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Large fungi Black & White Stock Photos
RF2C74YFJ–Bracket fungus fungi growing from a decaying tree trunk in the autumn fall black and white monochrome stock image
RM2RC90FR–A macro shot of the Goldenhaired Incap mushroom (Parasola auricoma) shows deep ribs and a large central eye, making designs of radial symmetry
RM2C9W26T–Black & white shot of a large clump of common inkcap (Coprinopsis atramentaria) in various stages of growth & deliquescence. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
RM2AJA14F–A countryman examining a Giant Puffball (Calvatia gigantea - earlier classified as Lycoperdon giganteum). Puffballs are fungi, so named because clouds of brown dust-like spores are emitted when the mature fruitbody bursts or is impacted. It can reach a foot (30 cm) or more in diameter, and is difficult to mistake for any other fungus. It has been estimated that a large specimen of this fungus when mature will produce around 7 × 10¹² spores. If collected before spores have formed, while the flesh is still white, it may be cooked as slices fried in butter, with a strong earthy, mushroom flavor.
RMP02GBW–. English: Fleuron from book: A catalogue of a large and elegant collection of books, including the libraries of the late learned and Rev. Dr. Hutchinson, Editor of Xenophon; the Rev. Mr. Mudge, of Plymouth; and several other curious libraries, lately purchased. Among them are Sebae Museum, 4 vol. many cuts. Catesby's Carolina, 2 vol. coloured. Mrs. Blackwell's Herbal, 2 vol. coloured. Knorr Deliciae Naturae, 2 vol. coloured. Meyer's Animals, 2 vol. coloured. Schefferi Fungi, 2 vol. coloured. Roesel's Frogs and Insects, coloured. Gleichen Nouvelles Decouvertes, coloured. Parkinson's Herbal, 2
RM2K8K7WR–Oslo 19430908 Matauk during World War II. Large basket that is full of fungi. Photo: NTB / NTB
RF2BTH033–Iguana, a genus of saurian reptiles, a lizard-like form, with large head covered with tails, a long tail, and an average length of about four feet, th
RMRDY635–. Botany of the living plant. Botany. CHAPTER XXIX. EU-MYCETES.—(*) BASIDIOMYCETES. The Basidiomycetes form the second sub-class of the septate Eu- mycetes. They include most of the large Fungi, such as the Mushrooms, Toad-stools, Shelf-Fungi, and Puff-Bails. These are almost all saprophytes. But the Basidio- mycetes also include the Rusts and Smuts, which are parasitic forms causing disease. Some of these are the most injurious pests to cereal crops, such as the Rust of Wheat, or the Smut of Oats. Some Basidiomycetes also take part in the formation of certain types of Lichens. They are thus v
RM2RFMF91–A macro shot of the Goldenhaired Incap mushroom (Parasola auricoma) shows deep ribs and a large central eye, making designs of radial symmetry
RMPG45G4–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 426.—C. apii. After Duggar and Bailey. the large nimtiber of cell of the spore is. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stevens, Frank Lincoln, 1871-1934. New York : Macmillan
RF2K7TMAH–Power Human Magic Mushrooms Black and White vector illustrations for your work logo, merchandise t-shirt, stickers and label designs, poster
RMRDWGB0–. Elementary botany. Botany. FUNGI: SAPROLEGNIA. 123 thread of the mycelium. In other cases large portions of the threads of the mycelium may separate into chains of cells. Both these kinds of cells are. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkinson, George Francis, 1854-1918. New York, H. Holt
![. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 68 Minnesota Plant Diseases. body of an insect there is considerable chance for aeration on account of- the large number of air-tubes which traverse the insect body. This very probably accounts very largely for the popularity of the insects as fungus hosts. Of these fungi the insect molds are very abundant as is also the "burnt wood" fungus known as the caterpillar fungus, and these two groups of fungi are responsible for most of the disease epidemics of insects. Plant lice have been known to sufifer from attacks of both of these fungi. The Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG45CM/minnesota-plant-diseases-plant-diseases-68-minnesota-plant-diseases-body-of-an-insect-there-is-considerable-chance-for-aeration-on-account-of-the-large-number-of-air-tubes-which-traverse-the-insect-body-this-very-probably-accounts-very-largely-for-the-popularity-of-the-insects-as-fungus-hosts-of-these-fungi-the-insect-molds-are-very-abundant-as-is-also-the-quotburnt-woodquot-fungus-known-as-the-caterpillar-fungus-and-these-two-groups-of-fungi-are-responsible-for-most-of-the-disease-epidemics-of-insects-plant-lice-have-been-known-to-sufifer-from-attacks-of-both-of-these-fungi-the-PG45CM.jpg ". Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 68 Minnesota Plant Diseases. body of an insect there is considerable chance for aeration on account of- the large number of air-tubes which traverse the insect body. This very probably accounts very largely for the popularity of the insects as fungus hosts. Of these fungi the insect molds are very abundant as is also the "burnt wood" fungus known as the caterpillar fungus, and these two groups of fungi are responsible for most of the disease epidemics of insects. Plant lice have been known to sufifer from attacks of both of these fungi. The Stock Photo")
