnts-marasmieae-p-443-pileus-tough-leathery-thin-membranous-or-rarely-somewhat-fleshj-reviving-after-drgtdng-with-the-return-of-moisture-about-five-hundred-fifty-species-key-to-gexeka-of-marasmieae-gills-leathery-horn-spores-black-1-anthracophyllum-gills-leathery-spores-hyaline-pileus-not-distinct-from-the-stipe-sporo-phore-trumpet-shaped-gills-forked-edge-blu-PG0REG.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 445 It parasitizes sugar cane, horse cliestnut, chestnut, mulberry" and orange.. Fig. 310.—S. alneum. After Clemtnts. Marasmieae (p. 443) Pileus tough, leathery, thin, membranous, or rarely somewhat fleshj% reviving after dr>dng with the return of moisture. About five hundred fifty species. Key to Gexeka of Marasmieae Gills leathery-horn}'; spores black 1. Anthracophyllum. Gills leathery; spores hyaline Pileus not distinct from the stipe; sporo- phore trumpet-shaped Gills forked, edge blu Stock Photo")
RMPG0REG–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 445 It parasitizes sugar cane, horse cliestnut, chestnut, mulberry" and orange.. Fig. 310.—S. alneum. After Clemtnts. Marasmieae (p. 443) Pileus tough, leathery, thin, membranous, or rarely somewhat fleshj% reviving after dr>dng with the return of moisture. About five hundred fifty species. Key to Gexeka of Marasmieae Gills leathery-horn}'; spores black 1. Anthracophyllum. Gills leathery; spores hyaline Pileus not distinct from the stipe; sporo- phore trumpet-shaped Gills forked, edge blu
RMRDY606–. A preliminary report on the Hymeniales of Connecticut. Basidiomycetes; Fungi. Plate XXVI. ( iprt>nts cowa/its. Shaggy-mane Mushroom. ( Natural size.) Cap white, covered with shaggy scales, oblong when young, expanding when mature ; gills at first while, then tinged with pink, finally dark purple or Mack ; spores black. 1 'Iant deln [uescing at maturity.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. White, Edward Al
![. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 391 posed of three cells arranged in clover-leaf fashion. The spore clusters are usually very dense and vary in size from a pin- head's width to three-quarters inch broad. The leaf under the spores colors black, so that the groups can readily be seen from the upper surface of the leaf. Cluster cups and summer spores are not known for this rust. Rust of sedges [Puccinia caricis (Sghum.) Reb.]. This is an exceedingly common rust on many Minnesota sedges. The summer and winter spores are produced on the sedge plant and the clus Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4EH2/minnesota-plant-diseases-plant-diseases-minnesota-plant-diseases-391-posed-of-three-cells-arranged-in-clover-leaf-fashion-the-spore-clusters-are-usually-very-dense-and-vary-in-size-from-a-pin-heads-width-to-three-quarters-inch-broad-the-leaf-under-the-spores-colors-black-so-that-the-groups-can-readily-be-seen-from-the-upper-surface-of-the-leaf-cluster-cups-and-summer-spores-are-not-known-for-this-rust-rust-of-sedges-puccinia-caricis-sghum-reb-this-is-an-exceedingly-common-rust-on-many-minnesota-sedges-the-summer-and-winter-spores-are-produced-on-the-sedge-plant-and-the-clus-PG4EH2.jpg ". Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 391 posed of three cells arranged in clover-leaf fashion. The spore clusters are usually very dense and vary in size from a pin- head's width to three-quarters inch broad. The leaf under the spores colors black, so that the groups can readily be seen from the upper surface of the leaf. Cluster cups and summer spores are not known for this rust. Rust of sedges [Puccinia caricis (Sghum.) Reb.]. This is an exceedingly common rust on many Minnesota sedges. The summer and winter spores are produced on the sedge plant and the clus Stock Photo")
RMPG4EH2–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 391 posed of three cells arranged in clover-leaf fashion. The spore clusters are usually very dense and vary in size from a pin- head's width to three-quarters inch broad. The leaf under the spores colors black, so that the groups can readily be seen from the upper surface of the leaf. Cluster cups and summer spores are not known for this rust. Rust of sedges [Puccinia caricis (Sghum.) Reb.]. This is an exceedingly common rust on many Minnesota sedges. The summer and winter spores are produced on the sedge plant and the clus
RMRDWC67–. The essentials of botany. Botany. BLACK MOLDS 189 and thereupon the egg secretes a thick double wall, and becomes a resting spore. 280. The resting spores remain in the tissues of the host until the latter decay, which is generally in the spring. Germination then takes place, in some species by the production of a tube (either germ-tube, or co- nidiophore), in others by the division of the protoplasm into zoospores whose subsequent development is like that described above in case of the conidia. 281. The Black Molds (Mucoraceae) are saprophytic and sometimes parasitic plants; they are compos
RMPG4GRF–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 132 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Mitnila sclerotiorum Rost.^* which causes a disease of alfalfa in Denmark is the only pathogen of the family. The infected plants die and later the roots and stems be- come filled with black sclerotia which lie dormant about a year. Fig. 89. — Mitrula. B, habit UpOn resuming growth they be- sketch; F, asci. After Schroter. , , i- i . j i come covered by light red eleva^ tions, which bear small light red ascocarps.. Rhizinacese (p. 131) Key to Genera of Rhizinacese Spores elliptic or spindle-s
RMRDC16T–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. BLACK RUST OF GRAIN (PUCCINIA GRAMINIS) 397. Rye, and Barley, and occurs on other Grasses. The presence of the mycelium in the host is first known through the appearance of reddish spots or lines on the stems and leaves in late spring or early sum- mer. The reddish spots or lines are regions of spore production. They are pustules or blister- like structures caused by masses of spore-bearing hyphae which push up the epidermis until it is finally ruptured (Fig. 353). The reddish color of the pustules is due to the reddish color of the spores. These sp
![. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 2 86 Minnesota Plant Diseases.. Fig. 142.—Spores of the common "black rust" (Puccinia graminis) of wheat. 1. Cluster-cup spores from the barberry plant. 2. Summer spores from the wheat plant. 3. Winter spores from the wheat plant. Highly magnified. After Arthur and Holway. aggerated because the smaller losses due to the presence of the rust in very slight and therefore unheeded quantities may never be computed. These are, nevertheless, a' certain loss. There is only a difference in degree. The en- tire eHmination of /^^^^^ rust would theref Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4EXG/minnesota-plant-diseases-plant-diseases-2-86-minnesota-plant-diseases-fig-142spores-of-the-common-quotblack-rustquot-puccinia-graminis-of-wheat-1-cluster-cup-spores-from-the-barberry-plant-2-summer-spores-from-the-wheat-plant-3-winter-spores-from-the-wheat-plant-highly-magnified-after-arthur-and-holway-aggerated-because-the-smaller-losses-due-to-the-presence-of-the-rust-in-very-slight-and-therefore-unheeded-quantities-may-never-be-computed-these-are-nevertheless-a-certain-loss-there-is-only-a-difference-in-degree-the-en-tire-ehmination-of-rust-would-theref-PG4EXG.jpg ". Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 2 86 Minnesota Plant Diseases.. Fig. 142.—Spores of the common "black rust" (Puccinia graminis) of wheat. 1. Cluster-cup spores from the barberry plant. 2. Summer spores from the wheat plant. 3. Winter spores from the wheat plant. Highly magnified. After Arthur and Holway. aggerated because the smaller losses due to the presence of the rust in very slight and therefore unheeded quantities may never be computed. These are, nevertheless, a' certain loss. There is only a difference in degree. The en- tire eHmination of /^^^^^ rust would theref Stock Photo")
RMPG4EXG–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 2 86 Minnesota Plant Diseases.. Fig. 142.—Spores of the common "black rust" (Puccinia graminis) of wheat. 1. Cluster-cup spores from the barberry plant. 2. Summer spores from the wheat plant. 3. Winter spores from the wheat plant. Highly magnified. After Arthur and Holway. aggerated because the smaller losses due to the presence of the rust in very slight and therefore unheeded quantities may never be computed. These are, nevertheless, a' certain loss. There is only a difference in degree. The en- tire eHmination of /^^^^^ rust would theref
![. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. "^''**-^««t^^ vmmM'. m»vm nrn'mmmmmfrnmitfim- I POPULAR HISTORY OF LICHENS. ,e6aX4, tl'e he»d). Thallus white, leprose, covered with ctron.yellow granules, which are frequently aggregated into a vcrrucose crust. Stipes slender, often elongated b ack, frequently of a greenish tinge ; exciple turbinate, black, in young st-.te yellowish- or greenish-pruinose; spores simple. There are several varieties, depending chiefly on the Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REP2WT/a-popular-history-of-british-lichens-microform-comprising-an-account-of-their-structure-reproduction-uses-distribution-and-classification-lichens-lichens-quot-t-vmmm-mvm-nrnmmmmmfrnmitfim-i-popular-history-of-lichens-e6ax4-tle-hed-thallus-white-leprose-covered-with-ctronyellow-granules-which-are-frequently-aggregated-into-a-vcrrucose-crust-stipes-slender-often-elongated-b-ack-frequently-of-a-greenish-tinge-exciple-turbinate-black-in-young-st-te-yellowish-or-greenish-pruinose-spores-simple-there-are-several-varieties-depending-chiefly-on-the-REP2WT.jpg ". A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. "^''**-^««t^^ vmmM'. m»vm nrn'mmmmmfrnmitfim- I POPULAR HISTORY OF LICHENS. ,e6aX4, tl'e he»d). Thallus white, leprose, covered with ctron.yellow granules, which are frequently aggregated into a vcrrucose crust. Stipes slender, often elongated b ack, frequently of a greenish tinge ; exciple turbinate, black, in young st-.te yellowish- or greenish-pruinose; spores simple. There are several varieties, depending chiefly on the Stock Photo")
RMREP2WT–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. "^''**-^««t^^ vmmM'. m»vm nrn'mmmmmfrnmitfim- I POPULAR HISTORY OF LICHENS. ,e6aX4, tl'e he»d). Thallus white, leprose, covered with ctron.yellow granules, which are frequently aggregated into a vcrrucose crust. Stipes slender, often elongated b ack, frequently of a greenish tinge ; exciple turbinate, black, in young st-.te yellowish- or greenish-pruinose; spores simple. There are several varieties, depending chiefly on the
RMPG4BPH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 96.—Gibbera vaccinii. Isolated ascns with, eight spores; isolated hair from the outside of a perithecium. (v. Tubeuf del.) Fig. 95.—Gibbera vaccinii on Cowberry. The perithecia form black patches on the living leafy branch, as well as the dead brown one. (v. Tubeuf del.). ^-^ Fig. 97.—Gibbera vaccinii. Cross-section of Cowberry showing^ a patch of perithecia in section; the hairy perithecia contain paraphyses a
RMRE2FJ1–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI 289 belong to an entirely different group. All puff-balls are good to eat when young. Many esteem the morel {Morchella esculenta) as a great delicacy.. Fig. 212.—Shaggy-mane TtmshToom. (Coprinus comatus). Edible before the spores turn black. 279. Criterion of Edibility.—Here, as elsewhere, there is no royal road, no short cut to knowledge. There are absolutely no external characteristics which distinguish edible from poisonous fungi. The only way to tell whether a given species is poisonous or not is to try it. Since this is so, it
RMPG14X1–. Manual of tree diseases . Trees. ROOT DISEASES AND INJURIES 81 gills or plates on the under surface of the fruiting-body (Fig. 8). The tree-roots are infected in several ways. The spores may cause infection through wounds at the base of the tree or in ex- posed roots. The black strands running through the soil may also penetrate the bark of the roots. In this manner the fungus spreads through the soil from the roots of one tree to another. This mode of infec- tion accounts for the occurrence of circular areas of dis- eased trees. Since the fungus also com- monly occurs as a saprophyte on dea
RMRDWCX6–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. BLACK RUST OF GRAIN (PUCCINIA GRAMINIS) 397. Rye, and Barley, and occurs on other Grasses. The presence of the mycelium in the host is first known through the appearance of reddish spots or lines on the stems and leaves in late spring or early sum- mer. The reddish spots or lines are regions of spore production. They are pustules or blister- like structures caused by masses of spore-bearing hyphae which push up the epidermis until it is finally ruptured {Fig. 353). The reddish color of the pustules is due to the reddish color of the spores. The
RMPG00Y3–. Lessons in botany. Botany. FUNGI: WHEAT KUST, 131 ous spores, composed of two cells, and having thick, brownish walls as shown in fig. 108. Usually there is a slender brownish stalk on one end. These spores are called ieleutospores. They are somewhat oblong or elliptical, a little constricted where the septum separates the two cells, and the end cell varies from ovate. Fig. 107. Head of wheat showing black .rust spots on the chaff and awns.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance o
