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. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. They are scattered among the grass in fields and pas-tures ; they get into the water of brooks and springs ; theyare liable to adhere to fruit that has fallen, or to lettuceand other garden vegetables. Dr. Cobbold has calculated the number of progeny thatmight proceed from one egg during a single generative cycle.Allowing 500 secondary cysts to be formed and 10,000heads or scolices to be developed by each hydatid cyst ofaverage size, these might produce 5,000,000 tape-worms,each of which having three joints that become free, Stock Photo

RM2CEXXH7–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. They are scattered among the grass in fields and pas-tures ; they get into the water of brooks and springs ; theyare liable to adhere to fruit that has fallen, or to lettuceand other garden vegetables. Dr. Cobbold has calculated the number of progeny thatmight proceed from one egg during a single generative cycle.Allowing 500 secondary cysts to be formed and 10,000heads or scolices to be developed by each hydatid cyst ofaverage size, these might produce 5,000,000 tape-worms,each of which having three joints that become free,

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. /^, iilr- mi, mil)- '" /I. .viw l-^^rt^V ^/c-/'. C%^yi. ^^w^-'"!?^.^./. J^ ,^ Q^^yf'-^i. .ti. ^-i^a-i-iu^ / ^^u^f ,.ft; ,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DRM–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. /^, iilr- mi, mil)- '" /I. .viw l-^^rt^V ^/c-/'. C%^yi. ^^w^-'"!?^.^./. J^ ,^ Q^^yf'-^i. .ti. ^-i^a-i-iu^ / ^^u^f ,.ft; ,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

$. Kiii. 20d.âAecidiuin in a needle of Silver Fir (much enlarjjed). h. Series of aecidiospores and intermediate cells. 'â , (icniiinatin^' aecidiospores. (.ftcr R. HartiK.) This aecidium is also fouml on Alii<s rrfi/K'/onini in I'jiju'r iJavaria. Barclayella deformans Diet.' This lia.s ln'i'ii fouiul in the Hiiiuilava rf;,'ii'ii I'll iiimmIIis mill xmin;; twiLfs of /'inn Murim/n {Sinitliimi'i). 'rcicutci- s|)(.ri'-M)ii aiv (U'Velojted, airi)iii|iaiiii'i| i (listuitiini nf tiif Imst. .ilâ'i,iia, 1S5JI. Stock Photo$

RMMCK5A4–. Kiii. 20d.âAecidiuin in a needle of Silver Fir (much enlarjjed). h. Series of aecidiospores and intermediate cells. 'â , (icniiinatin^' aecidiospores. (.ftcr R. HartiK.) This aecidium is also fouml on Alii<s rrfi/K'/onini in I'jiju'r iJavaria. Barclayella deformans Diet.' This lia.s ln'i'ii fouiul in the Hiiiuilava rf;,'ii'ii I'll iiimmIIis mill xmin;; twiLfs of /'inn Murim/n {Sinitliimi'i). 'rcicutci- s|)(.ri'-M)ii aiv (U'Velojted, airi)iii|iaiiii'i| i (listuitiini nf tiif Imst. .ilâ'i,iia, 1S5JI.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. s live in the small intestine,and more rarely in the large intestine. They usually adhereto the lining, or mucus membrane, by means Fiom-e 75. of the hooks on the proboscis, which is thrustinto the substance of the membrane. Notunfrequently they perforate the walls of theintestine and stray into other parts of theviscera, producing serious disease. Some-times the intestine of a hog is found per-forated by so many of these holes that it can-not be used in the manufacture of sausages ! In severe cases, hogs afflicted with this Stock Photo

RM2CEXXJM–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. s live in the small intestine,and more rarely in the large intestine. They usually adhereto the lining, or mucus membrane, by means Fiom-e 75. of the hooks on the proboscis, which is thrustinto the substance of the membrane. Notunfrequently they perforate the walls of theintestine and stray into other parts of theviscera, producing serious disease. Some-times the intestine of a hog is found per-forated by so many of these holes that it can-not be used in the manufacture of sausages ! In severe cases, hogs afflicted with this

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. rial.- li. ^Z-'-eftcir^ ^i-C-ii.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DT8–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. rial.- li. ^Z-'-eftcir^ ^i-C-ii.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

RMMCK5FH–.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. The Turkey-louse (^Goniodes stylifer Denny). This is a large species, conspicuously marked with transverseblack bands. It is very common both on the domestic andwild turkey, together with three or more other species, one ofwhich is much longer and nearly black. Some of the otherspecies parasitic on the turkey are Liotheiim stramineumNitzsch, Philuplerus polytrapezius^itz&ch. The Ilen-lice (^Liotheum pallidum Nitzsch, Philopterusvariabilis N., P. Iieterographus N., P. dissimilis N., and P. Figure 35.—Turkcy-lousc ( Goniodes st Stock Photo

RM2CEY1CE–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. The Turkey-louse (^Goniodes stylifer Denny). This is a large species, conspicuously marked with transverseblack bands. It is very common both on the domestic andwild turkey, together with three or more other species, one ofwhich is much longer and nearly black. Some of the otherspecies parasitic on the turkey are Liotheiim stramineumNitzsch, Philuplerus polytrapezius^itz&ch. The Ilen-lice (^Liotheum pallidum Nitzsch, Philopterusvariabilis N., P. Iieterographus N., P. dissimilis N., and P. Figure 35.—Turkcy-lousc ( Goniodes st

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. Plate IX,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DT3–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. Plate IX,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

. Fig. 113.—a, Conidia ; h, asco- spore of Aglaospora toJ.eolo. ( X -^f^). (After Hartig.) superficially abjointed from the stromata; while embedded in it are groups of perithecia with necks which join together into one or a few common channels opening externally. The asci contain eight spores, which are two-celled and bear five thread-like appendages, one on each end, and three round the median septum (Fig. 113). Stock Photo

RMMCK5G2–. Fig. 113.—a, Conidia ; h, asco- spore of Aglaospora toJ.eolo. ( X -^f^). (After Hartig.) superficially abjointed from the stromata; while embedded in it are groups of perithecia with necks which join together into one or a few common channels opening externally. The asci contain eight spores, which are two-celled and bear five thread-like appendages, one on each end, and three round the median septum (Fig. 113).

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. But in no case can we be certain of destroying allthe eggs of these parasites by any wash whatever, that wouldnot be dangerous to the animal. Therefore the treatmentshould be repeated two or three times, at intervals of ten ortwelve days, in order to destroy any young that may havehatched in the meantime. The Head-louse of man QPediculus capitis DeGeer). Pig. 30. This is, probably, the best known species of the genus Pediculus. It is still sufficiently common among persons who Fiffure 30. neglect personal cleanliness, though Stock Photo

RM2CEY2AY–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. But in no case can we be certain of destroying allthe eggs of these parasites by any wash whatever, that wouldnot be dangerous to the animal. Therefore the treatmentshould be repeated two or three times, at intervals of ten ortwelve days, in order to destroy any young that may havehatched in the meantime. The Head-louse of man QPediculus capitis DeGeer). Pig. 30. This is, probably, the best known species of the genus Pediculus. It is still sufficiently common among persons who Fiffure 30. neglect personal cleanliness, though

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. Plate I. <.%^ J^ff^t///, iX£^ a-Sy(. y^-r.^yi,,,). ,1 . y J^y.,^^, C'S sr^t- efiu^e^^e.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DX3–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. Plate I. <.%^ J^ff^t///, iX£^ a-Sy(. y^-r.^yi,,,). ,1 . y J^y.,^^, C'S sr^t- efiu^e^^e.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

$. Jr^o' Fig. 196.—Cneoma pinitorquum. Section showing four pycnidia, from one of which {!<p) numerous conidia are being discharged. Cai/ouirt-patches are developing beneath tlie cortical layer, as yet unbroken. (After R. Hartig.) occur in large numbers, an early fall of the leaf may result. The teleutospores hibernate in dead leaves on the ground. In spring the sporidia germinate and infect young shoots of Finns sylvestris, producing the disease known as Cacowa i^initorquum} This disease attacks pine-seedlings, appearing generally on the needles. It is most frequent in plantations from one Stock Photo$

RMMCK5B3–. Jr^o' Fig. 196.—Cneoma pinitorquum. Section showing four pycnidia, from one of which {!<p) numerous conidia are being discharged. Cai/ouirt-patches are developing beneath tlie cortical layer, as yet unbroken. (After R. Hartig.) occur in large numbers, an early fall of the leaf may result. The teleutospores hibernate in dead leaves on the ground. In spring the sporidia germinate and infect young shoots of Finns sylvestris, producing the disease known as Cacowa i^initorquum} This disease attacks pine-seedlings, appearing generally on the needles. It is most frequent in plantations from one

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Pigure 59. Stock Photo

RM2CEY02D–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Pigure 59.

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. /^, iilr- mi, mil)- '" /I. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DRX–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. /^, iilr- mi, mil)- '" /I. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

. Fig. 217.âSection through a swelling on a sixteen-year twig â of Juniper attacked by Gymnosporangium in its eighth year; three conical spore-cushions are indicated, also a cushion-scar with the scar-tissue. (After Woernle.) Stock Photo

RMMCK59M–. Fig. 217.âSection through a swelling on a sixteen-year twig â of Juniper attacked by Gymnosporangium in its eighth year; three conical spore-cushions are indicated, also a cushion-scar with the scar-tissue. (After Woernle.)

