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RMRE3MT4–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 76 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. a less degree. In most species of Lichen, the outer walls are densely compacted and cartilaginous, so as to present some diffi- culty of penetration in that direction, except from accidental fissures or normal ruptures, whUe the spongy base more readily. Fig. 19. a. Cladonia retipora, Florke, nat. size. b. Portion of stem magnified to shew the porous structure. From an Australian specimen given to me by Sir W. J. Hooker. absorbs moisture. Though even in the largest Algce there is no wood, properly speaking
RMRE3MTB–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 74 INTRODUCTION TO CltYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. duced in damp places, under certain chemical conditions, which gradually becomes organised, and then contains. Fig. 18. a. Sporidesmium Lepraria, Berk., magnified from a, specimen com- municated by Mr. Borrer. h. Cladonia cornuoopioides, Scha;r. Moug. No. 752, nat. size. c. RocceUa fuciformis, D. C. var. from Valparaiso, nat. size. granules, which, according to the predominance of certain phenomena of temperature, light, electricity, &c,, give rise indifferently to Algse, Fungi, or Lichens, there woul
RMRE3M5Y–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTKODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 437 fully observed the morphosis of the elaters.* The sporangia are at first filled with a mass of oblong cells, some of which are broader than the others. The protoplasm of the broader contracts into a number of separate masses. These occasion- ally are divided again longitudinally, so as to form a double row, and in either case each becomes a mother cell. The narrower, on the contrary, produce the elaters (Fig. 91, b).. rig. 91. a. Fruit of Cronida paradoxa. From a sketch in the Hookerian Herbarium. 6. End
RMRE3MJC–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 183 lusca for instance, so long as mere external characters alone were regarded, genera of the most widely different structure were constantly confounded, and mere analogies are every day deceiving those who are content merely with the surfaces of things. Still, in some cases, I am inclined to think that the mere division of the endochromes is not sufiScient to authorise a distant separation. Rhabdonia (Fig, 45, a) and Solieria (Fig. 44, e) are so circumstanced. The mere division of the endo- chrome is certai
RMRE3MWA–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 36 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. relation, nor such as in any morphological view of the origin- ation of one set of beings from another could at once indicate the possibility of change; as for example, from a cup-shaped to a mitreeform fungus of very close affinities, by the mere re- troversion of the cup, and the consequent confluence of its under side with the stem. (Fig. 13.). Kg. 13. a. Helvella Escnlenta, from a British specimen communicated by Mr. Frederick Currey. h. Helvella elastica. c. Peziza macropus. 23. Except in the depauper
RMRE3MRB–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. Fig. 22. Vaucheria suhmarina. Magnified. From specimens gathered at Weymouth. Botrytis, such as B. parasitica (Fig. 23), be compared together.. Fig. 23. Botrytis parasitica, P. With spore, more or less magnified, from specimen gathered at Kind's Clifie. °. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Berkeley, M. J. (Miles Joseph), 1803-1889. London, New York, H. Baillier
RMRE3MKT–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 162 INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. ciliated appendages (Fig. 26, c.) at one extremity, by means of which they move about with an apparently spontaneous motion. Whether quiescent or active, the spores, after a time, become attached at one end by two or three root-like processes, the en- dochrome divides, and new threads are formed. Derbfes describes these spores as sometimes breaking up into numberless minute zoopores, and this appears to be the case in CE. pulchellum, as communicated to me by Mr. Thwaites. The microgonidia, which are suppo
![. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 210 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 1. ECTOCARPE^, Ag. Filiform, articulated; spores or cysts external, sometimes formed by the swelling of a branchlet. 194. "We begin -with the simplest forms, in which the frond is composed of a single simple or branched thread, or coated with cells, or very rarely solid and cellular below, giving off sub-globose spores or cysts filled with a dense endochrome, and active granules contained in distinct organs. There is some doubt about the nature of the former, whether they are simple or compound organ Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3MG5/introduction-to-cryptogamic-botany-cryptogams-210-introduction-to-cryptogamic-botany-1-ectocarpe-ag-filiform-articulated-spores-or-cysts-external-sometimes-formed-by-the-swelling-of-a-branchlet-194-quotwe-begin-with-the-simplest-forms-in-which-the-frond-is-composed-of-a-single-simple-or-branched-thread-or-coated-with-cells-or-very-rarely-solid-and-cellular-below-giving-off-sub-globose-spores-or-cysts-filled-with-a-dense-endochrome-and-active-granules-contained-in-distinct-organs-there-is-some-doubt-about-the-nature-of-the-former-whether-they-are-simple-or-compound-organ-RE3MG5.jpg ". Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 210 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 1. ECTOCARPE^, Ag. Filiform, articulated; spores or cysts external, sometimes formed by the swelling of a branchlet. 194. "We begin -with the simplest forms, in which the frond is composed of a single simple or branched thread, or coated with cells, or very rarely solid and cellular below, giving off sub-globose spores or cysts filled with a dense endochrome, and active granules contained in distinct organs. There is some doubt about the nature of the former, whether they are simple or compound organ Stock Photo")
RMRE3MG5–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 210 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 1. ECTOCARPE^, Ag. Filiform, articulated; spores or cysts external, sometimes formed by the swelling of a branchlet. 194. "We begin -with the simplest forms, in which the frond is composed of a single simple or branched thread, or coated with cells, or very rarely solid and cellular below, giving off sub-globose spores or cysts filled with a dense endochrome, and active granules contained in distinct organs. There is some doubt about the nature of the former, whether they are simple or compound organ
RMRE3M6Y–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. Fig. 86. a. Stylospores of AhrothaUus Smithii, Tul. From specimens gathered at Craigie Hill by Dr. Lindsay. h. Synalyssa vulgaris. From specimens gathered at Bristol by Mr. Thwaites. A portion of the plant with its fastigiate fruit and palmel- loid, gonidia one of which is represented more highly magnified in the act of division. c. Asci, sporidia, and paraphyses of the same. d. Hsematococcoid excrescences which roughen the thallus. These are tinged with red. e. Hsematococcoid gonidia of Omphalaria nummularia, Mont. From an Algerian specimen gi
RMRE3DAM–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 464 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. three strata of cells are requisite to form the teeth (Fig. 100, a). 511. It has been attempted to be shown that these teeth, like petals, are modifications of leaves ; but there is no reason to believe that this is the case. They have never been seen transformed into leaves, nor does their origin agree in the least with that of leaves. The cases in which it has been reported. Fig. 98. a. Barbula fallax, horizontal section of two cells, on the contiguous walls of which two teeth are formed. h. Orthotrichu
RMRE3MMG–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 144 INTRODUCTION TO CETPTOGAMIC BOTANY. I have a beautiful species which has its seat on old bones in South Carolina. The most singular habit is, however, pos- sessed by one genus, analogous to that of the larger floating Algae. But instead of forming circumscribed patches, it spreads for many miles over the surface of the sea, according to the direction of the wind, in the form of a red brown scum, the little faggots of threads of which it is composed, resem-. Fig. 36. Tridiodesmium erythraium, Ehr. Magnified from specimens collected by Mr. Da