![. Diseases of bees. Bees. Fig. 1.—Spores of Bacillus larvae. (McCray (SI)) Fig. 2.—Vegetative rod form of Bacillus larvae. (White (SS)) were accurately described and differentiated by Phillips (37), definite new names being used for the first time in order to eliminate confusion, as follows: Ameri- can foulbrood, formerly known as "foulbrood" ("Usually the larvae are attacked at about the time of capping, and most of the cells containing infected larvae are capped"); and European foulbrood, originally called "black brood" ("This disease attacks the larvae ear Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDE1HA/diseases-of-bees-bees-fig-1spores-of-bacillus-larvae-mccray-si-fig-2vegetative-rod-form-of-bacillus-larvae-white-ss-were-accurately-described-and-differentiated-by-phillips-37-definite-new-names-being-used-for-the-first-time-in-order-to-eliminate-confusion-as-follows-ameri-can-foulbrood-formerly-known-as-quotfoulbroodquot-quotusually-the-larvae-are-attacked-at-about-the-time-of-capping-and-most-of-the-cells-containing-infected-larvae-are-cappedquot-and-european-foulbrood-originally-called-quotblack-broodquot-quotthis-disease-attacks-the-larvae-ear-RDE1HA.jpg ". Diseases of bees. Bees. Fig. 1.—Spores of Bacillus larvae. (McCray (SI)) Fig. 2.—Vegetative rod form of Bacillus larvae. (White (SS)) were accurately described and differentiated by Phillips (37), definite new names being used for the first time in order to eliminate confusion, as follows: Ameri- can foulbrood, formerly known as "foulbrood" ("Usually the larvae are attacked at about the time of capping, and most of the cells containing infected larvae are capped"); and European foulbrood, originally called "black brood" ("This disease attacks the larvae ear Stock Photo")
RMRDE1HA–. Diseases of bees. Bees. Fig. 1.—Spores of Bacillus larvae. (McCray (SI)) Fig. 2.—Vegetative rod form of Bacillus larvae. (White (SS)) were accurately described and differentiated by Phillips (37), definite new names being used for the first time in order to eliminate confusion, as follows: Ameri- can foulbrood, formerly known as "foulbrood" ("Usually the larvae are attacked at about the time of capping, and most of the cells containing infected larvae are capped"); and European foulbrood, originally called "black brood" ("This disease attacks the larvae ear
RMPG41ER–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE FUNGI 261 hym (d) The structure of the gills, as shown in a mushroom split lengthwise through the stem and cap and examined with the mag- nifying glass. Cut off the stalk of a well-expanded mushroom or toadstool close to the cap and place the latter, gills down, on a sheet of paper. If the giUs are light-colored use black paper, if dark- colored, white paper. After some hours lift off the cap and examine the print left by the spores. (e) The extent of the mycelium as far as it can be traced in the earth or other substratum on which mushrooms or toad-
![. Introduction to botany. Botany. FUNGI AXD FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLAXTS 245 growths of the mildew. Another complex method of reproduc- tion results in forming a heavy-walled body, the ascocarp, so called because it is the body which contains the sacs and asco- spores (fig. 190). In late summer the ascocarps may, Avithout magnification, be seen as small black bodies upon the surface of hlac leaves. "SA'hen the aseocarp is broken, the sacs and spores are exposed. From the walls of the aseocarp peculiar arms extend, and iii the lilac mildew and some related mildews these have strikingly branc Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE2JXE/introduction-to-botany-botany-fungi-axd-fungous-diseases-of-plaxts-245-growths-of-the-mildew-another-complex-method-of-reproduc-tion-results-in-forming-a-heavy-walled-body-the-ascocarp-so-called-because-it-is-the-body-which-contains-the-sacs-and-asco-spores-fig-190-in-late-summer-the-ascocarps-may-avithout-magnification-be-seen-as-small-black-bodies-upon-the-surface-of-hlac-leaves-quotsahen-the-aseocarp-is-broken-the-sacs-and-spores-are-exposed-from-the-walls-of-the-aseocarp-peculiar-arms-extend-and-iii-the-lilac-mildew-and-some-related-mildews-these-have-strikingly-branc-RE2JXE.jpg ". Introduction to botany. Botany. FUNGI AXD FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLAXTS 245 growths of the mildew. Another complex method of reproduc- tion results in forming a heavy-walled body, the ascocarp, so called because it is the body which contains the sacs and asco- spores (fig. 190). In late summer the ascocarps may, Avithout magnification, be seen as small black bodies upon the surface of hlac leaves. "SA'hen the aseocarp is broken, the sacs and spores are exposed. From the walls of the aseocarp peculiar arms extend, and iii the lilac mildew and some related mildews these have strikingly branc Stock Photo")
RMRE2JXE–. Introduction to botany. Botany. FUNGI AXD FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLAXTS 245 growths of the mildew. Another complex method of reproduc- tion results in forming a heavy-walled body, the ascocarp, so called because it is the body which contains the sacs and asco- spores (fig. 190). In late summer the ascocarps may, Avithout magnification, be seen as small black bodies upon the surface of hlac leaves. "SA'hen the aseocarp is broken, the sacs and spores are exposed. From the walls of the aseocarp peculiar arms extend, and iii the lilac mildew and some related mildews these have strikingly branc
RMPFYEJ5–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. 150 A TEXT-BOOK OP BOTANY. Fig. 141.—The winter spores of wheat-rust. means of these summer spores the rust may spread through a field of wheat and into adjoining fields with great rapidity. Later in the season, on the stubble and on plants not removed in the har- vesting, black lines and dots appear, which are masses of a very different kind of spore sent to the surface by the myce- Uum (Fig. 141). This spore, which is two- celled and has a very heavy wall, is the winter spore; for it is in this form that the rust usually endures the wint
RMRDWCWK–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. BLACK RUST OF GRAIN (PUCCINIA GRAMINIS) 399. Fig. 356. — Stage of the Wheat Rust on the Barberry bush, Berberis wlgaris. Left, leaf of Barberry, showing the affected areas which are red- dish, much thickened, and contain many cup-like depressions; right, a very much enlarged section through the affected area of the leaf, showing one of the cvips (c) with chains of aeciospores (X 200). The very small spores at (p) are the pycniospores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for
RMPG4FGM–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 137 ). dense crops of very small, black, thickly-crowded, pear-shaped bodies. These often bear crowns of dark tangled hairs surround- ing an opening at the tip. They are sac-spore capsules and dense masses of spores can be seen . ^ collected near the opening or scattered as a dense brown or black dust around the capsules. The latter are formed singly and some- times but not usually up- on mycelial masses, as is the case in black knot, cat- erpillar fungus and ergot. The spores occur usually eight in a sac and often have curi
