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RM2ANDDDY–A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . he host cells. The best known species is P. brassica whichis the cause of a serious disease known as club foot, or finger and toes(Fig. i). The symptoms of the disease, the relationship of host andparasite, will be described in a subsequent section of this book. Twoother species have been described, viz., P. alni in the roots of the alder;and P. eleagni in the roots of Eleagnus, the silverberry. Considerablemore study will have to be made of the organisms in the roots of thealder and silverberry before we can definitely place the causal organ-isms.
RMPG4AT2–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 406 UREDINEAE. the same autumn; they are small, one-pointed, and pale from an almost complete lack of chlorophyll. In these respects they are quite distinct from the larger double-pointed normal needles with their dark-green colour and a period of growth extending over several years. All the needles on a broom are as a rule stunted in the manner described, yet single branches may be found with needles quite normal;
RM2ANBX7F–A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . cium {after Blackman) of Phragmidium violaceiim; e, epidermal cell; s, sterilecell; below these cells a nucleus is seen migrating into the adjacent cell/; F and G,conjugation of two female cells to form basal cell of asciospore chain {after Dittschlog).In G the first conjugate division is just completed. {Adapted from Grove, BritishRust Fungi.) as soon as it is formed, cuts off by conjugate division a small cell below,called the intercalary cell; this soon disorganizes and disappears, whilethe other portion remains as the aeciospore. The succeeding
RMPG42HE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 190 ASCOMYCETES. fertilise the trichogyne and cause it to develop as an ascogonium. P. ochraceum (Wahlenb.) {P. fulviom D. C.) causes yellowish- red spots on leaves of Prurnis Padios. P. obscurum Juel. produces thickened leaf-spots on Astragalus alpinus and A. oroboides; on the under side these are whitish, on the upper side they show the spermogonia as red points. The damage caused by Polystigma is easily kept in c
RM2ANBW9M–A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Pig. 68.—Portion of a teliosorus of cedar apple in February showing myceliastroma and the binucleate condition of the cells of young teliospores. (After Reed,H. S., and Crabill, C. H., Techn. Bull, g, Va. Agric. Exper. Stal.. May. 1915) teleutospore basidiospores uredospore. uredospore secidiospore^ intercalary cell^ „ . „•^ msion-cell spermatium} gamete ? gametes Fig. 69.—Diagram of the alternation of generations of a typical rust. (After Grove,W. B., The British Rust Fungi, 1913, 27.) RUST FUNGI 19s been known to germinate, and the large size of
![. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. THE PARASITIC EXOASCEAE. 155 >Yhile the stone, including the embryo, remains stunted. (Fig. 49.) The "pocket-plums" (fools or bladder-plums) dry up, and remain hanging on the tree till autumn. De Bary found on the plum a withering of calyx and stamens resulting from the development of the hymenium of this Exoascus; on the bird cherry, according to Magnus and Wakker, enlargement of the stamens occurs. So Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG42T9/diseases-of-plants-induced-by-cryptogamic-parasites-introduction-to-the-study-of-pathogenic-fungi-slime-fungi-bacteria-amp-algae-plant-diseases-parasitic-plants-fungi-the-parasitic-exoasceae-155-gtyhile-the-stone-including-the-embryo-remains-stunted-fig-49-the-quotpocket-plumsquot-fools-or-bladder-plums-dry-up-and-remain-hanging-on-the-tree-till-autumn-de-bary-found-on-the-plum-a-withering-of-calyx-and-stamens-resulting-from-the-development-of-the-hymenium-of-this-exoascus-on-the-bird-cherry-according-to-magnus-and-wakker-enlargement-of-the-stamens-occurs-so-PG42T9.jpg ". Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. THE PARASITIC EXOASCEAE. 155 >Yhile the stone, including the embryo, remains stunted. (Fig. 49.) The "pocket-plums" (fools or bladder-plums) dry up, and remain hanging on the tree till autumn. De Bary found on the plum a withering of calyx and stamens resulting from the development of the hymenium of this Exoascus; on the bird cherry, according to Magnus and Wakker, enlargement of the stamens occurs. So Stock Photo")
RMPG42T9–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. THE PARASITIC EXOASCEAE. 155 >Yhile the stone, including the embryo, remains stunted. (Fig. 49.) The "pocket-plums" (fools or bladder-plums) dry up, and remain hanging on the tree till autumn. De Bary found on the plum a withering of calyx and stamens resulting from the development of the hymenium of this Exoascus; on the bird cherry, according to Magnus and Wakker, enlargement of the stamens occurs. So
RM2ANBNBT–A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Fig. 72.—Hollyhock rust, Puccinia malvacearum. (Nanluckel, August 19, 1915.) Brown Rust of Wheat, Puccinia triticina, with aecia unknown-Dwarf Rust of Barley, Puccinia simplex. Timothy Rust, Puccinia phlei-pralensis. Experiments to get thisform to infect barberry leaves have met with indifferent success. Chrysanthemum Rust, Puccinia chrysanthemi, on leaves of Chry-santhemum sinense in greenhouses all the year round. 204 MYCOLOGY Dandelion Rust, Puccinia taraxaci, on the dandelion Taraxacumofficinale, rather common in Europe, North America, Japan an
RMPG423H–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. POLYPORUS. 443 at first white but becoming grey, and in exhibiting an internal differentiation which those of P. vaporarius do not.^ The hyphae in the course of their growth do not seek out the pits, but grow straight through the walls and bring about dissolution of the middle lamella for some distance around. At the same time numerous short oblique fissures in the walls are produced vertically one over the other, e
RM2AND7P0–A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Fig. II.—Gray mould, Mucoy,showing mycelium and the sporan-gia on upright sporangiophores.{After Conn.) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRUE FUNGI 43 gradations which preclude an absolute pronouncement as to whethera plant is a saprophyte, or a parasite..^ Botanists generally concedethat the true fungi have been derived from filamentous algal ancestorsand the groups of algas from which the principal forms of fungi have (. Fig. 12.—Russula nigricans parasitized by Nyctalis aslerophora. {After Brefeld.) been derived are fairly well known. For example, it is b
RMPG4BK6–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fio. 112.—Section of stroma of j4^/aospora. a, Boundary of stroma formed of dark brown fungus - m ycelium; b, sclerenchyma-strand of the cortex ; c, conidial cushion ; d, union of necks of two perithecia. (After Hartig.). Fig. 113.—a, Conidia; b, asco- spore of Aglaospoi-u taleola ( X ^). (After Hartig.) superficially abjointed from the stromata; while embedded in it are groups of perithecia with necks which join to
RM2AND4HP–A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . ore production and spore liberation. These are the Coprinus comatusand the mushroom types. The deliquescence, or melting of the fruitbodies of the Coprini is a process of auto-digestion and it assists mechan-ically in the discharge of the spores. Spore discharge precedes deliques-cence. The spores are set free from below upward and by auto-diges-tion those parts of the gills are removed from which the spores haves 66 MYCOLOGY been shed, thus permitting the opening out of the cap and the freerdischarge of the remaining spores. The discharged spores
RMPG42JH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. NECTRIA. 185 Nectria. Perithecia yellow or red in colour, and generally produced in close tufts on stromata of the same colour. The asci con- tain eight bicellular spores and few or no paraphyses. Conidia â of various kinds and shapes are also produced. Nectrina cinnabarina Fr.^ (Britain and U.S. America). The -bright-red, button-shaped conidial cushions of this fungus may. Please note that these images are extracte
