RMRDYDP7–. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. Fig. IQI. - A lichen growing upon the bark of a tree. of plants besides bacteria which are included under fungi but which are very different from ordinary fungi. They are different in that they completely envelop the host from which they draw nourish- ment. They are com- posed of fungi and algae which grow together. The principal part of the structure is formed by the hyphae of the fungi, and enmeshed among them are found the cells of the alga. (See Figure
RMPG4DTW–. The fungal diseases of the common larch . Larches. HEART-ROT CAUSED BY OTHER FUNGI 131 of all degrees of thickness from 6/i downward, but some of the largest, in the earlier stages of rot, have brown contents. These thicker, brown hyphae generally rmi either vertically along the tracheides, or horizontally, boring through the tracheide walls and markedly constricted in the bore-holes. The finer hyphae, which are much more numerous, branch frequently and spread in all directions, though the bore- holes are nearly always transverse to the tracheide walls. Hyphae may also grow up between the tr
RMRDBTNM–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—SAPROLEGNIEAE. 141 SAPROLEGMXEAE. Section XL. These plants, which live on dead organic bodies in water, closely resemble the Peronosporeae in the course of their development and to' some extent also in habit; they are most of them of large growth, with tubular hyphae 1-2 cm. in length standing out from the substratum and slender rhizoids spreading through it (Fig. 68). They diflfer from the Peronosporeae chiefly in the development of the
RMPG3YW2–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 192 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS On blighted branches of the peach the mycelium has been found (Smith) to grow most abundantly in the cambium and soft bast, these tissues disappearing in large measure with the forma- tion of extensive gum pockets (Fig. 71). The conidiophores arise as short hyphae, which soon become septate at the extremities, branched and nodulose. The branching proceeds in an indefinite and usually irregular or semidichotomous fashion (Fig. 72, a and b). From the ap
RMRDE6N6–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 117 The oogonium after fertilization gives rise to a more or less complicated system of ascogenous hyphae, very simple in the Erysiphaceae, very complex in some Discomycetes, which produces the asci. The sterile parts of the ascocarp, the paraphyses and enveloping structures, arise from parts below the oogonium and antheridium. The very young ascus usually receives two nuclei from the parent strand of the ascogenous hypha. These nuclei unite giving the. Please note that these images are extracted
RMPG4319–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 10 THE PARASITIC FUNGI. others, like Podosphaera castagnei, they take the form of broadened closely-clinging hyphae with haustoria. Frank describes a swell- ing of the germ-tube of Fuskladium tremulae just before the infecting hypha pierces the' cell-walls of its host. A similar- phenomenon can be observed in Polystigma rubrum, in Gnomonia erythrostoma, and in the germinating aecidiospores of Melampsora Goeppertiana
RMRDBTKC–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 174 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. of the ovule remains undifferentiated, and an abundant formation of new hyphae is constantly taking place in it. This new formation is so added from below to the differentiated portion, that the latter constantly increases in height without becoming materially broader, and maintains therefore the form of a cylinder pointed at the upper end. Where the parts below approach the wall, columella, and spore-mass, they assume
RMPG456R–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 24, Agaricus [CoUybia) dryepkitus, BuH. Radial longitudinal section showing the course of the hyphae. a a quite young and entire specimen i"3 mm. in height; first beginnings of the pileus. b older specimen with the pileus 2'5 mm. in breadth; / piece of a lamella. Slightly magnified.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may
RMRDD1N9–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. no DIVISION I.—GENERAL MORPHOLOGY. the terminology here adopted. Secondly, the spore grows out into one or more tubular processes with the characteristics of hyphae, more rarely with those of the Sprouting Fungi. The two kinds aie naturally connected together by intermediate forms, and an instance of this has been already in effect given in Fig. 54. Other mstances and some partial exceptions in the simplest of the Chytridieae will be described in different places in C
RMPG44AR–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SPECIFIC DISEASES OF PLANTS 513 thoroughly. So it has been with the black-rot fungus. The pycnidial stage on the grape leaves (Fig. 185) was called Phylloslicta labrusca, while on the fruit it was called Phoma uvicola. These have been determined to be merely stages of one and the same fungus, Guignardia Bidwellii. The mycelium of the black-rot fungus is never abundant in the outer portions of the berries where it is found. Here a stromatic mass of hyphae arises benea
RMRDTP1W–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] PEZIZALES lOI Pyronemaceae The Pyronemaceae are a small group distinguished from the other Pezizales by the fact that the peridium, or lateral boundary of protective hyphae around the fruit, is not well developed. This is not always regarded as a sufficiently important character to warrant their separation from the Pezizaceae and many authors include them in that group. The only important genera are Ascodesrnis and Pyronema, species of both of which have been somewhat fully investigated. Ascodesrnis nigricans'' (fig. 59) is a small co
RMPG40BH–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 212 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNOT. Pyrenomycetes protuberant below and with a short neck; they are sunk in the thallus but have the free extremity of the neck on a level with the outer surface. The neck is traversed throughout its length by a canal open at both ends, the canal of egress. The wall of the iimer ventral portion, which is formed of a close weft of hyphae, bears a hymenium on its inner surface composed of delicate hyphal branches of uniform h
RMRDD20P–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Flc. 22. Peziza [Scleratinia, Fuckel) ScUrotiorum, Lib. Sclerotium with emerge* ing sporophores of different ag^es. Nat. size. are in the apex of the structure and form its growing point, in which growth in length continues, while it dies out in the parts below it as these become successively further removed from it and the cells of the hyphae have grown longer and thicker. The parallel arrangement of the hyphae is not everywhere maintained; firstly, a number of short
RMPG3NGY–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 45° FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS Characters of the fungus. The mycelium varies considerably in form, depending upon age, or the conditions under which grown. In diseased tissues where there is abundance of water, or in pure culture, the young hyphae develop branches, which are usually inclined at an acute angle to the direction of growth of the parent branch, although subse- quently the two may grow par- allel. The branch is usually somewhat narrowed or con- stricted where united wit