RMRE3MD8–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIG BOTANY. 273 of no practical importance, their greatest singularity being their affecting animal substances, and their external resem- blance to little puffballs, though differing greatly in structure. In those Myxogastres, where a sort of ascus exists, the spores arise from the sporophores, and not from the protoplasm.. Fig. 62. a. Onygena equina, natural size. b. 0. corvina, vert, section. Magnified. e. 0. equina, asci and aporidia. Magnified. After Tulasne. d. Meliola amphitricha, asei and sporidia. Magnified. e. M
RMRE3MKG–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 155 collections, which requires especial notice, as it is the only instance I know, in this group, of the peculiar structure which it exhibits. The threads at first are like those of an ordinary Tyndaridea, but after a time little swellings occur on their sides in which a distinct endochrome is formed, extending backwards into the parent endochrome, separated from it by a well-defined mem- brane, and producing either by repeated puUulation a com- pound mass like that of Calothrix, or simply giving rise to a f
RMRE3M98–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTEODUCTION TO CllYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 341. Fig. 76. Emericella variecolor, Berk, and Br. u.. Vertical section of peridium and stem. b. Gonidloid cells on the threads, with which the lower part of the stem is clothed. c. Gonidioid cells in various conditions. d. Tissue of centre of stem. e. Spores with processes all situated in the same plane. All more or less magnified. a spongy central column, giving off threads which are termi- nated by large globose bodies resembling closely the gonidia of Lichens, but growing very much like the Palmella, fig
RMRE3MGK–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 209. Fig. 52. a. Cuthria midtifida, fruit with 8 cells, producing large zoospores. b. Fruit with 32 cells, producing spermatozoids. c. Zoospore. d. Spermatozoid. e. Oosporangium of SHlophora rhizodes. f. Trichosporangium of ditto. ff. Small zoospore from Oosporangium. h. Larger zoospore from Trichosporangium. All magnified, after Thuret. 193. The divisions into which this great class naturally breaks up are the following: Ectocarpew, Chordarice, Dictyo- tece, LaminaricB, Sporochnacece, and Fucacece, of which
RMRE3MD2–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO ORYPTOGAMIC BOTANST. 275 280. One great peculiarity iu the genus Erysiphe, or the genera more immediately allied to it, consists in the variously shaped processes which at length radiate from the perithecia, and are at the same time altogether independent of the myce- liirni. few objects are more beautiful under a microscope of moderate powers (Fig. 64). The mycelium in these species is often pure white, but is sometimes tinged in parts with brown, and occasionally assumes a imiform brown tint, paving the way for Meliola. No spe
RMRE3MW0–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 56 INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. never sanction any notion of a relation to Endogens. The exigencies of climbing plants, which suffer great compression, require a peculiar arrangement and structure m their com- ponent parts. But other instances may be produced equally fuU of instruction. 42 Take as a third instance, the pseudo-exogenous growth of the larger Seaweeds and TJsneoid Lichens. A transverse section in many of the former presents zones, formed, period by period, corresponding with the development of the lammaj, roots or branches,
RMRE3M6H–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTEODUCTIOIf TO CRYPTOGAMIO BOTANY. 427 These bodies are reproductive, and replace the nucules, which do not appear to be formed when these are produced, for they are not to be found in every specimen. The antheridia are glo- bular bodies of a deep brick red, the walls of which are divided by three great circles, two of which are vertical, and the third equatorial, into eight equilateral spherical triangles. Each of these consists of a circle of radiating cells meeting in the centre, from whence a j)erpendicular column penetrates into the cent
![. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 456 INTSODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. tella is not an uncommon English species, and is, indeed, almost cosmopolitan ; but it is far surpassed by T. lanata (Fig. 96, e), which looks like a tangled worsted thread.. Fig. 96. a. Leaves and stipule of Mastigobryum cordistipulum. ] b. Leaf of Lepidozia lavifolia. c. Ditto of Micropterygium, nutans. d. Tissue of Sendtnera diclados. e. Stipule of Trichocolea lanata. All more or less magnified. From specimens in the Hookerian Herbarium. 11. CCELOCAULES, Necs. Fruit inserted in a hollow of the stalk ; Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3DAT/introduction-to-cryptogamic-botany-cryptogams-456-intsoduction-to-ceyptogamic-botany-tella-is-not-an-uncommon-english-species-and-is-indeed-almost-cosmopolitan-but-it-is-far-surpassed-by-t-lanata-fig-96-e-which-looks-like-a-tangled-worsted-thread-fig-96-a-leaves-and-stipule-of-mastigobryum-cordistipulum-b-leaf-of-lepidozia-lavifolia-c-ditto-of-micropterygium-nutans-d-tissue-of-sendtnera-diclados-e-stipule-of-trichocolea-lanata-all-more-or-less-magnified-from-specimens-in-the-hookerian-herbarium-11-ccelocaules-necs-fruit-inserted-in-a-hollow-of-the-stalk-RE3DAT.jpg ". Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 456 INTSODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. tella is not an uncommon English species, and is, indeed, almost cosmopolitan ; but it is far surpassed by T. lanata (Fig. 96, e), which looks like a tangled worsted thread.. Fig. 96. a. Leaves and stipule of Mastigobryum cordistipulum. ] b. Leaf of Lepidozia lavifolia. c. Ditto of Micropterygium, nutans. d. Tissue of Sendtnera diclados. e. Stipule of Trichocolea lanata. All more or less magnified. From specimens in the Hookerian Herbarium. 11. CCELOCAULES, Necs. Fruit inserted in a hollow of the stalk ; Stock Photo")
RMRE3DAT–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 456 INTSODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. tella is not an uncommon English species, and is, indeed, almost cosmopolitan ; but it is far surpassed by T. lanata (Fig. 96, e), which looks like a tangled worsted thread.. Fig. 96. a. Leaves and stipule of Mastigobryum cordistipulum. ] b. Leaf of Lepidozia lavifolia. c. Ditto of Micropterygium, nutans. d. Tissue of Sendtnera diclados. e. Stipule of Trichocolea lanata. All more or less magnified. From specimens in the Hookerian Herbarium. 11. CCELOCAULES, Necs. Fruit inserted in a hollow of the stalk ;
RMRE3N29–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 17 dustlike bodies are regular globose cells; a few of these are placed on damp glass, they germinate readily, protruding a single thread. He perceives then, notwithstanding the spiral. Fig. 7. a. Spheerozosma elegans. Cord. Eng. Bot. t. 2939. h. Amphitetras antediluviana, Ehrb. Ealfs in Ann. of Nat. Hist., vol. xi., p. 276, tab. 8, fig. 5. cells, that he has before him at least one characteristic feature of Cryptogamic plants, and he is satisfied that he has again fallen on an exceptional case. He has got a
RMRE3MHB–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTHODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 201 southern hemisphere. Bostrychia vaga, in the cold cKmate of Kerguelen's Land, may be traced from rocks and stones, about high-water mark, to a considerable distance inland. The tips of its threads are often curled, which makes them peculiarly- apt to be entangled with other plants. Though Basya elegans is equally common in America and southern Eiu-ope, while its near relative, D. villosa, abounds in Van Diemen's LaOd, the European D. coccinea is not known on the eastern North American coast; and its neare
RMRE3DA3–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 490 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 543. The mosses which constitute this curious tribe have somewhat the habit of Bryum, from which they are known at once by their single imperfect peristome. This single peristome, however, it has been observed by SchwEegrichen, answers to the inner peristome of BrachyTnenium, the outer peristome being entirely suppressed, or reduced to a mere rudimentary border. The peristome of Leptostomum, though membranous. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitall
RMRE3M85–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 392 INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. evergreens in this country, connects the genus closely with Asterina. The other so-called European species are very obscure. An anamorphosis of many species frequently occurs, in which vertical threads tipped with large conidia are deve- loped, a state which constitutes the genus Cephaleurus.. a. Cephaleuroid state of Strigida Feei. From Ceylon. Sent by Mr. Thwaites. b. Asci and .sporidia of Ahrothallus Welwitschii. Communicated by Dr. Montagne. From Portugal. c. Stylospores of A. Smithii. Communicated by