RM2ANC2YH–A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . r, it may be pale,sprightly colored, or colorless, neverblack. Hypomyces with sprightlycolored perithecia arises from a thickcrust-like stroma. It lives parasitic-ally on a number of dififerent fleshyfungi. For example, Hypomyceslactifluonim transforms a species ofLactarius into a cinnabarred growthroughly resembling a toadstool andwithout gills, while the original colorof the host is completely lost in thehigher color produced by the parasite.Nectria without stroma has its peri-thecia developed on the surface of thesubstratum. N. cinnabarina is a
RMPG4BFB–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CEYPTOMYCES. 247 especially Salix incana, but also on ^S*. purpurea. When the black apothecial cushions break out through the bark, the twigs of the host-plant are frequently still green and leaf-clad. The apothecia originate in the lower bark and so loosen the epidermal layers as to cause the appearance of yellow spots. Black centres appear in the spots, due to the formation of a. Fig. 132.—Cryptomyces maximum. 1,
RM2ANDA9Y–A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . ut yetsmaller are the ultramicroscopic organisms, which have come intoprominence recently as the cause of certain diseases. The smallestbacteria stand at the borderline of what is with the best lenses andoptimum illumination the practical limit of microscopic vision. Onthe other hand, with the application of the ultraviolet light of shortwave length in microphotography, it has been possible to obtain animage of small objects whose- enlargement has been 4000-fold. Ithas been possible with the ultramicroscope of Siedentopf and Zsig- 21 22 MYCOLOGY mo
RMPG42J4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 77.—Nectna cin^iabari^ia, with peri- thucia on the dead bark of a still-living stem of Elm. Infection has evidently hegun at the wound of a cut branch near the middle, and extended outwards, (v. Tubeuf phot.) Fig. 78.—Nectria. cinnabaHna. Portion of branch (magnified). Light-coloured cushions of conidiophores with conidia are breaking out towards the upper end, and colonies of hard red perithecia towards the lo
RM2AN3P0F–Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of ERostrup . gQgj^g^^^^^^^^? Fig. 4. Entomophtora aphrophorae Rostrup. 1. Aphrophora spumarea (slightly enlarged). 2. Rhizoides (X 100). 3. Hyphe (X 600). 4. Conidiophores (x 800). 5. Conidies (x 800). Aphrophora spiimaria. J. Saeby, Gudenaa (F. K. R. look R 97 m^^); F. Bo-gense (Exc. ^/b 95); S. Tisvilde (August 94 O. R.). 125. Entomophtora dipterigena Thaxter, Syll. IX ^^^.Culex sp. S. Hillered (Boas). Chironomus sp. F. Refsere C*/? 91). 126. Entomophtora echinospora Thaxter, Syll. IX ^. Musca sp. S. Alindelille Skov C^/s 84). 127. Entomophtora f
![. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SCLEROTINIA. 259 cowberry shoots, the stomata being always avoided. In less than three weeks conidia are produced. The mode in which the germ-tubes attack the host-plant is very remarkable. Woronin says: " The germ-tubes developed from the ascospores grow inwards towards the vascular bundles of the host-plant and enter them; then they continue to develop, but now in the opposite direction from the interior of . Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4BE1/diseases-of-plants-induced-by-cryptogamic-parasites-introduction-to-the-study-of-pathogenic-fungi-slime-fungi-bacteria-amp-algae-plant-diseases-parasitic-plants-fungi-sclerotinia-259-cowberry-shoots-the-stomata-being-always-avoided-in-less-than-three-weeks-conidia-are-produced-the-mode-in-which-the-germ-tubes-attack-the-host-plant-is-very-remarkable-woronin-says-quot-the-germ-tubes-developed-from-the-ascospores-grow-inwards-towards-the-vascular-bundles-of-the-host-plant-and-enter-them-then-they-continue-to-develop-but-now-in-the-opposite-direction-from-the-interior-of-PG4BE1.jpg ". Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SCLEROTINIA. 259 cowberry shoots, the stomata being always avoided. In less than three weeks conidia are produced. The mode in which the germ-tubes attack the host-plant is very remarkable. Woronin says: " The germ-tubes developed from the ascospores grow inwards towards the vascular bundles of the host-plant and enter them; then they continue to develop, but now in the opposite direction from the interior of . Stock Photo")
RMPG4BE1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SCLEROTINIA. 259 cowberry shoots, the stomata being always avoided. In less than three weeks conidia are produced. The mode in which the germ-tubes attack the host-plant is very remarkable. Woronin says: " The germ-tubes developed from the ascospores grow inwards towards the vascular bundles of the host-plant and enter them; then they continue to develop, but now in the opposite direction from the interior of .
RM2AN3TW1–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . gina-tions of the upper surface, and internally the loose tissue of the sterile veins1 01 nes recognizable. Owing to the rapid growth of the upper portion of the young fruit, thebasal sheath is bent backwards, while at various points along the fertile veinsthe first signs of asci appear. Later the peripheral tissues become thickened,together with the remains of the basal sheath, and form the peridium. Thisultimately closes over the points where the fertile veins are in communicationwith the exterior. Thus the young fruit is open at first, the hym
RMPFA8JC–. Development of cytochemical methods for the study of ascospore wall biogenesis and maturation. Ascomycetes; Ascospores; Fungi. 74 4. ' -ffi 4 ^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Lusk, Demaris E..
RM2AN31WT–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig Uromyces Poae Raben.; young aecidium,? 370; after Blackmail and Fraser. Puccinia Poarum (Blackmail and Fraser 06), Puccinia Falcariae (Ditt-schlag 10)), or directly below the epidermis (Phragmiditim violacaim (Black-man 04), Uromyces Poae (Blackman and Fraser 06) (fig. 171), PucciniaClaytoniata (Fromrne 14)); these hyphae give rise to a more or less regularseries of uninucleate cells. These are the fertile cells, but, before developingfurther, each, at any rate in the relatively primitive forms (caeomata), maycut off one or occasionally more
RMPG4BDK–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 262 ASCOMYCETES. a cloud of spores so ejected may easily be seen. Infection takes place on the birch flowers. It is possible to promote germination in water and on moistened leaves, but the germ- tubes soon die. This disease, on account of the small size of the birch fruit and the tiny sclerotia, remained for a long time quite un- observed, yet it seems to be common everywhere; in Eussia it has been found frequently
RM2AN3P87–Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of ERostrup . ??, 1-guttulata. Sporae perdurantes ignotae. *£S^.
RMPG0R7D–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SYNCHYTRIUM. 109. less swollen neighbouring epidermal cells. The sporangia contain reddish-yellow drops of oil, so that the swellings appear yellow. The organs attacked are much distorted and more or less stunted. The same fungus occurs on other Compositae, and is pro- bably identical with S. san- ffuineum of Schroeter, which produces dark red, crusty swell- ings on Cirsium palustre and Orepis biennis. Along with S.
RM2AN47PC–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 55. Sepultaria coron M uniseriate spores ; ascus opening bya lid; branched, septate, clavateparaphyses; x 600. 7 98 DISCOMYCETES [ch. should be ultimately established, the curious stalked conidium of Ascoboluscarbonarius. The archicarp is of much commoner occurrence, and seems more likelyto be useful as a gauge of relationship. Among Discomycetes the simplesttype is undoubtedly that of Ascodesmis or Thelcbolus; the significant detailsin Thelebohis are not fully known, but in Ascodesmis we have a stout, twistedhypha, divided into three parts,
RMPFA8H4–. Development of cytochemical methods for the study of ascospore wall biogenesis and maturation. Ascomycetes; Ascospores; Fungi. 106. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Lusk, Demaris E..
