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Fungus fruit Black & White Stock Photos
RMPG3Y8E–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 392 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES and related plants like the juneberry, hawthorn and apple. But in order to complete the life-historj^ it must have the red cedar, or juniper {Juniperus communis and J. virginiana). On the red cedar twigs there are produced peculiar canker-like lesions (Fig. 116). These diseased- spots begin their development in midsummer. The fungus hibernates within the twig as mycelium. With the advent of the first warm, moist spring weather the fungus resumes growth and development. On the surface of the affected area numerous yellow, gelatino
RMRDE1FC–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SPECIFIC DISEASES OF PLANTS 513 thoroughly. So it has been with the black-rot fungus. The pycnidial stage on the grape leaves (Fig. 185) was called Phylloslicta labrusca, while on the fruit it was called Phoma uvicola. These have been determined to be merely stages of one and the same fungus, Guignardia Bidwellii. The mycelium of the black-rot fungus is never abundant in the outer portions of the berries where it is found. Here a stromatic mass of hyphae arises benea
RMPG4F2R–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 110 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS Texas root rot. See cotton. Black mold {Alternaria sp.). — In addition to the ravages of this disease as upon the apple, the leaves and shoots are also attacked and the fruit injury is not limited to. Fjg. 46. — Young quinces showing mat. After Bailey. the blossom end. The disease has been noted chiefly upon the KielTer. For treatment, see apple. QUINCE Rust (Gymnosporangium clavipes C. & P.). — The quince rust, spring stage, agrees with the apple rust in general characters. The causal fungus grows upon the fru
RMRE3B3C–. Practical botany. Botany. THE SAC FUNGI (ASCOMYCETES) 227 organs of another ascomycete, Sclerotinia (Fig. 183). In case of both Peziza and Sclerotinia, the cujjs are external indica- tions of a much larger internal growth of the fungus. In Sclerotinia, commonly called the brown rot of the stone fruits (peach, plum, apricot, cherrj-), the infection of the host long precedes the production of cups. Mycelial hyphte penetrate the fruit or the flo'er and grow extensively in it, often extending to the twig. After a period of such growth there appear upon the surface of the fruit, which is now sh
![. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. 180 LBPIDOPlJiiitA (^muixiay. The HepialidsB suffer from a fungoid disease caused by a curious form called Cordyceps entomorhiza, whicli grows out of. Fig. 82. Cordyceps entomorhiza (a fungus on Hepialus larvae). a, Fruit; &, mycelium. the caterpillar, after having invaded it internally and killed it (fig. 82). Bombycina.—The " bomhyces " are mostly clumsy, heavy- bodied moths, with a very hairy covering to their abdomen and thorax. The antennse in the male are pectinated. The wings are broad and tectiform when at rest. Th Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG40B0/a-text-book-of-agricultural-zoology-zoology-economic-180-lbpidopljiiita-muixiay-the-hepialidsb-suffer-from-a-fungoid-disease-caused-by-a-curious-form-called-cordyceps-entomorhiza-whicli-grows-out-of-fig-82-cordyceps-entomorhiza-a-fungus-on-hepialus-larvae-a-fruit-amp-mycelium-the-caterpillar-after-having-invaded-it-internally-and-killed-it-fig-82-bombycinathe-quot-bomhyces-quot-are-mostly-clumsy-heavy-bodied-moths-with-a-very-hairy-covering-to-their-abdomen-and-thorax-the-antennse-in-the-male-are-pectinated-the-wings-are-broad-and-tectiform-when-at-rest-th-PG40B0.jpg ". A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. 180 LBPIDOPlJiiitA (^muixiay. The HepialidsB suffer from a fungoid disease caused by a curious form called Cordyceps entomorhiza, whicli grows out of. Fig. 82. Cordyceps entomorhiza (a fungus on Hepialus larvae). a, Fruit; &, mycelium. the caterpillar, after having invaded it internally and killed it (fig. 82). Bombycina.—The " bomhyces " are mostly clumsy, heavy- bodied moths, with a very hairy covering to their abdomen and thorax. The antennse in the male are pectinated. The wings are broad and tectiform when at rest. Th Stock Photo")
RMPG40B0–. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. 180 LBPIDOPlJiiitA (^muixiay. The HepialidsB suffer from a fungoid disease caused by a curious form called Cordyceps entomorhiza, whicli grows out of. Fig. 82. Cordyceps entomorhiza (a fungus on Hepialus larvae). a, Fruit; &, mycelium. the caterpillar, after having invaded it internally and killed it (fig. 82). Bombycina.—The " bomhyces " are mostly clumsy, heavy- bodied moths, with a very hairy covering to their abdomen and thorax. The antennse in the male are pectinated. The wings are broad and tectiform when at rest. Th
RMRE1GYT–. Fungi and fungicides. Fungi; Fungicides. Fig. 2. Appearance of the lungus on an apple. Fig. 3. A blotch—enlarged. apricot. It makes its appearance upon the leaves, forming reddish-brown spots, which, when mature, shrink from the surrounding tissue and are blow^n away, leaving the leaf perforated. When the fungus attacks the fruit, it first appears as minute red pimples, which are very often mistaken for scale insects. These soon develop and burst open at the top, the new spores escaping and spreading the disease. The old spot forms a scab, which spreads and joins others, and soon the surface
RMPG3N30–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 360 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES ceeds to such an extent that the normal form of the limb is strikingly changed (Fig. 102). The newly forming knot can often be detected in the fall, when it appears as a slight swelling (Fig. 100). It is, however, more conspicuous in the spring; at this-time it enlarges and the bark is ruptured, thus ex- posing a yellowish surface (Fig. 101). This color does not prevail long, but the fungus grows to the ex- terior and thereon develops its sum- mer spores which give to the knot a velvety olivaceous appearance. These spores are dis