RMPG45CM–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 68 Minnesota Plant Diseases. body of an insect there is considerable chance for aeration on account of- the large number of air-tubes which traverse the insect body. This very probably accounts very largely for the popularity of the insects as fungus hosts. Of these fungi the insect molds are very abundant as is also the "burnt wood" fungus known as the caterpillar fungus, and these two groups of fungi are responsible for most of the disease epidemics of insects. Plant lice have been known to sufifer from attacks of both of these fungi. The
RF2K7TM5N–Mushrooms Coming Out Skull Silhouette vector illustrations for your work logo, merchandise t-shirt, stickers and label designs, poster, greeting cards
RMRE0P9G–. Elementary botany. Botany. FUNGI: SAPROLEGNIA. 123 thread of the mycelium. In other cases large portions of the threads of the mycelium may separate into chains of cells. Both these kinds of cells are. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkinson, George Francis, 1854-1918. New York, H. Holt
RMPG2KGX–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER VII.âPHENOMENA OF VEGETATION.âLICHENS. 415 conical bodies like small flat apothecia of Peziza with the apex of the cone towards the thallus and produced by suitable branching of a tuft of hyphae; these bodies when they are present in large numbers unite together at the margins and form patches of some size; in Dictyonema and Laudatea they are smooth expanded layers usually resembling those of the Thelephoreae. The sporiferous structure of Rhipidonema is not cl
RF2KEYA7H–Zombie Scary Magic Mushrooms monochrome vector illustrations for your work logo, merchandise t-shirt, stickers and label designs, poster
![. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 68 Minnesota Plant Diseases. body of an insect there is considerable chance for aeration on account of- the large number of air-tubes which traverse the insect body. This very probably accounts very largely for the popularity of the insects as fungus hosts. Of these fungi the insect molds are very abundant as is also the "burnt wood" fungus known as the caterpillar fungus, and these two groups of fungi are responsible for most of the disease epidemics of insects. Plant lice have been known to sufifer from attacks of both of these fungi. The Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDE4N3/minnesota-plant-diseases-plant-diseases-68-minnesota-plant-diseases-body-of-an-insect-there-is-considerable-chance-for-aeration-on-account-of-the-large-number-of-air-tubes-which-traverse-the-insect-body-this-very-probably-accounts-very-largely-for-the-popularity-of-the-insects-as-fungus-hosts-of-these-fungi-the-insect-molds-are-very-abundant-as-is-also-the-quotburnt-woodquot-fungus-known-as-the-caterpillar-fungus-and-these-two-groups-of-fungi-are-responsible-for-most-of-the-disease-epidemics-of-insects-plant-lice-have-been-known-to-sufifer-from-attacks-of-both-of-these-fungi-the-RDE4N3.jpg ". Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 68 Minnesota Plant Diseases. body of an insect there is considerable chance for aeration on account of- the large number of air-tubes which traverse the insect body. This very probably accounts very largely for the popularity of the insects as fungus hosts. Of these fungi the insect molds are very abundant as is also the "burnt wood" fungus known as the caterpillar fungus, and these two groups of fungi are responsible for most of the disease epidemics of insects. Plant lice have been known to sufifer from attacks of both of these fungi. The Stock Photo")
RMRDE4N3–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 68 Minnesota Plant Diseases. body of an insect there is considerable chance for aeration on account of- the large number of air-tubes which traverse the insect body. This very probably accounts very largely for the popularity of the insects as fungus hosts. Of these fungi the insect molds are very abundant as is also the "burnt wood" fungus known as the caterpillar fungus, and these two groups of fungi are responsible for most of the disease epidemics of insects. Plant lice have been known to sufifer from attacks of both of these fungi. The
RMPG454R–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.âSPORES OF FUNGI. 59 A very large majority of Fungi have spreading hairs on their surface, which arise as branches from the hyphae of the compound sporophores and show this origin even where its final structure is pseudo-parenchymatous. Some of them come from the hyphae of the surface itself, some originate at a greater or less depth beneath it and pass obliquely to the outside through the layers of tissue that cover their point of origin. They are simple