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. seen clusters of little white spots (Figure 62). K the spotsbe examined with a lens, each one will be found to consist ofthe minute head and neck of a young tape-worm, projectingfrom the surface, and provided with four suckers and a circle of Figure 65. Stock Photo

RM2CEXYBH–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. seen clusters of little white spots (Figure 62). K the spotsbe examined with a lens, each one will be found to consist ofthe minute head and neck of a young tape-worm, projectingfrom the surface, and provided with four suckers and a circle of Figure 65.

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. I'latr T. ^*^A^-.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DW4–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. I'latr T. ^*^A^-.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

. Fig. 20.j.—Scene iu the Bavariau forest near liischoffsreut. In the foreground, a living Beech with seven sporophores of Polyporus fomentarius. (v. Tubeuf phot.) haemorrhage from cut blood-vessels, and is still used in surgery. The larger pieces can be manufactured into caps, gloves, vests. Stock Photo

RMMCK56E–. Fig. 20.j.—Scene iu the Bavariau forest near liischoffsreut. In the foreground, a living Beech with seven sporophores of Polyporus fomentarius. (v. Tubeuf phot.) haemorrhage from cut blood-vessels, and is still used in surgery. The larger pieces can be manufactured into caps, gloves, vests.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. 40 . BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. which are open at the top, while the small end oears a clusterof bristles. The habits and treatment are too well known toneed further description. The Body-louse of Man {Fediculus corporis DeGeer).Figure 31. This species very closely resembles the last, but is usuallylarger. It attaches itself especially to the clothing, and at-tacks various parts of the body. It attaches its eggs chieflyto the clothing which it frequents, especiallyalong the seams, and when the clothing is sel-dom changed, as often Stock Photo

RM2CEY246–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. 40 . BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. which are open at the top, while the small end oears a clusterof bristles. The habits and treatment are too well known toneed further description. The Body-louse of Man {Fediculus corporis DeGeer).Figure 31. This species very closely resembles the last, but is usuallylarger. It attaches itself especially to the clothing, and at-tacks various parts of the body. It attaches its eggs chieflyto the clothing which it frequents, especiallyalong the seams, and when the clothing is sel-dom changed, as often

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. f^^l. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DW0–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. f^^l. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

RMMCK5FK–.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. first pair of legs.These parasites, when young, cling in large clusters to thetips of leaves and twigs of herbs and shrubs, with part oftheir six slender legs extended. When brushed by a passing 46 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. animal, they instantly leave the plant and quickly disperseover their host. They insert their glossoids and mandibles intothe skin, where they cling firmly by means of the numeroushooks, and live by sucking the blood. The abdomen soon be-comes very much swollen, and sometimes grows so large as toresemble a tum Stock Photo

RM2CEY14D–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. first pair of legs.These parasites, when young, cling in large clusters to thetips of leaves and twigs of herbs and shrubs, with part oftheir six slender legs extended. When brushed by a passing 46 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. animal, they instantly leave the plant and quickly disperseover their host. They insert their glossoids and mandibles intothe skin, where they cling firmly by means of the numeroushooks, and live by sucking the blood. The abdomen soon be-comes very much swollen, and sometimes grows so large as toresemble a tum

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. 'â y^. 27 O '^^r- '"D' ' r-/,/// ,/ff. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DR4–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. 'â y^. 27 O '^^r- '"D' ' r-/,/// ,/ff. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

. Fio. 321.—Aiiabaeaa ci/rndtarum. A, Conil-like surface-roott. of Ci/cax. B, Trans- verse ;ind lontjitudinal scction.s of A ; the double line indiciites thie distribution of the SoMoc. (v. Tubeuf del.) completely shut in. In this condition it is al>solutely de- ])t'ndent uii nourishment derived from the host-cells, and .seems to thrive on it. Xo outward .symptoms of disease can be (tijserved uii (iiinncrd with enclosed Nodoc, the local destruction of the cell-contents, the loss of starcii, and the tilling up n|" the tissues with filaments of Nostoc having appan-nlly im effect. The spe Stock Photo

RMMCK52F–. Fio. 321.—Aiiabaeaa ci/rndtarum. A, Conil-like surface-roott. of Ci/cax. B, Trans- verse ;ind lontjitudinal scction.s of A ; the double line indiciites thie distribution of the SoMoc. (v. Tubeuf del.) completely shut in. In this condition it is al>solutely de- ])t'ndent uii nourishment derived from the host-cells, and .seems to thrive on it. Xo outward .symptoms of disease can be (tijserved uii (iiinncrd with enclosed Nodoc, the local destruction of the cell-contents, the loss of starcii, and the tilling up n|" the tissues with filaments of Nostoc having appan-nlly im effect. The spe

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Figure 33.—Cattle-louse (Ecematopinus vituli Denny), much enlarged. FromAmerican Naturalist. Figure 34.—Hog-louse (H. suis Leach), much enlarged. From Cuvier. 6 42 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. MALLOPHAGA (Bird-lice).These insects live both among the feathers of birds and hairof mammals. They are peculiar in having distinct jaws (Figure36), instead of a sucking tube. The body is flat, corneous,and firm above. The head is horizontal and generally broad.The antennee have three to five joints. The mandibles aresmall and hook-like. The m Stock Photo

RM2CEY1MC–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Figure 33.—Cattle-louse (Ecematopinus vituli Denny), much enlarged. FromAmerican Naturalist. Figure 34.—Hog-louse (H. suis Leach), much enlarged. From Cuvier. 6 42 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. MALLOPHAGA (Bird-lice).These insects live both among the feathers of birds and hairof mammals. They are peculiar in having distinct jaws (Figure36), instead of a sucking tube. The body is flat, corneous,and firm above. The head is horizontal and generally broad.The antennee have three to five joints. The mandibles aresmall and hook-like. The m

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DTK–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

. Fig. 309.—Fusoma paraslticum. Dis- eased Pme-seedliiigs, with, a, root killed; b, hj'poootyl killed; c, first leaves aud plumule killed. (After R. Hartig.) Stock Photo

RMMCK53X–. Fig. 309.—Fusoma paraslticum. Dis- eased Pme-seedliiigs, with, a, root killed; b, hj'poootyl killed; c, first leaves aud plumule killed. (After R. Hartig.)

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. lar symp-toms and is removed by the same remedies as the commontape-worms. TREMATODE WORMS. The Liver-fluke of Sheep and Cattle (^Fas ciola hepatic a Linn.).This common and notorious parasite has a very flat body,different on the two sides, and more or less oval in form, theanterior end suddenly narrowing to a sort of neck, whichtapers off to the mouth end, where it is either rounded orpointed. The posterior end of the body is Figure 7s.somewhat tapering, but blunt. Ordinary speci-mens are about three-quarters of an inch long Stock Photo

RM2CEXXGY–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. lar symp-toms and is removed by the same remedies as the commontape-worms. TREMATODE WORMS. The Liver-fluke of Sheep and Cattle (^Fas ciola hepatic a Linn.).This common and notorious parasite has a very flat body,different on the two sides, and more or less oval in form, theanterior end suddenly narrowing to a sort of neck, whichtapers off to the mouth end, where it is either rounded orpointed. The posterior end of the body is Figure 7s.somewhat tapering, but blunt. Ordinary speci-mens are about three-quarters of an inch long

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. flat.. [I. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DWN–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. flat.. [I. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

. Fig. 99.—Cucurbitaria laburni.. A, Stroma with pycnidia containing minute unicellular conidia. B, One of the large smooth pycnidia. (After v. Tubeuf.) The mature perithecia have a peridium consisting of a loose pseudoparenchyma with a rough warty exterior and a pore set in a distinct depression (Fig. 100.) The paraphyses are long, strong threads, often branched, and between them arise the long cylindrical asci with rounded ends. The normal number of ascospores is eight in each ascus, but fewer is no exception. In addition to the forms already described, pycnidia of still another sort occur ( Stock Photo

RMMCK5HF–. Fig. 99.—Cucurbitaria laburni.. A, Stroma with pycnidia containing minute unicellular conidia. B, One of the large smooth pycnidia. (After v. Tubeuf.) The mature perithecia have a peridium consisting of a loose pseudoparenchyma with a rough warty exterior and a pore set in a distinct depression (Fig. 100.) The paraphyses are long, strong threads, often branched, and between them arise the long cylindrical asci with rounded ends. The normal number of ascospores is eight in each ascus, but fewer is no exception. In addition to the forms already described, pycnidia of still another sort occur (

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. hot wateror fire. Much may be done, also, in diminishing the numbersof this and other parasites by frequently doctoring those dogs PARASITES OP ANIMALS. 85 that are worth keeping, or are necessary, in order to expeltheir parasitic worms, of which there are generally manykinds. There are numerous drugs that are efficacious for thispurpose, some of which are mentioned under the beef tape-worm (page 191). But the principal difficulty is this—thosewho keep the most dogs, the worst dogs, and the dogs mostlikely to harbor parasites Stock Photo

RM2CEXYBX–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. hot wateror fire. Much may be done, also, in diminishing the numbersof this and other parasites by frequently doctoring those dogs PARASITES OP ANIMALS. 85 that are worth keeping, or are necessary, in order to expeltheir parasitic worms, of which there are generally manykinds. There are numerous drugs that are efficacious for thispurpose, some of which are mentioned under the beef tape-worm (page 191). But the principal difficulty is this—thosewho keep the most dogs, the worst dogs, and the dogs mostlikely to harbor parasites

$. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. I'lalr X. :>, 0 0 { 1 GO W M ( ) 1% Q 0 '6 '«W«AlJ«i»* S ^iJv /.^/ <n =V /iiS' i--! y* ^Sa? I ^ a6 0Q 'i. i6 r .-..J i4. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo$

RMPG0DRE–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. I'lalr X. :>, 0 0 { 1 GO W M ( ) 1% Q 0 '6 '«W«AlJ«i»* S ^iJv /.^/ <n =V /iiS' i--! y* ^Sa? I ^ a6 0Q 'i. i6 r .-..J i4. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

. Fig. 276.—Pobiporui hispidus on pieces of living Ash. (v. Tubeuf phot.) The spores are spindle-shaped and colourless. The fungus is especially common on living hazel, ash, species of maple, beech, mountain ash, horse-chesnut, elm, oak, willow, pear, lime, etc. The wood of the specimen in Fig. 275 exhibited extensive white-rot, the inner parts Ijeing completely converted into a soft wliite spongy mass of mycelium. Polyporus hispidus (Bull.).^ (Britain and U.S. America.) Sporophores annual, soft and spongy, with a rough brown upper ^A very common form on ash trees in Biitain. (Edit.) Stock Photo

RMMCK558–. Fig. 276.—Pobiporui hispidus on pieces of living Ash. (v. Tubeuf phot.) The spores are spindle-shaped and colourless. The fungus is especially common on living hazel, ash, species of maple, beech, mountain ash, horse-chesnut, elm, oak, willow, pear, lime, etc. The wood of the specimen in Fig. 275 exhibited extensive white-rot, the inner parts Ijeing completely converted into a soft wliite spongy mass of mycelium. Polyporus hispidus (Bull.).^ (Britain and U.S. America.) Sporophores annual, soft and spongy, with a rough brown upper ^A very common form on ash trees in Biitain. (Edit.)

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. ar or morethese cysts become calcified by a deposit of carbonate of limein the membrane, and at this time are visible to theeye as minute specks, about the size of hemp-seed, scatteredthrough the muscles. When enclosed in the cyst, the wormsbecome dormant, and though they may live for years, andeven some weeks after the death of their host, they can do nofurther harm unless swallowed by man or some animal. Eachcyst contains a little slender worm about one twenty-fifth orone thirtieth of an inch long, and one seven hundredth t Stock Photo

RM2CEXXDE–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. ar or morethese cysts become calcified by a deposit of carbonate of limein the membrane, and at this time are visible to theeye as minute specks, about the size of hemp-seed, scatteredthrough the muscles. When enclosed in the cyst, the wormsbecome dormant, and though they may live for years, andeven some weeks after the death of their host, they can do nofurther harm unless swallowed by man or some animal. Eachcyst contains a little slender worm about one twenty-fifth orone thirtieth of an inch long, and one seven hundredth t

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. Plate I[[. -/c^^ J<,y-,^ y^,c c^.y^j,^^ '^ i7- QfiZiT^ecf^'. Sj ^dyir it.j-', 0-i,ai.^ .. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DWY–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. Plate I[[. -/c^^ J<,y-,^ y^,c c^.y^j,^^ '^ i7- QfiZiT^ecf^'. Sj ^dyir it.j-', 0-i,ai.^ .. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

RMMCK5ER–.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. es been observed parasitic upon man, incertain diseased conditions. The Meal-mite (^Acarusfarince Be G^er). This species, found in meal and flour that has been in-jured is sometimes accidentally swallowed while living. Acarus dysenteric^ Linn, was found living in the excreta ofa person attacked by violent dysentery. It also sometimes oc-curs in large numbers about wine and beer casks, and maytherefore be swallowed accidentally. Glyciphagus hippopodos has been found in the ulcerated feetof horses. A species of mite also occurs Stock Photo

RM2CEY0YB–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. es been observed parasitic upon man, incertain diseased conditions. The Meal-mite (^Acarusfarince Be G^er). This species, found in meal and flour that has been in-jured is sometimes accidentally swallowed while living. Acarus dysenteric^ Linn, was found living in the excreta ofa person attacked by violent dysentery. It also sometimes oc-curs in large numbers about wine and beer casks, and maytherefore be swallowed accidentally. Glyciphagus hippopodos has been found in the ulcerated feetof horses. A species of mite also occurs

. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. I'l.-.lr i'.. ^---â fi'/,?^ ,?<" I'/ â "'' sv^-,.^-,.,/-;^;,,,...; c../,r..c. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo

RMPG0DW8–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. I'l.-.lr i'.. ^---â fi'/,?^ ,?<" I'/ â "'' sv^-,.^-,.,/-;^;,,,...; c../,r..c. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

RMMCK56J–.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. PARASITES OP ANIMALS. Fig. 3. ment, which appear at first in the form oflittle sacks containing fluid, but finally ex-pand into broad membranes and the sidesof the sack unite so as to appear like asimple membrane, supported by littlebranching, hollow rods, or tubes, whichcommunicate with the cavity of the body,and also form the joints of the wings. Thelegs and jaws originate from the lower partof the sides of each ring that bears suchappendages, so that there must be as many rings or segmentsin any part of the body as there a Stock Photo

RM2CEY3PK–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. PARASITES OP ANIMALS. Fig. 3. ment, which appear at first in the form oflittle sacks containing fluid, but finally ex-pand into broad membranes and the sidesof the sack unite so as to appear like asimple membrane, supported by littlebranching, hollow rods, or tubes, whichcommunicate with the cavity of the body,and also form the joints of the wings. Thelegs and jaws originate from the lower partof the sides of each ring that bears suchappendages, so that there must be as many rings or segmentsin any part of the body as there a

$. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. :>, 0 0 { 1 GO W M ( ) 1% Q 0 '6 'Â«WÂ«AlJÂ«iÂ»* S ^iJv /.^/ <n =V /iiS' i--! y* ^Sa? I ^ a6 0Q 'i. i6 r .-..J i4. 'â y^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution Stock Photo$

RMPG0DR7–. A flora and fauna within living animals. Parasites. :>, 0 0 { 1 GO W M ( ) 1% Q 0 '6 'Â«WÂ«AlJÂ«iÂ»* S ^iJv /.^/ <n =V /iiS' i--! y* ^Sa? I ^ a6 0Q 'i. i6 r .-..J i4. 'â y^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891. [Washington, Smithsonian Institution

. Fig. 112.âSection of stroma oi Aglaospora. a, Boundary of stroma formed of dark brown fungus - mycelium; 6, sclerenchyma-strand of the cortex ; c, conidial cushion ; d, union of necks of two perithecia. (After Hartig.) Stock Photo

RMMCK5GF–. Fig. 112.âSection of stroma oi Aglaospora. a, Boundary of stroma formed of dark brown fungus - mycelium; 6, sclerenchyma-strand of the cortex ; c, conidial cushion ; d, union of necks of two perithecia. (After Hartig.)

$. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Figure 20. — The Horse-tick {Eippobosca equina Linn.), enlarged. FromCuvier.. 18 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. The Sheep-tich (^Melophagus ovinus Linnseus). Figure 21. This insect never acquires wings. It has a broad head,wider than the tliorax. The abdomen is roundish and hairy,not showing distinct rings, and in the gravid female becomesmucli enlarged. The legs are short and stout, and the .clawsvery strong. The proboscis is as long as the head. Like thehorse-tick, it is viviparous, producing a full-grown larva, en-closed in an oval Stock Photo$

RM2CEY2FX–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Figure 20. — The Horse-tick {Eippobosca equina Linn.), enlarged. FromCuvier.. 18 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. The Sheep-tich (^Melophagus ovinus Linnseus). Figure 21. This insect never acquires wings. It has a broad head,wider than the tliorax. The abdomen is roundish and hairy,not showing distinct rings, and in the gravid female becomesmucli enlarged. The legs are short and stout, and the .clawsvery strong. The proboscis is as long as the head. Like thehorse-tick, it is viviparous, producing a full-grown larva, en-closed in an oval

RMMCK5CB–. Fio. 173.âA, UrocyÂ»tii anemones on Hellelx)re. Spore-patches on Htnlk and mid-jib. (v. Tubeuf del.; specimen from llerr Sclinabl of .Munich.) B, Urocystis Ltimliachii (U. aneiuonei), cjiusiug Mwelling at husu of .stem of AdonU aettivalU. (v. Tubeuf del.; specimen from Prof. Stahl of Jena.) U. violae (Sow.). (Britain and U.S. America.) The det'orma- tiiius induced by this brand are not uncommon on Viola odonda in gardens, also on V. tricolor, V. badensi.f, and V. hirfa. Its presence is shown externally by the marked thick- ening and malformation of leaf-i)etioles, runners, leaves, and fruit-

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. s-like top, around which there are two cir-cles of sharp hooks, 22 to 28 in each circle (Figure 53).The neck portion is slender, crossed by fine lines, which arewider apart as they recede from the head, finally forming dis- 70 BOARD OP AGEICULTURE. tinct joints. These are at first very small and short, graduallybecoming broader and squarish, then oblong. The largestare about a third of an inch in breadth and quite thin and flat(Figure 52). The sexually mature joints or proglottides aretwice as long as broad, and contain the o Stock Photo