RMRDCEM2–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 414 DIVISION III.—MODE OF LIFE OF THE FUNGI. Thwaites was the first to describe*. Neither changes of structure nor premature death have been observed in the algal cells on account of this attachment to the hyphae. But the effect of the Fungus on the Algae is shown in a very remarkable manner by the formation of a thallus of a fixed shape, which in some species is of comparatively large size and has a progressive marginal growth, while the gelatinous colonies of Gloeoc
RMPG3NRT–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 368 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. The mycelia of both the blotch and the speck are superficial, at most merely roughening the surface of the cuticle. The blotches are irregular in outline, sometimes coalescing into large areas. The specks, as the name indicates, are small, circular, dark col- ored flecks associ- ated in groups, and sometimes distrib- uted over large areas. A network of ra- diating olive-brown or fuliginous hyphae made up of more or less barrel-shaped cells constitute
RMRDW24H–. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. rately the graceful pattern of the gill edges. (See Figure 178) The spores of toadstools and of all other fungi which belong to the same group are borne at the ends of very slender branches which arise from a structure, usually club- shaped, which is called the basidium. (See Figure i^g.) When conditions are just right, the sporophores of fungi suddenly appear. Moisture, temperature, and the amount of food present in the hyphae are some of the conditions u
RMPG41F2–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 413 DIVISION III.—MODE OF LIFE OF THE FUNGI. Ephebella Hegetschweileri' in the fresh condition has quite the look of a Scytonema (Fig 167, B, g); but if the plant is heated in solution of potash the gelatinous sheath of the Scytonema-filaments is seen to be traversed by a compact weft of very delicate hyphae running chiefly in a longitudinal direction, out of which apothecia are sometimes, but rarely, developed. The thallus of Ephebe (Fig. 177, 178), Spilonema, Gonion
RMRDTP1D–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] PEZIZALES 103 oogonium, from which a trichogyne protruded (fig. 61 b). The union of the trichogyne and antheridium was observed and it was shown that from the oogonium ascogenous hyphae subsequently arose. Van Tieghem recorded that the species is very susceptible to external conditions, the antheridium sometimes being reduced in size or absent, though the oogonium nevertheless developed normally and produced ascogenous hyphae. In 1900 appeared the classical researches of Harper, followed in 1903 and 1907 by Dangeard's, and in 1912 by
RMPG40KK–. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. FUNGI 393 There are a number of reasons why it does, but the prin- cipal reason is thought to be that such practice keeps the soil from becoming too poor in nitrates. You remember that leguminous crops, like clover, increase the nitrogen supply on account of the work of the bacteria in their tubercles. The effects which true fungi produce upon the fertility of soil are not yet well understood, but it is known that their hyphae penetrate everywhere in soil
RMRDJFAW–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 220 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS these layers into all available space, smaller hyphae are protruded; thus a compact inclosing body or perithecium is developed. With the further growth of the perithecium and the increase in size of the ascus, the inner layer and all internal hyphal branches are dissolved and appropriated. Meanwhile, the outer layer be- comes yellow or brown and forms the true wall of the peri- thecium. From the wall cells of the perithecium there are. Fig. 86. Spore
RMPG3NRP–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. The mycelia of both the blotch and the speck are superficial, at most merely roughening the surface of the cuticle. The blotches are irregular in outline, sometimes coalescing into large areas. The specks, as the name indicates, are small, circular, dark col- ored flecks associ- ated in groups, and sometimes distrib- uted over large areas. A network of ra- diating olive-brown or fuliginous hyphae made up of more or less barrel-shaped cells constitute the blotch. Cell fusions and ce
RMREYTAN–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 404 DIVISION III.—MODE OF LIFE OF THE FUNGI. meduUare). Both layers belong to the hyphal system, their constituents are ramifi- cations of the same hyphae. The cells of the Alga are in almost all cases inserted where the medulla and the rind meet. Together they form a green zone of varying size projecting into the medullary tissue to a different depth at different points, everywhere traversed by single hyphae of the medulla running to the rind, and in some places show
RMPG42NK–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. (il.—Exoascus dej'or^nans. Comparison of normal section of leaf of Pvv,nus Persica with a hypertrophied one, B; in the latter the mycelial hyphae have been slightly shaded. The sections are from different parts of the same leaf, and are drawn with the same magnification. (After W. G. Smith.) on the almond {Amygdalus communis)^ resembles Ex. deformans so closely that they are now regarded as the same species.. P
RMRDTNA8–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] SPHAERIALES 159 rotia which originate in the cortex of the host root; reproduction is by means of conidia formed in summer on the surface of the soil, and further by ascospores produced in perithecia. Hartig has found that the perithecium is initiated by the development of a pair of thick hyphae rich in contents. These become enclosed within a mass of vegetative tissue, but their subse- quent behaviour has not been determined, and no details of development are known either here or in other members of the family. SPHAERIACEAE : BIBLIOGR
RMPG41GR–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE FUNGI 247 (i) The root-like branches, or rMzoids, which proceed from some hyphae into the bread or other substratum. (c) Theipresence or absence of transverse partitions in the hyphse.. Fig. 172. Unicellular Mycelium of a Mold (Mucor Mucedo), sprung from a Single Spore. a, b, and c, branches for the production of spore-eases, showing various stages of maturity. (Considerably magnified.) (rf) The granular protoplasm, more abundant in some parts of the hyphse than in others. Make one or more drawings to show the points above mentioned (a-d). 320. Repro
RMRDJ5JW–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. AUTOBASIDIOMYCETES 451 In the case of the potato, it forms a membranous layer inclos- ing the stem for several inches above the surface of the ground. This layer is composed of rather loosely interwoven hyphae, and on account of this character it is difficult to say if the plant is properly placed under the genus Corticium, or whether it might not with equal propriety be considered a species of Hypochnus. The basidia are short, cylindrical, or oblong, and apparently many. Fig. 222.