![. The fern allies of North America north of Mexico. Pteridophyta; Botany. ^44 THE AMPHIBIOUS QUILLWORTS. able for havijig very dark grey, almost black, mega- spores, being unique in this respect among the species of eastern America. It is also one of the few species in which the indusiiim completely covers the sporangium. This species has from five to ten tapering, slender leaves about two inches long. The sporangia are rather roundish, and the megaspores are from 350/^ to 450" in diameter. The surface is marked by many slight projections that are roundish or confluent, form- ing low, sho Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTP08/the-fern-allies-of-north-america-north-of-mexico-pteridophyta-botany-44-the-amphibious-quillworts-able-for-havijig-very-dark-grey-almost-black-mega-spores-being-unique-in-this-respect-among-the-species-of-eastern-america-it-is-also-one-of-the-few-species-in-which-the-indusiiim-completely-covers-the-sporangium-this-species-has-from-five-to-ten-tapering-slender-leaves-about-two-inches-long-the-sporangia-are-rather-roundish-and-the-megaspores-are-from-350-to-450quot-in-diameter-the-surface-is-marked-by-many-slight-projections-that-are-roundish-or-confluent-form-ing-low-sho-RDTP08.jpg ". The fern allies of North America north of Mexico. Pteridophyta; Botany. ^44 THE AMPHIBIOUS QUILLWORTS. able for havijig very dark grey, almost black, mega- spores, being unique in this respect among the species of eastern America. It is also one of the few species in which the indusiiim completely covers the sporangium. This species has from five to ten tapering, slender leaves about two inches long. The sporangia are rather roundish, and the megaspores are from 350/^ to 450" in diameter. The surface is marked by many slight projections that are roundish or confluent, form- ing low, sho Stock Photo")
RMRDTP08–. The fern allies of North America north of Mexico. Pteridophyta; Botany. ^44 THE AMPHIBIOUS QUILLWORTS. able for havijig very dark grey, almost black, mega- spores, being unique in this respect among the species of eastern America. It is also one of the few species in which the indusiiim completely covers the sporangium. This species has from five to ten tapering, slender leaves about two inches long. The sporangia are rather roundish, and the megaspores are from 350/^ to 450" in diameter. The surface is marked by many slight projections that are roundish or confluent, form- ing low, sho
RMPG21RK–. Mosses with a hand-lens; a non-technical handbook of the more common and more easily recognized mosses of the north-eastern United States. Mosses. ANTHOCEROS. We have two species that are fairly common on moist soil and are often found growing together. A. LAEvis L., the Yellow Spored Anthoceros, is known by its brownish or yellowish capsules and yellow spores. A. puNCTATus h; the Black Spored Anthoceros, has both capsules and spores black. The spores of both species mature in autumn (Sept.-Oct.). Figure 76. Ricciocarpiis nutans (After Bischoff.) A & B. Plants natural size. C. The same e
![. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. "3 Black molds (Mucorinece in part). These fungi are exceed- ingly common plants found on starchy materials and hence often called'bread molds. ylthough they have descended from water-inhabiting plants they have retained almost no trace of an aquatic habit, with the exception of the requirement of a moist atmosphere for growth. That is to say, there is no formation of swimming spores; for all of the spores, except the resting spores, are distributed by the wind, though aided in some cases by a special explosive apparat Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDE4GK/minnesota-plant-diseases-plant-diseases-minnesota-plant-diseases-quot3-black-molds-mucorinece-in-part-these-fungi-are-exceed-ingly-common-plants-found-on-starchy-materials-and-hence-often-calledbread-molds-ylthough-they-have-descended-from-water-inhabiting-plants-they-have-retained-almost-no-trace-of-an-aquatic-habit-with-the-exception-of-the-requirement-of-a-moist-atmosphere-for-growth-that-is-to-say-there-is-no-formation-of-swimming-spores-for-all-of-the-spores-except-the-resting-spores-are-distributed-by-the-wind-though-aided-in-some-cases-by-a-special-explosive-apparat-RDE4GK.jpg ". Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. "3 Black molds (Mucorinece in part). These fungi are exceed- ingly common plants found on starchy materials and hence often called'bread molds. ylthough they have descended from water-inhabiting plants they have retained almost no trace of an aquatic habit, with the exception of the requirement of a moist atmosphere for growth. That is to say, there is no formation of swimming spores; for all of the spores, except the resting spores, are distributed by the wind, though aided in some cases by a special explosive apparat Stock Photo")
RMRDE4GK–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. "3 Black molds (Mucorinece in part). These fungi are exceed- ingly common plants found on starchy materials and hence often called'bread molds. ylthough they have descended from water-inhabiting plants they have retained almost no trace of an aquatic habit, with the exception of the requirement of a moist atmosphere for growth. That is to say, there is no formation of swimming spores; for all of the spores, except the resting spores, are distributed by the wind, though aided in some cases by a special explosive apparat
RMPG415T–. The essentials of botany. Botany. CABPOPEYTA. 171 356. (II) The conidia falling upon a wheat-leaf germi- nate there and penetrate its tissues, sending parasitic fila- ments into the cells. After a few days, if the weather has. Fig. 95.—Wheat-rust. A and B, a Black-rust spore germinating, and pro- ducing sporids, sp C, fragment of a Barberry-leaf with a sporid, sp, germi- nating and penetrating the epidermis; Z), showing manner of germination of Eed-rust spore.- All highly magnified. been favorable, the parasite has grown sufficiently to begin the formation of large reddish spores (stylospor
RMRDDYJ3–. The diseases of crops and their remedies : a handbook of economic biology for farmers and students. Plant diseases. ROOT CROPS. 4B ramifies chiefly in the upper part of the bulb, causing decay. Among this mycelium are numbers of black grains —the sclerotia, or masses of mycelia in a resting state. Each sclerotium germinates by throwing out hyphse which ultimately give rise (at their ends) to sporangia containing oval sporidia (spores). The sporangia, when ripe, burst in the air, and the spores are wafted about by air currents, causing destruction to crops of onions. The spores ger-. Fig. 18.
![. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 376 Minnesota Plant Diseases. not unlike a smut mass. The spore mass is black and powdery and the spores are, in general features, similar in appearance to the winter spores of the leaf rust. Infected plant parts should be destroyed before the spores have a chance to disperse. The Indian turnip leaf rust [Uromyces caladii (Schw.) Farl.]. This rust is sometimes found on cultivated Aroids. (See Dis- eases of Wild Plants.) Golden-rod and aster leaf rust [Coleosporium sonchi-ar- vensis ( Pers.) Lev.]. The g-olden-rod rust is an exceed- ingly abundant dis Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4EJ1/minnesota-plant-diseases-plant-diseases-376-minnesota-plant-diseases-not-unlike-a-smut-mass-the-spore-mass-is-black-and-powdery-and-the-spores-are-in-general-features-similar-in-appearance-to-the-winter-spores-of-the-leaf-rust-infected-plant-parts-should-be-destroyed-before-the-spores-have-a-chance-to-disperse-the-indian-turnip-leaf-rust-uromyces-caladii-schw-farl-this-rust-is-sometimes-found-on-cultivated-aroids-see-dis-eases-of-wild-plants-golden-rod-and-aster-leaf-rust-coleosporium-sonchi-ar-vensis-pers-lev-the-g-olden-rod-rust-is-an-exceed-ingly-abundant-dis-PG4EJ1.jpg ". Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 376 Minnesota Plant Diseases. not unlike a smut mass. The spore mass is black and powdery and the spores are, in general features, similar in appearance to the winter spores of the leaf rust. Infected plant parts should be destroyed before the spores have a chance to disperse. The Indian turnip leaf rust [Uromyces caladii (Schw.) Farl.]. This rust is sometimes found on cultivated Aroids. (See Dis- eases of Wild Plants.) Golden-rod and aster leaf rust [Coleosporium sonchi-ar- vensis ( Pers.) Lev.]. The g-olden-rod rust is an exceed- ingly abundant dis Stock Photo")
RMPG4EJ1–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 376 Minnesota Plant Diseases. not unlike a smut mass. The spore mass is black and powdery and the spores are, in general features, similar in appearance to the winter spores of the leaf rust. Infected plant parts should be destroyed before the spores have a chance to disperse. The Indian turnip leaf rust [Uromyces caladii (Schw.) Farl.]. This rust is sometimes found on cultivated Aroids. (See Dis- eases of Wild Plants.) Golden-rod and aster leaf rust [Coleosporium sonchi-ar- vensis ( Pers.) Lev.]. The g-olden-rod rust is an exceed- ingly abundant dis
RMRDE34X–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 355 Among these molds the bkie (or green) mold is perhaps the most common. (See Chapter IX.) So common are the spores of these fungi in the atmosphere that one can find them at all times of the year, often in great abundance, everywhere. An- other common soft-rot of fruits is found in certain kinds of black mold. (See Chapter VIII.) The effect of these rots is a rapid softening of the affected parts of the fruit and, as the fungus spreads, the fruit is finally entirely softened and rendered worthless. The fungi gain entrance
![. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 179 structure at the base of the stem or a ring-like fragment on the upper part of the stem. The gills are then exposed to the air and are ready to shed their spores. If the cap of such gill fungi be cut ofif, placed on paper and kept thus in a closed - >mw!E-s»!- . - -"-'-•^ chamber, the spores will fall in , ., • ' such numbers as to give a very V^ ' distinct map of the gills. The spores are of various colors,, white, pinkish salmon, ochre- brown, dark-purple or black, and this color difference has been used as a Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4FBG/minnesota-plant-diseases-plant-diseases-minnesota-plant-diseases-179-structure-at-the-base-of-the-stem-or-a-ring-like-fragment-on-the-upper-part-of-the-stem-the-gills-are-then-exposed-to-the-air-and-are-ready-to-shed-their-spores-if-the-cap-of-such-gill-fungi-be-cut-ofif-placed-on-paper-and-kept-thus-in-a-closed-gtmw!e-s!-quot-chamber-the-spores-will-fall-in-such-numbers-as-to-give-a-very-v-distinct-map-of-the-gills-the-spores-are-of-various-colors-white-pinkish-salmon-ochre-brown-dark-purple-or-black-and-this-color-difference-has-been-used-as-a-PG4FBG.jpg ". Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 179 structure at the base of the stem or a ring-like fragment on the upper part of the stem. The gills are then exposed to the air and are ready to shed their spores. If the cap of such gill fungi be cut ofif, placed on paper and kept thus in a closed - >mw!E-s»!- . - -"-'-•^ chamber, the spores will fall in , ., • ' such numbers as to give a very V^ ' distinct map of the gills. The spores are of various colors,, white, pinkish salmon, ochre- brown, dark-purple or black, and this color difference has been used as a Stock Photo")
RMPG4FBG–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 179 structure at the base of the stem or a ring-like fragment on the upper part of the stem. The gills are then exposed to the air and are ready to shed their spores. If the cap of such gill fungi be cut ofif, placed on paper and kept thus in a closed - >mw!E-s»!- . - -"-'-•^ chamber, the spores will fall in , ., • ' such numbers as to give a very V^ ' distinct map of the gills. The spores are of various colors,, white, pinkish salmon, ochre- brown, dark-purple or black, and this color difference has been used as a
RMRDWMC2–. First forms of vegetation. Botany; Cryptogams. 398 FIRST FORMS OF VEGETATION. still more injurious fungus is developed called bunt {Tilletia caries. Fig. 45). In this disease the seeds re- tain their original form and appearance; indeed, the bunted grain is plumper and of a brighter green '^/jlfl than the rest, but the ' ' inside is completely converted into one mass of black dust of an exceedingly fetid odour, and greasy to the touch.. Fig. 46.—PocciNiA Graminis. {(i) Slightly magnified, {b) Sporidia, highly magnified. The surfacc of the spores is beautifully reticulated. When the wheat is