RMRE3N3E–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 3 sometimes forming forests of vegetation as dense and almost as impervious as the jungles of the tropics. If the observer now turn to the soil itself, or to the fallen leaves and decayed twigs which ar&'destiaed to iacrease its mass, a multitude of new beings meet his eye; fleshy gelatinous bodies of various sizes and forms, without a trace of anything approaching to a frond, mixed with mere threads and filaments ; or carbonaceous structures, none of which can for a moment be referred to the other two gr
RMRE3M93–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 350 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. there are distinct gUls, as decided as those of Xerotus. The genus is, in fact, scarcely distinguishable from a true Hymeno- mycete. The spores exhibit few pecuharities; and where they have been observed in situ, they are borne by short spicules upon the sporophores. The flocci of Podaxon (Fig. 5, c) ex- hibit a spiral structure. A species of Secotium,, which is found. Fig. 77. a. Cauloglossum transversarium, Fr., with spores. From Rev. M. A. Curtis. b. Tremella viscosa. Threads with their sporophores, st
RMRE3N1R–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 26 INTRODUCTION TO CKYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. meutioned may be examined profitably in Phsenogams, but always with more difficulty, and seldom with such precision or with such satisfaction and conviction to the observer, and there is one point which must always be borne in mind, that the objects in question grow and are developed under his eyes, if he possesses proper powers of manipulation, which will scarcely ever be the case with Phaenogams, if the parts be freed ever so neatly from the surrounding tissues* Nay, the examination of the developement o
RMRE3N2C–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 10 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. some of the lower Cryptogams the impregnating bodies preserve aa animal type, and it is to be observed that direct proof of the function of these bodies has been elicited amongst Alga?, in the first instance by Thuret,* and afterwards by Pringsheimf and his followers. Where the flagelliform appendages charac- teristic of spermatozoids disappear, as in Lichens and Fungr, there is still molecular motion ; and if Leptomitus (or as it is sometimes called Saprolegnia, Achlya, &c.), as I believe to be the ca
RMRE3M9W–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTKODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 325 tions can alone clear up all such difficulties, and restrict genera within just limits. The prothallus of Puccinia sometimes exhibits several layers in the epispore (Fig. 73, e), a circum- stance which is not common amongst Fungi. Podisoma and. Fig. 73. a. Aregma speciosum, Fr. From South Carolina. b. Xenodochus paradoxus. c. Puccinia Amorph(B, Curtis, showing the deciduous outer coat. From South Carolina. d. Triphragmium degluhens, Berk, and Curt. From Texas, with its deciduous coat. e. Young spores of a
RMRE3M79–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 405 which is remarkable for its hispid apothecia, occurs at the Cape of Good Hope. Pyxine requires a warm temperature.. Fig. 85. a. Ozocladium Leprieurii, Mont., from above and below witli asci. Magnified. Communicated by Dr. Montagne. b. Section of apothecium of Oyrophora cj/Undrica, Moug. and Nest., No. 69. c. Ditto of Umhilicaria pustulata, with asci and paraphyses.* Moug. and Nest., No. 60. All more or less magnified. 5. CoccocARPEi, Mont. Disc expanded, orbicular, springing immediately from the medullary
RMRE3MEM–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTEODUCTION TO CBTPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 225 which change to a verdigris green when exposed to the atmosphere. The spores are sometimes the metamorphosed joints of scattered threads, but frequently the threads are compacted into distinct receptacles. The species are perhaps less known than some others as regards their fruit, from their being deep-sea plants, and therefore only obtainable in a good state by dredging. There has been a good deal of discussion as to their affinity, but if the larger species be considered, there is but little doubt that
RMRE3MNH–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 120 INTEODtrCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY, Ralfs.* All agree in their increase by the partition of the mother ceU, accompanied by the growth of two new half cells (Fig. 30, a. b.). In many cases, the division goes no further, but each half, with its new lobe grows into a perfect whole, and. Fig. 30. a. Micrasterias denticulata, Br6b. h. Scenedesmus quadrioaudatus, Turp., after Mr. Ralfs, both shewing the origin of the new half cells. c. Threads of Nostoc verrucosum, after Thuret. All more or less magnified. Fig. 31. Pe7iium Jenneri, Ealfs, -ndth
RMRE3N34–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. IKTHODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 5 temads (Fisr. 3), as Algse or Liverworts (Fig. 4);* and again,. Fig. 3. a Apinagia pusilla, Tulasne. b Mniopsis Hookeriana, Tul. c Involucre of the same. From Tulasne's Monograpliia Podostemacearum, Tab. 7, ii., and Tab. 8, v.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Berkeley, M. J. (Miles Joseph), 1803-1889. London, New York, H.
RMRE3MMT–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRTPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 143 could do SO consistently, if Noatoc and Ghoetophora were asso- ciated -with the simpler forms. The species are extremely numerous, though in general obscure; a few, however, are remarkable for their beauty, and none more so than Petalo- nema alatum, in which the investing tube is so broad, and the lines of growth so distinct, that, in conjunction with the beauty of the colouring, the characters seem to point to some- thing much higher in the scale of vegetation. OscillatoricB occur in all parts of the wor
RMRE3DAG–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 466 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAlVriC BOTANY. the spores; in mosses the cells which do not produce spores are abortive. The spermatozoids are produced exactly as in Hepaticce, and have the same form. In phsenogams the germen is produced before impregnation. It is obvious that no sporangium can be produced in mosses without impregna- ,tion, as the whole depends upon one embryonic cell. Without some system of propagation by gems, many dioecious species would soon die out, in consequence of the rarity of fructification.. Fig. 99. a. Portion of leaf of
RMRE3M65–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 435 G. Marchantioides occurs also at Buenos Ayres and the Swan River. Sphcerocarpus (Fig. 90, a, b, c) has superficial fruit with a sessile or pedicellate proper involucre. The species occur in temperate parts of either hemisphere. The most curious genus of all is Riella (Fig. 90, d to g, formerly Durima*. Fig. 90. a. SphcBTOcarpus ierrestris, slightly magnified. From a Lyons specimen given me by Dr. Montagne. b. A young mother-spore before division, together with an old triple spore, with its areolate verruc
RMRE3MCG–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. Fig. 64. a. Fulcra and asous, -with sporidia of Uiicinvla spiralis, Berk, and Curt. b. Peritliecium, with its numerous fulcra and ascus, of Erysiphe densa, Berk, and Curt. c. Ditto of Microsphcera semitosta, Berk, and Curt. d. Fiilcra of Uncinula adunca, L6v. e. Ditto of Microsphcera Mougeotii, L6v. All more or less magnified. From specimens communicated from tiie United States, by Eev. M. A. Curtis. 3. Sph^riacei, Ft. Perithecia free or immersed in a woody or variously consti- tuted stroma, opening by a distinct punctiform or short linear aper
RMRE3MBR–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. Fig. 67. a. Cyttaria Ghinnii, Berk., nat. size, young and old, with aacus mag- nified. Trom specimens commimioated by Sir W. J. Hooker. b. Spores of Rhizina zonaia, Berk., magnified. Gathered in Sikkim by Dr. Hooker. c. Ditto of Rhizina undidata. From South Carolina, by Be v. M. A. Curtis. d. AscopTiora elegans, Corda. From specimens gathered at King's Cliffe. Above is the vesicle filled with oblong spores, the columella, and the spores; below, the secondary fruit, each vesicle containing a veiy few spores, which are shorter and broader. times