RM2CEY0KT–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. s-like top, around which there are two cir-cles of sharp hooks, 22 to 28 in each circle (Figure 53).The neck portion is slender, crossed by fine lines, which arewider apart as they recede from the head, finally forming dis- 70 BOARD OP AGEICULTURE. tinct joints. These are at first very small and short, graduallybecoming broader and squarish, then oblong. The largestare about a third of an inch in breadth and quite thin and flat(Figure 52). The sexually mature joints or proglottides aretwice as long as broad, and contain the o

. Fig. 227.—Section of a nine-year twig of Juniper attacked by &'!/(/t}iospo)'aH(7iM?)t. The rind under the spore-cushion is much thickened ; the wood towards the same side is much broken up by tracts of parenchyma. (After Woernle.) Fig. 228.—Tangential section througii diseased wood beneath a spore-cushion. The wood- elements are much displaced by abnormal tracts of parenchyma. (Only one of the latter has been filled in, the others left blank.) (After Woernle.) of the twig-inhabiting form is due more to increased growth of the cortical cells than to increase of bast-parenchyma; in the nee Stock Photo

RMMCK59B–. Fig. 227.—Section of a nine-year twig of Juniper attacked by &'!/(/t}iospo)'aH(7iM?)t. The rind under the spore-cushion is much thickened ; the wood towards the same side is much broken up by tracts of parenchyma. (After Woernle.) Fig. 228.—Tangential section througii diseased wood beneath a spore-cushion. The wood- elements are much displaced by abnormal tracts of parenchyma. (Only one of the latter has been filled in, the others left blank.) (After Woernle.) of the twig-inhabiting form is due more to increased growth of the cortical cells than to increase of bast-parenchyma; in the nee

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. stules butin their minute galleries, off to oneside, the pustule generally marking the place where they en-tered. The itch is contagious, simply because the insects,especially in their young and more active state, pass from oneperson to another, or are transmitted by clothing. They aremost active at night and, therefore, sleeping with an infestedperson is pretty sure to be attended by the transfer of theinsects. The longer the parasites are neglected, the morenumerous they become. The increase is, however, quite slowat first, Stock Photo

RM2CEY0MF–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. stules butin their minute galleries, off to oneside, the pustule generally marking the place where they en-tered. The itch is contagious, simply because the insects,especially in their young and more active state, pass from oneperson to another, or are transmitted by clothing. They aremost active at night and, therefore, sleeping with an infestedperson is pretty sure to be attended by the transfer of theinsects. The longer the parasites are neglected, the morenumerous they become. The increase is, however, quite slowat first,

. I 1... J4.;. J....i.,.„c ..(,...'.,(,„,., I roni. (V. TulHJuf phot.) ' .oti-. Fill till I tliiiiil.-, ot tlie aii;iti)iiiiciil rluiii;,'cs imliKril in tin- tis.siii-s of tliewf witdifn' ht'doiii.s iiiay )»»• olitaiiit-il in tlir . 4'J0-4'J1), i)f ill tlu' original tlii-.si.s hy liartiiiaiin, (Aiidfoiii. I'mj/i irhiiii'i li. Ilfxnihfxeji 'Irr Wiixitaiiiit. Iiiiiu>(iiial DiHHtTtatioii, 1S9-.) (Kl:. M<d,l., isra, I. Stock Photo

RMMCK58K–. I 1... J4.;. J....i.,.„c ..(,...'.,(,„,., I roni. (V. TulHJuf phot.) ' .oti-. Fill till I tliiiiil.-, ot tlie aii;iti)iiiiciil rluiii;,'cs imliKril in tin- tis.siii-s of tliewf witdifn' ht'doiii.s iiiay )»»• olitaiiit-il in tlir . 4'J0-4'J1), i)f ill tlu' original tlii-.si.s hy liartiiiaiin, (Aiidfoiii. I'mj/i irhiiii'i li. Ilfxnihfxeji 'Irr Wiixitaiiiit. Iiiiiu>(iiial DiHHtTtatioii, 1S9-.) (Kl:. M<d,l., isra, I.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. a Figure 36.. The Turkey-louse (^Goniodes stylifer Denny). This is a large species, conspicuously marked with transverseblack bands. It is very common both on the domestic andwild turkey, together with three or more other species, one ofwhich is much longer and nearly black. Some of the otherspecies parasitic on the turkey are Liotheiim stramineumNitzsch, Philuplerus polytrapezius^itz&ch. The Ilen-lice (^Liotheum pallidum Nitzsch, Philopterusvariabilis N., P. Iieterographus N., P. dissimilis N., and P. Figure 35.—Turkcy-lousc Stock Photo

RM2CEY1HR–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. a Figure 36.. The Turkey-louse (^Goniodes stylifer Denny). This is a large species, conspicuously marked with transverseblack bands. It is very common both on the domestic andwild turkey, together with three or more other species, one ofwhich is much longer and nearly black. Some of the otherspecies parasitic on the turkey are Liotheiim stramineumNitzsch, Philuplerus polytrapezius^itz&ch. The Ilen-lice (^Liotheum pallidum Nitzsch, Philopterusvariabilis N., P. Iieterographus N., P. dissimilis N., and P. Figure 35.—Turkcy-lousc

. Fig. 214.—Cronartium ugcUjiindmm uii Cimanchum VinretoxIcHm. The uredo- sori show as spots, the teleutospore-sori as processes on the leaves, (v. Tubeuf del.) also on Gentiana asdcpiadca). The aecidial stage, known as Feridcrmium Cornui Eostr. et Kleb. produces a blister-ru.st on the bark of Pinus sulvestris. Stock Photo

RMMCK59R–. Fig. 214.—Cronartium ugcUjiindmm uii Cimanchum VinretoxIcHm. The uredo- sori show as spots, the teleutospore-sori as processes on the leaves, (v. Tubeuf del.) also on Gentiana asdcpiadca). The aecidial stage, known as Feridcrmium Cornui Eostr. et Kleb. produces a blister-ru.st on the bark of Pinus sulvestris.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. umors became very large. Sderostoma innguicola Yerrill. On two occasions I have received specimens of a ratherlarge parasitic worm, which lives in the fat of hogs. In thefirst case, five specimens were obtained, at New Haven, byDr. M. C. White, from the fatty portion of a spare-rib ; in thesecond instance, at Middletown, Conn., Dr. N. Cressy foundlarge numbers of the worms in the fat about the kidneys of ayoung Suffolk pig, brought from New Jersey. Un-.fortunately, none of these specimens are in so good a stateof preservation Stock Photo

RM2CEXX0B–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. umors became very large. Sderostoma innguicola Yerrill. On two occasions I have received specimens of a ratherlarge parasitic worm, which lives in the fat of hogs. In thefirst case, five specimens were obtained, at New Haven, byDr. M. C. White, from the fatty portion of a spare-rib ; in thesecond instance, at Middletown, Conn., Dr. N. Cressy foundlarge numbers of the worms in the fat about the kidneys of ayoung Suffolk pig, brought from New Jersey. Un-.fortunately, none of these specimens are in so good a stateof preservation

. Fig. 278.—Polyporus betulinus on Betula verrucosa. The sporophore was developed horizontally on a fallen stem ; it is here, however, set up vertically and photographed from the lower side. (v. Tubeuf phot.) Stock Photo

RMMCK55A–. Fig. 278.—Polyporus betulinus on Betula verrucosa. The sporophore was developed horizontally on a fallen stem ; it is here, however, set up vertically and photographed from the lower side. (v. Tubeuf phot.)

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. which it instantly adheres by the glutinous secretion whichcovers it. She then retreats and prepares another egg^forthe same operation. This does not disturb the horse, unlessby a tickling sensation, causing the muscles of the skin tocontract with a tremulous^motion. The eggs contain moreor less perfectly developed larv£e when laid; and when theyare mature, or have been a few days attached to the hair,they burst open and allow the young to escape almost instan-taneously, when moistened. Thus, when the horse licks itselfor its Stock Photo

RM2CEY29C–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. which it instantly adheres by the glutinous secretion whichcovers it. She then retreats and prepares another egg^forthe same operation. This does not disturb the horse, unlessby a tickling sensation, causing the muscles of the skin tocontract with a tremulous^motion. The eggs contain moreor less perfectly developed larv£e when laid; and when theyare mature, or have been a few days attached to the hair,they burst open and allow the young to escape almost instan-taneously, when moistened. Thus, when the horse licks itselfor its

. Fig. i.—Frankia n/ni. Root-tuliereles un the Alder, (v. Tubevif jiliot.) chlorophyll and furnished with normal roots is as yet unknown. Plants which have grown well for years in water-cultures do not show them. On account of the cork-covering with which these tubercles are furnished, it would seem that they are not adapted for taking nourishment out of the soil. Woronin described them first on the alder. Warming on Klaeagnaceae, while jMiJller proved their fungal origin. The species of fungi wdiich produce these tubercles liave been Stock Photo

RMMCK5P6–. Fig. i.—Frankia n/ni. Root-tuliereles un the Alder, (v. Tubevif jiliot.) chlorophyll and furnished with normal roots is as yet unknown. Plants which have grown well for years in water-cultures do not show them. On account of the cork-covering with which these tubercles are furnished, it would seem that they are not adapted for taking nourishment out of the soil. Woronin described them first on the alder. Warming on Klaeagnaceae, while jMiJller proved their fungal origin. The species of fungi wdiich produce these tubercles liave been

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. 6 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. differences in their transformations, and peculiarities in theirhabits. The most obvious distinctions are found in thestructure of the organs composing the mouth, and in thewings, when these exist. Their names are derived from thecharacter of their wings. The orders are as follows : I. ^mewop^era, (membrane-winged). This order includesthe bees, wasps, ichneumon-flies,saw-flies (figures 1,7a), etc. Fig. 7 a.Fig. 7.. Fig. 8. They have four small but strong membranous wings, the frontpair largest. The bod Stock Photo