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. â sF- Fig. 294.âC. vagum-solani. Fig. 293.âC. vagum solani Rhizoc- basidia, sterigmata and tonia stage. After Duggar. spores. After Rolfs. what elliptic, often irregular in outline, 9-15 x 6-13 ft. Sterile mycelium(=Rhizoctonia solani=Rhizoctonia violacea)" turning yellowish with age, and branching approximately at right angles; often forming sclerotia-like tufts with short, broad cells more or less triangular which function as chlamydospores. Brown to black sclerotial structures, a few millimeters in diam- eter, consisting of Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG45WG/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-sf-fig-294c-vagum-solani-fig-293c-vagum-solani-rhizoc-basidia-sterigmata-and-tonia-stage-after-duggar-spores-after-rolfs-what-elliptic-often-irregular-in-outline-9-15-x-6-13-ft-sterile-mycelium=rhizoctonia-solani=rhizoctonia-violaceaquot-turning-yellowish-with-age-and-branching-approximately-at-right-angles-often-forming-sclerotia-like-tufts-with-short-broad-cells-more-or-less-triangular-which-function-as-chlamydospores-brown-to-black-sclerotial-structures-a-few-millimeters-in-diam-eter-consisting-of-PG45WG.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. â sF- Fig. 294.âC. vagum-solani. Fig. 293.âC. vagum solani Rhizoc- basidia, sterigmata and tonia stage. After Duggar. spores. After Rolfs. what elliptic, often irregular in outline, 9-15 x 6-13 ft. Sterile mycelium(=Rhizoctonia solani=Rhizoctonia violacea)" turning yellowish with age, and branching approximately at right angles; often forming sclerotia-like tufts with short, broad cells more or less triangular which function as chlamydospores. Brown to black sclerotial structures, a few millimeters in diam- eter, consisting of Stock Photo")
RMPG45WG–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. â sF- Fig. 294.âC. vagum-solani. Fig. 293.âC. vagum solani Rhizoc- basidia, sterigmata and tonia stage. After Duggar. spores. After Rolfs. what elliptic, often irregular in outline, 9-15 x 6-13 ft. Sterile mycelium(=Rhizoctonia solani=Rhizoctonia violacea)" turning yellowish with age, and branching approximately at right angles; often forming sclerotia-like tufts with short, broad cells more or less triangular which function as chlamydospores. Brown to black sclerotial structures, a few millimeters in diam- eter, consisting of
RMRDWBPT–. The essentials of botany. Botany. CARPOPRTTA. 167 tically. These protophytes, which ^ live in the midst of the moist tis- sues of the lichens, were until re- K^, cently supposed to be parts of the lichen itself, and were called go- nidia, a term which it is still con- venient to use. A few lichens are parasitib in this way upon plants a little higher than protophytes. 351. The spores of lichens are produced in sacs, which are either in discs (similar to those of Cup- fungi) or in cavities (similar to these of the Black Fungi). In many common species the spore- bearing discs (called apothecid
RMPG4B96–. Minnesota mushrooms ... Botany; Mushrooms. Figure 47. Coprixus comatus (Form vhen fresli). Figure 48. Coprixus coii-tus (Form after the gills have dissolved) densely crowded; spores black, elliptic, 16-18 X lO^u, The name refers to the shaggy cap. Common in lawns and grassland, in groups or clusters, from earliest spring to seyere frost; it reappears year after year in the same spot. One of the very best of the mushrooms. Coprinus fimetarius Mealy Inkcap Cap 2-6 cm. wide, bluish black or blackish, densely covered with white tufted scales which disappear as the cap expands, finally smooth, s
RMRDE242–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 262 MYCOLOGY spores in Phoma are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black with a terminal pore and depressed in the tissues of the host. The genus is arbitrarily limited to those species in which the spores are less than 15/4, for the larger spored forms have been placed in the genus Macrophoma. The most important species from the pathologic viewpoint are out of the iioo species recognized the^oUowing: Phoma beta is the cause of the heart rot and blight of beets. Phoma batata p
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 229 Acanthostigma de Notarjs (p. 226) Perithecia free, globose or ovate, very small; walls leathery, black, beset with stiff bristles, ostiole short; asci usually cylindric, rarely ovate, 8-spored; spores spindle-shaped, multicellular by cross walls, hyaline; paraphyses few or none. There are some thirty species, mostly saprophytes. A. parasiticum (Hart.) Sacc.'*'"''* Perithecia globose, minute, with rigid divergent hairs, 0.1-0.25 mm. in diameter; asci 50 n long, early disappearing; spores Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4G6P/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-229-acanthostigma-de-notarjs-p-226-perithecia-free-globose-or-ovate-very-small-walls-leathery-black-beset-with-stiff-bristles-ostiole-short-asci-usually-cylindric-rarely-ovate-8-spored-spores-spindle-shaped-multicellular-by-cross-walls-hyaline-paraphyses-few-or-none-there-are-some-thirty-species-mostly-saprophytes-a-parasiticum-hart-saccquot-perithecia-globose-minute-with-rigid-divergent-hairs-01-025-mm-in-diameter-asci-50-n-long-early-disappearing-spores-PG4G6P.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 229 Acanthostigma de Notarjs (p. 226) Perithecia free, globose or ovate, very small; walls leathery, black, beset with stiff bristles, ostiole short; asci usually cylindric, rarely ovate, 8-spored; spores spindle-shaped, multicellular by cross walls, hyaline; paraphyses few or none. There are some thirty species, mostly saprophytes. A. parasiticum (Hart.) Sacc.'*'"''* Perithecia globose, minute, with rigid divergent hairs, 0.1-0.25 mm. in diameter; asci 50 n long, early disappearing; spores Stock Photo")
RMPG4G6P–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 229 Acanthostigma de Notarjs (p. 226) Perithecia free, globose or ovate, very small; walls leathery, black, beset with stiff bristles, ostiole short; asci usually cylindric, rarely ovate, 8-spored; spores spindle-shaped, multicellular by cross walls, hyaline; paraphyses few or none. There are some thirty species, mostly saprophytes. A. parasiticum (Hart.) Sacc.'*'"''* Perithecia globose, minute, with rigid divergent hairs, 0.1-0.25 mm. in diameter; asci 50 n long, early disappearing; spores
![. A manual of weeds : with descriptions of all the most pernicious and troublesome plants in the United States and Canada, their habits of growth and distribution, with methods of control . Weeds. POLYGONACEAE {BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 101 fungus which turns the heads into a mass of purple spores, de- stroying the fruits so that "purplehead" is a benefit from the farmer's point of view. Achenes black, lens-shaped, smooth, and shining. (Fig. 59.) Means of control Cut closely or pull before any seeds have matured. Rankly infested ground should be put under cultivation before being again used Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RD9WH7/a-manual-of-weeds-with-descriptions-of-all-the-most-pernicious-and-troublesome-plants-in-the-united-states-and-canada-their-habits-of-growth-and-distribution-with-methods-of-control-weeds-polygonaceae-buckwheat-family-101-fungus-which-turns-the-heads-into-a-mass-of-purple-spores-de-stroying-the-fruits-so-that-quotpurpleheadquot-is-a-benefit-from-the-farmers-point-of-view-achenes-black-lens-shaped-smooth-and-shining-fig-59-means-of-control-cut-closely-or-pull-before-any-seeds-have-matured-rankly-infested-ground-should-be-put-under-cultivation-before-being-again-used-RD9WH7.jpg ". A manual of weeds : with descriptions of all the most pernicious and troublesome plants in the United States and Canada, their habits of growth and distribution, with methods of control . Weeds. POLYGONACEAE {BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 101 fungus which turns the heads into a mass of purple spores, de- stroying the fruits so that "purplehead" is a benefit from the farmer's point of view. Achenes black, lens-shaped, smooth, and shining. (Fig. 59.) Means of control Cut closely or pull before any seeds have matured. Rankly infested ground should be put under cultivation before being again used Stock Photo")