RMPG4BE8–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 258 ASCOMYCETES. conidia germinate and give off long septate hyphae which, follow- ing the course of the pollen-tube, reach the ovary, and soon iill all four loculi with a white mycelium. The growth of this mycelium proceeds from the central axis towards the walls, and forms a hollow sphere open above and below. The diseased berries cannot be distinguished till ripe; then, whereas the normal are red, the diseased ar
RMRDD26R–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER II.—DIFFERENTIATION OF THE THALLUS.—SCLEROTIA. 31 air-conducting passages, as in P. Fuckeliana, or with comparatively few of them. Its hyphae are cylindrical and septate, and interwoven with one another in every direction ; hence in thin sections of the sderotia their lumina appear in all possible forms according as the section passes through them transversely, obliquely, or longitudinally (Figs. 13, 14). The cells in the moist state contain little else than a
RMPG4474–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SPECIFIC PLANT DISEASES SSI the broken stub of the main root system. Nature attempts to repair the damage in the tobacco by the formation of a cluster of. new roots, so that affected plants may not be killed, but remain in the stunted form (Figs. 196 and 197). The intercellular mycelium is septate, hyaline at first and consists of narrow hyphae. The fungus produces three kinds of spores, which. Fig. 196.—Tobacco roots affected by rot (Thielavia basicola). i. Inoculat
RMRDCF7Y–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 143. Tulostotna ntammosum, FlG. 144. Secotiumerythrecephalum, Fr. Basidia with fully formed spores TuL Sporophore divided in half^ of highly magnified. After Schrcjter. the natural size. After Tulasne. the constituents of the hymenium; and stouter tubes usually non-septate, which are members or branches of the same hyphae as the delicate elements and run for the most part in the trama, but may also, as in Lycoperdon and Bovista, send branches transversely through
RMPG45RF–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 509 confluent, marginally fimbriate, the radiating fibers arachnoid, white, distinctly branched; pycnidia tuberculariform, scattered or confluent, black; conidia oblong, constricted, 18-20 x 5. /i; conidiophores short. This fungus was first described in 1826. It is common on rose leaves. The mycelium is in part subcuticular, in part deeper. The subcuticular part is visible through the cuticle, consisting of radiate strands each composed of several parallel hyphae. From this mycelium branches pene
RMRDX1TR–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. n] ASCOMYCETES 39 (i-«-.. hymenium. In Desmotascus^, a pyrenomycetous fungus parasitic on Bromelia, the paraphyses are replaced by a thin-walled pseudoparenchyma recalling the arrangement in the higher Plectomycetes. The Peridium. The peridium or wall of the ascocarp is a weft of sterile hyphae in which the individual filamentsare sometimes clear- '^- ly distinguished, sometimes closely interwoven to form a pseudoparenchyma; the walls of the outer cells are some- times considerably thickened and may be variously pig- mented ; in many case
RMPG4B2Y–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. ASCOMYCETES 363 Oospores and zygospores tide the plant over unfavorable con- ditions and produce new plants when favorable conditions return. In combatting the disease-producing Phycomycetes, the control of zoospores, conidia, and oospores must be considered.. Fig. 314. — Conjugation in Bread Mold. a, b, c, and d arc successive stages in conjugation. At a the short hyphae have just come together, while at d the zygospore is formed, e, zygospore developing a new hypha bearing a sporangium. X about 130. Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi and Lichens) General Desc
RMRDD7MN–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. 360 THALLOPHYTES True Molds (Mucorales). — There are a number of Molds some of which belong to other divisions of the Fungi. The Molds of this order are characterized by a zygosporic reproduc- tion, on which account they are called Zygomycetes. Of the nearly 200 species known, Bread Mold is the most familiar one.. Fig. 311. — Conidia of the Late Blight of the Potato developing zoospores, and zoospores growing hyphae. X about 400. After Ward. Bread Mold (Rhizopus nigricans). — Bread Mold is very common about homes, producing a fluffy tangle of hyphae
RMPG45JY–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 586 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Hyphae inflated at both apex and joints 2. Arthrobotiys. Hyphae not inflated Conidia spirally pleurogynous 3. Haplariopsis. Conidia solitary, acrogenous or capitate Conidia capitate at apex. .. 4. Cephalothecium, p. 586. Conidia solitary at apex Fertile hyphae long 5. Trichothecium. Fertile hyphae very short 6. Didymopsis. Fertile hyphae branched Branching irregular 7. Diplosporium. Branching verticillate 8. Diplocladium. Branching dichotomous; sterig- mata subtemate 9. Cylindrocladium. Conid
RMRDD210–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAP. II.—DIFFERENTIATION OF THALLUS.—COMPOUND SPOROPHORES. 53. Flc. 22. Peziza [Scleratinia, Fuckel) ScUrotiorum, Lib. Sclerotium with emerge* ing sporophores of different ag^es. Nat. size. are in the apex of the structure and form its growing point, in which growth in length continues, while it dies out in the parts below it as these become successively further removed from it and the cells of the hyphae have grown longer and thicker. The parallel arrangement of the
RMPG41E8–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 286.—Agaricus meUeus. Sporophore developed from a rbizomorpli-strand; the other branch bears arrested sporophores. (After R. Hartig.). Fig. 287. — Agancus meUeus. Section through a lamella, d. The hyphae forming the substance of the lamella are much branched, and send twigs outwards which end in club-shaped basidia, a; on many of these are developed sterigmata with apices swollen into spores, b; c, isolated thr
RMRDD28J–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. I. Germinating gonidia of Neciria (Sfiicarj'a) Solani, FIG. z. Clamp^onnections of the my- Reinke ; a developing into an isolated hyplia, in the rest the celium of Hypochnus centrifjtgus, Tul. hyphae have coalesced. Magn. 390 times. Magn. 390 times. following manner:—the lateral wall or the extremity of a branch or of a segment-- cell of the branch places itself on another branch or cell, and the membranes of both disappear at the point of contact, so that the ca