RMRDXGWA–. Introduction to the study of fungi; their organography, classification, and distribution, for the use of collectors. Fungi. RUST FUNGI—UREDINEAE 245 - , c latter. In the one remaining genus of the section, that of Cronartium, the teleutospores surround a vertical columella, but in external appearance the species resemble Uredines as little as possible, and are not unlike persistent tendrils of some member of the Melanconieae. The Didymosporae are well typified by the large and important genus Pioccinia, with its transversely septate teleuto- spores. The grades are like those of Uromyces, viz
RMPG1F7D–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAP.X.—MORPHOLOGY OF THE BACTERIA.—ENDOSPOROUS BACTERIA, 463. All the above phenomena are in themselves sufficiently simple, and their course is essentially the same in all the species; but it is nevertheless desirable that we should study a few examples more closely, and see in what light the parts in question present themselves and the form which the specific differences assume. Our first example shall be the large species long known in our laboratories by the name
RMRE1N8N–. College botany; structure, physiology and economics of plants. Botany. THALLOPHYTES—FUNGI 283 species are destniotive parasites and are of the very greatest importance in agriculture. The Basidiowiycetes include the smuts and rusts which are microfungi and also the large fleshy fungi of which the mush- rooms and puffballs are types. They are divided into the Proto-hasidiomycetes with a four- celled basidium, each bearing a one^celled spore, and the Auto- basidiocycetes with a one-celled basidium bearing four spores.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that m
RMPG1T7H–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER v.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—HYMENOMrCETES. 299 defined than the strands of slender hyphae; they are often much elongated in the stipe and not unfrequently branched in the longitudinal direction or anastomose with others. In transverse sections, especially in the stipe, the cells of many of the large- celled portions are ovoid or wedge-shaped, and are so arranged, usually five or six together, round a centre that their narrow ends converge towards it, and they thus
RMRDD203–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER III.âSPORES OF FUNGI. 59 A very large majority of Fungi have spreading hairs on their surface, which arise as branches from the hyphae of the compound sporophores and show this origin even where its final structure is pseudo-parenchymatous. Some of them come from the hyphae of the surface itself, some originate at a greater or less depth beneath it and pass obliquely to the outside through the layers of tissue that cover their point of origin. They are simple
RMPG1T7F–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 414 DIVISION III.—MODE OF LIFE OF THE FUNGI. Thwaites was the first to describe*. Neither changes of structure nor premature death have been observed in the algal cells on account of this attachment to the hyphae. But the effect of the Fungus on the Algae is shown in a very remarkable manner by the formation of a thallus of a fixed shape, which in some species is of comparatively large size and has a progressive marginal growth, while the gelatinous colonies of Gloeoc
![. Botany of the living plant. Botany. 410 BOTANY OF THE LIVING PLANT "Fungi Imperfecti" and they constitute a large proportion of the described species. It will be gathered from the preceding pages that the Fungi provide characters, vegetative, propagative, and also functional, which will serve for their classification, though the data may often be insufficient for a final decision. Those Fungi which have non-septate hyphae are called Phycomycetes. Their structure is relatively coarse, and corresponds in this, as well as in the absence of septa, to what is seen in the Siphoneae. They Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDXNWM/botany-of-the-living-plant-botany-410-botany-of-the-living-plant-quotfungi-imperfectiquot-and-they-constitute-a-large-proportion-of-the-described-species-it-will-be-gathered-from-the-preceding-pages-that-the-fungi-provide-characters-vegetative-propagative-and-also-functional-which-will-serve-for-their-classification-though-the-data-may-often-be-insufficient-for-a-final-decision-those-fungi-which-have-non-septate-hyphae-are-called-phycomycetes-their-structure-is-relatively-coarse-and-corresponds-in-this-as-well-as-in-the-absence-of-septa-to-what-is-seen-in-the-siphoneae-they-RDXNWM.jpg ". Botany of the living plant. Botany. 410 BOTANY OF THE LIVING PLANT "Fungi Imperfecti" and they constitute a large proportion of the described species. It will be gathered from the preceding pages that the Fungi provide characters, vegetative, propagative, and also functional, which will serve for their classification, though the data may often be insufficient for a final decision. Those Fungi which have non-septate hyphae are called Phycomycetes. Their structure is relatively coarse, and corresponds in this, as well as in the absence of septa, to what is seen in the Siphoneae. They Stock Photo")