RMRD9WH7–. A manual of weeds : with descriptions of all the most pernicious and troublesome plants in the United States and Canada, their habits of growth and distribution, with methods of control . Weeds. POLYGONACEAE {BUCKWHEAT FAMILY) 101 fungus which turns the heads into a mass of purple spores, de- stroying the fruits so that "purplehead" is a benefit from the farmer's point of view. Achenes black, lens-shaped, smooth, and shining. (Fig. 59.) Means of control Cut closely or pull before any seeds have matured. Rankly infested ground should be put under cultivation before being again used
RMPG464Y–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 321 Foreign species are on Papaver, Ranunculus, Delphinium, Calen- dula, Thalictrum and several other hosts. E. betiphilum Bub. is described on beet seed capsules; ^° E. lephroideum for the same host in France; E. calendulae (Oud.) de B. on Calendula. E. crastophilum Sacc.^ Sori in leaves, subcircular to linear, about 0.25-2 mm. in length, usually distinct though occasionally merged, black, long covered by the epidermis; spores dark-brown, tightly packed and adhering. Fig. 237.—E. ellisii, chlamy
RMRE0M50–. Experiments with plants. Botany. 224. Summer spores, or uredo- spores (I'ed nist stage), of the Black Stem Rust of Wheat. Autumn spores, or teleuto- spores (black rust stage), of the Black Stem Rust of Wheat. (uredospores) earlier, the other (teleutospores), later in the season. The uredospores germinate during the summer; they send out germ-tubes which enter the stomata of the leaf (Fig. 226). The teleutospores rest â â during the winter; in the spring they germinate, producing conidia (Fig. 227, c),which are borne by the wind to the leaves of the Barberry plant; here they germinate, penetr
RMPG4CF3–. Diseases of truck crops and their control . Vegetables. Pig. 59. Diseases of the Potato. fl. Powdery scab, early stage, b. powdery scab, advanced stage of rotting, c. and d. powdery scab, gaIl*forming stage on potato roots {c. and d. after Melhus and Rosen- baum), e. single potato cell showing spore balls of the powdery scab fungus (after Melhus), /. black leg. g. common scab, h. to t. drawings of the organism of common scab, showing branching of threads and groups of spores or conidia (after Lutman and Cunningham).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that m
![. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. THALLOPIIYTES: FUNGI 281 wall, and forms wliat is called the "black rust,"which ap- pears late in the summer on wheat stubble. These spores are the resting spores, Avhich last through the winter and germinate in the following spring. They are called Icleuto- spores, meaning the " last spores " of the growing season. They are also called " winter spores," to distinguish them from the urcdospores or " summer spores." At first this teleutospore-bearing mycelium was not recognized to bo identical with tlie uredo Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDHG8N/plant-studies-an-elementary-botany-botany-thallopiiytes-fungi-281-wall-and-forms-wliat-is-called-the-quotblack-rustquotwhich-ap-pears-late-in-the-summer-on-wheat-stubble-these-spores-are-the-resting-spores-avhich-last-through-the-winter-and-germinate-in-the-following-spring-they-are-called-icleuto-spores-meaning-the-quot-last-spores-quot-of-the-growing-season-they-are-also-called-quot-winter-sporesquot-to-distinguish-them-from-the-urcdospores-or-quot-summer-sporesquot-at-first-this-teleutospore-bearing-mycelium-was-not-recognized-to-bo-identical-with-tlie-uredo-RDHG8N.jpg ". Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. THALLOPIIYTES: FUNGI 281 wall, and forms wliat is called the "black rust,"which ap- pears late in the summer on wheat stubble. These spores are the resting spores, Avhich last through the winter and germinate in the following spring. They are called Icleuto- spores, meaning the " last spores " of the growing season. They are also called " winter spores," to distinguish them from the urcdospores or " summer spores." At first this teleutospore-bearing mycelium was not recognized to bo identical with tlie uredo Stock Photo")
RMRDHG8N–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. THALLOPIIYTES: FUNGI 281 wall, and forms wliat is called the "black rust,"which ap- pears late in the summer on wheat stubble. These spores are the resting spores, Avhich last through the winter and germinate in the following spring. They are called Icleuto- spores, meaning the " last spores " of the growing season. They are also called " winter spores," to distinguish them from the urcdospores or " summer spores." At first this teleutospore-bearing mycelium was not recognized to bo identical with tlie uredo
RMPG4G4A–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 166.—C. pilifera perl- Fig. 167.—C. albieedrse. Sec- theclum, asci and tion of a peritheclum in spores. After von its stroma. After Heald and Schrenk. Wolf. Fig. 168.—C. albicedrse. Upper part of an ascus showing thickened apical wall and coiled spores. After Heald and Wolf. slender, lipear, surrounded by a gelatinous matrix, apically thick- ened; spores filiform, multiseptate, hyaline. , A single species. C. albicedrse Heald & Wolf. Stroma on bark or wood of the host, varying from gray on the bark to black on wood, lentic
RMRDWPMW–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. MUCOR 237 later conspicuous, dark brown or black, spherical sponmgia {sp.) appear at the ends of relatively thick upright hyphre, which in some species are branched. An ally of Miicor [Rhizopus stolonifer), that occurs very commonly on stale bread and horse dung, spreads very rapidly by hypha resembling. Fig. 125.—Mucor. a, mycelium, slightly magnified, showing two of the long-stalked sporangia (sp.) ; 6, sporangium, much enlarged, in optical section, showing the numerous spores and the central column (Co.) ;