RMPG42XE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 98 SYMBIOSIS. suggested that the reduced formation of hairs on their roots was due to the fungus-hyphae behaving physiologically as root-hairs, Johow, in opposition to Frank, states that the non-ehloro- phyUous Wullschlaegelia, a relative of Neotiia, shows no trace of. Fig. 19.—Coralliorhiza innata Br. (v. Tubeuf phot.) Fig. 20.—iVeodin Sidut avis Rich, (v. Tubeuf phot.) fungal hyphae about its roots, and yet derive
RMRE3CKW–. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 372 FUNGI shaped pseudo-parenchjmatous exciple is formed, the margin of which reaches the surface. The interior of this basin is then soon filled with upright paraphyses like those which originally attained the surface. The turns of the original coil become unloosed, and eventually there are given off from it ascogenous hyphae which, after branching in the sub- hymenial zone like those of Ascobolus, finally produce successive asci in the mature apothece. In Physma Massal. the carpogone is produced from the hyphae which form the wall of the anther
RMPG3FM3–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 755 milk, and the bacteria of hay infusions (figs. 14-17). Among the com- moner saprophytic fungi are the molds {e.g. Penicillium and Mucor, fig. 1078), the yeasts (figs. 168-173), a-^d "^ost fleshy fungi (figs. 197-198). Saprophytic fungi and bacteria occur wherever there is dead organic matter, particularly in humus, the processes of decay being associated with these organisms. The vegetative body of fungi, the mycelium, is composed of delicate threads, the hyphae (fig. 1078), which penetrate the
RMRDHK3B–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav- ing greater power of pene- trati
RMPG4B6B–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. TUBERCTJLINA. Tuberculina. 32r Mycelium parasitic on hyphae and spore-patches of Uredineae. Short rod-like hyphae spring from the spore-patches, and give ofi' from their apices, globose conidia, which on germination produce branched promycelia bearing sickle-shaped conidia.. Fig. 179.—ScMifizia cypericola on Ct/perus Jkivescens. Several roots show palmately- divided swellings. Isolated spore. (After Magnus.) Tubercu
RMRDCETJ–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—GASTROMVCETES. 337 The peridia of 7ulostoma are formed, according to Schroter, on subterranean mycelial strands, which are flat sclerotia and may be 6 mm. in breadth; they are probably shoots from these sclerotia, and are round bodies about 4 mm. in diameter composed of a uniform weft of primordial hyphae ; the superficial ramifications of the hyphae form a floccose envelope which attaches itself to the grains of sand in the surrounding
RMPG4E70–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. CHAPTER V CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRUE FUNGI CLASS III. EUMYCETES The true fungi or hyphomycetes {iKpri, a web + yuu/cTjs, a mushroom; are thallophytes in which the thallus, as the Greek derivation implies consists of a system of threads {kyphm) which form a cobwebby struc- ture known as the mycelium (Eig. ii). A single thread of the myceliurr is an hypha (plural hyphae) and a hypha may be unicellular, or multi- cellular. All true fungi are colorless, that is they are chlorophylless and
RMRE3CH3–. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. 392 FUNGI certain instances of more compact character. Such are the srleroies which are resting states of Coprinus stercorarius (Fr.) (fig. 318), and the rhizo- Morphs of Agaricus melleus (L.) (fig. 319), composed of root-Hke branched strands of mycelial hyphae, parasitic on the pine. The rhizo- morphs are simply sclerotes with growing-points. From the mycele, of whatever character it be, there arises the compound sporophore by the continued apical or marginal growth of a bundle of hyphse. It is not certain, but it may very well be, that intercal
RMPG3XDH–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 177. Ephibe pubescetis, Fr. A branched Blifonu thallus of Stigonema with the hyphae of the Fungus ^towing thrbugh its gelatinous membranes. Extremity of a branch of the thallus with a young lateral branch a; h hyphae, g cells of the Alga, gs the apex of the thallus After Sachs. Magn. 500 times. Fig. 178. Eptube pubtsUHS, Fr. A branched filiform thallus of Siigonema with hyphae of the Fungus growing through its gelatinous membranes, a tip of the thallus after bein
RMRDTP5N–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. ERYSIPHALES 85 III] The antheridial branch is much narrower; it applies itself to the side of the oogonium and when first cut off contains a single nucleus (fig. 41 a). It is clearly differentiated from the hyphae of the sheath not only by its form and behaviour but by its much earlier appearance and definite relation to the oogonium. Its nucleus soon divides ; one of the daughter nuclei passes to the apex of the branch and a wall is formed cutting off the uni- nucleate antheridium. The oogonial nucleus is rather larger than those of the
RMPG44A8–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SPECIFIC DISEASES OP PLANTS St$ The oogonia and antheridia are not so common as the conidiospores. If the shriveled parts of the leaves are examined in September, the. Fio. 186.—(irape leaf attacked by mildew, Plasmopara vilicola, Cold Spring Harbor, L. I., Aug. 2, 1915. oogonia will be found as spheric organs attached to the intercellular hyphae by a short stalk. One or several filamentous curved antheridia are formed near the oogonia to the surface of which they be
RMRDX0XN–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. VIl] USTILAGINALES 187 In the regions where the formation of brand-spores is to take place, the mycehum becomes richly branched and often swollen and gelatinous. In Ustilago and Sphacelotheca the sporogenous hyphae are divided into a number of short segments in each of which the contents form a spore surrounded by an independent membrane. The spores are enclosed at first within the gelatinous parent walls, but later these disappear so that the whole mycelium is transformed into a pulverulent mass of spores. In Tilletia and Entyloma the sp
RMPG40R0–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 310.—Epidermis of a Pine-seedling with a stoma. Some hyphae of Fui^na have produced partial dissolution of cell- walls. (After B. Hartig.) ,tfI5^. Fig. 311.—Fusoma parasiticum. Coni- dia—immature, mature, and germinat- ing. (After E. Hartig.) Fusoma parasiticum Tub.^ is the cause of a disease of seed- lings, particularly those of Conifers. The first symptoms are dark patches on the seedlings, followed by their