RMRE3MEF–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 230 INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. walls became more distinctly defined, the endochrome divided into two parts, one of which, in cultivated specimens at least always that which was turned to the light, pushed out a little root-like appendage, the divisions of the endochrome and rootlets increased in number, and finally a young plant was produced with a tuft of threads at its apex like those which are so common on the leaves. The spermatozoids then must really possess the power of impregnation, since their presence is absolutely necessary t
RMRE3DB0–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTKOBUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 451 Nilghemes and the Straits of Magellan. Of the other species some are tropical, while others, as M. eriocaula (Fig. 4), belong to the more equable temperate regions. This is re- ferred by Mitten, together with, M. prehenailis and Aneura multijida, to Sarcomitrium. The tribe would, perhaps, be better united with Haplolamece.. Pig. 95. a. Symphyogyna subsimplex, nat. size, with scale-shaped involucre slightly magnified. b. Symphyogyna hymenop'hyUa, nat. size. Both from the Hookei'ian Herbarium. c. Blyttia Ly
RMRE3MM4–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. V INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 151 parts of the same thread. In one Indian species the jelly is so abundant that the dry specimens present a sort of net-work with compound threads. Unfortunately I have no informa- tion as to its condition when fresh. The most singular point, however, in these plants, is the mode of formation of the spores. These arise from the intermixture of two neighbouring endo- chromes, or from the division of one primitive endochrome into two, and very rarely indeed in several successive articula- tions. In this lat
RMRE3MF6–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 218 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. juncture with the new frond, to which it is attached, till it has attained its normal form or dimensions. The fruit consists of incrassated cells springing vertically from the frond, the endo- chrome in some cases being finally quadripartite. Thuret,. Fig. 56. a. Quadripartite endochromes of Lessonia nigrescetis. b. Ditto, in Echlonia flahelliformis, J. Ag. Both from drawings by Dr. Hooker.* Magnified. however, figures zoospores as produced from the endochrome, but whether in essentially distinct cells or
RMRE3N2N–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. h. Fig. 5. a Threads from peridium oi Batarrea phalloides, P. magnified, b A portion more liigUy magnified. 0 Threads from capillitum of Podaxon carcinomalis* that vascular tissue is but seldom found in the young plant before germination.-f 5. A second character, distinctive of Cryptogam.s, consists in the fact that gTowth takes place in these plants from the tips of the threads of which they are composed and of their ramifications; or in other words, that the development is superficial. This, however, must b
RMRE3MKA–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 159 Acetahularia, for the elliptic spores figured by Kiitzing, in the threads which form the orbicular disc, have only been observed in dried specimens, and we are ignorant of the nature of the series of apertures on the surface of the internal circle of cells. Suchcharacters are, however, not more incompatible with Gon- fervacece than with Siphonece. In the more compound species, a. Fig 41. a. Conferva clavata, var. Darwinii, Hook., from small specimens col- lected by Mr. Darwin, nat. size. h. Acetabidaria m
RMRE3M6B–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 431 after the fashion of a mycelium, a perfect plant, which if annual produces a single set of antheridia and archegonia (Fig 89, c, d, e, &c.), or if of longer than annual duration a new set for every year, except in those cases where the plant does not arrive at maturity in the first season. There is, in- deed, considerable diversity in the fruit thus produced, which may consist of a simple sac, as in Riccia, immersed in the. Fiff. a. Riccia Fluitans. nat. size, and slightly magnified. h. Riccia natans,
RMRE3MEW–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 224 INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY.. Fig. 67. u.. Young frond of Macrocystis pyrifera, showing the mode of in- crease. From a specimen gathered at Table Bay by Dr. Harvey. h. Fruit of M. pyrifera, var. Iuxuria7is, magnified, showing the spores and their cells separating in different ways. From a sketch lent to me by Dr. Hooker. The quadripartite division does not appear in this section, but Dr. Hooker has observed it in others.* cation is only found in young plants, and consequently in such as are attached to their native rocks. There the s
RMRE3M8C–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRTPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 891 ture of any species, but the figure of Eschweiler seems to indi- cate, from the linear arrangement of the sporidia, that there are asci. The perithecia open exactly in the same way as those of Phacidium, especially P. Delta, Kze. (Fig. 66, b), a species which is very abundant in Madeira on the leaves of laurels. The dehiscence in the other genera is much less regular, and it is very probable that in CliostoTnum, in which the corrugated appearance is due to the contraction of the peridium, and dehiscence t
RMRE3MT1–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 78 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTAiNY. Carmichael, was the first to discover, do really perform the office of fecundation. Amongst Fungi, in many cases, the secondary form germinates equally with the primary, but then there is sometimes added a third, or even a fourth or fifth.* (Fig. 20). Where there are true spermatozoids, there is often more than one form of reproductive granules, though both, possibly, may not receive impregnation.. Fig. 20. Spharotheca Castagnei, L6v. a. Threads of myceliuni, with some of the joints turned into pye- nidia
RMRE3MB2–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. gl3 belong to temperate climes. Few, however, are known except those which belong to Europe, North Africa, and the United States. A curious Epicoccum occurs in New Zealand.. Fig. 70. a. Chondromyces crocatus, Berk, and Curt., with its spores. Both magnified. From specimens on a decayed gourd from South Caro- lina. b. Stigmatella aurantiaca. Berk, and Curt. From specimens on SphcBria Hihisci, South Carolina. Magnified. c. Cheiromyces stellatus, Berk, and Curt. d. Spores of ditto. Both magnified. From specimens
RMRE3M7M–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CIIYPT0G.4JM:IC BOTANY. 397 down without any very distinct pustule; we should, in fact, have an Undocarpon. The terminal fruit on the numerous branches of Sphcerophoron (Fig. 83, 6) is first indicated by a swelling, and in process of time the outer bark bursts and exposes the contents of the perithecium, which consist of asci, and paraphyses seated on a central columella. It has been supposed that the sporidia were connected together in monili- form chains; but there is no difference between them and the. Fis. 83. 1. Asci and sp
RMRE3MPF–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 95 such cases, the only semblance of a root is a little dilatation of the base, or occasionally a few divisions, consisting either of a single row of cells, or, where necessity requires, of a larger mass. In the higher Algae, as in the large species of Laminaria, the rootlike processes acquire a considerable size, the exposure to. Fig 26. Branch of Callithamnion Hooheri, from Eng. Bot. t. 2938, compared with specimens from Mrs. Griffiths, and Mr. Ealfs. heavy swells and stormy seas necessitating a strong adhe
RMRE3MMA–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 148 INTRODUCTION TO CRTPTOGAMIC BOTANY. S. calophyllum, if not all, belong more properly to the same group. If the genus Ulothrix belongs to this division, of which I have no doubt, the endochromes are sometimes resolved into a multitude of zoospores, and I believe this to hold good with Lynghya speciosa, and L. Garmicliaelimxa. In the genus Seirosiphon, bodies are produced resembliag Glceocapsa, which are clearly reproductive. It is probable too, that in some cases the connecting cells, which are filled with pure green endo- chrome, like those