RMRE1H03–. Fungi and fungicides. Fungi; Fungicides. FUNGI AND FUNGICIDES. 5 to develop very fast and begins to twist or double over the affected side, making a very ugly looking, misshaped fruit. Spray with the lime-sulphur-salt wash as late in winter as possible. Spray with the Bordeaux mixture (formula A) while the buds are unfolding. If the season permits, a second and third spraying, ten days apart, using formula B, will prove beneficial. SHOTHOLE FUNGUS. This diseatse has, of late, become very prevalent, attacking all the stone fruits, and has been especially destructive to the. Please note that t
![. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. 1068 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE Gall Moth Gelechia pinifolia 6. A gall making moth, similar to a ^'Clothes moth." Gall Fungus 7. Any fungus of the order Chytridia- ceae, that causes galls in plants, specific- ally, one producing a disease in cranber- ries and related plants. - Gall Bacterium Bacterium tumefaciens 8. A bacterium t Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PFY14Y/the-encyclopedia-of-practical-horticulture-a-reference-system-of-commercial-horticulture-covering-the-practical-and-scientific-phases-of-horticulture-with-special-reference-to-fruits-and-vegetables-gardening-fruit-culture-vegetable-gardening-1068-encyclopedia-of-practical-horticulture-gall-moth-gelechia-pinifolia-6-a-gall-making-moth-similar-to-a-clothes-mothquot-gall-fungus-7-any-fungus-of-the-order-chytridia-ceae-that-causes-galls-in-plants-specific-ally-one-producing-a-disease-in-cranber-ries-and-related-plants-gall-bacterium-bacterium-tumefaciens-8-a-bacterium-t-PFY14Y.jpg ". The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. 1068 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE Gall Moth Gelechia pinifolia 6. A gall making moth, similar to a ^'Clothes moth." Gall Fungus 7. Any fungus of the order Chytridia- ceae, that causes galls in plants, specific- ally, one producing a disease in cranber- ries and related plants. - Gall Bacterium Bacterium tumefaciens 8. A bacterium t Stock Photo")
RMPFY14Y–. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. 1068 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE Gall Moth Gelechia pinifolia 6. A gall making moth, similar to a ^'Clothes moth." Gall Fungus 7. Any fungus of the order Chytridia- ceae, that causes galls in plants, specific- ally, one producing a disease in cranber- ries and related plants. - Gall Bacterium Bacterium tumefaciens 8. A bacterium t
RMRDWRPM–. Farm horticulture, prepared especially for those interested in either home or commercial horticulture. Vegetable gardening; Fruit-culture. 236 THE POME FRUITS sulphur, diluted 1 gallon of the concentrated commercial lime sulphur solution to 35 gallons of water. Fly Speck or Sooty Blotch.—The fly speck or sooty blotch is found on the apple in many sections. At first it was thought the fly speck and sooty blotch were two separate and distinct diseases, but further study has revealed the fact that the fly speck and the soot>' blotch are stages of the same fungus. This disease is occasionally
RMPFY1AA–. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. Fig. 1. Peach Leaves Affected with the Fungus Causing Peach Leaf Curl. Note the wrinkled and distorted tissues. plied early in the spring before the buds open, will control the disease. Use the Bordeaux mixture, 5-5-50, or the lime-sulphur 30-degree Beaume, di- luted 1-15, and apply early in the spring just before or while the buds are swell- ing
![. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. Fig. 1. Rust on Apple Foliage and Cedar Ap- ple. (New Hampshire Experiment Station.) effects produced is the so-called "cedar apples." The fungus passes the winter on the Juniper and in the spring produces gelatinous outgrowths that contain numer- ous spores. These spores, when borne back to the apple foliage, produce the rust again, an Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RD8TT6/the-encyclopedia-of-practical-horticulture-a-reference-system-of-commercial-horticulture-covering-the-practical-and-scientific-phases-of-horticulture-with-special-reference-to-fruits-and-vegetables-gardening-fruit-culture-vegetable-gardening-fig-1-rust-on-apple-foliage-and-cedar-ap-ple-new-hampshire-experiment-station-effects-produced-is-the-so-called-quotcedar-applesquot-the-fungus-passes-the-winter-on-the-juniper-and-in-the-spring-produces-gelatinous-outgrowths-that-contain-numer-ous-spores-these-spores-when-borne-back-to-the-apple-foliage-produce-the-rust-again-an-RD8TT6.jpg ". The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. Fig. 1. Rust on Apple Foliage and Cedar Ap- ple. (New Hampshire Experiment Station.) effects produced is the so-called "cedar apples." The fungus passes the winter on the Juniper and in the spring produces gelatinous outgrowths that contain numer- ous spores. These spores, when borne back to the apple foliage, produce the rust again, an Stock Photo")
RMRD8TT6–. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. Fig. 1. Rust on Apple Foliage and Cedar Ap- ple. (New Hampshire Experiment Station.) effects produced is the so-called "cedar apples." The fungus passes the winter on the Juniper and in the spring produces gelatinous outgrowths that contain numer- ous spores. These spores, when borne back to the apple foliage, produce the rust again, an
RMPG15A0–. Chestnut blight. Chestnut blight; Chestnut. Chestnut Blight and Resistant Chestnuts. By THE Section of Fruit and Nut Crops and Diseases, Horticultural Crops Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service' THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT EPIDEMIC Chestnut blight was first ob- served and recognized as a new dis- ease in this country at the New York Zoological Park in 1904. Later a fungus ^ native to Japan, China, and Korea was proved to be the cause of this disease. Probably the blight fungus had entered this country on Asiatic chestnut nursery trees. Be- fore 1912 we did not have a plant quarantine law.