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 351.—Actinonema rosae. 3, branching strand of superficial mycelium; 4, spores. After Southworth. A. manihotes Hen. on cassava in Africa. A. tremulae Sacc. occurs on aspen; A. melutispora B. & Br. on ash. Actinonema Fries (p. 505) Pyenidia very small, not ostiolate, with a radiating mycelial growth on the surface of the host; conidia elongate, on short conidiophores. A genus of about fifteen species, chiefly leaf parasites. A. rosse (Lib.) Fr.^'*- "« Spots rounded or irregular, black or purple, epiphyllous, often. Plea Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG45RA/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-fig-351actinonema-rosae-3-branching-strand-of-superficial-mycelium-4-spores-after-southworth-a-manihotes-hen-on-cassava-in-africa-a-tremulae-sacc-occurs-on-aspen-a-melutispora-b-amp-br-on-ash-actinonema-fries-p-505-pyenidia-very-small-not-ostiolate-with-a-radiating-mycelial-growth-on-the-surface-of-the-host-conidia-elongate-on-short-conidiophores-a-genus-of-about-fifteen-species-chiefly-leaf-parasites-a-rosse-lib-fr-quot-spots-rounded-or-irregular-black-or-purple-epiphyllous-often-plea-PG45RA.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 351.—Actinonema rosae. 3, branching strand of superficial mycelium; 4, spores. After Southworth. A. manihotes Hen. on cassava in Africa. A. tremulae Sacc. occurs on aspen; A. melutispora B. & Br. on ash. Actinonema Fries (p. 505) Pyenidia very small, not ostiolate, with a radiating mycelial growth on the surface of the host; conidia elongate, on short conidiophores. A genus of about fifteen species, chiefly leaf parasites. A. rosse (Lib.) Fr.^'*- "« Spots rounded or irregular, black or purple, epiphyllous, often. Plea Stock Photo")
RMPG45RA–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 351.—Actinonema rosae. 3, branching strand of superficial mycelium; 4, spores. After Southworth. A. manihotes Hen. on cassava in Africa. A. tremulae Sacc. occurs on aspen; A. melutispora B. & Br. on ash. Actinonema Fries (p. 505) Pyenidia very small, not ostiolate, with a radiating mycelial growth on the surface of the host; conidia elongate, on short conidiophores. A genus of about fifteen species, chiefly leaf parasites. A. rosse (Lib.) Fr.^'*- "« Spots rounded or irregular, black or purple, epiphyllous, often. Plea
RMRDE34J–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 357. which are small, black cushions formed under the skin of the apple. When the spores are ripe the skin is ruptured, and the spores issue in a long cylindrical gelatinous mass which is some- what spirally twisted. Rainwater dissolves the spores apart, and the latter are washed to other fruits, again causing infec- tion. The winter or sac spores are formed in small black cap- sules which are produced in the cankers on the twigs. These cankers are usually found at the bases of infected fruits. The mycelium and winter spores
![. Chestnut blight. Chestnut blight; Chestnut. Sept. SI, 1914 Birds and Chestnut Blight 419. Fig . -Types of spores other than those of Endathia parasitica obtamed by the microscopic exammatoa o L c^uged^edhnent from the test of bird No. .3. a brown creeper. Brown-spored forms appear to ^!do^"e ., Hyaline; b. hyaline; ., dark brovm; d. nearly black; .. hyahne; /. hght brown; ,. loky;7^l"mokyr.-. dark smoky; /, hyaline; k. pale smoky; /, dark smoky; «. smoky; „. hyaUne; o. brown; P. hyaline; «, dark smoky; r. hyaline; s. very dark, ahnost black.. Please note that these images are extra Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG161F/chestnut-blight-chestnut-blight-chestnut-sept-si-1914-birds-and-chestnut-blight-419-fig-types-of-spores-other-than-those-of-endathia-parasitica-obtamed-by-the-microscopic-exammatoa-o-l-cugededhnent-from-the-test-of-bird-no-3-a-brown-creeper-brown-spored-forms-appear-to-!doquote-hyaline-b-hyaline-dark-brovm-d-nearly-black-hyahne-hght-brown-loky7lquotmokyr-dark-smoky-hyaline-k-pale-smoky-dark-smoky-smoky-hyaune-o-brown-p-hyaline-dark-smoky-r-hyaline-s-very-dark-ahnost-black-please-note-that-these-images-are-extra-PG161F.jpg ". Chestnut blight. Chestnut blight; Chestnut. Sept. SI, 1914 Birds and Chestnut Blight 419. Fig . -Types of spores other than those of Endathia parasitica obtamed by the microscopic exammatoa o L c^uged^edhnent from the test of bird No. .3. a brown creeper. Brown-spored forms appear to ^!do^"e ., Hyaline; b. hyaline; ., dark brovm; d. nearly black; .. hyahne; /. hght brown; ,. loky;7^l"mokyr.-. dark smoky; /, hyaline; k. pale smoky; /, dark smoky; «. smoky; „. hyaUne; o. brown; P. hyaline; «, dark smoky; r. hyaline; s. very dark, ahnost black.. Please note that these images are extra Stock Photo")
RMPG161F–. Chestnut blight. Chestnut blight; Chestnut. Sept. SI, 1914 Birds and Chestnut Blight 419. Fig . -Types of spores other than those of Endathia parasitica obtamed by the microscopic exammatoa o L c^uged^edhnent from the test of bird No. .3. a brown creeper. Brown-spored forms appear to ^!do^"e ., Hyaline; b. hyaline; ., dark brovm; d. nearly black; .. hyahne; /. hght brown; ,. loky;7^l"mokyr.-. dark smoky; /, hyaline; k. pale smoky; /, dark smoky; «. smoky; „. hyaUne; o. brown; P. hyaline; «, dark smoky; r. hyaline; s. very dark, ahnost black.. Please note that these images are extra
RMRDFE2X–. Manual of tree diseases . Trees. 146 MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES of spore (the ascospores). These spores are confined in small delicate sacs, eight spores in each sac or ascus. During rainy periods, these sacs swell and a certain number are forced up through a tube leading from each cavity to the black mouths at the tips of the papillae. Once out- side, the sacs burst and the eight spores in each are shot into the air where they are carried away by the wind to great distances. It is these wind-blown ascospores which account for the extreme rapidity of spread of this fungus and make certain the i
RMPG4600–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 382 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Spores mostly round or ovate, echinulate, with three or four germ pores, yellow, 20-30 x 17-24 /i. III. Telia small, oval, or linear, black, covered by epidermis, surrounded by a thick bed of brown paraphyses. Spores ob- long or elongate, cimeiform, slightly constricted, the lower cell generally attenuated, apex thickened, truncate or often obliquely conical. Spores smooth, brown, variable in size^ 40-60 x 15-20 /*⢠Pedicels short. Hetercecious; 0 and I on Boraginacese. II and III on rye. Th
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