RMRDXNWM–. Botany of the living plant. Botany. 410 BOTANY OF THE LIVING PLANT "Fungi Imperfecti" and they constitute a large proportion of the described species. It will be gathered from the preceding pages that the Fungi provide characters, vegetative, propagative, and also functional, which will serve for their classification, though the data may often be insufficient for a final decision. Those Fungi which have non-septate hyphae are called Phycomycetes. Their structure is relatively coarse, and corresponds in this, as well as in the absence of septa, to what is seen in the Siphoneae. They
RMPG24B4–. Manual of gardening : a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use . Gardening. 180 MANUAL OF GARDENING. 214. Leaves and fruits injured by fungi, chiefly apple- scab. attack is commonly not so much in the individual leaves as in the stems, the sources of food supply being thereby cut off from the foliage. The symptoms of this class of ^^^ diseases are general weakening of plant when the disease affects the plant as a whole or when it attacks large branches; or sometimes the .leaves shrivel and die about the edges or in large
![. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 12 TELEUTOSPOEES O is much thicker at the apex than elsewhere (Fig. 13). While the spores are standing in a densely crowded sorus, the apex is the part most exposed to the weather, and therefore most needing protection. There is a thin endospore to each cell: the contents are granular and at first oily; there is a large and conspicuous nucleus in the centre of each. This nucleus, in its resting stage, is almost homogeneous except for its nucleolus, and was mistaken by the older observers for a " vacuole.&q Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE38D8/the-british-rust-fungi-uredinales-their-biology-and-classification-rust-fungi-12-teleutospoees-o-is-much-thicker-at-the-apex-than-elsewhere-fig-13-while-the-spores-are-standing-in-a-densely-crowded-sorus-the-apex-is-the-part-most-exposed-to-the-weather-and-therefore-most-needing-protection-there-is-a-thin-endospore-to-each-cell-the-contents-are-granular-and-at-first-oily-there-is-a-large-and-conspicuous-nucleus-in-the-centre-of-each-this-nucleus-in-its-resting-stage-is-almost-homogeneous-except-for-its-nucleolus-and-was-mistaken-by-the-older-observers-for-a-quot-vacuoleq-RE38D8.jpg ". The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 12 TELEUTOSPOEES O is much thicker at the apex than elsewhere (Fig. 13). While the spores are standing in a densely crowded sorus, the apex is the part most exposed to the weather, and therefore most needing protection. There is a thin endospore to each cell: the contents are granular and at first oily; there is a large and conspicuous nucleus in the centre of each. This nucleus, in its resting stage, is almost homogeneous except for its nucleolus, and was mistaken by the older observers for a " vacuole.&q Stock Photo")
RMRE38D8–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 12 TELEUTOSPOEES O is much thicker at the apex than elsewhere (Fig. 13). While the spores are standing in a densely crowded sorus, the apex is the part most exposed to the weather, and therefore most needing protection. There is a thin endospore to each cell: the contents are granular and at first oily; there is a large and conspicuous nucleus in the centre of each. This nucleus, in its resting stage, is almost homogeneous except for its nucleolus, and was mistaken by the older observers for a " vacuole.&q
RMPG3YFY–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. ASCOMYCETES 273 Illinois amounting to $1,500,000. Apple growers have become so thoroughly informed as to the destruction of this disease that they have to a large extent adopted the remedies recommended as a result of recent investigations, and steps are now very generally taken to control this fungus. This general interest which has been awakened will doubtless tend to diminish losses in future years. Parts of the plant affected. Upon the apple the bitter rot fungus is active chie
![. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] HYPOCREALES 147 of these spermatia have failed, and no relation of any kind has been de- monstrated between them and the female organ, consequently they must be regarded as no longer functional, and their original use can be inferred only from their structure. Their small size, scanty contents, and large nucleus suggest that they are more appropriately constituted to act as fertilizing agents than as a means of vegetative propagation. The archicarp first appears as a multinucleate hypha, which becomes septate and somewhat elaborately c Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTNDR/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fungi-v-hypocreales-147-of-these-spermatia-have-failed-and-no-relation-of-any-kind-has-been-de-monstrated-between-them-and-the-female-organ-consequently-they-must-be-regarded-as-no-longer-functional-and-their-original-use-can-be-inferred-only-from-their-structure-their-small-size-scanty-contents-and-large-nucleus-suggest-that-they-are-more-appropriately-constituted-to-act-as-fertilizing-agents-than-as-a-means-of-vegetative-propagation-the-archicarp-first-appears-as-a-multinucleate-hypha-which-becomes-septate-and-somewhat-elaborately-c-RDTNDR.jpg ". Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] HYPOCREALES 147 of these spermatia have failed, and no relation of any kind has been de- monstrated between them and the female organ, consequently they must be regarded as no longer functional, and their original use can be inferred only from their structure. Their small size, scanty contents, and large nucleus suggest that they are more appropriately constituted to act as fertilizing agents than as a means of vegetative propagation. The archicarp first appears as a multinucleate hypha, which becomes septate and somewhat elaborately c Stock Photo")
RMRDTNDR–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] HYPOCREALES 147 of these spermatia have failed, and no relation of any kind has been de- monstrated between them and the female organ, consequently they must be regarded as no longer functional, and their original use can be inferred only from their structure. Their small size, scanty contents, and large nucleus suggest that they are more appropriately constituted to act as fertilizing agents than as a means of vegetative propagation. The archicarp first appears as a multinucleate hypha, which becomes septate and somewhat elaborately c
RMPG2T6X–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CH.VIII.—MORPHOLOGY AND COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT.—MrXOMVCETES. 425 forming somewhat large roundish bodies with a delicate outline in which one or more lime granules are imbedded; it is soluble in alcohol at least in Fuligo and Didymium Serpula. Nuclei were not at first observed in the plasmodia. Cienkowski even stated expressly that the nuclei present in the swarm-cells disappear when they coalesce. But Schmitz' and Strasburger^ have recently established the presence of
RMRDXGTA–. Introduction to the study of fungi; their organography, classification, and distribution, for the use of collectors. Fungi. RUST FUNGI—UREDINEAE 247 species in which only teleutospores are known, and these do not germinate for a long time after the foster-plant is dead; and the Lepto-pucciniae, in which also the species only possess teleutospores, but the sori are compact, and germination takes place at once and whilst the foster-plant is living. Of course, outside of all these groups there still remain a rather large number of species, of uncertain place, mostly with only the teleutospores
RMPG4BJ1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. LOPHODERMIUM. 237 suffered by it should, where other soil conditions permit, be planted with Weymouth pine {Pinits Strohus) and the Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga JDmtglasii), which are, as yet, exempt from attacks of this parasite. Infection would seem to be brought about chiefly by westerly winds (in Germany), which carry diseased leaves or fungus-spores from infected places. Large areas run greater risks than small pat
RMRDTXT0–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. or four cells, which diminish gradually in diameter and which he terms a trichogyne. In Ascobolus inimersus the mycelium consists of multinucleate cells, the archicarp is larger than that of A. Winteri and contains some twenty divisions, it is otherwise very similar. The cells contain numerous large nuclei and pores develop between them ; the ascogenous hyphae arise from a single cell. Ramlow observed nuclear fusions in the central cell of the archicarp, but referred them to bad fixation. His explanation may be adequate here, but it does
RMPG45PN–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 519 In part=Mycosph£erella, Leptosphcpria. The genus is a very large one similar to Phoma and Phyllosticta except in its spore form and in the ostiole which is frequently very large. Septoria and Phleospora are distinguished only by the lesser development of the walls of the latter and many species which in early stages pass as Phleospora would in older stages be classed as Septoria. Septoria and Rhabdospora are distinguished only by the part of the host affected, stem or leaf, and many forms in