RMRDCXHM–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 216 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES cultivated currants and gooseberries; this stage is known as Cronartium Rihicola, the name now used to apply to any and all stages of the fungus on whatever host it is found. The fungus lives from year to year ill the bark of living pines (Fig. 57) , finally fruiting and developing a crop of eeeiospores which blow to Ribes (currant and goose- berries) near by. In pines the organism may be shipped thousands of miles. It is not known whether the fungus hibernates on the Ribes or not, although there is some evidence that such is th
RMPG4003–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. Fig. 53. Plasmopara on Grape, [b and d after Farlow) a, mycelium; b, mature conidiophore ; c and d, zoospore and oospore formation, respectively than two-thirds grown (see illustration facing page 1). Upon litis cordifolia the fungus may fruit so abundantly upon the young berries as to completely envelop them in a downy mass of sporophores. Under such circumstances the berry does not at that stage show evidences of decay, and it is only when the berries are older, and in other spec
RMRDE1D4–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SPECIFIC PLANT DISEASES 527 and frequently, become the prey of maggots which riddle them with holes and burrows. It is also eagerly gathered by mycophagists who know it to be an excellent article of food. The mycelium of the fungus may live in the dead wood of a tree after it has been killed for a number of years, so that the same tree may produce successive crops of edible fruit bodies. The destruction, which the mycelium works, is characteristic. The heartwood is r
RMPG3NXM–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. FUNGI IMPERFECTI 351 and northern central states, as well as in Canada, and it is not improbable that it is more or less distributed throughout the country. Under other scientific names, moreover, it may also be known botanically, at least, in Europe. As a rot of fruit the fungus is more generally known in America. It is a brown rot, begin- ning as a small spot, fre- quently near the bud end of the fruit, and spread- ing until the whole fruit maybe involved. There is not such chara
RMRDD9D0–. The American fruit culturist, containing directions for the propagation and culture of all fruits adapted to the United States. Fruit-culture. 404 TtiE GRAPE. practice of employing propagating-houses, they maybe placed either in pots, shallow boxes, which have been well soaked in lime-wash some months before to prevent the formation of mould or fungus, or directly in beds about three inches deep over the hot-water tanks in the house. The best material for receiving the buds is clean, pure building or lake sand, which is to be kept at all times at a uniform degree of moisture, but never wet.
RMPG464T–. Farm friends and farm foes : a text-book of agricultural science . Agricultural pests; Beneficial insects; Insect pests. DWARFED BY APPLE SCAB A closely related fungus causes the Pear Scab, which is often destructive to certain varieties of pears. Its life his- tory and control are practically the same as the Apple Scab. .. Bitter Rot of Apple This disease causes losses of millions of dollars in the United States almost every year. It is generally noticed upon the fruit, especially as it approaches full size. Small brownish spots may be seen at first; these gradually en- large and common
RMRE47DG–. Fruit farming: practical and scientific, for commercial fruit growers and others. Fruit-culture. 118 The fungus infects not only the fruit but also the leaves and the young shoots. On the dark brown spots which appear on the leaves numerous spores are pro- duced which, falling on the fruit, cause infection of the crop. When the young shoots are attacked the fungus lives within the tissues through the autumn and winter, and in the following spring bursts through the bark as small cushion- like pustules. This rupturing of the bark causes the twigs to have a roughened cankered appearance, which
RMPG401J–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 258 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES trunks. When affected canes are saved for bearing wood, the fungus spreads into the arm. As a rule the mycelium does not extend into the roots. Pycnidia are developed abundantly on affected canes and on green and ripening berries (Fig. 70). They appear on the former early in the spring, and may be found on canes se'erely infected the previous year or occasionally on the current year's growth. The pycnidia mature shortly after the buds burst in the spring, and the pycnospores ooze out in long, reddish yellow coils, each contain-
RMRD8TW3–. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. 476 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE der certain climatic conditions the dis- ease is not uncommon on full grown trees in the orchard. It usually attacks only the tips of actively growing branches but may occur in spots on the underside of otherwise unaffected mature leaves. This disease is caused by a fungus known technically as Sphaerothe
RMPG4F4M–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. DISEASES OF SPECIAL CROPS 95 fruit a dirty appearance. The fungus attacks the fruit late in the season, and is strictly superficial. It may be easil}' rubbed oft with a cloth. The loss in ready salability, due to the unsightliness of the fruit, is reason enough for protective spray- ings. The Bordeaux mixture applied at intervals of about two weeks from the middle of June until the middle of August is effec- tive. Flyspeck (Lep- tothyrium pomi (Mont. & Fr.) Sacc).—Growing upon the surface of the fruit and forming numerous clustered black spec
RMRDCX38–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 392 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES and related plants like the juneberry, hawthorn and apple. But in order to complete the life-historj^ it must have the red cedar, or juniper {Juniperus communis and J. virginiana). On the red cedar twigs there are produced peculiar canker-like lesions (Fig. 116). These diseased- spots begin their development in midsummer. The fungus hibernates within the twig as mycelium. With the advent of the first warm, moist spring weather the fungus resumes growth and development. On the surface of the affected area numerous yellow, gelatino