RM2AN4095–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . tends. Development has been studied only in species of Helvetia where thefruit arises as a tuft of branching, septate hyphae, and no archicarp hasbeen observed. In //. elastiea, young ascophores, about 05 mm. in diameter, show nosigns of fertile hyphae. A membrane of interwoven filaments encloses thewhole fruit body, and below this a palisade of club-shaped hyphae is differ-entiated. As growth proceeds the membrane becomes broken, and thepalisade increases in regularity, forming the boundary of the fructificationexcept where, at the apex, the par
RMPFA8JF–. Development of cytochemical methods for the study of ascospore wall biogenesis and maturation. Ascomycetes; Ascospores; Fungi. Figure 4.2. Serum labeling and buffer control on A. sphaerospora. A) labeling of immune-mouse serum (from second fusion, diluted 1/1000); B) buffer negative control. «. Figure 4.3. 8F11 culture supernatant labeling on A. sphaerospora. A) Labeling on the ascospore wall and sporoplasmic vesicles (pointers); B) Labeling on the vegetative wall, including septum.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced fo
RM2AN478C–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . becomes wrapped (fig. 60 d). In the meantime walls are laiddown, so that the various archicarpsand antheridia become cut off fromtheir neighbours, and each archicarpdivides transversely to form a tri-chogvne and an oogonium. The trichogyne usually contains two nuclei,the oogonium five or six and the antheridium about the same number. Thenuclei of the trichogyne soon degenerate, and, as observed by Claussen, thewall between this cell and the antheridium is broken down (fig. 60e), sothat open communication is established. The male nuclei pass into
RMPG41E8–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 286.—Agaricus meUeus. Sporophore developed from a rbizomorpli-strand; the other branch bears arrested sporophores. (After R. Hartig.). Fig. 287. — Agancus meUeus. Section through a lamella, d. The hyphae forming the substance of the lamella are much branched, and send twigs outwards which end in club-shaped basidia, a; on many of these are developed sterigmata with apices swollen into spores, b; c, isolated thr
RM2AN307N–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . r ig. 176. Puccinia Graminis Pers.; a. infected leaf of Bcrberis vulgaris,nat. size: />. group of aecidia, x 5. Uromyccs Poat Kabenh.; c.infected leaf of Ranun ultis ficaria, nat. size; d. group of aecidia,x 20; E. J. Welsford del. mother-cell (fig. 178). The spore mother-cell divides in the usual way,separating the aecidiospore above from its sister-cell below, but the latterhere forms an elongated stalk instead of an intercalary cell. Each outgrowthof the basal cell thus produces only a single spore, the mode of formationof which is exactly
![. Das System der Pilze. Durch Beschreibungen und Abbildungen erlutert. Fungi; genealogy. Ihmeiioinvcctes. Exos]Jowe. Te1ra.sj)oi'idei. Pliiilluidei Tab *)(3. ZraiefTiea^: öY/zr/'/ufz/.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Nees von Esenbeck, Theodor Friedrich Ludwig, 1787-1837; Henry, A. (Aim), 1801-1875; Bail, Theodor, 1833-1922. Bonn, Verlag des Lithographischen Instituts der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Univ Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PFG613/das-system-der-pilze-durch-beschreibungen-und-abbildungen-erlutert-fungi-genealogy-ihmeiioinvcctes-exos-jowe-te1rasjoiidei-pliiilluidei-tab-3-zraieftiea-yzrufz-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-nees-von-esenbeck-theodor-friedrich-ludwig-1787-1837-henry-a-aim-1801-1875-bail-theodor-1833-1922-bonn-verlag-des-lithographischen-instituts-der-rheinischen-friedrich-wilhelms-univ-PFG613.jpg ". Das System der Pilze. Durch Beschreibungen und Abbildungen erlutert. Fungi; genealogy. Ihmeiioinvcctes. Exos]Jowe. Te1ra.sj)oi'idei. Pliiilluidei Tab *)(3. ZraiefTiea^: öY/zr/'/ufz/.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Nees von Esenbeck, Theodor Friedrich Ludwig, 1787-1837; Henry, A. (Aim), 1801-1875; Bail, Theodor, 1833-1922. Bonn, Verlag des Lithographischen Instituts der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Univ Stock Photo")
RMPFG613–. Das System der Pilze. Durch Beschreibungen und Abbildungen erlutert. Fungi; genealogy. Ihmeiioinvcctes. Exos]Jowe. Te1ra.sj)oi'idei. Pliiilluidei Tab *)(3. ZraiefTiea^: öY/zr/'/ufz/.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Nees von Esenbeck, Theodor Friedrich Ludwig, 1787-1837; Henry, A. (Aim), 1801-1875; Bail, Theodor, 1833-1922. Bonn, Verlag des Lithographischen Instituts der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Univ
RM2AN352D–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig ifi:. Development of brand-spores ; a. Doassansia Alismalis1 rcs) Corn.; l>. Entyloma Glatuii Dang.; after Dangeard. in pairs in preparation for the formation of the brand-spores. The samestageswere recorded byLutman mDoassansiadeformans,EntylotnaNynipheaeand Urocystis Anemones (fig. 163).
RMPG42DE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. POLYPOKUS. 439 Seynes,^ three other kinds of spores are produced in addition to basidiospores. Willow, poplar, oak, sweet chest- nut, alder, ash, hazel, pear, cherry, robinia, larch, silver fir, etc., are common hosts of this parasite. Wood infested by the mycelium darkens in colour, exhibiting a red- rot. Vessels and all clefts or spaces become filled with white felted masses of mycelium. The wood, in course of des
RM2AN39KN–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . the oogonial and the upperof the trichophoric nucleus. These divide simultaneouslyand a binucleate inferior sterile cell is separated from thebinucleate fertile cell. This in turn divides to form theascogenic cells, from which the asci are to develop, andthese and the asci which they produce are thereforebinucleate. The two nuclei in the ascus fuse and theirunion is regarded by Faull as the only nuclear fusionwhich occurs in this very curious life history. Meiosisthen takes place, followed by the third division. Theupper daughter nuclei of this d
RMPG42MX–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 64.—Exoascus cai-neus on Betula odorata. (v. Tubeuf del.). Fig. 65.—Section of normal leaf of Betula odorata. (After W. G. Smith.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Tubeuf, Karl, freiherr von, 1862-1941; Smith, William G. Lond
RM2AN4B5R–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fg- 45- Phyllactinia Corylea (Pers.) Karst.; peri-thecium containing uninucleate asci;after Harper. Fig. 46. Phyllactinia Corylea(Pers.) Karst.; a. b. fusion inascus; after Harper. Eight chromosomes (fig. 47) have been observed throughout the life-history. In Phyllactinia Corylea and also in Microsphaera AIni(Sands, 1907) andvarious species of Erysiphe (Harper, 1905), the organization of the restingnucleus is very characteristic. A deeply staining central body lies againstthe nuclear membrane and to this the chromatin threads are attached.From it
RMPG3PKN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 554 THE PATHOGENIC ALGAE. Parts of the leaf and petiole inhabited by this alga appear externally as yellow spots. Only one individual alga inhabits each spot, sending its numerous branches into the intercellular spaces. Attacked leaf-cells lose their chlorophyll and starch, the latter being at first replaced by oil. The cells, however, remain alive and turgescent, even when deprived of almost their whole content; th
![Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 95. Balsamia zlilgaris Vitt.; after Tulasne.. Fig. 96. Balsamia vulgarisVitt.; sectionthrough hvmenium ; after Tulasne. Fig. 97. Tuber rufum Pico ; general viewof fertile region; after Tulasne. IV] TUBERALKS 137 Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2AN3X44/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fig-95-balsamia-zlilgaris-vitt-after-tulasne-fig-96-balsamia-vulgarisvitt-sectionthrough-hvmenium-after-tulasne-fig-97-tuber-rufum-pico-general-viewof-fertile-region-after-tulasne-iv-tuberalks-137-2AN3X44.jpg "Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 95. Balsamia zlilgaris Vitt.; after Tulasne.. Fig. 96. Balsamia vulgarisVitt.; sectionthrough hvmenium ; after Tulasne. Fig. 97. Tuber rufum Pico ; general viewof fertile region; after Tulasne. IV] TUBERALKS 137 Stock Photo")
RM2AN3X44–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 95. Balsamia zlilgaris Vitt.; after Tulasne.. Fig. 96. Balsamia vulgarisVitt.; sectionthrough hvmenium ; after Tulasne. Fig. 97. Tuber rufum Pico ; general viewof fertile region; after Tulasne. IV] TUBERALKS 137
RMPG4BKF–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 111.—Aglaospora taleola. Portion of cortex with embedded stromata. a. Corky layer; b, after removal of corky layer; c, section of stroma. ( X y.) (After Hartig.). Fio. 112.—Section of stroma of j4^/aospora. a, Boundary of stroma formed of dark brown fungus - m ycelium; b, sclerenchyma-strand of the cortex ; c, conidial cushion ; d, union of necks of two perithecia. (After Hartig.). Please note that these images
RM2AN4AN2–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fg- 45- Phyllactinia Corylea (Pers.) Karst.; peri-thecium containing uninucleate asci;after Harper. Fig. 46. Phyllactinia Corylea(Pers.) Karst.; a. b. fusion inascus; after Harper. Eight chromosomes (fig. 47) have been observed throughout the life-history. In Phyllactinia Corylea and also in Microsphaera AIni(Sands, 1907) andvarious species of Erysiphe (Harper, 1905), the organization of the restingnucleus is very characteristic. A deeply staining central body lies againstthe nuclear membrane and to this the chromatin threads are attached.From it
RMPG4B54–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 352 UREDINEAE. aecidia (Aec. parnassiae Schlecht.) on Parnassia palustris.. Spermogonial pycnidia are unknown. P. sdrpi D. C. (Britain). Uredo- and teleutospores on Scirpus; aecidia, according to Chodat, = Aec. nymphaeoides on Nymphaea, Nuphar, and Lim- nanthemmn, nymphaeoides.. Fig. 186.—Puccinia suaveolens on Cirsium arveTise. The plants ai-e abnormally slongated; the leaves have remained smaller and simpler, and
RM2AN38TH–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . f ., ?? ?:. ? 9. ?. ... ??:-;?? b Fig. 14J. Laboulbenia chaetophora (?). «. cell formed by binucleateoogonial and trichophoric cells, x 430; b. first division in ascusdescribed by Fauil as the anaphase, K1510; c. nuclear division inspore, showing four chromosomes, X2800; after Faull. Since almost all our knowledge of the group is due to the brilliant workof Professor Thaxter of Harvard it follows that the North American speciesare far better known than those of other localities. Such material as he wasable to obtain from warmer regions proved,
RMPG4BPH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 96.—Gibbera vaccinii. Isolated ascns with, eight spores; isolated hair from the outside of a perithecium. (v. Tubeuf del.) Fig. 95.—Gibbera vaccinii on Cowberry. The perithecia form black patches on the living leafy branch, as well as the dead brown one. (v. Tubeuf del.). ^-^ Fig. 97.—Gibbera vaccinii. Cross-section of Cowberry showing^ a patch of perithecia in section; the hairy perithecia contain paraphyses a
RM2AN370A–Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of ERostrup . Fig. 44; Pleospora lycopodii spec, nov., asc. ix sp. -p. — Fig. 45-46: Phomatospora are-naria S. B. R., asc. &. sp. ^, hab.-f. - Fig. 47-48: Diatrypella abietis spec, nov., asc. 6.sp. -j-i, section of the stroma-y. — Fig. 49-50: Stigmatea pirolae (Fries), hab.-j-, asc. 6. sp.^. — Fig. 51: Leaf of Ribes rubrum with Septoria ribis Desm.-j-. — Fig. 52: Dead leafof Ribes rubrum with Mycosphaerella ribis Fuckel,— — Fig. 53: Septoria ribis Desm.,sp. •^. — Fig. 54: Leptosphaeria corvina (Rostrup), hab.-j-. — Fig. 55—56: Doassansiahottoniae (R
RMPG3R0C–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ENDOSPHAEEA. 551 to have an injurious effect on its host, beyond killing a few isolated leaves. End. rubra Schroet. occurs in leaves of Mentha aquatica and Peplis Portula. Phyllobium dimorphum Klebs. Found in leaves of Lysi- machia Nummidaria, Ajuga reptans, Chlora serotina, Erythraea Centaurium. This endophyte may either penetrate into living leaves and there go through its life-history, or it may do so in dead lea
RM2AN4HGW–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . in Emericella the sheath opens by a pore,but in the majority of cases it remains closed, and the ascospores are finally Ill ll.KCTASCALES 69 liberated by its decay. The asci arc spherical or pyriform and contain twot eight continuous spores, the walls of which may be variously ornamented.In both Penicillium and Eurotium the perithecium may develop an excep-tionally thick wall, and pass into a resting stage sometimes several weeksin duration. Such a structure is described as a sclerotium. In Eurotium herbariorutn* the development of perithecia is
RMPG4B2H–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CALYPTOSPORA. 371 intercellular spaces become enlarged, and the contents of all cortical cells, except those of the epidermis, takes on a red colour, whereby the young shoots have at first a delicate rose- red colour, though they afterwards turn brown. The lower leaves have a similar red colour, but shrivel and fall off early, while the upper ones develop normally and remain attached.. Fig. 202.—CaXyptospora Goepper
RM2AN2X0W–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fij,. 181. Puccinia Podophylli S.;fertile cell of teleutosorus givingrisetoteleutospores; after Christ-man. Fig. 182. Pliraamidiitm violaceum Went.; a. teleuto-spores, x 1080; />. fusion of nuclei in teleutospore,x 1520; after Blackman. It may be hazarded that in the Uredinales the similarity of the physio-logical history of the nuclei before they become associated is responsiblefor a minimum of attraction between them, so that there is no sufficientlystrong impulse towards fusion till meiosis is about to take place ; being,however, in the sam
RMPFG638–. Das System der Pilze. Durch Beschreibungen und Abbildungen erlutert. Fungi; genealogy. ChMfemffce«.. -^ rP^V. Oe^t-e/r. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Nees von Esenbeck, Theodor Friedrich Ludwig, 1787-1837; Henry, A. (Aim), 1801-1875; Bail, Theodor, 1833-1922. Bonn, Verlag des Lithographischen Instituts der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitt und der Leopoldinisch-Carolinischen Academie der Naturfor
RM2AN45D4–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 67. Humariagranulata Quel.; young archicarp, X320; after Blackmail ami Fraser. The ascogenous hyphae contain many nuclei irregularly arranged. Asciin- formed in the usual way; their nuclei show about eight chromosomesin the first division. Owing to the small size of the nuclei further cytologicaldetails have not been studied in this species. 112 DISCOMYCETES [ch. Humariagranulata is a common red or orange coprophilous form. Thearchicarp develops as a side branch from an ordinary hypha. The apicalcell of this branch increases in size and beco
RMPG4AX0–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. 395 The strikingly characteristic cleavage of the wood by the overgrown elements of the medullary rays and the wood- parenchyma, in the case of the twig-inhabiting form, will be seen from the figures (Fig. 229). As already noticed, the sporogenous cushions are generally formed on one side. After. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanc
RM2AN3F9P–Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of ERostrup . ed, blood-red cirrhi. Common and very noxious on cultivated Daucus carota, found for thefirst time at Fredrikssund 1887. Out of Denmark only recorded from Schles-wig and the Island Als. 2140. Phoma leptidea (Fries) Sacc, Syll. Ill Syn: Sphaerialept. Fries S. M. II ^ Phyllosticta lept. All. VP Vaccinium vifis idaea. S. Hornbaek Plantage. July. 2141. Phoma rhodorae Cooke, Syll. X^«. Peritheciis epiphyllis, sparsis, atro-nitidis, gregariis, imersis, epider-mide initio tectis, eadem demum stellatim rupta cinctis, apice poropertusis; spo
RMPG4BG4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 244 ASCOMYCETES. The disease is best combated by prompt removal of fallen leaves in autumn; where this rule is followed Rhytisma is seldom found (see p. 71). Rhytisma punctatum (Pers.) CBritain and U.S. America). Whereas the spots of the Rhytisma just considered are large, those of this species seldom exceed a few millimetres. They are. Fig. 129 —Kkytisma punctatum. Leaf of Acer Pseudoplatanvs with apothecia; the le
RM2AN398H–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 144. .hiiorpho-FalagriacThaxler; male andfemale individuals,the latter with peri-thecium containing re ; aftei Iter. 12—-2 i8o PYRENOMYCETES [CH. whether exogenous or endogenous, and in the latter case whether producedin simple or compound organs. In this way three families, Peyritschiel-laceae (compound endogenous), Laboulbeniaceae (simple endogenous) andCeratomycetaceae (exogenous) are distinguished.. f ., ?? ?:. ? 9
RMPG4B1G–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 378 UREDINEAE. and small yellow pycnidia are produced during July or August. The aecidia follow from August till September, occupying yellow zones on the otherwise green needles; their white peridia project as much as 2 mm. above the surface of the needle, and dehisce by rupture of the apex. The aecidiospores are formed in large numbers and, carried by wind, reach leaves and shoots of alpine-rose where they immediat
RM2AN357N–Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of ERostrup . Fig. 81-82: Septoria linnaeae (Ehrb.), hab.—, sp. —. — Fig. 83-84: Septoria arnoseridismihi, hab.—, sp. -r-. — Fig. 85-86: Septoria calamagrostidis (Lib.), hab.-p, sp. —. — Fig.87-88: Septoria epigejos Thiimen, hab.—, sp. -p. — Fig. 89: Septoria elymi Rostrup, sp.iji-. - Fig. 90-91: Septoria culmifida mihi, hab.-f, ,sp. i^o. fig. 92-94: Septoria oxalidis sp. nov., hab.-p, pycnidia -p, sp. -p. O. Rostrup del. Tab. VIII.. i^ ^(P ;07 / /^ ^ / Y^ % / Z (#*?# * 7: Gloeosporiumsecalis Rostrup. sp. ^. - Fig. 98-99: Gloeosporium achaeni.cola
RMPG42YG–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON THE CELL-WAIi. 39 acid the cellulose is dissolved out, and the primary wall remains almost intact, while the secondary after swelling is converted into sugar and gum. Certain fungi {e.g. Polyporus vaporarius, P. Schweinitzii and P. sulphureus), act in the same manner, first dissolving out and consuming the cellulose before attacking the wood-gum. When wood is destroyed by fungi of this.
RM2AN42JT–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 80. Ascophanus carneus Pers.; eld archicarp,showing associated nuclei, > Soo; alter Ramlow. formed so that the hypha consists of a series of binucleate cells. These. tig. Si. Ascophanuscarneiis Pers.; a. section through young asci (ring nuclear fusion in two cells of the archicarp, =so : . two cells of an archicarp,showing nuclear fusions, x 1240; after Cutting. nuclei, when satisfactorily fixed, showed a well-marked centrosome.Ramlow was unable to see whether one or several cells of the archicarp 120 DISCOMYCETES [CH. gave rise to ascoge
RMPG42RC–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. THE PARASITIC EXOASCEAE. 15» ducing the brooms by artificial infection of alder. The disease is common and epidemic, and a single tree may carry as many as a hundred brooms. The witches' brooms are composed of many thickened twigs, beset with an abnor- mal number of lenticels, and the point of infection shows a distinct swelling, from which the broom tends to turn directly upwards. The leaves are somewhat modified,
RM2AN3BFP–Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of ERostrup . 526 rhabdiferum Berk. 6. Br., Syll. IV^^, Helm, cerasorum Berl. &. Vogl.,Syll. X«^ Coryneum Beyerinckii Ouds., Syll. Ill All. VII °, Lit:Aderh. 01, R 93 o, 02 a ^-^^ c. icon., 02 n, Lindau 08 6. On fruit of Prunus persica. F. Erholm (N. J. Jensen), Odense (Bredstedsee R 88 i); Lang. Nedergaard (C. Henriksen see R 96 d); S. Valby. On twigsand leaves of Prunus acida. S. Fredriksdal (J. Larsen), Valby!; B. Allinge(Neger 06). Ceratophorum. 3111. Ceratophorum setosum Kirchner 92 c. icon., Syll. XI ^^^Ldau IX ^.
RMPG3T2T–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 306.—Monilia fi-uctigena. A, Apple showing the grey conldial patches as more or less concentric lines. S^ Young Peach, smivelled up in consequence of attack, (v. Tubeuf del.) next spring, when the fruit is again moist, further conidia are given off. Infection takes place by wounds or even through the epidermis of young leaves and blossoms. The conidia have. Please note that these images are extracted from scann
RM2AN4561–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fr.) Sacc; very young ascocai p,x soo. In another species of this genus, Humaria rutilans1, reduction has gone yetfurther and not even an archicarp is produced. The apothecium arises asa dense weft of tangled filaments, which for a time differ from one anotheronly in the relatively thick walls of the outer hyphae, and the richer proto-plasmic content of the inner (fig. 69). Each cell of the weft contains oneor a few nuclei. After a while the nuclei in the central part of the massmay be seen to be of two sizes, and the smaller have been found to f
RMPG42HM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. NECTRIA. 189 of Breslau, Berlin, Paris, Kew, Glasnevin (Dublin), and Edinburgh. Nectria ipomoeae Hals.^ Stem-rot of egg-plant and sweet potato. In America this attacks young growing plants, and causes stem-rot. The Fusarium-stage developes as a white mouldy coating on the withered stem, and is followed later by flesh-coloured clusters of perithecia. Poly stigma. On the leaves of species of Prunus, one finds bright-c
RM2AN3WBR–Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of ERostrup . 1771 to 1782, M. Vahl1787-99, J. W. Hornemann 1804-40, F. M. Liebmann 1843-1853 andJoH. Lange 1858—1883. Of the figures of fungi in the FloraDanica Oeder published 30, Muller 78, Vahl 93 and Hor^siemann563. It must, however, be noticed that the figures of fungi pub?lished by the latter almost all originate either from Vahl (149) orfrom Schumacher (414). In 1840 it was resolved that the portrayalof the fungi should cease a very wise resolution indeed as, with thematerials of that time, it was impossible to give a recognizable pictureof
RMPG4AXX–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 390 UREDINEAE. In May or June the cushions swell up and become large brownish-yellow gelatinous clumps, dotted over with dark points, the teleutospores. Promycelia arise from one or more germ- pores in each spore, and give off basidia with sporidia (basidio-. FiG. 224.—Aecidia and Pycnidia of various species of Gyninosporangium : G. tremetloides—1 and S, aecidia on leaf of Pyrvs Ai-ia ; 5 and 6, aecidia on leaf of P
RM2AN37EA–Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of ERostrup . If f 1 iH 1 lirifl ij 1 1 ,M Ill;II ii lil 1 J^ Fig. 29-30: Herpotrichia rubi Fuckel, hab.-p. asc. & sp. ^. - Fig. 31-32: Herpotrichiacollapsa (Romell), asc. G. sp. -p-, hab.-j-. — Fig. 33-34: Mycosphaerella juncaginearum(Lasch), hab.-j-, asc. &. sp. -y^. — Fig. 35: Mycosphaerella ribis (Fuckel), asc. &. sp. ^.Fig. 36: Myscophaerella psammae (Rostrup), asc. &. sp. ^. — Fig. 37-38: Mycosphaerellalineolata (Desm.), hab.^, asc. 6^ sp. —. — Fig. 39: Mycosphaerella perforans (Desm.),asc. &. sp. -T-. — Fig. 40-41: Venturia glomerata Cooke on