RMRDHT1T–. Fungi; their nature and uses. Fungi. THE SPOEE AND ITS DISSEMINATION. 129 form of the spores and their size differ materially, as well as the manner in which they are produced on the threads. In many they are very minute and profuse, but larger and less plentiful in the Dematiei than in the Mucedim.es. The »pores of some species of Helminthosporium are large and multiseptate, calling to mind the spores of the Melanconiei. Others are very curious, being stellate in Triposporium, circinate in Helicoma and Helico- coryne, angular in Gonatosporium, and ciliate in Menispora cili- ata. Some are pr
RMPG3NKY–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 425 XXI. CEDAR APPLES AND APPLE RUST Gymnosporangium macropus Lk. This is one of the most widespread and economically important of this genus. It produces the large cedar apples on Junipenis virginiana (Fig. 207). This fungus occurs practically throughout. Fig. 207. Gymnosporangium macropus: Cedar Apple the range of the red cedar and its other hosts. The aecidial stage occurs on the apple (Pyrns Mains) and also on Pyrus coronaria, and was originally described as
RMRE377N–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 246 PUCCINIA hetercecioiis and autcecioiis species respectively, though this is certainly not always true. The only British species of Carex which have been proved by cultures to be connected with this EBcidium are C. caryophyllea (praeoox) and 0. arenaria, but it is supposed to grow also on a large number of other species. The matter is, however, complicated by the fact that there are two other Pucciniae (P. arenariicola and P. Schoeleriana) which are very closely allied and differ chiefly in having their seci
RMPG4B7K–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 314 USTILAGINEAE. epispore, and the clusters appear black or leaden-grey. Ger- mination as in Entyloma. Melanotaenium endoirenum (Unger) (Britain). This is found on Galium MoUiigo and G. verum. The mycelium permeates the whole intercellular system of the host, and is nourished by large tufted haustoria. The host-plants remain small, with shortened internodes, shrunk leaves, and undeveloped flowers. The spores occur
RMRDCEH6–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAP.X.—MORPHOLOGY OF THE BACTERIA.—ENDOSPOROUS BACTERIA, 463. All the above phenomena are in themselves sufficiently simple, and their course is essentially the same in all the species; but it is nevertheless desirable that we should study a few examples more closely, and see in what light the parts in question present themselves and the form which the specific differences assume. Our first example shall be the large species long known in our laboratories by the name
RMPG42P5–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—SAPROLEGNIEAE. 141 SAPROLEGMXEAE. Section XL. These plants, which live on dead organic bodies in water, closely resemble the Peronosporeae in the course of their development and to' some extent also in habit; they are most of them of large growth, with tubular hyphae 1-2 cm. in length standing out from the substratum and slender rhizoids spreading through it (Fig. 68). They diflfer from the Peronosporeae chiefly in the development of the
RMRDXGXW–. Introduction to the study of fungi; their organography, classification, and distribution, for the use of collectors. Fungi. CONJUGATING FUNGI—PHYCOMYCETES 235 110.—Hyphal bodies. After Thaxter. guished by the production of numerous hyphae of large diameter and fatty contents, which ultimately emerge from the host in white masses of peculiar appearance, producing at their ex- tremities large conidial spores, which are violently discharged into the air and propagate the disease. In addition to these conidia, the propa- gation of the fungus, after long periods of rest, may be provided for by th
RMPG4ANE–. Minnesota mushrooms ... Botany; Mushrooms. 150 MINNESOTA MUSHROOMS. BLACK FUNGI PYRENOMYCETES Three families of this order are represented by forms sufficiently large and common that the beginner should know them, although none of them are edible, with one exception. The spores are borne in sacks, which are found in flask-shaped cellars or cavities. When these are single, the fungus is too small to be seen by the beginner, but when these ca^â ities are grouped in masses, the plant may attain a considerable size, as in the following. The forms that grow on wood are usually black, but a few wh
RMRDCEKT–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER VII.âPHENOMENA OF VEGETATION.âLICHENS. 415 conical bodies like small flat apothecia of Peziza with the apex of the cone towards the thallus and produced by suitable branching of a tuft of hyphae; these bodies when they are present in large numbers unite together at the margins and form patches of some size; in Dictyonema and Laudatea they are smooth expanded layers usually resembling those of the Thelephoreae. The sporiferous structure of Rhipidonema is not cl