RMPG3RKB–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. APPLE DISEASES 133 with fruiting pustules (Fig. 35, left); these are largest in the central region of the spot and are evident within a quarter of an inch of the margin. If examined with a hand-lens, stiff dark- brown hairs may be observed protruding from the fruiting bodies.. Fig. 35. — Spongy dry-rot; various stages of development. These constitute an important diagnostic sign of the disease. The affected tissue is spongy and dry, whence the name spongy dry-rot. Cause. This apple-rot is caused by the fungus Volutella frudi. With- in the fruiting bodies men
RMRDR5KA–. Successful fruit culture; a practical guide to the cultivation and propagation of fruits. Fruit-culture. INSECT PESTS 337 the insect â works. The first indication of their pres- ence may be numerous bees, wasps or hornets about the trees in search of the sweet liquid thus produced. Soon the trees have a dirty appearance due to the dust of the atmosphere collecting in the sticky exudations and to a dark colored fungus that grows in it. Orchards have been practically ruined by this pest in two or three years where no effort has been made to control it. RemedyâSpraying in the spring before the
![. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 364 Minnesota Plant Diseases.. Fic. 194.—Black rot of apple. After Clinton. fruit, when attacked, turns at first a reddish brown but later be- comes blaclf. On attacked portions of the tree the fungus pro- duces its spores. It is an "imperfect" fungus and produces spores in small capsules, which appear on the leaf, twig or fruit spots as tiny black warts. These open to the exterior by minute pores through which the spores, which are cut off of threads lin- ing the interior of the capsule, are thrown out. The treatment which is used against Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4EK0/minnesota-plant-diseases-plant-diseases-364-minnesota-plant-diseases-fic-194black-rot-of-apple-after-clinton-fruit-when-attacked-turns-at-first-a-reddish-brown-but-later-be-comes-blaclf-on-attacked-portions-of-the-tree-the-fungus-pro-duces-its-spores-it-is-an-quotimperfectquot-fungus-and-produces-spores-in-small-capsules-which-appear-on-the-leaf-twig-or-fruit-spots-as-tiny-black-warts-these-open-to-the-exterior-by-minute-pores-through-which-the-spores-which-are-cut-off-of-threads-lin-ing-the-interior-of-the-capsule-are-thrown-out-the-treatment-which-is-used-against-PG4EK0.jpg ". Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 364 Minnesota Plant Diseases.. Fic. 194.—Black rot of apple. After Clinton. fruit, when attacked, turns at first a reddish brown but later be- comes blaclf. On attacked portions of the tree the fungus pro- duces its spores. It is an "imperfect" fungus and produces spores in small capsules, which appear on the leaf, twig or fruit spots as tiny black warts. These open to the exterior by minute pores through which the spores, which are cut off of threads lin- ing the interior of the capsule, are thrown out. The treatment which is used against Stock Photo")
RMPG4EK0–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 364 Minnesota Plant Diseases.. Fic. 194.—Black rot of apple. After Clinton. fruit, when attacked, turns at first a reddish brown but later be- comes blaclf. On attacked portions of the tree the fungus pro- duces its spores. It is an "imperfect" fungus and produces spores in small capsules, which appear on the leaf, twig or fruit spots as tiny black warts. These open to the exterior by minute pores through which the spores, which are cut off of threads lin- ing the interior of the capsule, are thrown out. The treatment which is used against
RMRDPFXE–. My garden, its plan and culture together with a general description of its geology, botany, and natural history. Gardening. Fig. 855.—Uredo filicum (spore X 700 diam.). Fig. 854^7.—Tuber Kstivum (spore X 250 diam.). Fig. S56.—Oldium friictigenum, nat. size and magaified. Our plums and apples are attacked by a fungus called the Oidium fructigenum (fig. 856), which rapidly causes the decay of the fruit. Millions of spores are given off, and it is curious that every fruit is not affected when exposed to the mischief; but as they are not, it seems as though some antecedent condition of the fruit
RMPG4GNP–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 141 It causes a rot of the grape, much dreaded in Europe, attacking leaves, fruit and stem. The fungus can persist long as a sapro- phyte in the conidial condition. Sclerotia are borne within the affected tissues. On germination they may either produce the conidia directly or form apothecia. Both ascospores and conidia are capable of infecting the grape but infection is much more certain from a vigorous mycelium (see S. libertiana, p. 142). Attachment organs, c. f. Fig. 93, which consist of close
RMRD8TRM–. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. 488 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE in spring and summer and causes the spots described above. The spores of the fungus are produced in the spots on leaves or fruit in great abundance, and are dis- seminated by the wind, spreading the dis- ease to other leaves and fruit. One finds the scab spots first appearing in the spring on the under s
RMPG3PAC–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. CURRANT DISEASES 215 After the spores escape, a whitish membrane is left about the edges of each pustule (Fig. 57); this disappears by the first of June and an empty depression remains. Affected trees are stunted : the tops have a peculiar bunched growth, the past season's growth is shortened, and fi- nally the needles turn yellowish in color. Cause of Euro- pean rust. This rust fungus, Cronartiu m Ribicola, like many others, is hetercecious; that is, it requires two distinct kinds of hosts for its full development. And during its life-his- tory five spore-
RMRDE34X–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 355 Among these molds the bkie (or green) mold is perhaps the most common. (See Chapter IX.) So common are the spores of these fungi in the atmosphere that one can find them at all times of the year, often in great abundance, everywhere. An- other common soft-rot of fruits is found in certain kinds of black mold. (See Chapter VIII.) The effect of these rots is a rapid softening of the affected parts of the fruit and, as the fungus spreads, the fruit is finally entirely softened and rendered worthless. The fungi gain entrance