RM2CEY3FH–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. 6 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. differences in their transformations, and peculiarities in theirhabits. The most obvious distinctions are found in thestructure of the organs composing the mouth, and in thewings, when these exist. Their names are derived from thecharacter of their wings. The orders are as follows : I. ^mewop^era, (membrane-winged). This order includesthe bees, wasps, ichneumon-flies,saw-flies (figures 1,7a), etc. Fig. 7 a.Fig. 7.. Fig. 8. They have four small but strong membranous wings, the frontpair largest. The bod

. Fic. 231.—Lougitudiiiul section through a conical teleuto.spore-.sonis of Gymno- fporanijixim Sabinat. (After Woernle.) Fici. 2;{2.—Telcutospores of G. snblnin: The elong-.itcd thin-walled ones arc lighter in colour than the thick-v;illcd. (After Woenile.) Infections on varinus hosts with (r'i/iiiiiosji(irfi/i;/iinii sd/nnor IVdiii JunijJenis Sahina gave: f Itjiiv. IMtliiiy, Tubiiif, etc. K. iMs.h.r. Kl.-I.aliii. ,, (Mill citaiii). Stock Photo

RMMCK591–. Fic. 231.—Lougitudiiiul section through a conical teleuto.spore-.sonis of Gymno- fporanijixim Sabinat. (After Woernle.) Fici. 2;{2.—Telcutospores of G. snblnin: The elong-.itcd thin-walled ones arc lighter in colour than the thick-v;illcd. (After Woenile.) Infections on varinus hosts with (r'i/iiiiiosji(irfi/i;/iinii sd/nnor IVdiii JunijJenis Sahina gave: f Itjiiv. IMtliiiy, Tubiiif, etc. K. iMs.h.r. Kl.-I.aliii. ,, (Mill citaiii).

RM2CEXY3Y–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. seen clusters of little white spots (Figure 62). K the spotsbe examined with a lens, each one will be found to consist ofthe minute head and neck of a young tape-worm, projectingfrom the surface, and provided with four suckers and a circle of Figure 65.. hooks, as usual in young tape-worms in this stage of theirgrowth (Figure 63). Or else the heads will be found to bewithdrawn into the sac, each in its own capsule, and thenthe spots are made by small depressions or pits, with a slit-like opening at the bottom. If the interior

. Fia. ili.— U'itches' Broom oj Silver Fir (summer condition). The m:u-kerll3- negative geotroiJic broom has its origin in a distinct basal swelling, (v. Tuljeuf phot.) The various tissues of the witches' brooms also undergo considerable modification as compared with normal twigs. A thicker and softer l)aik is present, due to the parenchymatous cells of both outer rind and bast having enlarged in size and increased in number; the cork layers are also abnormally in- creased. The same changes may be observed in the rind of the swellings, and to this their increased size must be chiefly ascribed. Stock Photo

RMMCK58N–. Fia. ili.— U'itches' Broom oj Silver Fir (summer condition). The m:u-kerll3- negative geotroiJic broom has its origin in a distinct basal swelling, (v. Tuljeuf phot.) The various tissues of the witches' brooms also undergo considerable modification as compared with normal twigs. A thicker and softer l)aik is present, due to the parenchymatous cells of both outer rind and bast having enlarged in size and increased in number; the cork layers are also abnormally in- creased. The same changes may be observed in the rind of the swellings, and to this their increased size must be chiefly ascribed.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Figure 50.—Young tapeworm from measles of pork; and Fig. 51, head of same,more enlarged; Hearth and Home, after Owen. Figure 52.—Pork tape-worm (Tccnia soHum). less than natural size; Hearth andHome, after Owen. PARASITES OF ANIMALS. 71 , measles in pork (Figure 49). These are cavities or cystsproduced by inflammation, containing whitish fluid and enclos-ing small, bladder-like, translucent, vesicles, filled with a wateryfluid, and which contain the proper head and neck of the youngworm coiled up spirally in the interior in a Stock Photo

RM2CEY0AY–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Figure 50.—Young tapeworm from measles of pork; and Fig. 51, head of same,more enlarged; Hearth and Home, after Owen. Figure 52.—Pork tape-worm (Tccnia soHum). less than natural size; Hearth andHome, after Owen. PARASITES OF ANIMALS. 71 , measles in pork (Figure 49). These are cavities or cystsproduced by inflammation, containing whitish fluid and enclos-ing small, bladder-like, translucent, vesicles, filled with a wateryfluid, and which contain the proper head and neck of the youngworm coiled up spirally in the interior in a

. Flii. I'.T. —^,Iiot.) with Urefeld's view, that the fuiiunis is inlniduet'd inin tii-lds with fresh farmyard manuri'. Ki-llrniiaiiii iiiid Swiiij^le li;ivf found a simit oii nats in AiiuTiia wliicli tlicv ili>tiii;,Miisli as U»t. avenue vitr. lerig. Ust. Kolleri Willf. This is aimtluT sjit'cios of oat-siiiiit icnntlv (li> tiiit^uiHlied ; it has smooth spon-s, and is said to causf i-vi-ii irivatt r dainai,'** than U»t. areiiiie. Stock Photo

RMMCK5D5–. Flii. I'.T. —^,Iiot.) with Urefeld's view, that the fuiiunis is inlniduet'd inin tii-lds with fresh farmyard manuri'. Ki-llrniiaiiii iiiid Swiiij^le li;ivf found a simit oii nats in AiiuTiia wliicli tlicv ili>tiii;,Miisli as U»t. avenue vitr. lerig. Ust. Kolleri Willf. This is aimtluT sjit'cios of oat-siiiiit icnntlv (li> tiiit^uiHlied ; it has smooth spon-s, and is said to causf i-vi-ii irivatt r dainai,'** than U»t. areiiiie.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Fig. 10.. Stock Photo

RM2CEY3B8–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Fig. 10..

. Fig. 279. — Poli/poriis Hartiqii. Destruction of wood of Silver Fir. The decayed wood is yellow, but shows dark points and black lines, (v. Tubeuf phot.) Stock Photo

RMMCK559–. Fig. 279. — Poli/poriis Hartiqii. Destruction of wood of Silver Fir. The decayed wood is yellow, but shows dark points and black lines, (v. Tubeuf phot.)

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. 8 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. are usually soft, white, and footless, and generally pass underthe name of maggots. In this order we find many parasites,of which the fleas, sheep-tick, bat-ticks, horse-tick, forest-flies,bot-flies, etc., are examples. This order contains some bene-ficial and very many injurious insects. III. Lepidoptera (scaly wings). This order includes thebutterflies, moths, millers, army worm (figure 11), canker-worms, cut-worms, silk-worms, etc. jjg, u.The wings are four in number, usuallybroad, and covered with Stock Photo

RM2CEY33C–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. 8 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. are usually soft, white, and footless, and generally pass underthe name of maggots. In this order we find many parasites,of which the fleas, sheep-tick, bat-ticks, horse-tick, forest-flies,bot-flies, etc., are examples. This order contains some bene-ficial and very many injurious insects. III. Lepidoptera (scaly wings). This order includes thebutterflies, moths, millers, army worm (figure 11), canker-worms, cut-worms, silk-worms, etc. jjg, u.The wings are four in number, usuallybroad, and covered with

. Fig. 205.âCnh/ptottpo'a Gotppertiano. Aecidia on the under surface of needles of Silver Fir. (v. Tubeuf del.) Stock Photo

RMMCK5A3–. Fig. 205.âCnh/ptottpo'a Gotppertiano. Aecidia on the under surface of needles of Silver Fir. (v. Tubeuf del.)

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. fan shaped, and can be foldedup like a fan beneath the frontwings, which.when folded gen-erally lie lengthwise of the body,forming a sort of roof. The mandibles and maxillaeare chewing organs. The larvaehave nearly the same form as theadults, but lack wings ; they havesimilar habits; the pupae are also active. Most of theseinsects, except the Mantis, are injurious to vegetation by eat-ing the leaves. VII. Neuroptera (nerve-winged). The dragon-flies, lace- •winged flies (Figure 15), May ^ig-1^. fflies, Lepisma (Figure 3), and Stock Photo

RM2CEY2Y3–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. fan shaped, and can be foldedup like a fan beneath the frontwings, which.when folded gen-erally lie lengthwise of the body,forming a sort of roof. The mandibles and maxillaeare chewing organs. The larvaehave nearly the same form as theadults, but lack wings ; they havesimilar habits; the pupae are also active. Most of theseinsects, except the Mantis, are injurious to vegetation by eat-ing the leaves. VII. Neuroptera (nerve-winged). The dragon-flies, lace- •winged flies (Figure 15), May ^ig-1^. fflies, Lepisma (Figure 3), and

. FiG. 246.—Pendcrmiufii pini {corticola). Young twig bearing numerous aecidia. (V. Tubeuf phot.) Fig. '245.—Piridcnniurii pini (corlicola). Branch and lateral twigs distinctly swollen where attacked. They also bear aecidia. (v. Tubeuf phot.) ring ceases to thicken, but a.s the mycelium seldom succeeds during the first year in killing the cambium all round a Stock Photo