RMRDJFTH–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PHYCOMYCETES 143 portions. The hyphae are apparently intercellular at first and after- wards intracellular. Terminal or intercalary spherical sporangia are sparingly pro- duced. These are usually persistent, and may be from three to five times the diameter of the hyphse. During germination a short tube is developed at one side, and through this the my- celium migrates, forming a kind of swarm sphere within which it breaks up into bean-shaped masses, which are set free as zoospores
RMPG448G–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. FIG. 31. Dadylium macrosporitTn, Vt. Extremiries of spori- ferous hyphae. a in a dry state with a head of spores above, b in water with the primordia of the youngest spores s at the extremities of the branches, the small unevennesses beneath beinif the points of attachment of the older spores which have become detached in the water. Magn. 300 times.. Fig. 32. Botrytis Bassii, Bals. a end of a young sporiferous hypha; short lateral branchlets have successively abjointe
RMRDHK3F–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. SAPROPHYTISM AND SYMBIOSIS 763. species that forms galls on legume roots (p. 787), also lives saprophyti- cally in the soil, and thus is a facultative form. The mildews, rusts, and smuts are representative parasitic fungi, most of which are deleterious to their host plants (fig. 180), some species producing conspicuous galls in various organs. Some of the Poly- poraceae (as the bracket fungi) are harmful parasites on trees. The hyphae of parasitic fungi are thought to be more specialized than are those of saprophytic forms, hav-
RMPG44W8–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 232 MYCOLOGY the primary ones. The gills may be free from the stipe, adnexed, or even decurrent. A section of a mature gill shows the following disposition of the hyphal layers. The central part of the gill consists of paraUel, down- ward directed hyphae, that form the trama. Running out obliquely from the trama are shorter ceUs which constitute the subhymenium. The basidia, together with their accompanying paraphyses and cysti- dia, form a paHsade-Uke layer (the hymenium) whose cells s
RMRDJFTP–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 142 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. Fig. 43. Bean Seedlings attacked by Pythium (Photograph by H. H. Whetzel) The fungus. The mycelium, like that of most Peronosporaceas, is delicate, more or less variable in diameter, and much branched. The branches are, for a time, at least, smaller than the parent hyphae. The protoplasm is densely granular in the growing. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - colo
RMPG45WR–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 407 arising immediately from the mycelium, smooth or minutely warty; basidia clavate, with foiu- sterigmata; spores small, globose or ellipsoid, with a smooth colorless membrane. A genus of some two hundred fifty species, mostly wood inhab- iting. One species possesses a mycelium which has long been known in its sterile form as a Rhizoctonia. Corticium vagum solani Burt. ^*'^^' '^* Hymenophore, white when sporing, poorly developed, of loosely interwoven hyphae; basidia short, cylindric or oblong;
RMRDXHDJ–. Introduction to the study of fungi; their organography, classification, and distribution, for the use of collectors. Fungi. 60 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FUNGI protoplasm, and gradually enlarge, until they resemble a spindle- shaped connective of the two hyphae. A septum is soon formed across the suspenders near the upper extremity, cutting off a discoid cell from each, which are separated from each other at the point of contact by the original wall of the con- jugating suspenders. This division soon becomes perforated, and at length disappears, leaving the twin discoid cells united into a
RMPG44AD–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 514 SPECIAL PLANT PATHOLOGY to the grape" leaves (Fig. 186), where it produces under ordinary conditions spots of mildew, especiaUy on the lower leaf surface. In bad cases, the whole lower leaf surface may be covered with the downy, or cottony mass of hyphae which gives the fungus its common name. The parasitic hyphae live in the intercellular spaces of the host and send into the host cells smaU knob-like haustoria. The presence of the mycelium seriously interferes with the normal
RMRDCY72–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 458 BASIDIOMYCETES. point, whereby a felted tissue, called the medulla, is produced in the interior. The outer parts of the pseudoparenchyma, on the other hand, coalesce to form the so-called rind, which when young gives off numerous delicate hyphae, and these, taking advantage of the medullary rays, penetrate the wood, and especially the resin-ducts, should such be present. In the wood the growth is upwards. This i
RMPG45J3–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 600 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Monotosporese (p. 595) Conidia dark, solitary, acrogenous. Key to Genera of Monotosporese Sterile hyphae lacking Fertile hyphae short and fascicled at base 1. Hadrotrichum. Fertile hyphse longer, separate 2. Monotospora. Sterile hyphse present Conidia with a loose hyaline membrane. 3. Nigrospora. Conidia without a membrane Conidia with a large shining drop... 4. Sporoglena. Conidia without a shining drop 5. Acremoniella, p. 600. Acremoniella Saccardo Hyphse creeping, simple or ramose, hyaline
RMRDEFJ1–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. MILDEWS AND RELATED FUNGI 167 contents into a single large one, from which the ascogenous hyphae then arise. Family 5. Pezizace^.—The apothecia of this family are saucer- or cup-shaped, sessile or stalked, arising from a mycelium which is found in the substratum. The peridium and hypothecium consists of rounded cells and they are of fleshy, or leathery consistency.. The asci, which are usually eight-spored, are separated by distinct para- physes. The spores are usually hyaline. Lacknea
RMPG454W–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 148 MYCOLOGY (Fig. sO has a copious literature. Lafar cites forty workers of recent date, who have studied it. The physician finds it as an occupant of. Fig. so.—Aspergillus nidulans. A, Mycelium with conidiophores; B, branched conidiophore; C, spore chains at end of conidiophore; D, small conidiophores; E, young fruit showing development of covering; F, hyphae with swollen ends; G, hypha from interior of fruit-body; H, hyphae with young asci; J, developing perithe- cium. {See Die nalii