RMPG4BAM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 284 USTILAGINEAE. formation of conidia ensues; the conidia multiply in a yeast- like manner, and only grow out as hyphae on exhaustion of nutritive material. Infection takes place on seedling-plants. Kiihn cultivated this species on Sorghum saccharatum and S. vulgare, and suggests that a common disease of Durra in South Africa may be caused by this parasite. Ust. sorghi (Link.) {Ust. Tulasnei Kiihn) (U.S. America):
RM2AN4N0W–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . J ASCOMYCETES 45 was proposed. The occurrence of ;i brachymeiotic reduction has since beenobserved in several other fungi, and has also been in several cases denied. Chromosome Association. There are a number of fungi, of whichPhyllactinia Corylea is perhaps the most fully studied, in which no change inthe chromosome number takes placethroughout the life-history. In Phyl-lactinia, Harper showed in 1905 thatthe chromosomes remain visible instrands attached to the central bodythroughout the resting stages. Ineach of the nuclei of the developingascu
RMPG4APT–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. FiG. 246.—Fci-idennium pint (corticota). Youug twig bearing numerous aecidia. (v. Tubeuf phot.) Fig. 245.—Peiidei-vihim pini (cortkola). Branch and lateral twigs distinctly swollen where attacked. They also bear aecidia. (v. Tubeuf phot.) ring ceases to thicken, but as the mycelium seldom succeeds during the first year in killing the cambium all round a. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page
RM2AN4EG1–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . s hyphaeramify. Erom the penultimatecells of the latter binucleateasci aredeveloped,and afterthenuclei have fused eight sporesare formed. The ascus wallbreaks down and the spores arefinally set free after the decayof the outer layer of the sheath. This sheath, with the en-closed mass of free ascospores,was long regarded as a singleorgan containing an indefinitenumber of spores; for thisreason the fungus was placedin the Hemiasci and given the Fi<generic name of Monascus.The later stages of develop-ment are in fact difficult tofollow and have b
RMPG4AMM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CAEOMA. 419 leafless shoots on Thujopsis dolabrata in Japan, whence they were sent to me (Figs. 254 and 255). One example (not figured) was as large as a young child's head. The shoots of the witches' brooms are furnished with vascular bundles and possess a parenchyma rich in starch-content. Each branch of the deformed shoot termi- nates in a hemispherical saucer-shaped ca«oma-cushion, at first covered over by the
RM2AN3FT0–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . inite extent in which the perithecia are completely immersed ; the ascuscontains eight spores in contrast to the numerous spores of certain species ofCalosphaeria and of Diatrypclla, a genus further distinguished by the cushion-shaped stroma. Xylariaceae The Xylariaceae occur chiefly on wood; they represent the highestdevelopment of the Sphaeriales and are characterized by the free superficialstroma which is only very rarely, as in Hypoxylon, partly sunk in the sub-stratum, and shows every variety of form from a spreading crust on thesurface of t
RMPG42YM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 38 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. men other substances make their appearance in the lignified walls, chiefly tinctorial phlobaphenes. The walls of the wood-elements are, however, not lignified to the same extent. The primary layer of the wall is, as a rule, lignified most and contains but little cellulose. In con- sequence, on treatment with lignin-solvents, it becomes first dissolved while the secondary and
RM2AN30W7–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . lf ruptured and exposes the ripe spores. It becomes torn andrecurved so that the characteristic cluster-cup is produced (fig. 176). Thepseudoperidium is sometimes much elongated and cylindrical or inflated,producing the forms known as roestelia (Gymnosporangium), and peri-dermium (Coleosporium, Cronartium and allied genera), so-called from theirold generic names, or it may be represented only by a few paraphyses oraltogether absent (Phragmidium, Melampsord). The latter forms, to whichthe term caeoma is applied, are probably primitive. In the majo
RMPFA8H7–. Development of cytochemical methods for the study of ascospore wall biogenesis and maturation. Ascomycetes; Ascospores; Fungi. 103. Figure 5.5. WGA labeling with sugar control. A) sugar control on A. sphaerospora: B) sugar control on A. sphaerospora: C) WGA without sugar on A. sphaerospora: D) sugar control on P. nigrella: E) WGA without sugar on P. nigrella. LFA Labeling of LFA was evident over the cytoplasm of ascospores of A. sphaerospora (figs. 5.6). This labeling did not appear to be specific. Specific labeling occurred in restricted areas around spent asci and on the outside of older c
RM2AN3C71–Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of ERostrup . rde. Epochnium. 3107. Epochnium monilioides Fries S. M. Ill Syll. W^ LdauYjjj 843 ^ icon., Syn: Monilia fructigena Schum. no 1604 non Fries. On decaying fruit. S. October (Schum.). Dematiaceae—Phaeophragmiae. Clasterosporium. 3108. Clasterosporium scirpicolum (Fuckel) Sacc, Syll. IV ^^^,Ldau IX On dead stems of Scivpus lacii-sfris. S. Lystrup!. 3109. Clasterosporium put- refasciens (Fuckel) Sacc, Syll.IV2^ Ldau IX Syn: Spori-desmium putr. Fuckel, Tricho-derma brassicae Schum. no 1585,Helminthosporium rhizoctonumDybdahl 77 ^ non R
RMPG3W0W–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ASCOCHYTA. 473. U8 this fungus is injurious to Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia sativa, etc. It causes spots on leaves and pods, followed by- drying up of the former and deformation of the latter. The pycnidia appear as tiny points on the spots, and give out bicellular cylindrical conidia. As. Boltshauseri Sacc.^ This species was first observed in Switzerland on bean {Plia- seolus vulgaris). Leaves of all ag
RM2AN3RJ5–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . nea cretea and the Ascoboli, where the coiled and septate archicarp isoften still functional. A very common initial organ in forms with embedded perithecia is theshort filament of cells sometimes known as Woronins hypha (fig. 103). Thecells are large and contain well-marked nuclei and lie in a nest of small-celled vegetative mycelium. Woronins hypha has been found among theHypocreales mNectria and among the Sphaeriales in Xylaria an&Hypoxylon; it remains to be shown whether it still functions. It may haveoriginated from the simple archi-carps of
RMPG42ND–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. THK PARASITIC EXOASCP^AE. 16T Exoascus coerulescens (Mont, et Desm.) produces similar blisters on oak leaves.. Fig. 63.—JExoctscus aureus. Leaf section from the margiu of a swelling, showing normal and hypertropbied tissue. The cells of the swelling are abnormally elongated with thickened walls, and some show secondary cell-division. The bases of the asci are wedged in between the cells; one ascus is shown with coni
RM2AN3AJY–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . bviously corresponds to the cell in which fertilization isnow known to occur in other Ascomycetes and will therefore here be termedthe oogonium. In Stigmatomyces Baeri the trichogyne is simple (fig. 1^6 d, e) but inmany other members of the group it undergoes frequent septation andbranches freely. The apices of the branches are alone receptive and maystraight or spirally coiled (fig. 137). However elaborate, the trichogyne quicklydisappears, collapsing and breaking off as soon as its function is fulfilled. In endogenous species the sperms are sho