RMPFXKTN–. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. APPLE DISEASES 443 west this fungus found it a favorable host on which to develop. Up to the present time no one has yet determined what this native host is, or at least no pub- lished record has been made. Disease on Fruit The apple tree anthracnose is not un- common as a rot of the fruit as shown in Fig. 4. This may be developed in the orchard,
RMRDWPK6–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. 250 OTHER BASIDIOMYCETES been shed. It has been estimated that a moderate-sized specimen will produce some 1,800,000,000 spores, and other allied species form spores in even greater profusion ! In the genus Boletus, whose fruit-body has the same general form as that of the Mushroom, the underside of the cap presents the structure of a honeycomb, consisting of a multitude of vertical tubes, the inner surfaces of which are lined with hymenium (Fig. 134, E). A similar construction is seen in the Bracket Fungus [
![. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Fic. 194.—Black rot of apple. After Clinton. fruit, when attacked, turns at first a reddish brown but later be- comes blaclf. On attacked portions of the tree the fungus pro- duces its spores. It is an "imperfect" fungus and produces spores in small capsules, which appear on the leaf, twig or fruit spots as tiny black warts. These open to the exterior by minute pores through which the spores, which are cut off of threads lin- ing the interior of the capsule, are thrown out. The treatment which is used against the apple scab is usually recom Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4EJY/minnesota-plant-diseases-plant-diseases-fic-194black-rot-of-apple-after-clinton-fruit-when-attacked-turns-at-first-a-reddish-brown-but-later-be-comes-blaclf-on-attacked-portions-of-the-tree-the-fungus-pro-duces-its-spores-it-is-an-quotimperfectquot-fungus-and-produces-spores-in-small-capsules-which-appear-on-the-leaf-twig-or-fruit-spots-as-tiny-black-warts-these-open-to-the-exterior-by-minute-pores-through-which-the-spores-which-are-cut-off-of-threads-lin-ing-the-interior-of-the-capsule-are-thrown-out-the-treatment-which-is-used-against-the-apple-scab-is-usually-recom-PG4EJY.jpg ". Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Fic. 194.—Black rot of apple. After Clinton. fruit, when attacked, turns at first a reddish brown but later be- comes blaclf. On attacked portions of the tree the fungus pro- duces its spores. It is an "imperfect" fungus and produces spores in small capsules, which appear on the leaf, twig or fruit spots as tiny black warts. These open to the exterior by minute pores through which the spores, which are cut off of threads lin- ing the interior of the capsule, are thrown out. The treatment which is used against the apple scab is usually recom Stock Photo")
RMPG4EJY–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Fic. 194.—Black rot of apple. After Clinton. fruit, when attacked, turns at first a reddish brown but later be- comes blaclf. On attacked portions of the tree the fungus pro- duces its spores. It is an "imperfect" fungus and produces spores in small capsules, which appear on the leaf, twig or fruit spots as tiny black warts. These open to the exterior by minute pores through which the spores, which are cut off of threads lin- ing the interior of the capsule, are thrown out. The treatment which is used against the apple scab is usually recom
![. Cirtus fruits under irragation. Citrus fruits; Fruit-culture. Fig. 3 over the sides of the fruit, where they germinate and cause the discoloration. This discoloration usually begins any time after the fruit begins to color. The control measures recommended for anthracnose will also prevent tear streaking. 8. Verrucosis.—The disease known as verrucosis, or scab, affects the fruit and leaves and sometimes the tender shoots. It is caused by a minute ]3arasitic fungus that grows in the tissue of the part attacked. The fungus grows from a spore, or seedlike body, about the shape of a grain of whe Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REKAKD/cirtus-fruits-under-irragation-citrus-fruits-fruit-culture-fig-3-over-the-sides-of-the-fruit-where-they-germinate-and-cause-the-discoloration-this-discoloration-usually-begins-any-time-after-the-fruit-begins-to-color-the-control-measures-recommended-for-anthracnose-will-also-prevent-tear-streaking-8-verrucosisthe-disease-known-as-verrucosis-or-scab-affects-the-fruit-and-leaves-and-sometimes-the-tender-shoots-it-is-caused-by-a-minute-3arasitic-fungus-that-grows-in-the-tissue-of-the-part-attacked-the-fungus-grows-from-a-spore-or-seedlike-body-about-the-shape-of-a-grain-of-whe-REKAKD.jpg ". Cirtus fruits under irragation. Citrus fruits; Fruit-culture. Fig. 3 over the sides of the fruit, where they germinate and cause the discoloration. This discoloration usually begins any time after the fruit begins to color. The control measures recommended for anthracnose will also prevent tear streaking. 8. Verrucosis.—The disease known as verrucosis, or scab, affects the fruit and leaves and sometimes the tender shoots. It is caused by a minute ]3arasitic fungus that grows in the tissue of the part attacked. The fungus grows from a spore, or seedlike body, about the shape of a grain of whe Stock Photo")
RMREKAKD–. Cirtus fruits under irragation. Citrus fruits; Fruit-culture. Fig. 3 over the sides of the fruit, where they germinate and cause the discoloration. This discoloration usually begins any time after the fruit begins to color. The control measures recommended for anthracnose will also prevent tear streaking. 8. Verrucosis.—The disease known as verrucosis, or scab, affects the fruit and leaves and sometimes the tender shoots. It is caused by a minute ]3arasitic fungus that grows in the tissue of the part attacked. The fungus grows from a spore, or seedlike body, about the shape of a grain of whe
RMPG417E–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 162 BOTANY. the size and form of tie spore-fruit. Some of the filaments of the spore-fruit become enlarged into sacs in which spores are developed (Fig. 88), while the others make up the sterile. Fio. 87. Fig. 87.—Diagrammatic vertical section of a Cup-fungus, sliowing position of the spore-sacs. Fig. 88.—a few spore-sacs of a Cup-fungus (Peziza convexula), in various stages of development, a, youngest, to/, oldest. The slender filaments (paraphyses) belong to the sterile tissue. Magnified 550 times. or protective tissue. The spore-sacs grow so that all reac