RMRDJFFB–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 192 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS On blighted branches of the peach the mycelium has been found (Smith) to grow most abundantly in the cambium and soft bast, these tissues disappearing in large measure with the forma- tion of extensive gum pockets (Fig. 71). The conidiophores arise as short hyphae, which soon become septate at the extremities, branched and nodulose. The branching proceeds in an indefinite and usually irregular or semidichotomous fashion (Fig. 72, a and b). From the ap
RMPG42YB–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fio. 14. Fig. 13.—Tracheid of Pinus sytvestris destroyed by Travutes pini. The primary cell-WHll is completely dissolved from below upwards to a^ a; 6, secondary and tertiary layers of the walls consisting in the under portion of cellulose only, in which gi'anules of chalk are recognizable ; c, fungus-hyphae boring through the walls, leaving holes d and e. (After R. Hartig.) Fic. 14.—Tracheid of Pinus destroyed by P
RMRDJF7G–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 242 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS hyphae as yeast-like conidial cells. The cushion-like masses also produce conidia in quantity. Mayr described certain macroconidia borne upon small, white stromata preceding the usual cushions on the canes ; but Durand was unable to detect such spores.. FIG. IO3. PLEONECTRrA BEROLINENSIS: A CLUSTER OF PERITHECIA (Photograph by E. J. Durand) Control. It would seem that the most practical method of control consists in eradicating diseased vines as they
RMPG3H7G–. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. 442 FUNGUS-rJLOEA.. FIGUEES ILLUSTRATING THE STILBEAE. Fig. i, Exosporivm tiliae; section of fungus and conidium;—Fig. 2, EpidoeMum atrovirem; section of fungus, and portion of hyphae with, a conidium;—^Fig. 3, Myrothecium inundaium; general appearance of fungus, and portion of section showing oonidiophores bearing conidia ;— Fig. 4, Atrdboirymn afrum;—Fig. 5, Aegeriia Candida;—Fig. 6, Dendro- doOiimn affine;—Fig. 7, TuhercuUna persicina ;—Pig. 8, Volutella ciliata; —Pig, 9, sterile hypha and two conidiophores bearing conidia,
RMRDJ623–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 368 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS. The mycelia of both the blotch and the speck are superficial, at most merely roughening the surface of the cuticle. The blotches are irregular in outline, sometimes coalescing into large areas. The specks, as the name indicates, are small, circular, dark col- ored flecks associ- ated in groups, and sometimes distrib- uted over large areas. A network of ra- diating olive-brown or fuliginous hyphae made up of more or less barrel-shaped cells constitute
RMPG4220–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. f" ^i FIG. 89. Lecauora subfiitca. Median section through a young apothecium, swollen up in ammonia, somewhat diagranunatically represented; h h hymenium, e excipulum from which spring the paraphyses represented by strokes run, ning vertically towards h. sh ascogenous hyphae givmg rise to the asci, r lind, 9n medullary layer of the thallus which forms a rim round the excipulum. The round bodies are the algal cells contained m the thallus. Magn. 190 tunes. This is
RMRE0P9M–. Agricultural botany, theoretical and practical. Botany, Economic; Botany. 742 FUNGI as 'the mushroom,' which is a complicated fructification or sporophore of the fungus. In the earhest stages the sporophores are small oval tubercles (r. Fig. 251) of closely-woven hyphae, in which very little differentiation of parts is observable. The mature sporophore, however, consists of a stalk or 0. Fig. 252,—At Sporophore of the common mushroom : at ^ a slice has been cut from the pileus (slightly reduced). " B^ Portion of the pileus and lamellae cut across in A (enlarged 30 diameters). C, Transve
RMPG456B–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. Fig. 168. Cystococcus, a—e from the thallus of hu- bricariatitiaeea. ^from the thallus of ^Afl«-o/A<?ro» coralloides. / from the thallus of Usnea barbata. c, d isolated algal cells, the rest with hyphae attached to them. c-/ cells dividing, a—e and s magn. 390, y 700 times, yafter Schwendener.. Fig. 169, Trentepohlia {Chroolepus umbrimtm. Kg.). a from the thallus of Lecanactis illeeebrosa, Duf. b from the thallus of Graf his serif ta. Magn. 390 times. Section CXV.
RMRDTP02–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] PEZIZALES III attached antheridium if the latter developed at a distance. But branching might also be regarded as a secondary or vegetative development, appearing after normal fertilization had ceased to occur. The presence of pores in the transverse septa of the trichbgyne suggests that the function of that organ in relation to an antheridium has only recently been lost.. Fig. 67. Jlumai-ia^ranu/ata Qne.; YOvmga.rchica.rp, X3'2o; after Blackman and Fraser. The ascogenous hyphae contain many nuclei irregularly arranged. Asci are form
RMPG4BAM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 284 USTILAGINEAE. formation of conidia ensues; the conidia multiply in a yeast- like manner, and only grow out as hyphae on exhaustion of nutritive material. Infection takes place on seedling-plants. Kiihn cultivated this species on Sorghum saccharatum and S. vulgare, and suggests that a common disease of Durra in South Africa may be caused by this parasite. Ust. sorghi (Link.) {Ust. Tulasnei Kiihn) (U.S. America):
RMRDD80X–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SPHACELOTHECA. 305 period, and produce three-celled promycelia with elongated ovoid conidia, which sprout indefinitely. In nutritive solutions two or three promycelia may be produced. Schizonella.^ The spores are produced in series on the reproductive hyphae. At first two-chambered by means of a cross-septum, they later separate into two loosely-joined cells and form twin-spores; each half germinates like an Ustilag
RMPG49W6–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 462 BASIDIOMYCETES. scales arranged regularly in concentric lines. The stools break out from living stems through cracks in the bark or from wounds, e.g. those made by wood-peckers. The fir-wood, normally white, assumes, when diseased, a yellow or honey-colour, more or less like the sporophore, while here and there, parts may become light brown. The hyphae grow in all direc- tions, but especially as white strands up