RMPG4B32–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. MELAMPSORA. 367 The patches of Caeoma laricis Hartig.^ appear as golden-yellow cushions on the underside of the needles. The sporophores from which the aecidiospores are abjointed, form the centre of the patch, the periphery being occupied by numerous sterUe threads, which grow out as long paraphyses; it may so happen that the whole cushion consists only of these last. The formation of Gaeoma- patches is preceded by
RM2AN4PWE–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . i laricina Mass.; development and ejection ofbiseriate spores, x 600. Fig. 5. Sepitltaria coroftaria Mass.; nni-seriate spores; ascus opening by a lid :branched, septate, clavate paraphyses;x 600. isolated asci lying in water are suddenly exposed to the action of glycerineor alcohol, and is clearly due to alterations of tension affecting anumber of asci at about the same stage of development. After the fructifi-cation has puffed once or a few times a rest of some hours during which 38 ASCOMYCETES [CH. fresh asci reach maturity is necessary before
RMPG4BBW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. USTILAGO. 277 which at first swell up in a gelatinous manner. Spores are formed inside the ultimate ramifications of the mycelium, and as they reach maturity, the membrane loses its gelatinous character, the cells break up, and the spores are set free; they are dispersed as a dry dusty powder after rupture of the tissues. Fig. 14S.—UstUago maydis. The head has been exposed to view by dissecting away the enclosing le
![Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 167. Gymnosporangium davaricuformeRees; germinating teleutospores; x 666.. Fig. 168. a. Phragtnidium violaceumWint., X330; 6. Gymnosporangium clazariaeforme Rees, X260; sper-mogonia; after Blackman. Vlll] UREDINALES 199 Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2AN32EG/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fig-167-gymnosporangium-davaricuformerees-germinating-teleutospores-x-666-fig-168-a-phragtnidium-violaceumwint-x330-6-gymnosporangium-clazariaeforme-rees-x260-sper-mogonia-after-blackman-vlll-uredinales-199-2AN32EG.jpg "Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 167. Gymnosporangium davaricuformeRees; germinating teleutospores; x 666.. Fig. 168. a. Phragtnidium violaceumWint., X330; 6. Gymnosporangium clazariaeforme Rees, X260; sper-mogonia; after Blackman. Vlll] UREDINALES 199 Stock Photo")
RM2AN32EG–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 167. Gymnosporangium davaricuformeRees; germinating teleutospores; x 666.. Fig. 168. a. Phragtnidium violaceumWint., X330; 6. Gymnosporangium clazariaeforme Rees, X260; sper-mogonia; after Blackman. Vlll] UREDINALES 199
RMPG42R1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 160 ASCOMYCETES. * Witches' brooms on birch are very common in Scotland. They appear as tangled masses of twigs, which at first sight give the impression of some bird's nest. I have frequently examined the leaves borne on these brooms, and have never failed to find the asci of an Uxoascus. Sadebeck gives in his monograph the two above-named species as found on birches bearing v.atches' brooms. Mites (e.g. Phytoptus)
RM2AN3670–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . ter Lut-man. nuclei, as well as the greater part of the cytoplasm, pass into it, leaving theconjugating cells comparatively empty. In these varieties of U. Carbo Lutmanfound that, after conjugation, the two nuclei lie closely pressed together sothat it was sometimes impossible to differentiate them. Ustilago Tragopogonis pratensis is parasitic on Tragopogon pratensis, inthe flower heads of which it produces a mass of dark violet spores. In theyoung flower buds hyphae are abundant only in the anthers and ovary.Later they spread to the surface of t
RMPG42R0–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. THE PARASITIC EXOASCEAE. 161 Exoascus alpinus Johan. and Ex. nanus Johan. Both occur on Betula nana, and induce formation of hypertrophied twigs.. Fig. 56.— Witches' Broom of the Cherry. Exoascus cerasi oa Prunus Cerasus. The whole left side forms a large broom. A smaller example occupies the summit of the crown, while another hangs downwards to the right. In winter condition. (t. Tubeuf phot.) The mycelium of Ux. n
RM2AN3CEB–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . -celled, attached to the integument of the host bya blackened base or foot. From the receptacle grow out filamentous appen-dages on or among which the male organs are produced and, with a few-exceptions, the receptacle of the same individual also gives rise to a femaleorgan fr< im which a perithecium liberating ascospores is eventually developed. The plant is covered by a thin, homogeneous membrane which is ex-ceedingly tough and impervious and is developed from the gelatinous coatof the spore; it efficiently protects the cells from desiccatio
RMPFG634–. Das System der Pilze. Durch Beschreibungen und Abbildungen erlutert. Fungi; genealogy. .M/fateranffüi*»'- l^enomycetes. wSporideiferi. Cytisporei .. 6 'j2^'?,-;^t- Sphturotutem a, fr. ^i rroji/ßerfnajrv^.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Nees von Esenbeck, Theodor Friedrich Ludwig, 1787-1837; Henry, A. (Aim), 1801-1875; Bail, Theodor, 1833-1922. Bonn, Verlag des Lithographischen Instituts der Rheinischen
![Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 164. Germinating teleutospores ; a. Phragmidium bulbosum Schm.; b. Triphragmidium UlmariaeLk.; c. Colcosporitim Sonchi Lev.; d. Uromy es appendiculatus (Fabae) Lev.; after Tulasne. (II. VIII] IRKIMXALKS ?97 of the spore forms other than tlie teleutospore, such as Aecidium, Caeomaand Uredo, still survive in our nomenclature. The teleutospores (figs. 164, 165, 166) may be unicellular or they maybe made up of two or more cells forming a compound structure, each cell of. Fig 165. Cronartiumepiadeum Fr. ; te-leutospore mass withbasiclia and spore Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2AN32KN/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fig-164-germinating-teleutospores-a-phragmidium-bulbosum-schm-b-triphragmidium-ulmariaelk-c-colcosporitim-sonchi-lev-d-uromy-es-appendiculatus-fabae-lev-after-tulasne-ii-viii-irkimxalks-97-of-the-spore-forms-other-than-tlie-teleutospore-such-as-aecidium-caeomaand-uredo-still-survive-in-our-nomenclature-the-teleutospores-figs-164-165-166-may-be-unicellular-or-they-maybe-made-up-of-two-or-more-cells-forming-a-compound-structure-each-cell-of-fig-165-cronartiumepiadeum-fr-te-leutospore-mass-withbasiclia-and-spore-2AN32KN.jpg "Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 164. Germinating teleutospores ; a. Phragmidium bulbosum Schm.; b. Triphragmidium UlmariaeLk.; c. Colcosporitim Sonchi Lev.; d. Uromy es appendiculatus (Fabae) Lev.; after Tulasne. (II. VIII] IRKIMXALKS ?97 of the spore forms other than tlie teleutospore, such as Aecidium, Caeomaand Uredo, still survive in our nomenclature. The teleutospores (figs. 164, 165, 166) may be unicellular or they maybe made up of two or more cells forming a compound structure, each cell of. Fig 165. Cronartiumepiadeum Fr. ; te-leutospore mass withbasiclia and spore Stock Photo")
RM2AN32KN–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . Fig. 164. Germinating teleutospores ; a. Phragmidium bulbosum Schm.; b. Triphragmidium UlmariaeLk.; c. Colcosporitim Sonchi Lev.; d. Uromy es appendiculatus (Fabae) Lev.; after Tulasne. (II. VIII] IRKIMXALKS ?97 of the spore forms other than tlie teleutospore, such as Aecidium, Caeomaand Uredo, still survive in our nomenclature. The teleutospores (figs. 164, 165, 166) may be unicellular or they maybe made up of two or more cells forming a compound structure, each cell of. Fig 165. Cronartiumepiadeum Fr. ; te-leutospore mass withbasiclia and spore