RMRDJFFY–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 190 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS when either flowers or fruit produced on the twigs have already fallen prey to the disease. In other words, the fungus must grow directly from the fruit or blossom into the young twigs, since it cannot readily penetrate the epidermis of the latter. Inoculation of the fungus into cuts on the bark will, however, also result in a twig infection. The effect of the fungus upon the twig is to produce a blight, the twig being completely killed as the disease
RMPG3YN8–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 274 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES the enlargement of the lesion the whole fruit becomes involved, is brownish, shrunken, and eventually shrivels into a dark mummy. The mummy may cling to the tree or it may fall to the ground. While on the tree mummies cling together in groups of two or more. Cause of hroum-rot. The pathogene, the fungus Sclerotinia cinerea, hibernates in both the fallen and hanging mummies, and in the cankers. From sclerotial crusts in the fallen mummies arise apothecia (Fig. 74) in the spring of the year. The hanging mummies furnish a habitation
RMRDWMBE–. First forms of vegetation. Botany; Cryptogams. FUNGI. 405 which have a swollen or moniliform appearance, probably owing to repeated abortive attempts to produce fruit, and others develop a number of ovoid and transparent spores, and among them bodies of a larger size which mature within them- selves zoospores by a differentiation of their con- tents, is invariably connected with the disease, and is found on the decaying plants ; the growth of the fungus being aided by some predisposition. Fig. 49.—Peeonospora infestans. (i) Young plants. {2) Full grown. (3) Spore.—^All magnified. in the stat
RMPG3N8J–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. PEAR DISEASES 343 by brown depressed scars. In the late spring dark-brown, wedge-shaped horns, which later become yellowish, are devel- oped. Cause. The eastern pear rust is caused by the fungus Gym7iospo- rangium globosum. Like other rust fungi it has two distinct host plants, the pear and the red cedar. If the spots of an affected pear leaf be examined, the upper surface will show small black fruiting bodies known as pycnia. These do not function in the life-history of the pathogene so far as is known, but are mentioned for their diagnostic value. They are
RMRD7TAR–. The encyclopedia of practical horticulture; a reference system of commercial horticulture, covering the practical and scientific phases of horticulture, with special reference to fruits and vegetables;. Gardening; Fruit-culture; Vegetable gardening. ^TicluX^ StiJ^. Fij?. 1. Cabbage Plant Affected With Club Root. from the invasion of roots by this fungus prevent the normal growth of head or root and gradually kill the plant. When once established in the soil, the fungus will live for several years. Cer- tain weeds, shepherd's purse and hedge mustard, are good hosts and doubtless furnish oppor
RMPG401E–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. fungus penetrates the rind and other fibrous portions of the lemon to a considerable extent; it is much branched, irregular in diameter, and extensive. Upon the lemon, as a rule, no form of spore is produced, but there is developed frequently a con- spicuous aerial growth due to the emergence of many mycelial branches. In some cases these are produced in more or less tuber- culate masses. Conidia and sporangia appear under favorable conditions. In moist soil near affected fruit the
RMRDTG96–. Elementary botany. Botany. 3i8 F.COLOG V. 598. Others regard the lichens as autonomous plants, that is, the two or-' ganisms have by this long-continued community of existence become unified into an individualized organism, which possesses a habit and mode of life. Sfflg? >i -£ Fig. 419. Section of fruit body or apothecium of lichen (parmelia), showing asci and spores of the fungus. distinct from that of either of the organisms forming the component parts. This community of existence between two different organisms is called by some mutualisjn, or symbiosis. Nitrogen gatherers. 599. How c
RMPG4F6R–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. DISEASES OF SPECIAL CROPS 79 than a pinhole, while upon the lower surface of the dis- eased spot appear some weeks later the fringe-toothed cluster cups. This spot is sometimes so abundant that its presence upon orchards may be recog- nized at great distances by the characteristic hue imparted to the foliage mass as a whole. It robs the tree of nourishment and renders normal fruit- age impossible. A peculiar relation ex- ists, in that the causal fungus spends part of its life on one plant, the apple, and the remainder upon a totally different pla
RMRDT5KY–. Amateur fruit growing. A practical guide to the growing of fruit for home use and the market. Written with special reference to colder climates. Fruit-culture. 54, THE GRAPE. DowNT Mildew (Porononpora vitkola). This fungus may at- tack the young wood, flowers or fruit, or all these at the same tiJ^- When it attacks the foliage it first appears as greenish-yellow dr brownish irregular spots on the upper, surface, with corresponding spots of whitish frost-like mildew on the under side. The effect of this is to cause the leaves to dry up and fall off, frequently when the fruit is quite green,
RMPG3N1G–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. Fig. 103. — Black-knot; cross- section of a knotted twig. The enlargement has not completely en- circled the twig. January to June, depending upon the locality, and which are discharged upon maturity. The further history of these spores is similar to that of the summer spores previously described ; they propagate the parasite. The original portion of the knot is thus matured, but the fungus in the bark may continue to grow at either end, thereby increasing the length of the old knot. In this manner a single knot may in time extend a long distance on a branch