RMRDCT05–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 212 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNOT. Pyrenomycetes protuberant below and with a short neck; they are sunk in the thallus but have the free extremity of the neck on a level with the outer surface. The neck is traversed throughout its length by a canal open at both ends, the canal of egress. The wall of the iimer ventral portion, which is formed of a close weft of hyphae, bears a hymenium on its inner surface composed of delicate hyphal branches of uniform h
RMPG45JM–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 589 Hyphae verticillate; sterile hy- phaB present 13. Mucrosporium. Parasitic Conidia mucose-conglobate, allan- toid, often continuous 14. Allantospora. Conidia not mucose-conglobate Conidia ovate-cylindric or elon- gate, often catenulate 15. Ramularia, p. 590. Conidia obclavate-pyriform 16. PirictJaria, p. 591. Septocylindrium Bonardin (p. 588) Coiiidiophores very short, scarcely distinct from the conidia, or in parasitic species distinct but short and inflated or dentic- ulately sublobate at th
RMRDJ5K4–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 45° FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS Characters of the fungus. The mycelium varies considerably in form, depending upon age, or the conditions under which grown. In diseased tissues where there is abundance of water, or in pure culture, the young hyphae develop branches, which are usually inclined at an acute angle to the direction of growth of the parent branch, although subse- quently the two may grow par- allel. The branch is usually somewhat narrowed or con- stricted where united wit
RMPG4G9A–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 214 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE is not known but which is placed in this genus on account of the similarity of its conidial stage with that of the other species. U. virens (Cke.) Tak. Ascigerous stage unknown, sclerotia spher- ical, about 5 mm. in diameter; conidia spherical, at first smooth- walled, hyaline, at maturity echinulate and olive green, 4-6 M- The short thick walled fr ^^ hyphae of the interior of the sclerotium are closely in- ,,.„,-. -. • terwoven to a false tissue, liG. 153.—U. virens; a, spores germinated m
RMRDJ61W–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. The mycelia of both the blotch and the speck are superficial, at most merely roughening the surface of the cuticle. The blotches are irregular in outline, sometimes coalescing into large areas. The specks, as the name indicates, are small, circular, dark col- ored flecks associ- ated in groups, and sometimes distrib- uted over large areas. A network of ra- diating olive-brown or fuliginous hyphae made up of more or less barrel-shaped cells constitute the blotch. Cell fusions and ce
RMPG4GC3–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 201 M. stysanophora Mat. is said to be an ascigerous stage of Dematophora glonierata, cf. p. 230, so injurious to the grape. Nectria Fries (p. 197) Stroma absent or tubercular, fleshy, bright colored; perithecia single, or gregarious, on or in the stroma or among cottony hyphae, globose or ovate, walls fleshy, yellow, red or brown, smooth or hairy; ostiole papillate or not; asci cylindric or clavate, 8-spored; spores elongate blunt or pointed, hyaline, rarely red, 2-celled, form- ing conidia in t
RMRDWG23–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 235 hyphae, in fact, a miniature lichen (Fig. 143, C). In some species the soredia form a rather powdery or granular coating on the upper surface of the lichen, and in other cases they are developed within the lichen. These bodies are easily scattered by the wind when the lichens are dry and under favorable conditions grow into new lichens. Reproduction is also effected by means of ascospores that are developed as in the cup fungi. The female. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have bee
RMPG4BAH–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. FIG. 175. Tktlidium minutulum. A perithecium on the thallus; a groups of Algae, FIG. 176. vd CystocoUus tbe- m the part of the thallus without Algae spreading in the substratum, fi the perithecium Hetts, Thw. a extremity of a branch cut through the middle, represented diagrammatically and slightly magnified. B a group seen from without. 6 a similar one of Algae with hyphae growing round them, magn. 480 times. Afler Stahi. in optical longitudinal section; x the Algae;
RMRDTNBG–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 156 PYRENOMYCETES [CH. In due course the archicarp becomes surrounded by a sheath of vegetative hyphae within which its growth is continued so that a mass of cells is pro- duced from which asci at last arise. In the meantime the sheath becomes differentiated into an outer coat of relatively large, brown-walled hyphae, and an inner layer of smaller cells which become narrow and elongated. As development proceeds a cavity appears within the perithecium, usually just above the ascogenous cells, and branches from the lining mycelium grow out
RMPG45J9–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 596 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE Conidia clavate 4. Gongromeriza. Chains breaking up witii difficulty Chains curved 5. Gyroceras. Chains straight or nearly so 6. Honniscium. Hyphae hyaline 7. MonUochaetes, p. 597. Thielaviopsis Went. ^^ (p. 595) Hyphffi creeping, subhyaline; conidiophores simple, septate; conidia of two kinds; macroconidia catenulate, ovate, fuscous; Fio. 399.—T. ethaceticus. After Wakker and Went.. Fio. 400.—Torula. After Saccardo. microconidia cylindric, hyaline, catenulate within the conidiophore. In part
RMRDE1FC–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SPECIFIC DISEASES OF PLANTS 513 thoroughly. So it has been with the black-rot fungus. The pycnidial stage on the grape leaves (Fig. 185) was called Phylloslicta labrusca, while on the fruit it was called Phoma uvicola. These have been determined to be merely stages of one and the same fungus, Guignardia Bidwellii. The mycelium of the black-rot fungus is never abundant in the outer portions of the berries where it is found. Here a stromatic mass of hyphae arises benea
RMPG40TG–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 309.—Fusoma parasiticum. Dis- eased Pine-seedlings, with, a, root killed; b, hypocotyl killed; c, first leaves and plumule killed. (After R. Hartig.). Fig. 310.—Epidermis of a Pine-seedling with a stoma. Some hyphae of Fui^na have produced partial dissolution of cell- walls. (After B. Hartig.) ,tfI5^. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for