RMPG4BJ1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. LOPHODERMIUM. 237 suffered by it should, where other soil conditions permit, be planted with Weymouth pine {Pinits Strohus) and the Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga JDmtglasii), which are, as yet, exempt from attacks of this parasite. Infection would seem to be brought about chiefly by westerly winds (in Germany), which carry diseased leaves or fungus-spores from infected places. Large areas run greater risks than small pat
RM2AN3FAH–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . r as blackdots scattered over the surface of the disc (fig. 126). The asci, when ripe,protrude through the ostiole so that the dark brown spores are shed outsidethe perithecium. Dawson was able readily to obtain pure cultures, both from the asco-spores and from the conidia, on 10 per cent, gelatine made up with decoctionof horse dung. The ascospore forms a single lateral germ-tube, which develops septaand branches freely. The conidia produce germ-tubes from either end orfrom both and sometimes also laterally; the mycelium is at first much moredel
RMPG4B81–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 312 USTILAGINEAE. germination produce a thread-like promyeelium bearing apical conidia, which conjugate in pairs before emerging from the host-tissues. The following species form conidia on the host-plant: Entyloma serotinum Schroet. occurs on leaves of Symphytum tuberosum, S. officincdis, and Borago officinalis. E. canescens Schroet. On Myosotis (Britain). E. fuscum Schroet. On Papaver Rhoeas and /'. Argemone. E. b
RM2AN35CH–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . -spore of T. Tritici the nucleus passesinto the basidium and divides three times so that eight nuclei are formed.Eight basidiospores are budded off in abunch at the apex of the basidium, andeach receives a single nucleus. Frequentlyadditional nuclear divisions take placeand ten, twelve, or sixteen uninucleatespores may be produced. When the sporesare fully formed short conjugating tubesgrow out and connect neighbouringspi nes, often while these are still attachedto the basidium (fig. 161). According to Rawitschcr the nucleusof one cell of the pai
![. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 214 ASCOMYCETES.. active vegetation begins about two and a half months later than in the plains, i.e. at the beginning of June. The season of mature spores of Sphaerella is thus delayed till about the middle of August. On 26 th September I found at this elevation only a few spots on the larch needles, and on these hardly any conidial cushions. By 28 th September this larch plantation was already under snow." &q Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4BMP/diseases-of-plants-induced-by-cryptogamic-parasites-introduction-to-the-study-of-pathogenic-fungi-slime-fungi-bacteria-amp-algae-plant-diseases-parasitic-plants-fungi-214-ascomycetes-active-vegetation-begins-about-two-and-a-half-months-later-than-in-the-plains-ie-at-the-beginning-of-june-the-season-of-mature-spores-of-sphaerella-is-thus-delayed-till-about-the-middle-of-august-on-26-th-september-i-found-at-this-elevation-only-a-few-spots-on-the-larch-needles-and-on-these-hardly-any-conidial-cushions-by-28-th-september-this-larch-plantation-was-already-under-snowquot-q-PG4BMP.jpg ". Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 214 ASCOMYCETES.. active vegetation begins about two and a half months later than in the plains, i.e. at the beginning of June. The season of mature spores of Sphaerella is thus delayed till about the middle of August. On 26 th September I found at this elevation only a few spots on the larch needles, and on these hardly any conidial cushions. By 28 th September this larch plantation was already under snow." &q Stock Photo")
RMPG4BMP–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 214 ASCOMYCETES.. active vegetation begins about two and a half months later than in the plains, i.e. at the beginning of June. The season of mature spores of Sphaerella is thus delayed till about the middle of August. On 26 th September I found at this elevation only a few spots on the larch needles, and on these hardly any conidial cushions. By 28 th September this larch plantation was already under snow." &q
RM2AN486M–Fungi, Ascomycetes, Ustilaginales, Uredinales . inishes the probability that this isa primitive type, or one that has given riseto cup-shaped forms, and it seems easier tothink of Genea and its allies as derived fromthe Pezizales by the diminution in size ofthe external aperture, the shortening andbroadening of the ascus and the increasedconvolution of the hymenium, than to regardthem as giving rise to that group by thecontrary changes. It is, however, not impro-bable that the Pezizales are polyphyletic inorigin, and that some of them may have beenderived from the higher Geoglossaceae. So far
![. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ">&> Fig. 328.—Cephaleuros Mycoidea. Section through the epidermis of a leaf of CaTntllia, showing the thallus-like disc with haustoria. (After Gxinningiiani.) ance, but generally forms flattened thalloid discs several layers of cells thick and attached firmly to leaves by means of rhizoids (Fig. 328). Hairs are produced from the thallus-dises, especially. Fig. 329.—Cephaleuros Mycoidea. Section throu Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG3PP6/diseases-of-plants-induced-by-cryptogamic-parasites-introduction-to-the-study-of-pathogenic-fungi-slime-fungi-bacteria-amp-algae-plant-diseases-parasitic-plants-fungi-quotgtampgt-fig-328cephaleuros-mycoidea-section-through-the-epidermis-of-a-leaf-of-catntllia-showing-the-thallus-like-disc-with-haustoria-after-gxinningiiani-ance-but-generally-forms-flattened-thalloid-discs-several-layers-of-cells-thick-and-attached-firmly-to-leaves-by-means-of-rhizoids-fig-328-hairs-are-produced-from-the-thallus-dises-especially-fig-329cephaleuros-mycoidea-section-throu-PG3PP6.jpg ". Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ">&> Fig. 328.—Cephaleuros Mycoidea. Section through the epidermis of a leaf of CaTntllia, showing the thallus-like disc with haustoria. (After Gxinningiiani.) ance, but generally forms flattened thalloid discs several layers of cells thick and attached firmly to leaves by means of rhizoids (Fig. 328). Hairs are produced from the thallus-dises, especially. Fig. 329.—Cephaleuros Mycoidea. Section throu Stock Photo")
RMPG3PP6–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ">&> Fig. 328.—Cephaleuros Mycoidea. Section through the epidermis of a leaf of CaTntllia, showing the thallus-like disc with haustoria. (After Gxinningiiani.) ance, but generally forms flattened thalloid discs several layers of cells thick and attached firmly to leaves by means of rhizoids (Fig. 328). Hairs are produced from the thallus-dises, especially. Fig. 329.—Cephaleuros Mycoidea. Section throu
RM2AN38T4–Danish fungi as represented in the herbarium of ERostrup . Fig. 1: Physoderma deformans Rostrup, sp. ?^. — Fig. 2-3: Physoderma acetosellae Ro-strup, hab.4 &? sp. iip. - Fig. 4: Physoderma hippuridis Rostrup, sp. ^. - Fig. 5: Phy-soderma myriophylli Rostrup,-=-. — Fig. 6: Gymnoascus assicola Rostrup,-j-. — Fig. 7:Geotrichum candidum Fries ?^. — Fig. 8-9: Corynetes arenarius Rostrup, hab.—, asc. 6.sp. ^. — Fig. 10-12: Leptoglossum littorale Rostrup asc. &. sp. -^, hab.-f-. — Fig. 13:Cudoniella minima sp. nov., hab.-p. O. Rostrup del. Tab. II.. Fig. 14: Cudoniella minima sp. nov., asci & sp. ^?^
RMPG4AYM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. 387 may be as long as 10 m.m. and are bent like a born (Fig. 219). A similar case is described by Barclay^ in wbich the peridia of aecidia on Rhamnus dahurica were very long if produced in dry weather, but short if in moist weather.^ The aecidiospores are shed during the early part of June, and germinate at once on the bark of young juniper-twigs; the mycelium growing thence into the spurs or branch
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