RMRDJ62N–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. disease is distinguished from the leaf spot by smaller spots more colored when young and more nearly circular. They are also less clearly defined on the under surfaces. The blight also attacks the fruit. In this case the spots are at first red but later darker in color. The drying of the surface layers accom- panying the effects of this disease may cause a cracking very much as in the case of pear scab. The fungus. The larger spots of the leaf blight will generally show at the time
RMPG3N22–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. PLVM DISEASES 361. Fig. 103. — Black-knot; cross- section of a knotted twig. The enlargement has not completely en- circled the twig. January to June, depending upon the locality, and which are discharged upon maturity. The further history of these spores is similar to that of the summer spores previously described ; they propagate the parasite. The original portion of the knot is thus matured, but the fungus in the bark may continue to grow at either end, thereby increasing the length of the old knot. In this manner a single knot may in time extend a long d
RMRE389E–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. GYMNOSPORANGIUM CLAVARI^FOEME irigmata, much in the same way in which the basidiospores i thrown off in the Agaricini^ They accumulate in large mbers on the outside of the mucilaginous mass, and present 3 appearance of a golden-yellow powder. The mycelium of 3 fungus is perennial in the Juniper, spreading from branch branch and producing a fresh crop of teleutospores each spring. If one of the basidiospores is blown by the wind or carried insects to a moist leaf or young fruit or stem of Hawthorn, germinates an
RMPG403T–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. GRAPE DISEASES 257 (Fig. 69) very similar to that in the case of the black-rot disease. They shrivel to a mummy as in black-rot, but have a slightly more grayish aspect and the pustules are less numerous and more scattered in dead-arm than in black-rot. Cause of dead-arm. It has been experimentalh- demonstrated that the fungus Cryptosporella Viticola causes dead-arm. From vines which were diseased the previous year pycnospores ooze forth, during wet weather, about the time the buds burst in the spring. These spores are spat- tered promiscu- ously, some of th
RMRE1N73–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 419. Section of fruit body or apothecium of lichen (parmelia), sliowing asci and spores of the fungus. distinct from that of either of the organisms forming the component parts. This community of existence between two different organisms is called by some mutualism^ or symbiosis. Nitrogen' gatherers. 599. How clovers, peas, and other legumes gather nitrogen.âIt has long been known that clover plants, peas, beans, and many other leguminous plants are often able to thrive in soil where the cereals do but poorly. Soil poor in nitrogenous plant food becomes richer
RMPG3YHM–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 256 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS darker in color, and pycnidia, appearing as black papillae, may be produced over the entire surface. At this stage the effects of the fungus are therefore unmistakable. Later the fruit shrivels in a characteristic manner, but does not, as a rule, fall or shell. The berries on bunches thus affected may hang on the vines through- out the season. The pycnidia may also be easily observed with the unaided eye upon the dried berries. Susceptibility of varie
RMRE3MDG–. Introduction to cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. INTRODUCTION TO CRTPTOGAMIO BOTANY. 245 proceed from the evolution of many spores, and that the fruc- tifying mass proceeding from it may equally arise from many individuals, a fact pointed out many years since by Ehrenberg.* In fact, an Agaric, which is perhaps the highest point which a Fungus can obtain, may be considered theoretically as a mul- titude of individuals of Botrytis compacted together, and bearing fruit at their free extremities. Figures illustrative of this are given by Ehrenberg in his Mycetogenesis; and the. Fig. 61. a. Ascus
RMPG4EWR–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 154 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS In a severe outbreak which is necessary to attract atten- tion to the disease the leaves first become covered with small dark brown spots, change to yellow, and soon fall. By the time the fruit has ripened practically all of the. Fig. 66. — Anthr^icnoso of white currants. After Clinton. leaves may be lost. Upon the leaf stalks, also upon the fruit, stems, and canes, the disease appears as little black sunken spots. On theberries the spots are circular and black, much resembling fly specks. The causal fungus probabl
RMRDT7FW–. The principles of fruit-growing. Fruit-culture. 356 The Principles of Fruit-growing. ing. A tree is thoroughly and honestly sprayed when it is wet all over, on all the branches and on both sides of all the leaves. An insect or a fungus is not killed until the poison is placed where the pest is. Bugs do not search for the poison, in order that they may accommodate the orchardist by com- mitting suicide. The one spot which is not sprayed may be the very place where a bud-moth is getting his dinner. On the other hand, there are many fruit-growers who spray with the greatest thor- oughness and a
RMPG3NY0–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. PEACH DISEASES 313 the effect induced by the San Jose scale (Fig. 82). At first the spots are small and purplish red. As the diseased portion enlarges, a light-colored area develops m the center (Fig. 82). Later the spots are brown and confluent. In extreme cases the fruit becomes cracked and a flow of gum follows. Cause. The lesions described above are induced by the fungus Coryneum Beijerinckii. The chief period of infection appears to be from December to February; most inoculations occur about January first. In Cali- fornia no in- fections occur after the
RMRDJFRY–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PHYCOMYCETES 145 in the packing house, and in storage conditions. From the description subsequently given it may be readily distinguished from forms of decay due to common mold fungi. It is most serious in connection with lemon growing, but the fungus pro- ducing the disease may also affect to a slight extent at least the orange, pomelo, and other citrous fruits. In the orchard the dis- ease may be found upon fruit which has fallen, or that which is hanging very close to the moist