RMMCK58G–. FiG. 246.—Pendcrmiufii pini {corticola). Young twig bearing numerous aecidia. (V. Tubeuf phot.) Fig. '245.—Piridcnniurii pini (corlicola). Branch and lateral twigs distinctly swollen where attacked. They also bear aecidia. (v. Tubeuf phot.) ring ceases to thicken, but a.s the mycelium seldom succeeds during the first year in killing the cambium all round a

RM2CEY40K–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. PARASITES OP ANIMALS. Fig. 3. ment, which appear at first in the form oflittle sacks containing fluid, but finally ex-pand into broad membranes and the sidesof the sack unite so as to appear like asimple membrane, supported by littlebranching, hollow rods, or tubes, whichcommunicate with the cavity of the body,and also form the joints of the wings. Thelegs and jaws originate from the lower partof the sides of each ring that bears suchappendages, so that there must be as many rings or segmentsin any part of the body as there a

RMMCK57G–.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. 3. jg- ^^Y^^/^ is brownish, with a pale abdomen, the abdominal segmentsbearing lateral chitinous pieces, inwhich the spiracles are situated. Thehead is elongated with a constrictionbehind the antenna. It is about jof an inch in length, or a little more.It is parasitic both on cattle and horses,and sometimes becomes very abun-dant. Another species (^IT. eurysternusDenny), also infests both cattle andhorses. In this the head, thorax, and feet are horn-colored.The thorax is very broad. Tlie length is about ^V of aninch. The Hog Stock Photo

RM2CEY1WB–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. 3. jg- ^^Y^^/^ is brownish, with a pale abdomen, the abdominal segmentsbearing lateral chitinous pieces, inwhich the spiracles are situated. Thehead is elongated with a constrictionbehind the antenna. It is about jof an inch in length, or a little more.It is parasitic both on cattle and horses,and sometimes becomes very abun-dant. Another species (^IT. eurysternusDenny), also infests both cattle andhorses. In this the head, thorax, and feet are horn-colored.The thorax is very broad. Tlie length is about ^V of aninch. The Hog

$. Fl<i. 70.—i^jjliiurothtca conlojnti on Hpiraea iilmuria. The white uiycoliul cuutiliK' covei-s every p;irt of the iiifloresceuces. Two siK-cimeiis iire much less dofurmcd than the others, (v. Tiibeuf phot.) Oidium farinosum Cooke. Attacks young leaves and caly.x of aiiplc; il is easily distinguished from the oidium-condition ^^^ the preceding species.^ Sph. mors-uvae B. et C. The Gooseberry-nuhlew. Is specially injuriiius to Jiihrs Urn crisfui and other species u{ JUIhs in America. Spraying with a solution of potassium sulphide (J, oz. in 1 umHoh water) at intervals of twenty tlays is rec Stock Photo$

RMMCK5KA–. Fl<i. 70.—i^jjliiurothtca conlojnti on Hpiraea iilmuria. The white uiycoliul cuutiliK' covei-s every p;irt of the iiifloresceuces. Two siK-cimeiis iire much less dofurmcd than the others, (v. Tiibeuf phot.) Oidium farinosum Cooke. Attacks young leaves and caly.x of aiiplc; il is easily distinguished from the oidium-condition ^^^ the preceding species.^ Sph. mors-uvae B. et C. The Gooseberry-nuhlew. Is specially injuriiius to Jiihrs Urn crisfui and other species u{ JUIhs in America. Spraying with a solution of potassium sulphide (J, oz. in 1 umHoh water) at intervals of twenty tlays is rec

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Stock Photo

RM2CEY474–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals.

. Flti. 'iXZ.—Ctralophoi-uiii iHlotuui on Ci/tisM capitdtut. Lciif with diHcuutixl apices. An iiwjlntod iipuro wltli lu ^IipcQciagcM. (After Kirchiiur.) Stock Photo

RMMCK53G–. Flti. 'iXZ.—Ctralophoi-uiii iHlotuui on Ci/tisM capitdtut. Lciif with diHcuutixl apices. An iiwjlntod iipuro wltli lu ^IipcQciagcM. (After Kirchiiur.)

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. lyform a long proboscis, often with thetongue curiously bilobed and expanded atthe end as in the horse-fly and house-fly.The sharp mandibles and maxillae are usedto penetrate the fekin of animals, or thebark of plants, and rind of fruits, and the fleshy tongue isused to suck up the blood or other liquid food. Tlie larvae eyes; h, clypeus; c, the three simple eyes or ocelli; d, the antennae; e, labrum orupper lip ; f, mandibles ; h, maxillary palpi, borne upon the base of the maxillsei, which aie slender and hairy; j, labial p Stock Photo

RM2CEY3BX–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. lyform a long proboscis, often with thetongue curiously bilobed and expanded atthe end as in the horse-fly and house-fly.The sharp mandibles and maxillae are usedto penetrate the fekin of animals, or thebark of plants, and rind of fruits, and the fleshy tongue isused to suck up the blood or other liquid food. Tlie larvae eyes; h, clypeus; c, the three simple eyes or ocelli; d, the antennae; e, labrum orupper lip ; f, mandibles ; h, maxillary palpi, borne upon the base of the maxillsei, which aie slender and hairy; j, labial p

. Fio. 198.—Mclamp.fora betullna. Teleutospore-sorus, with many of the spores producing promycelia and sporidia (s). /•, Mycelium ; p, parenchyma ; t, portion of ruptured epidermis. (After Tulasiie.) succeeded in re-infecting Betula alba from Caeoma laricis. Eostrup obtained Caeoma mercurialis by infecting Mercurialis with Mel. tremadae; yet this may have happened because two different species of Mclavipsora occurred on the aspen leaves. Klebahn ^ was successful in infesting Pojmlus tremula with Caeoma laricis but did not succeed with the birch. ^ R. Hartig, Allegevi. Forst. u. Jeu/d-zeifung, Stock Photo

RMMCK5AM–. Fio. 198.—Mclamp.fora betullna. Teleutospore-sorus, with many of the spores producing promycelia and sporidia (s). /•, Mycelium ; p, parenchyma ; t, portion of ruptured epidermis. (After Tulasiie.) succeeded in re-infecting Betula alba from Caeoma laricis. Eostrup obtained Caeoma mercurialis by infecting Mercurialis with Mel. tremadae; yet this may have happened because two different species of Mclavipsora occurred on the aspen leaves. Klebahn ^ was successful in infesting Pojmlus tremula with Caeoma laricis but did not succeed with the birch. ^ R. Hartig, Allegevi. Forst. u. Jeu/d-zeifung,

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. rane ofthe intestine, particularly in the coecum and colon, but some-times in ihQ small intestine and duodenum, and even in thepancreas. At the points where it adheres it Figure S3,causes small, dark-colored, raised spots. Theysometimes occur in vast numbers in the largeintestine, completely covering the surface;the number sometimes amounting, it is said,to a million or more. Ordinarily, however,these parasites, when lodged in the intestines,do not appear to produce any marked dis-ease or notable symptoms, although when ingre Stock Photo

RM2CEXX7P–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. rane ofthe intestine, particularly in the coecum and colon, but some-times in ihQ small intestine and duodenum, and even in thepancreas. At the points where it adheres it Figure S3,causes small, dark-colored, raised spots. Theysometimes occur in vast numbers in the largeintestine, completely covering the surface;the number sometimes amounting, it is said,to a million or more. Ordinarily, however,these parasites, when lodged in the intestines,do not appear to produce any marked dis-ease or notable symptoms, although when ingre

. Fig. 37.—Cystopus poriulacae, D. C. 'Ill, mycelivim; .;', basidia ; c, spores with intermediate cells. (After Tulasiie.) ' Morphology awl Biology of the Fungi. Englisli Edition. Abhand, d. hofan. Vereinn d. Prov. Brandenburg, xxxv. •' Pringsheini's Jahrbuch, 1892. Stock Photo

RMMCK5NG–. Fig. 37.—Cystopus poriulacae, D. C. 'Ill, mycelivim; .;', basidia ; c, spores with intermediate cells. (After Tulasiie.) ' Morphology awl Biology of the Fungi. Englisli Edition. Abhand, d. hofan. Vereinn d. Prov. Brandenburg, xxxv. •' Pringsheini's Jahrbuch, 1892.