RMRE3DA6–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CETPTOGAMIC BOTANY. , 489 sporangium, but the whole aperture is closed by a diaphragm, from which an orbicular central portion at length separates with the columella, which contracts within the sporangium. LyelUa is a Nepalese, Bawsonia an Australian genus, extend- ing to New Zealand. In D. superha no part of the peristome adheres to the columella.* Polytrichwm is an enormous genus, and is found everywhere. P. dendroides is a foot or more high, and has a wide range in the southern hemisphere; this, however, is equalled if not ex
RMRE3D99–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 557 as to the details of the spicate fruit, departs greatly in habit, being, as to other points, almost a precise repetition of the Ophioglossoid Rhizoglossum; while Isoetes connects these plants evidently with Marsileacece.. '-R^ Fig. 124. u. Spore of Selaginella helvetica, shortly after it has been sowed, divided vertically. h. Arohegonium of Selaginella denticulata, after impregnation. c. Young embryo of ditto. d. PTothallus of ditto, with archegonia, one of which has produced an embryo. Fig. 125. Mouth of
RMRE3MPY–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 89 impossible to assert that the two were only distantly related. We have here, then, indications of two distinct stages of ex- istence, the first, animal, and the second, vegetable. But fur- ther experience shows us that the organism which produces these active cells, is no doubtful being, a mere Polypidom, as it were, but a real vegetable, for in other Algae, we find two sorts of organisms, the one of which produces from its bosom ordi- nary spores, the other bodies precisely like the zoospores of the Uloth
RMRE3MR9–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 83 I know of no external distinction,* except their place of growth and difference of colour. The definitions of the three groups, as given by Agardh and Brongniart, will not hold good in numberless instances. The definitions given above, will, at least, point out the main distinctions; but it is probable that the rooting threads of Botrydium (Fig. 24), Caulerpa, and of many of the calcareous Algffi, do absorb nutriment from. rig. 24. Botrydvum Oramdatum, magnified. the soil, and, perhaps, for the reason that
RMRE3MGX–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CETPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 203 moreover, remarkable for tte beautiful reticulation of their fronds, caused by the large hexagonal cells. The species are extremely impatient of fresh water, in which they soon fade. Bigenea is so infested with corallines, as for the most part to present very shabby-looking specimens, and to appear as if it appropriated to itself calcareous matter, which, however, is not the case. The various species of Polysiphonia afford beautiful objects for the microscope, transverse sections of their stems exhibiting
RMRE3MJJ–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY, 179 coasts. Crouama is remarkable for possessing the habit of Batrachospermum. Halurus and Oriffiihsia, have their representatives all round our coasts, but are also found in the southern hemisphere, where also a large number of species of Oallithamnion occur, though they are more numerous northwards. 2. Spyridiace^, Harv. (Spyridiew, J. Ag.). Fig. 44. a. Conceptacle of Spyridia flamentosa, Harvey, magnified. From a specimen communicated by Mrs. Griffiths,* with the threads in which the spores are generated f
RMRE3MC2–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTEODUCTION TO CBYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 289 is the fleshy or soft texture, and the more or less early and complete exposure of the surface of the hymenium. In the more perfect species, there is in no stage of growth the slightest tendency to form a cup; but even these are so intimately allied with the more noble Pezizce, that it is a matter of some diffi- culty to distinguish certain states of Peziza macropus and Helvella elastica (Fig. 13, c, b). In Burcardia and Gyttaria the cups are quite as hollow as in Sphceria, and in the latter (in one speci
RMRE3DB3–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTKODXJCTION TO CBTFTOGAMIC BOTANY. 445 called amphigastra, alternating with the others, making the arrangement ^ of a different outline from the others, and usually less. These are sometimes called stipules, hut they are not the same organs as the stipules of Phsenogams. The fruit is often surrounded at the base with leaves of a different form from the other, sometimes passing through various modifica- tions before the involucre commences. Annular threads are in many genera found in the cells of the wall of the sporangia, and broadly punctate
RMRE3N1J–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 27 value; but the student will learn as much, perhaps, from the observance of their differences, as if they were in every respect perfectly accordant 16. There is another point which makes the study of cryptogamic botany peculiarly interesting, viz.:—because so large a portion of fossil vegetation is so intimately related to some of the nobler Cryptogams, and possibly exhibits far grander and more highly organised individuals than any which at the present sera occiu: in a Hving state. It is for- tunate that t
RMRE3N24–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 18 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. ber of bodies, always multiples of four when he is able to count them, except when in a state of transition; these bodies at length separate, and to his astonishment he sees them of different sizes moving about with great rapidity by means of two long slender appendages. The motion at length ceases, and the bodies soon swell and repeat the same phases. (Figs. 8, 9.). Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 8, a. Protococcus pluvialis, Flotow, immersed in water after having been perfectly dry, magnified. b. Ditto, with the en
RMRE3N1W–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 25 dying successfully. Questions often arise as to the point whether cellular structure can originate without the presence of aprevious mother cell. It is a question, for instance, whether cells are ever formed in Phsenogams from mere organisable sap, as presumed by Mirbel in his paper on the Date Palm ;* or again, whether, in what is called organisable lymph in the animal world, cells can originate freely without puUulation from neighbouring tissue with which the lymph is in contact. In the blood, once more,
RMRE3MK5–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 160 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. The branchlets form a close fastigiate mass, which unite above, so as to make, by their confluence, a cellular envelope with irregularly hexagonal cells. One or more new tufts are formed at the apex, which again ramify, and thus the whole cactus- like frond is generated (Fig. 42). In this state, however, the plant is void of fructification, which does not, indeed, seem to be produced very generally. The fructifying individuals pre-. Fig. 42. Halimeda opuntia, Lamx. Nat. size, and a portion of the threads
RMRE3MHY–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIO BOTANY. 193 placenta of Eucheuma is free, except at the very base, and is suspended in the middle of the nucleus by delicate filaments proceeding from it to the walls of the nucleus, while in Solieria (Fig. 44, e) it is perfectly free, with the exception of similar connecting threads. It is a curious matter that there should. Fig. 47. a. Nucleus of Eucheuma isiforme, J. Ag., showing the placenta at- tached to the wall of the nucleus by delicate threads, and supported at the base, magnified. h, Moniliform threads, bea
RMRE3DB6–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTEODUCTION TO CETPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 443 name from the crescent-shaped processes which produce the gems, the involucres project horizontally in a cruciform manner from the top of the stem when there are four, but they occa- sionally vary in number from five to six. The male fruit is con-. Kg. 93. a. Plagioohasma mexicanum, receptacle, magnified. From a speoimea gathered by Sall6 at Cordova. b. Spore of ditto, seen from beneath. c. Part of margin, more highly magnified. d. Stem with involucres and sporangia of Lunidaria vulgaris. From Portugal, g
![. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 216 INTRODUCTION TO CETPTOGAMIC BOTANY. in this converge ; thus affording a ready method of ascertain- ing the genus in default of fructification." Harv. Mel. p. 100.. ^rnr Fig. 55. a. Tip of young frond of Bictyota dichotoma. h. Cell showing spiral structure. c. Threads produced from marginal cells in young fronds. d. Sorus of spores. e. Terminal cell in act of division. f. Ditto with a view to make two new centres of growth. All magnified.* Zonaria affords the well-known Turkey feather or Peacock's tail layer of our southern coasts and o Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3MF8/introduction-to-cryptogamic-botany-cryptogams-216-introduction-to-cetptogamic-botany-in-this-converge-thus-affording-a-ready-method-of-ascertain-ing-the-genus-in-default-of-fructificationquot-harv-mel-p-100-rnr-fig-55-a-tip-of-young-frond-of-bictyota-dichotoma-h-cell-showing-spiral-structure-c-threads-produced-from-marginal-cells-in-young-fronds-d-sorus-of-spores-e-terminal-cell-in-act-of-division-f-ditto-with-a-view-to-make-two-new-centres-of-growth-all-magnified-zonaria-affords-the-well-known-turkey-feather-or-peacocks-tail-layer-of-our-southern-coasts-and-o-RE3MF8.jpg ". Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 216 INTRODUCTION TO CETPTOGAMIC BOTANY. in this converge ; thus affording a ready method of ascertain- ing the genus in default of fructification." Harv. Mel. p. 100.. ^rnr Fig. 55. a. Tip of young frond of Bictyota dichotoma. h. Cell showing spiral structure. c. Threads produced from marginal cells in young fronds. d. Sorus of spores. e. Terminal cell in act of division. f. Ditto with a view to make two new centres of growth. All magnified.* Zonaria affords the well-known Turkey feather or Peacock's tail layer of our southern coasts and o Stock Photo")
RMRE3MF8–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 216 INTRODUCTION TO CETPTOGAMIC BOTANY. in this converge ; thus affording a ready method of ascertain- ing the genus in default of fructification." Harv. Mel. p. 100.. ^rnr Fig. 55. a. Tip of young frond of Bictyota dichotoma. h. Cell showing spiral structure. c. Threads produced from marginal cells in young fronds. d. Sorus of spores. e. Terminal cell in act of division. f. Ditto with a view to make two new centres of growth. All magnified.* Zonaria affords the well-known Turkey feather or Peacock's tail layer of our southern coasts and o
RMRE3MNT–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 118 INTRODUCTION TO CRYFTOGAMIC BOTANY. have chosen for illustration, is one detected on the chalk cliffs of Norfolk, by Sir W. J. Hooker, and, perhaps, the group is incapable of any higher development. Other forms depend upon the comparative compactness of the gelatinous mass in which the reproductive bodies are contained, and on the cellular structure assumed by some, as in Botrydhia, from the close pressure of the several component cysts. 96. The next group is that of Pahnella. If the figures of Kiitzing,* relative to this group, be examined
RMRE3MB9–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRTPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 805 vesicular spores, calling to remembrance those of Polycystis, has been found by Corda on Feziza labellum, Bull. The genus Nyctalis is so completely metamorphosed externally by the stellate spores of Asterophora, that the true nature of the matrix was long overlooked, and the gills or veins which form the hymenium, and which even in specimens infested with the Asterophora produce perfect fruit, were supposed to be mere representatives of an hymenium which was always destitute of fructification. But, perhap
RMRE3M72–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 407 tinct epidermal cellular coat. Collema is thus closely con- nected with Leptogium, which is further distinguished by its marginate disc. The gonidia differ very much from those of other Lichens. In Collema and its closer allies, they are minute and arranged in moniliform rows; but in Synalyssa they resemble those of Paulia (Fig. 84, a), arising from the fissiparous division of each gonidium, accompanied by a bifur- cation of the supporting thread; while in Omphalaria (Fig. 86, e, f) their generation resem
RMRE3N2Y–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. Fig. 3. a Apinagia pusilla, Tulasne. b Mniopsis Hookeriana, Tul. c Involucre of the same. From Tulasne's Monograpliia Podostemacearum, Tab. 7, ii., and Tab. 8, v.. Fig. 4. Sarconiitrium eriocaidum, Mitten. From Hook. Muse. Ex., Tab. 72. * Modern observers have not always been free from this danger. Witness the illustration by Corda as a Liverwort in Sturm's Deutsch- land's Flora, Tab. xxxiii., Nos. 26, 27, of Blandovia striata, Cda. Dicrcea Wallichii, Tul. was described by Taylor under the name of Polypleurum orientale, Tayl. MSS. in Trans. Eoy
RMRE3M7X–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRTPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 393 though sometimes more highly oxydised, and it is, in fact, the elevation of portions of the crust into distinct pustular bodies, which forms the grand distinction. The perithecia have often a distinct ostiolum projecting beyond the outer surface, and the resemblance to Hypoxylon is sometimes so great as to make an error almost excusable in a young botanist; as, for instance, in Trypethelium Sprengelii. The asci are well deve-. Fig. 82. a. Pustules of Trypethelium Sprengelii, with sporidia. Communicated fr
RMRE3MH5–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 202 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. unknown in the south of England. It descends, however, on the coast of North America, as far as lat 44° 35'. There are several beautiful forms which occur at the Cape, and in other warm seas, which are not found elsewhere ; some of them exhibiting far less conspicuously the cellular reticulation, which is so striking in most of our northern species. Amongst these Is Claudea, the most elegant of aU Algje, of which specimens occur of extreme beauty, and a fine species has lately been added to this Australia
RMRE3MHK–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 194 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. Membranaceous or cartilaginous. Conceptacles distinct, often perforated. Spores (Fig. 45, b) formed successively, beginning at the tips, in the joints of moniliform threads which spring from a basal placenta. 170. This section comprises those red Algas which have their spores lodged in an external subglobose conceptacle, and at the same time whose spore-threads are moniliform, the joints of which, commencing above, separate into many spores. Their frond is either cartilaginous or membranaceous, and totall
RMRE3MW5–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 44 INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. of Phssnogams, which, at times, are equally capable of re- production in the shape of buds. 31. The spores, or what have the appearance of spores, do not always reproduce the plant immediately, even in plants of such a low grade as Fungi. In the higher Fungi, certain cells swell and become clavate, producing on their surface a number of little points, each of which is terminated by a spore. In Tremella, this clavate swelling has much the appearance of fruit, but the points upon its surface are greatly elon
RMRE3MC6–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 284 INTEODTJCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. various colours, as green, purple, vermiliou, &c., a circumstance which never takes place amongst the Sphwriacei. In the linear species the form of the aperture depends upon the form of the perithecium, or excipulum, the margins of which are rounded. In other cases, however, the disc is exposed by the mere fissure of the walls, as in Phacidium, and this fissure may either be simple or compound, radiating from a central point and forming triangular lobes.. Fig. 66. a. Hysterinm Fraxini, P. Perithecium
RMRE3M8G–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CItYPTOaAMIG BOTANY. 375 development of the filamentous element of Strigula, a genus in which the cortical element usually prevails. Ccenogonium, on the contrary, appears to be a normal form, remarkable for the almost total suppression of the upper stratum. The place of growth is similar to that of Dictyonema, and its habit is very much the same. It is just possible that the various species of Chroolepus, which have some resemblance to Cepha- leurus (Fig. 81, a), may be peculiar states of certain Lichens, their reproductive bodi
RMRE3MJ5–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 190 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. et Ordines, Algarum, 1851, places Spongiocarpeas in his order Chondriece, associating it with Loinentaria and Laurencia, But the spongy fruit of the one though in a different tribe.. Fig. 46. a. Thin slice of Polyides rotundus, Grev., showing the wedge-shaped spores radiating in every direction, magnified. One nucleus is divided through the centre ; a portion only of a second is seen beneath. 6. Tetrasporea young and old, magnified. Both from Mrs. Griffiths. c. Thin slice of Furcellaria fastigiata, Lyngb.