RMPG3Y98–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. Fig. 114. — Quince-rust. Fig. 115.— Rust on quince- twig. at the stem end, others at the calyx-end. Again the whole fruit is involved and it may fall. More often, however, it hangs to the tree, dies, and becomes black and hard. There is usually considerable distortion. Twig-infections (Fig. 115) are commonly found at the base of new shoots, and knots are produced which resemble black- knot of plums. Cause. The quince-rust fungus, Gymnosporangium clampes, has a peculiar life-history. A part of its cycle is spent on the quince. Please note that these images ar
RMRDCXRJ–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. APPLE DISEASES 133 with fruiting pustules (Fig. 35, left); these are largest in the central region of the spot and are evident within a quarter of an inch of the margin. If examined with a hand-lens, stiff dark- brown hairs may be observed protruding from the fruiting bodies.. Fig. 35. — Spongy dry-rot; various stages of development. These constitute an important diagnostic sign of the disease. The affected tissue is spongy and dry, whence the name spongy dry-rot. Cause. This apple-rot is caused by the fungus Volutella frudi. With- in the fruiting bodies men
![. Diseases of truck crops and their control . Vegetables. Fig. 65. Tomato Diseases. a. Various forms of vegetative cells of the yeast rot fungus, 6. ascus, j. ascosporet of the yeast rot fungus (a. to c. after Schneider), d. Phoma rot on foliage, e. Phoma rot on fruit,/, pycnidium of the Phoma rot organism, g. cross-section of a pycnidium of the Phoma funpii?;. h. T^^'^elium, *. pycnospores of same (d. to »". after Jamieson).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illu Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4CD4/diseases-of-truck-crops-and-their-control-vegetables-fig-65-tomato-diseases-a-various-forms-of-vegetative-cells-of-the-yeast-rot-fungus-6-ascus-j-ascosporet-of-the-yeast-rot-fungus-a-to-c-after-schneider-d-phoma-rot-on-foliage-e-phoma-rot-on-fruit-pycnidium-of-the-phoma-rot-organism-g-cross-section-of-a-pycnidium-of-the-phoma-funpii-h-telium-pycnospores-of-same-d-to-quot-after-jamieson-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illu-PG4CD4.jpg ". Diseases of truck crops and their control . Vegetables. Fig. 65. Tomato Diseases. a. Various forms of vegetative cells of the yeast rot fungus, 6. ascus, j. ascosporet of the yeast rot fungus (a. to c. after Schneider), d. Phoma rot on foliage, e. Phoma rot on fruit,/, pycnidium of the Phoma rot organism, g. cross-section of a pycnidium of the Phoma funpii?;. h. T^^'^elium, *. pycnospores of same (d. to »". after Jamieson).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illu Stock Photo")
RMPG4CD4–. Diseases of truck crops and their control . Vegetables. Fig. 65. Tomato Diseases. a. Various forms of vegetative cells of the yeast rot fungus, 6. ascus, j. ascosporet of the yeast rot fungus (a. to c. after Schneider), d. Phoma rot on foliage, e. Phoma rot on fruit,/, pycnidium of the Phoma rot organism, g. cross-section of a pycnidium of the Phoma funpii?;. h. T^^'^elium, *. pycnospores of same (d. to »". after Jamieson).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illu
RMRDCX61–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. PLVM DISEASES 361. Fig. 103. — Black-knot; cross- section of a knotted twig. The enlargement has not completely en- circled the twig. January to June, depending upon the locality, and which are discharged upon maturity. The further history of these spores is similar to that of the summer spores previously described ; they propagate the parasite. The original portion of the knot is thus matured, but the fungus in the bark may continue to grow at either end, thereby increasing the length of the old knot. In this manner a single knot may in time extend a long d
RMPG3XWB–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 440 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES the leaf or the fruit and produces infection during the rain, not before nor after. Get the fungicide on ahead of the rain and thus ahead of the fungus. Watch the weather maps and the develop- ing blossoms. It will be more prof- itable in some cases to spray a little before the host is in just the right condition in order to get in ahead of a rain- period. Long, rainy, cloudy periods are the dangerous ones. Heavy showers followed by rapid clearing seldom afford conditions favorable to serious infection by orchard fungi. The perio
RMRDJFM4–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. Fig. 53. Plasmopara on Grape, [b and d after Farlow) a, mycelium; b, mature conidiophore ; c and d, zoospore and oospore formation, respectively than two-thirds grown (see illustration facing page 1). Upon litis cordifolia the fungus may fruit so abundantly upon the young berries as to completely envelop them in a downy mass of sporophores. Under such circumstances the berry does not at that stage show evidences of decay, and it is only when the berries are older, and in other spec
RMPG3RA9–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. 152 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES on Oldenburg apples while still hanging on the tree at Ithaca, New York, by the junior author. Later it was found in market fruit. So far, it has done no great damage in the United States, partly due, no doubt, to its very limited range. Up to date it has not been reported outside of New York State, although it doubtless occurs, to some extent at least, in several of the apple regions of North America. The disease is induced by the fungus Phytophtliora cactorum. Affected apples were first ob- served in July on those fruits neares
RMREKXKE–. Cirtus fruits under irragation. Citrus fruits; Fruit-culture. Fig. 37 storage, but usually it is not considered to be a serious trouble. Fortunately it usually develops only on weak fruits that have been injured or are overripe and is sometimes found on fruits that have been only slightly injured by frost. This is the same fungus that may cause one of the forms of lemon gummosis. 53. Black Rot.—Occasionally in seasons of heavy early rainfall a disease known as black rot, or navel rot, becomes rather abundant, but usually the trouble is not serious. It is navel oranges that are affected; they
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