RM2CEY1TK–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. Figure 33.—Cattle-louse (Ecematopinus vituli Denny), much enlarged. FromAmerican Naturalist. Figure 34.—Hog-louse (H. suis Leach), much enlarged. From Cuvier. 6 42 BOARD OP AGRICULTURE. MALLOPHAGA (Bird-lice).These insects live both among the feathers of birds and hairof mammals. They are peculiar in having distinct jaws (Figure36), instead of a sucking tube. The body is flat, corneous,and firm above. The head is horizontal and generally broad.The antennee have three to five joints. The mandibles aresmall and hook-like. The m

RMMCK5N7–.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. s, would scarcely he detected eitlier by thebutchers or consumers. They are seldom larger than a smallpea. One of these measles, when examined with themicroscope, is found to consist of an outer oval cyst or mem-branous sac, enclosing loosely in its cavity a more delicatevesicle filled with fluid and containing the inverted head ofthe young tape-worm, as represented in Figure 56, The headhas four well-marked suckers, but has no central proboscisand no circle of hooks—differing therefore from the pork-measle, or cysticercus, i Stock Photo

RM2CEY018–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. s, would scarcely he detected eitlier by thebutchers or consumers. They are seldom larger than a smallpea. One of these measles, when examined with themicroscope, is found to consist of an outer oval cyst or mem-branous sac, enclosing loosely in its cavity a more delicatevesicle filled with fluid and containing the inverted head ofthe young tape-worm, as represented in Figure 56, The headhas four well-marked suckers, but has no central proboscisand no circle of hooks—differing therefore from the pork-measle, or cysticercus, i

RMMCK5F2–.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. the oviduct, in whichthe eggs hatch, and this organ has the power of secreting amilk-like substance for the nourishment of the larvae untilfull grown. The Horse-tick or Forest-fly (^Hippobosca equina). Figure 20. This species is almost as large as the house-fly, nearly black,with conspicuous yellow markings on the thorax. It somc-^^&^^^^- times infests the horse to such an extent as tobe very troublesome.It attacks by prefer-ence those parts wherethe hair is thinnestand the skin softest,especially under thebelly and between t Stock Photo

RM2CEY2M8–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. the oviduct, in whichthe eggs hatch, and this organ has the power of secreting amilk-like substance for the nourishment of the larvae untilfull grown. The Horse-tick or Forest-fly (^Hippobosca equina). Figure 20. This species is almost as large as the house-fly, nearly black,with conspicuous yellow markings on the thorax. It somc-^^&^^^^- times infests the horse to such an extent as tobe very troublesome.It attacks by prefer-ence those parts wherethe hair is thinnestand the skin softest,especially under thebelly and between t

. Kio. 277.—totyporus hi»pidii». l^ongiludinal section through a living stem of A»h, and a sporophore of P. hiijiidvu. Tlie stem shows symjitoms of wood- flcstniction, in that it Itecomes brown antl has sliort white lungltiuiinal and radial stripes, (v. Tubeuf phot.) and Delacroi.K state the fungus to be very dangerous to the mulberry in France. It causes^ brown discoluraliuu nt' tluj wuuti accoiiiiiaiiii'd liy characteristic short white lines in both radial and vcrtiial dircciidiis. so that tlif wiiod liccniin'S nuirkeil out in s(juart's. Polyporus (Poria) laevigatus Fr.- Spuiojjhnres dark-bn Stock Photo

RMMCK55C–. Kio. 277.—totyporus hi»pidii». l^ongiludinal section through a living stem of A»h, and a sporophore of P. hiijiidvu. Tlie stem shows symjitoms of wood- flcstniction, in that it Itecomes brown antl has sliort white lungltiuiinal and radial stripes, (v. Tubeuf phot.) and Delacroi.K state the fungus to be very dangerous to the mulberry in France. It causes^ brown discoluraliuu nt' tluj wuuti accoiiiiiaiiii'd liy characteristic short white lines in both radial and vcrtiial dircciidiis. so that tlif wiiod liccniin'S nuirkeil out in s(juart's. Polyporus (Poria) laevigatus Fr.- Spuiojjhnres dark-bn

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. riffure 61.. center has a proboscis, surrounded by two rows of hooks, con-taining from sixteen to twenty-four pairs. Sometimes thereare found in large bladders of this kind a few secondary blad-ders attached to the inside of the large one, produced by aprocess of budding, somewhat as in the water-brain, or coenu-rus. This parasite, as tlius characterized, was formerly sup-posed to be a distinct and peculiar species, and received thename of Cysticercus tenuicoUis,^^ or slender necked bladder-worm. Recent investigation and expe Stock Photo

RM2CEXYHJ–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. riffure 61.. center has a proboscis, surrounded by two rows of hooks, con-taining from sixteen to twenty-four pairs. Sometimes thereare found in large bladders of this kind a few secondary blad-ders attached to the inside of the large one, produced by aprocess of budding, somewhat as in the water-brain, or coenu-rus. This parasite, as tlius characterized, was formerly sup-posed to be a distinct and peculiar species, and received thename of Cysticercus tenuicoUis,^^ or slender necked bladder-worm. Recent investigation and expe

. Fig. 41.—Plasmopara pygmaea on Anemoiie nemorosa. ('onidiophores emerging from a stoma. Intercellular mycelium with baustoria. (v. Tubeuf del.) berries are well formed, and the sprayings are repeated every twelve to fifteen days, or oftener if there are heavy rains, till the grapes begin to colour. It must, however, be remembered that sprayings of this kind do not reach the mycelium inside the leaf, but only act superficially, killing any developing conidiophores or conidia which may alight on the leaf. These fungicides are, at the same time, remedies for powdery mildew (Uncinula). " Su Stock Photo

RMMCK5N9–. Fig. 41.—Plasmopara pygmaea on Anemoiie nemorosa. ('onidiophores emerging from a stoma. Intercellular mycelium with baustoria. (v. Tubeuf del.) berries are well formed, and the sprayings are repeated every twelve to fifteen days, or oftener if there are heavy rains, till the grapes begin to colour. It must, however, be remembered that sprayings of this kind do not reach the mycelium inside the leaf, but only act superficially, killing any developing conidiophores or conidia which may alight on the leaf. These fungicides are, at the same time, remedies for powdery mildew (Uncinula). " Su

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. The Pigeon-lice (^Liotheum giganleum Demij, Philopterusbac.ulus Nitzsch, Nirmus clavicornis, Goniodes compar N.)infest domestic pigeons. Figure 39. Figure 40.. Stock Photo

RM2CEY1BR–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. The Pigeon-lice (^Liotheum giganleum Demij, Philopterusbac.ulus Nitzsch, Nirmus clavicornis, Goniodes compar N.)infest domestic pigeons. Figure 39. Figure 40..

. Fio. "2215.âComparison of (dcnu ; the uentr.il vaseuliir bundle and an underlying resin-canal are ^hll^vn. (After Woernle.) this way a corky layer is formed under the sporogenous cushion and gradually displaces it. If in a following year the cushion be again formed, the scar is ruptured and lieals as before. Needles frequently remain in jiosition for two, three, nr fnur years, but UKJst (jf tliem fall olf in the lirst autumn. I'mler the sporogenous cushion the cells Â«jf the mesoj)liyll inciease botli ill huiiiIkm' and size. in considering the twig-deformations, Woernle tlistinguishes t Stock Photo

RMMCK599–. Fio. "2215.âComparison of (dcnu ; the uentr.il vaseuliir bundle and an underlying resin-canal are ^hll^vn. (After Woernle.) this way a corky layer is formed under the sporogenous cushion and gradually displaces it. If in a following year the cushion be again formed, the scar is ruptured and lieals as before. Needles frequently remain in jiosition for two, three, nr fnur years, but UKJst (jf tliem fall olf in the lirst autumn. I'mler the sporogenous cushion the cells Â«jf the mesoj)liyll inciease botli ill huiiiIkm' and size. in considering the twig-deformations, Woernle tlistinguishes t

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. rontpair largest. The body is compact, the head large, and thethree regions of the body very distinct. The head (figure 8)usually has three simple eyesin front, forming a triangle ; apair of slender antennae orfeelers, and a yjair of very largecompound eyes ; connectedwith the mouth we find a pairof powerful, often toothed,mandibles or jaws; a pair oforceps-like maxillm, bearingnear the base a jointed palpusor small feeler ; and finally thelabium or lower-lip, which bearsa pair of palpi or feelers, andthe ligula or tongue, wh Stock Photo

RM2CEY3EN–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. rontpair largest. The body is compact, the head large, and thethree regions of the body very distinct. The head (figure 8)usually has three simple eyesin front, forming a triangle ; apair of slender antennae orfeelers, and a yjair of very largecompound eyes ; connectedwith the mouth we find a pairof powerful, often toothed,mandibles or jaws; a pair oforceps-like maxillm, bearingnear the base a jointed palpusor small feeler ; and finally thelabium or lower-lip, which bearsa pair of palpi or feelers, andthe ligula or tongue, wh

RMMCK5MD–.

$. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. several species that attackman and domestic animals ; but the species do not appear tobe so strictly limited to particular animals as are the lice andsome other parasites; for the common dog-flea and cat-fleawill attack man without hesitation, and in New England ap-pear to be far more troublesome to the human race than isthe species commonly regarded as the real human flea {Pulexirritant)^ which so far as I have observed, is comparativelyrare, though in some localities it may be sufiiciently common,as it is in parts of Europe Stock Photo$

RM2CEY2W7–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. several species that attackman and domestic animals ; but the species do not appear tobe so strictly limited to particular animals as are the lice andsome other parasites; for the common dog-flea and cat-fleawill attack man without hesitation, and in New England ap-pear to be far more troublesome to the human race than isthe species commonly regarded as the real human flea {Pulexirritant)^ which so far as I have observed, is comparativelyrare, though in some localities it may be sufiiciently common,as it is in parts of Europe

$. Fig. 45.—Protomyce^ maerotporus oa leaf-stilk of AefiopiHlium Fo'la{iraria. A, Mycelium and .'tponingium in the ti.ssie under the epidermis. B, Sporangia in stages of development, (v. Tuljcuf del.) latter is a secondary process and consists (see Fig. 9) in the formation of exceedingly delicate membranes inside the original Stock Photo$

RMMCK5MW–. Fig. 45.—Protomyce^ maerotporus oa leaf-stilk of AefiopiHlium Fo'la{iraria. A, Mycelium and .'tponingium in the ti.ssie under the epidermis. B, Sporangia in stages of development, (v. Tuljcuf del.) latter is a secondary process and consists (see Fig. 9) in the formation of exceedingly delicate membranes inside the original