RMREXDAN–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Ill] PLECTASCALES 75 nuclei have travelled in pairs to the asci, where they unite; but Kuyper, in M. Barkeri, reports fertilization in the female organ. After the fertilization stage the oogonium enlarges and gives rise to asco- genous hyphae while the an- theridium and trichogyne de- generate. Investing filaments grow up to form a sheath, the in ner layers of which consist of delicate, nutritive cells. These degenerate early, producing a mass of protoplasm amongst which the ascogenous hyphae ramify. From the penultimate cells of the latt
RMPG45HA–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 608 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE S. graminis Fcl. Spots foliicolous, elongate, ochraceous; conidiophores densely fasciculate, filiform, simple, sinuose, 90-100 x 6-8 n, subcontinuous; conidia fusoid-obclavate, 35-45 X 8-10 n, miiseptate, olive-brown. It is common, causing leaf spots on grasses, especially on Avena and Phleum. It is de- scribed on the latter by Trelease.''^ The my- celitmi collects below the stomata and pushes its tuft of hyphae through them. S. melophthorum P. & D. parasitizes melons and cucumbers in Fra
RMRDWC4E–. The essentials of botany. Botany. CUP FUNGI 217. Fig. 98.—Peziza, and Pyronema. oogone a slender branch grows out, and becomes the antherid, which soon comes into contact with the tricho- gyne. Fertilization is effected by the passage of the nuclei from the antherid into the trichogyne and from thence into the oogone. As a result numerous branches start out from the oogone, forming the ascogenous hyphae. At the same time their arise numerous sterile hyphae, from the tissues beneath the oogone, and these grow upward inter- mingling with the ascogenous hyphae, forming a dense felted mass, whic
RMPG45J7–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 599 Branches circinate at apex; conidia mesogenous, muricate 3. Acrospeira. Branches spirally twisted; conidia exogenous 4. Streptothrix, p. 599. Hyphae simple or with straight branches 5. Virgaria. All hyphae more or less creeping Branches curved or lash-like. . 6. Campsotrichum. Branches not curved ' Conidia spiny, rarely smooth 7. Zygodesmus, p. 599. Conidia smooth Conidia sessile 8. Trichosporium. Conidia on stalks Conidia on tooth-like sterig- mata 9. Rhinocladium. Conidia on jar-like stalks
RMRDC2BE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. (il.—Exoascus dej'or^nans. Comparison of normal section of leaf of Pvv,nus Persica with a hypertrophied one, B; in the latter the mycelial hyphae have been slightly shaded. The sections are from different parts of the same leaf, and are drawn with the same magnification. (After W. G. Smith.) on the almond {Amygdalus communis)^ resembles Ex. deformans so closely that they are now regarded as the same species.. P
RMPG4BRF–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. a v^" Fig. 90.âHerpotrichia nigra, o, hyphae weav- ing a granular mycelium on the surface of the needle and forming tuber-like bodies over the stomata; rod-like haustoria are sunk into the outer walls of the epidermal cells. (After B. Hartig).. Fig. 91.âHerpotrichia nigra, Ascus with germinating spores, (v. Tubeuf del.) I have frequently observed the fungus on Jiinipenis com- munis, especially in Bavarian â f
RMRDTN9R–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. 102 PYRENOMYCETES [CH. Leptosphaeria includes some 500 species characterized by the papillate or conical ostiole, usually free from hairs. The majority are saprophytes on plant remains, some are parasites on land plants, and some on the Red Algae. L. Lemaneae occurs on the thalliis of various species oi Lemanea {?ig. 121). The mycelium consists of uninucleate cells and ramifies in the intercellular spaces of the host, sending branched haustoria into the cells. Here and there the hyphae are dilated (fig. 122 a, b), and in these regions sho
RMPG45FY–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 635 Stilbella Lindau (p. 633) Hyphae forming a coremium which is capitate above; conidio- phores borne on the cap; conidia small, often enclosed in shme. Over one hvmdred species chiefly saprophytes. (Commonly known as Stilbum but the type of the genus being a hymenomycete it was renamed.) S. flavida (Cke.) Kohl, causes a serious coffee disease. S. these Bern, is on tea in India. S. nanum Mas. causes the thread blight of tea. S. populi on poplar =Mycosphaerella populi. See p. 250. Rhombostilbella
RMRDHEFP–. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. FUNGI 393 There are a number of reasons why it does, but the prin- cipal reason is thought to be that such practice keeps the soil from becoming too poor in nitrates. You remember that leguminous crops, like clover, increase the nitrogen supply on account of the work of the bacteria in their tubercles. The effects which true fungi produce upon the fertility of soil are not yet well understood, but it is known that their hyphae penetrate everywhere in soil
RMPG41GD–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE FUNGI 249 (Sect. 315). The zygospore formation of bread-mold consid- erably resembles the mode of spore production in Spirogyra (Sect. 282), but the mold gametes contain many nuclei.. Fig. 174. Spore-Formation in Potato-Blight {Phytophthora infestaris), one of tHe algal fungi. A, a well-developed group of stalks, proceeding from a mass of mycelium inside the leaf and escaping through a stoma; B, a young, unbranched stalk, h, hyphae of mycehum; o, stoma; s, spore. (Both figures greatly magnified, S more than A.) It appears highly probable that such al
RMRDX15E–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. I/O PYRENOMYCETES [CH. of conidiophores, from which small oval conidia are abstricted. In Xylaria these form a white coating, in marked contrast to the older black portions of the stroma, where the perithecia are maturing, and justify the name candle-snuff fungus, applied to some of the commoner species. If, in either genus, the stroma be sectioned during the conidial stage, nests of small hyphae, similar to those in Poronia, will be found, and are the first indica- tions of the perithecia. Sometimes a stouter hypha with larger nuclei, pr
RMPG45TR–. Fungoid and insect pests of the farm. Agricultural pests. 8 Introduction to Fungi i^^' In neither case can foreign organisms enter the culture. It is thus possible to grow a fungus free from all other organisms. If at first the culture is not pure a few spores of the required fungus may be transferred to a sterile medium and a pure culture so obtained. The mushroom fungus resembles those already examined in consisting of a mycehum and a part which bears the spores. The spawn contains a. Fig. 6. Colonies of a fungus growing on gelatin in u, Petri dish dense growth of hyphae which take up food
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