RMRE3D9C–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 556 INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. receptacle of the sporangia is sometimes obscure or obsolete ; sometimes, however, it is decidedly present. The species vary in the form of the leaves, the number of the appendages, and. Fig. 123. Mass from the Antheridium of Azolla rubra. From a specimen given to me by Dr. Hooker. the minute details of the antheridia and their contents They are mostly tropical and sub-tropical, extending, however, to New Zealand and Tasmania in the south, and to New Yoik and Ohio in the north. V. LycopodiacejE, D. G. Ltc
![. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 72 INTJBODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. forms which claim a place in this grand class. If the simplest cellular alga;, as for example, Scenedesmus obliquus (Fig.l 6, a),. Kg 16. a. Soenedesmus obliquiis, Klitz, magnified from specimens gathered at King's Cliife. 1). Lessonia fiiscescens, Bory., reduced from Dr. Hooker's figure in Flora Antarctica. be compared with Lessonia (Fig. 16, h), or Macrocystis; a GymnospmnuTn (Fig. 17, a), with an Agaric or Cordyceps (Fig. ] 7,6); or finally the Leprarioid Sporidesmium (Fig. 18, a). Please note that the Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3MTP/introduction-to-cryptogamic-botany-cryptogams-72-intjboduction-to-cryptogamic-botany-forms-which-claim-a-place-in-this-grand-class-if-the-simplest-cellular-alga-as-for-example-scenedesmus-obliquus-figl-6-a-kg-16-a-soenedesmus-obliquiis-klitz-magnified-from-specimens-gathered-at-kings-cliife-1-lessonia-fiiscescens-bory-reduced-from-dr-hookers-figure-in-flora-antarctica-be-compared-with-lessonia-fig-16-h-or-macrocystis-a-gymnospmnutn-fig-17-a-with-an-agaric-or-cordyceps-fig-76-or-finally-the-leprarioid-sporidesmium-fig-18-a-please-note-that-the-RE3MTP.jpg ". Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 72 INTJBODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. forms which claim a place in this grand class. If the simplest cellular alga;, as for example, Scenedesmus obliquus (Fig.l 6, a),. Kg 16. a. Soenedesmus obliquiis, Klitz, magnified from specimens gathered at King's Cliife. 1). Lessonia fiiscescens, Bory., reduced from Dr. Hooker's figure in Flora Antarctica. be compared with Lessonia (Fig. 16, h), or Macrocystis; a GymnospmnuTn (Fig. 17, a), with an Agaric or Cordyceps (Fig. ] 7,6); or finally the Leprarioid Sporidesmium (Fig. 18, a). Please note that the Stock Photo")
RMRE3MTP–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 72 INTJBODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. forms which claim a place in this grand class. If the simplest cellular alga;, as for example, Scenedesmus obliquus (Fig.l 6, a),. Kg 16. a. Soenedesmus obliquiis, Klitz, magnified from specimens gathered at King's Cliife. 1). Lessonia fiiscescens, Bory., reduced from Dr. Hooker's figure in Flora Antarctica. be compared with Lessonia (Fig. 16, h), or Macrocystis; a GymnospmnuTn (Fig. 17, a), with an Agaric or Cordyceps (Fig. ] 7,6); or finally the Leprarioid Sporidesmium (Fig. 18, a). Please note that the
RMRE3MDY–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 244 INTRODUCTION TO CRTPTOGAMIG BOTANY. compound spores, either all the endochromes remain combined, or they ultimately separate; but in each case, every endo- chrome, if perfect, is capable of sending off one or more threads, under the process of germination.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Berkeley, M. J. (Miles Joseph), 1803-1889. London, New York, H. Bai
RMRE3D9X–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. Fig, 108. Dawsonia superba. a. Spiral structure of lining of external cells of stem. 5. Teeth of peristome. Fig. 109. Cyathophorum pennatum. Portion of the stem magni- fied, to show the origin of the pleurocarpous fruit. below, has the border frequently divided, more or less regu- larly, into sixteen often bifid teeth. Leptostomiim is essen- tially a genus of the southern hemisphere, New Zealand and Tasmania being its head quarters. L. splachnoides is found in Chili, and one ascends as high as the Organ Mountains of BrazU. 20. Bryei, Br. &
RMRE3M7H–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO OEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. S99 The gonidia in this genus, as also in Synalyssa, which belongs to another tribe, are totally diiFerent from those of Lichina and approach closely the type oi Palmella, figured at p. 118.* Mastodia has the habit and form of an Ulva, but the peri- thecia are those of Lichinei. Ephebe also finds its true place here, after being shifted about in various directions. The frond is essentially that of an Alga, and is destitute apparently of. Fig. 84. a. Paulia perforata, Mont. Gonidia and asci, from a specimen co
RMRE3DA8–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 480 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 5. PoTTiACEi, Br. & 8c., Mont. Sporangia pedunculate, straight, oval; peristome none, or 16-fid; calyptra mitriform; leaves green, composed of wide large cells. Annual or biennial. 529. These mosses are at once distinguished from Phascum by their constantly pedunculate and dehiscent sporangia. They are common either on newly moved soil, like Phascei, or on the mudcaps of walls, or situations corresponding with them in character. The fruit is either altogether destitute of a peristome, as Fottia, or, a
RMRE3MP2–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 117 before he went to Ceylon, and the duties of his station require so much active labour, that he has been obliged to confine his thoughts and care principally to them, to the neglect of his former studies, a circumstance of much regret to all lovers of Crytogamic Botany. Some Glceocapsce, undoubtedly, are states of more highly organised forms, as Ephebe, which clearly does not belong to Algae at all, but to the gelatinous Lichens. It is probable, however, after all, that there may be real species of these l
RMRE3D9F–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 548 INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. are reducible with certainty to 0. vulgatum, which is dis- tributed through almost every part of the globe. In some cases several spikes are produced instead of one. Sometimes, however, the firond is dichotomous, as in a species from Malacca in the Hookerian Herbarium, indications of division having previously occurred in 0. pendulum, and sometimes it is digitate, as in 0. ijalrinatum, a species from Bourbon and South America, which has been considered a genus under the name of Cheiroglossum. It has, howe
![. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 335 to these localities, is found slightly altered in Texas. Mitremyces has not occurred at present in Europe ; but it is found far beyond its former limits, as in Khassya, Java, and Australia. The curious genus Husseia has hitherto been found only in Ceylon, and BrooTneia only at the Cape. "With these and one or two other exceptions, the genera have a wide dis- tribution, and perhaps further researches would much diminish those cases which at present seem isolated. Nidularia, though ascending far to the Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3M9C/introduction-to-cryptogamic-botany-cryptogams-introduction-to-ceyptogamic-botany-335-to-these-localities-is-found-slightly-altered-in-texas-mitremyces-has-not-occurred-at-present-in-europe-but-it-is-found-far-beyond-its-former-limits-as-in-khassya-java-and-australia-the-curious-genus-husseia-has-hitherto-been-found-only-in-ceylon-and-brootneia-only-at-the-cape-quotwith-these-and-one-or-two-other-exceptions-the-genera-have-a-wide-dis-tribution-and-perhaps-further-researches-would-much-diminish-those-cases-which-at-present-seem-isolated-nidularia-though-ascending-far-to-the-RE3M9C.jpg ". Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 335 to these localities, is found slightly altered in Texas. Mitremyces has not occurred at present in Europe ; but it is found far beyond its former limits, as in Khassya, Java, and Australia. The curious genus Husseia has hitherto been found only in Ceylon, and BrooTneia only at the Cape. "With these and one or two other exceptions, the genera have a wide dis- tribution, and perhaps further researches would much diminish those cases which at present seem isolated. Nidularia, though ascending far to the Stock Photo")
RMRE3M9C–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 335 to these localities, is found slightly altered in Texas. Mitremyces has not occurred at present in Europe ; but it is found far beyond its former limits, as in Khassya, Java, and Australia. The curious genus Husseia has hitherto been found only in Ceylon, and BrooTneia only at the Cape. "With these and one or two other exceptions, the genera have a wide dis- tribution, and perhaps further researches would much diminish those cases which at present seem isolated. Nidularia, though ascending far to the
![. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTKODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. H] their decay forms a nidus for the growth of minute mosses; soil gradually accumulates from their decomposition, and that of minute Phaenogams which succeed them, till the whole surface is covered; the rock itself, if like granite, composed of parts readily subject to deintegration, is by degrees coarsely pul- verised, soil is formed, and the surface is ready to supply the wants of man, and the various members of the animal world which administer to his needs, or concur in the pre- servation of the balance Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3MP8/introduction-to-cryptogamic-botany-cryptogams-intkoduction-to-cryptogamic-botany-h-their-decay-forms-a-nidus-for-the-growth-of-minute-mosses-soil-gradually-accumulates-from-their-decomposition-and-that-of-minute-phaenogams-which-succeed-them-till-the-whole-surface-is-covered-the-rock-itself-if-like-granite-composed-of-parts-readily-subject-to-deintegration-is-by-degrees-coarsely-pul-verised-soil-is-formed-and-the-surface-is-ready-to-supply-the-wants-of-man-and-the-various-members-of-the-animal-world-which-administer-to-his-needs-or-concur-in-the-pre-servation-of-the-balance-RE3MP8.jpg ". Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTKODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. H] their decay forms a nidus for the growth of minute mosses; soil gradually accumulates from their decomposition, and that of minute Phaenogams which succeed them, till the whole surface is covered; the rock itself, if like granite, composed of parts readily subject to deintegration, is by degrees coarsely pul- verised, soil is formed, and the surface is ready to supply the wants of man, and the various members of the animal world which administer to his needs, or concur in the pre- servation of the balance Stock Photo")
RMRE3MP8–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTKODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. H] their decay forms a nidus for the growth of minute mosses; soil gradually accumulates from their decomposition, and that of minute Phaenogams which succeed them, till the whole surface is covered; the rock itself, if like granite, composed of parts readily subject to deintegration, is by degrees coarsely pul- verised, soil is formed, and the surface is ready to supply the wants of man, and the various members of the animal world which administer to his needs, or concur in the pre- servation of the balance
RMRE3MRH–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 82 INTEODtJCTION TO CRYPT06AMIC BOTANY. 64. Fries has long since pointed out that there is no certain distinction between Lichens and Fungi, except the presence in the former of green globules, resembling grains of chlo- rophyll. Such distinctions are not without real importance. If Vaucheria (Fig. 22), and one of the parasitic species of. Fig. 22. Vaucheria suhmarina. Magnified. From specimens gathered at Weymouth. Botrytis, such as B. parasitica (Fig. 23), be compared together.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page im
RMRE3MN2–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 125 stem is never developed, except where the plant has sprung from a spore. The siliceous coats of the cells are not only variously marked, but beneath these and the lining membrane there are often little channels. Along the line of suture in disciform or circular frustules, but more generally at the extremity of the valves only, when oblong, linear, or elongated, there exist perforations in the silex, which permit the sur- rounding water to have access to the surface of the iatemal cell membrane. Without so
RMRE3D9J–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODXJCTION TO CRTPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 511 oblique. The strongest arguments in favour of the notion are derived from the production of bulbs or young plants upon the fronds, especially as sometimes happens in place of sori. It is true that the sporangium at first consists of a single cell, but so does the leaf of a PhsEnogam, and the spores are formed by cell-division, exactly like the pollen in an anther, which is confessedly a metamorphosed leaf I do not, therefore, see the same objection to the appHcation of the doctrine of me- tamorphosis in
RMRE3D9M–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 510 INTRODUCTION TO CETPTOGAMIC BOTANY. and the inner is elongated and protruded (Fig. 14<, a), and at length by cell-division expands into a thin marchantioid frond or prothallus. On the under side of this two kinds of bodies are formed, one of which produces spiral ciliated spermatozoids (Fig. Ill); the other are archegonia sunk in the cellular tissue, resembling those of Muscales. These were first described by Nageli, and have since been frequently recognised. Leszczyc- Suminski witnessed the entry of the spermatozoids into the. Fig. 111.
RMRE3MTJ–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 73 with a Cenomyce (Fig. 18, b), for there are no perfect Lichens which will not come under one general type of fractification, we shall at once see that it can only be by straining words beyond. Fig. 17. a. Sporea of Oymnosporium fulvum, Berk., magnified from specimens received from Mr. Lea. b. Cordyceps Sindairii, Berk, in Fl. of New Zeal., p. 338, from spe- cimens communicated by Mr. Gourlie. their proper meaning, that a technical character can be framed which shall comprise all. And more especially when w
RMRE3M6N–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 414. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. remarkable for the round holes with which the disc is perfo- rated. Lecanora is distinguished principally by its crust. There are one or two genera separated from them on grounds which interest the student of this particular class of Crypto- gams, rather than the general reader. Urceolaria deserves notice on account of its immersed, somewhat urceolate, discs, which give the species an appearance very different from that of the neighbouring Leccmorw. Fries does not think them sufficiently distinct to just
RMRE3MAJ–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 318 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. victims, than the oats, and wheat, and barley, and rye, of tem- perate realms. Though, however, they reduce materially the returns of our cornfields, they do not appear to be directly destructive to life like the Ergot. Bunted wheat often forms a very large proportion in flour, and is used more especially for the manufacture of gingerbread, in which the colour is not of much consequence, and the flavour is concealed. In any case, however, it seems to be eaten with impunity. It is said that in reed-beds, w
RMRE3DBB–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 441 upper and under side, as if it were a prolongation of the frond. 486. The male fruit is borne on distinct pedunculate or sessile processes, often resembling more or less the female receptacles. The antheridia are immersed in their substance exactly as the. Fig. 92. a. Dumortieria tricJiocephala. From a sketch in the Hookerian Herb. 6. Eeceptacle with the fissured perianth of Finibriaria fragrans. From Hook. Herb. Slightly magnified. c. Maroliantia chenopoda, from St. Vincent's. From Hook. Herb. d. Marchan
RMRE3DAP–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 458 INTRODUCTION TO CBTPTOGAMIC BOTANY. Trichomanis (Fig. 94, a) is a -well-known indigenous species, and forms a transition to the next group by its fleshy subter- raneous involucre. 13. Geocaltce^, Nees. Fruit immersed in a branchlet, or the saccate tip of the stem which is often fleshy; perianth wanting or confluent with the torus ; leaves succubous. 503. We come now to the division with succubous leaves. We have just had in Calypogeia a direct transition, in the absence of a perianth and the subterraneous involucre. All the species belong t
RMRE3MBG–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 298 INTRODUCTION TO CEYPTOGAMIC BOTANY.. Fig. 68. a. Aspergillus glaucus, with its eehinulate spores. 5. Aspergillus dubius, Corda, with the processes from which the neck- laces of spores arise. c. Penicillium armeniacum, Berk., with its elliptic spores connected by little processes. d. Sepedoniu7H myoophilum. e. JSelminthosporium nodosum, Berk, and Curt. Sent from South Carolina, on Eleusine Indica, by Bev. M. A. Curtis. /. Spore of H. Hoffmanni, Berk, and Curt. From specimens on Sporoholus Indicus. Sent by Eev. M. A. Curtis, g. Tip of thread
RMRE3MDG–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRTPTOGAMIO BOTANY. 245 proceed from the evolution of many spores, and that the fruc- tifying mass proceeding from it may equally arise from many individuals, a fact pointed out many years since by Ehrenberg.* In fact, an Agaric, which is perhaps the highest point which a Fungus can obtain, may be considered theoretically as a mul- titude of individuals of Botrytis compacted together, and bearing fruit at their free extremities. Figures illustrative of this are given by Ehrenberg in his Mycetogenesis; and the. Fig. 61. a. Ascus
RMRE3MN7–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. Fig. 30. a. Micrasterias denticulata, Br6b. h. Scenedesmus quadrioaudatus, Turp., after Mr. Ralfs, both shewing the origin of the new half cells. c. Threads of Nostoc verrucosum, after Thuret. All more or less magnified. Fig. 31. Pe7iium Jenneri, Ealfs, -ndth its spore magnified. From Mr. Ealfs.. Fig. 32. Closlerium aculum, Br6b., free and in conjugation, magni- fied. From Mr. Ealfs. Fig. 33. a. Eiiastrum ele- gans, Kiitz. b. Spore of the same, magnified. From Mr. Ealfs. * Ealfs' British Desmidiacese, 8vo. 1848.. Please note that these images a
RMRE3MPM–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 91 bursts through the integuments and becomes free. In (Edogo- nium, in like manner, an aperture is formed for the admis- sion of the spermatozoids to the endochrome, which then acquires an integument, and becomes a spore, while in Bul- bochcete, the same purpose is effected by a little fissure ; the spore of the latter falls out after impregnation and then elon- gates, the endochrome dividing at length into four, each por- tion of which gives rise to a zoospore, furnished with two bundles of flagelliform cih
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