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. they are by no means confined to them. Many men of greateminence and talent have likewise perished from, the samecause. And, unfortunately, society is so constituted that noone can be certain of escaping so long .as the parasites thatproduce the eggs exist in the dogs of every country. It isestimated that 500 persons die annually by this parasite inGreat Britain. These tumors, in their simplest form, or when young, con-tain a roundish cyst or membranous sac, enclosing a wateryfluid, as shown in Figure 6Q, which represents of Stock Photo

RM2CEXXR0–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. they are by no means confined to them. Many men of greateminence and talent have likewise perished from, the samecause. And, unfortunately, society is so constituted that noone can be certain of escaping so long .as the parasites thatproduce the eggs exist in the dogs of every country. It isestimated that 500 persons die annually by this parasite inGreat Britain. These tumors, in their simplest form, or when young, con-tain a roundish cyst or membranous sac, enclosing a wateryfluid, as shown in Figure 6Q, which represents of

RMMCK5A5–.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. estine, eachganglion sending off small nerves to the adja-cent organs (figure 2). The rings of the bodyare thickened in certain parts, and in the headand middle region of the body are more or lessconsolidated. They thus form a somewhat firmexternal skeleton, composed ofa peculiar substance, calledchitin. When the rings aremovable this outer covering,where it connects the rings to-gether, is thinner and flexible,and often folded inward so asto form peculiar joints. Thelegs, jaws, and other externalorgans, are merely hollow out Stock Photo

RM2CEY3Y4–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. estine, eachganglion sending off small nerves to the adja-cent organs (figure 2). The rings of the bodyare thickened in certain parts, and in the headand middle region of the body are more or lessconsolidated. They thus form a somewhat firmexternal skeleton, composed ofa peculiar substance, calledchitin. When the rings aremovable this outer covering,where it connects the rings to-gether, is thinner and flexible,and often folded inward so asto form peculiar joints. Thelegs, jaws, and other externalorgans, are merely hollow out

RMMCK597–.

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. The Groose-louse (Trinotum squalidumDennj^ is found withother species on the goose. The Duck-lice (^Philopterus squalidus Nitzsch), Figure 38,with other species, inhabit the common duck. Figure 37.—Hen-louse (Goniocotes Burnettii Pack.). American Naturalist.Figure 38.—^Duck-louse (Philopterus squalidus N.) From Gerrais.Figure 39.—Cat-louse (Trichodectes subroslratmN.) From American Naturalist.Figure 40.—Goat-louse (T. caprte Packard). From American Naturalist 44 BOAED OP AGRICULTUEE. The Peacock-lice (^Philopterus falcicornis Stock Photo

RM2CEY14R–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. The Groose-louse (Trinotum squalidumDennj^ is found withother species on the goose. The Duck-lice (^Philopterus squalidus Nitzsch), Figure 38,with other species, inhabit the common duck. Figure 37.—Hen-louse (Goniocotes Burnettii Pack.). American Naturalist.Figure 38.—^Duck-louse (Philopterus squalidus N.) From Gerrais.Figure 39.—Cat-louse (Trichodectes subroslratmN.) From American Naturalist.Figure 40.—Goat-louse (T. caprte Packard). From American Naturalist 44 BOAED OP AGRICULTUEE. The Peacock-lice (^Philopterus falcicornis

$. Fid. 1.â* -Â»j>, SlHiru of Eri/fijihtat- umlxdi/iraritiii goriiiiiiatiiig on tho , . Ill II- eiiidorniiK cif u lioHt-iilaiit ; an lul- haustoria are develoiied, or a nypha is hcHi..i,-.iiMiHii.ih.iuÂ»toriuiiiLuvobct!ii â, , "^ , , â , ^ formeil. (.ftir Dc liaiv.) given otl and enters tlie host-plant to form a mycelium. Tlic appressoria *>{' thi* Miysiphi-ac arc Nt-ry characteristic; in many tliey are bniad lobctl discs (Fig. 1); in ' ('i>iii|)aie tliose ciiHUH of ]iiiriiHite.s on iiinÂ»-otÂ« ainl fiin^'i iiliiMily ^jivfii, p. S (nntf). Stock Photo$

RMMCK5RM–. Fid. 1.â* -Â»j>, SlHiru of Eri/fijihtat- umlxdi/iraritiii goriiiiiiatiiig on tho , . Ill II- eiiidorniiK cif u lioHt-iilaiit ; an lul- haustoria are develoiied, or a nypha is hcHi..i,-.iiMiHii.ih.iuÂ»toriuiiiLuvobct!ii â, , "^ , , â , ^ formeil. (.ftir Dc liaiv.) given otl and enters tlie host-plant to form a mycelium. Tlic appressoria *>{' thi* Miysiphi-ac arc Nt-ry characteristic; in many tliey are bniad lobctl discs (Fig. 1); in ' ('i>iii|)aie tliose ciiHUH of ]iiiriiHite.s on iiinÂ»-otÂ« ainl fiin^'i iiliiMily ^jivfii, p. S (nntf).

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. FiGUUE 1.— Hundred-legs, (Scolopocrt/ptops sexspinosa Say), natural size; colordeep orange, with yellow feet. From Packards Guide. Figure 2.—Nervous system of Corydalus eomutas, a large neuropterous insect;a and b, ganglions of the head; c, the three ganglions of the thorax, which sendnerves to the three pairs of legs; d, d, the eight double ganglions of the abdomen.From Packards Guide, after Leidy. Figure 3.—^Portion of one of the tracheae or breathing tubes, prepared so asto show the spiral fibre a, a part of which has been Stock Photo

RM2CEY3PJ–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. FiGUUE 1.— Hundred-legs, (Scolopocrt/ptops sexspinosa Say), natural size; colordeep orange, with yellow feet. From Packards Guide. Figure 2.—Nervous system of Corydalus eomutas, a large neuropterous insect;a and b, ganglions of the head; c, the three ganglions of the thorax, which sendnerves to the three pairs of legs; d, d, the eight double ganglions of the abdomen.From Packards Guide, after Leidy. Figure 3.—^Portion of one of the tracheae or breathing tubes, prepared so asto show the spiral fibre a, a part of which has been

. Fig. 210.—Chrysomyxo, rhododendri on Rho- dodfiidron ferrugineum. Uredospore-sori in September as elongated white stripes on the stem below the leaves, (v. Tubeuf del.) The uredospores are yellow and ovoid, with granular protuber- ances on their coats; they are developed in series from the sori.^ The disease may be further propagated during the same year Ijy the uredospores. In districts where spruce does not occur, it is probable that these spores hibernate, and in the following spring produce germ-tubes which infect other alpine-rose leaves. It frequently happens that whole forests of spru Stock Photo

RMMCK59T–. Fig. 210.—Chrysomyxo, rhododendri on Rho- dodfiidron ferrugineum. Uredospore-sori in September as elongated white stripes on the stem below the leaves, (v. Tubeuf del.) The uredospores are yellow and ovoid, with granular protuber- ances on their coats; they are developed in series from the sori.^ The disease may be further propagated during the same year Ijy the uredospores. In districts where spruce does not occur, it is probable that these spores hibernate, and in the following spring produce germ-tubes which infect other alpine-rose leaves. It frequently happens that whole forests of spru

. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. a sucking stomach. Tfie Cat-flea (^Pulex felis Bouch^). Figures 17, 18.This species of flea is perhaps the best known and mostcommon kind in New England. It not only infests nearly allcats and the places where they sleep, but is also more or lesscommon in dwellings of all classes, especially when cats areallowed to roam about over the carpets. It often becomesexceedingly troublesome in sleeping rooms, for it prefers tospend the day about the floor, in and beneath the carpet,or in some similar place of concealment; but when op Stock Photo

RM2CEY2RB–. The external and internal parasites of [man and] domestic animals. a sucking stomach. Tfie Cat-flea (^Pulex felis Bouch^). Figures 17, 18.This species of flea is perhaps the best known and mostcommon kind in New England. It not only infests nearly allcats and the places where they sleep, but is also more or lesscommon in dwellings of all classes, especially when cats areallowed to roam about over the carpets. It often becomesexceedingly troublesome in sleeping rooms, for it prefers tospend the day about the floor, in and beneath the carpet,or in some similar place of concealment; but when op

. Fig. 184.—Puceinia graminis. A, Portion of transverse section of leaf of Berberis vulgaris, with a young aecidium under the epidermis, v. I. Section through an aecidiuni-bearing spot of a Barberry leaf. At x the normal structure and thickness of the leaf is shown, the portion u to »/ is abnormally thickened ; h to o, upper surface of the leaf ; sp, pycnidia ; a, aecidia in section ; p, their peridium. The aecidiumi marked p alone (without a) shows a peridium exposed in suiface-view only. II. Mature teleutospore-patch breaking through the epidermis, e, from the tissue, Ij. of a leaf of Tritic Stock Photo

RMMCK5BX–. Fig. 184.—Puceinia graminis. A, Portion of transverse section of leaf of Berberis vulgaris, with a young aecidium under the epidermis, v. I. Section through an aecidiuni-bearing spot of a Barberry leaf. At x the normal structure and thickness of the leaf is shown, the portion u to »/ is abnormally thickened ; h to o, upper surface of the leaf ; sp, pycnidia ; a, aecidia in section ; p, their peridium. The aecidiumi marked p alone (without a) shows a peridium exposed in suiface-view only. II. Mature teleutospore-patch breaking through the epidermis, e, from the tissue, Ij. of a leaf of Tritic

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