RMPG4BCX–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. i66 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. A second series of forms are intracellular parasites in the living and otherwise sound foliage of some of the marsh plants infested by the first mentioned group. They form brown spots or pustules on the leaves, and spread from cell to cell, and often produce a large number of sporangia in each cell without coming out to the surface of the plaiit. To this group belongs the form which has been described as Protomyces Meny
RMRDW9M1–. Textbook of botany. Botany. PLANT DISEASES 381 outer cells have been killed by the fungus so that it is easy for decay-producing fungi to enter. The fungous body is very much like that of the downy mildew fungus, excepting that the short branches that enter the host cells are also thread-like and much more delicate than the main branches. The spores also are very much like those of the downy mil- dew fungus, and the large, thick-walled zygotes are very rarely found. The disease may be kept under control by the use of the Bordeaux mixture, making from three to five applications at intervals o
RMPG4EKN–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 398 DIVISION III.—MODE OF LIFE OF THE FVNGI. filicina, and Cunningham's' Mycoidea parasitica which with some other allied Algae helps to form the species of Strigula common on evergreen leaves in the tropics. 2. Algae which are blue-green, violet and other colours, owing to the presence of phycochrome, and are often united together into large bodies by means of their gelatinous membranes. (a) Nostocaceae with their cells forming filaments : Calothrix, Ag. (Schizo- sip
RMRE0P9H–. Agricultural botany, theoretical and practical. Botany, Economic; Botany. 746 FUNGI either at the same time or in irregular succession from the same mycelium. A very large and heterogeneous collection of fungi, classified in systematic works as ' Fungi imperfectly appear to be conidial forms of imperfectly known Ascomycetes, the ascospores of which are either absent altogether or which have not yet been recognised. 2. The True Yeasts are by several authorities included in the Ascomycetes and united into an order or family, the Saccharomycetacece. The commonest and best known species is Beer-
RMPG4201–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. POLVPORUS. 445 surface, and a smooth yellowish hymenial surface. They are large and flat, the thickest part being at their insertion (Fig. 277). Several frequently occur on the same stem, especially if wounds or frost injuries are present. The spores are brown and roundish. Conidia are said, by Schroeter, to be formed on the upper surface of the sporophores. This species is a deadly enemy of fruit-trees, especially
![. Flies in relation to disease: bloodsucking flies. Flies; Flies as carriers of disease; Diptera. VIl] ENEMIES 73 mosquito larvae, its leaves closing quickly on any animal that touches them. The larvse are sometimes destroyed by fungi and bacteria, but these groups of organisms are neither of them very im- portant enemies. Both the adult insect and its immature stages are para- sitized by various species of Protozoa and also by nematodes and trematodes. Insect enemies are responsible for the destruction of enormous numbers of mosquitoes. The larvse of Hydrophilidas and Dytiscidae devour large Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3JD5/flies-in-relation-to-disease-bloodsucking-flies-flies-flies-as-carriers-of-disease-diptera-vil-enemies-73-mosquito-larvae-its-leaves-closing-quickly-on-any-animal-that-touches-them-the-larvse-are-sometimes-destroyed-by-fungi-and-bacteria-but-these-groups-of-organisms-are-neither-of-them-very-im-portant-enemies-both-the-adult-insect-and-its-immature-stages-are-para-sitized-by-various-species-of-protozoa-and-also-by-nematodes-and-trematodes-insect-enemies-are-responsible-for-the-destruction-of-enormous-numbers-of-mosquitoes-the-larvse-of-hydrophilidas-and-dytiscidae-devour-large-RE3JD5.jpg ". Flies in relation to disease: bloodsucking flies. Flies; Flies as carriers of disease; Diptera. VIl] ENEMIES 73 mosquito larvae, its leaves closing quickly on any animal that touches them. The larvse are sometimes destroyed by fungi and bacteria, but these groups of organisms are neither of them very im- portant enemies. Both the adult insect and its immature stages are para- sitized by various species of Protozoa and also by nematodes and trematodes. Insect enemies are responsible for the destruction of enormous numbers of mosquitoes. The larvse of Hydrophilidas and Dytiscidae devour large Stock Photo")
RMRE3JD5–. Flies in relation to disease: bloodsucking flies. Flies; Flies as carriers of disease; Diptera. VIl] ENEMIES 73 mosquito larvae, its leaves closing quickly on any animal that touches them. The larvse are sometimes destroyed by fungi and bacteria, but these groups of organisms are neither of them very im- portant enemies. Both the adult insect and its immature stages are para- sitized by various species of Protozoa and also by nematodes and trematodes. Insect enemies are responsible for the destruction of enormous numbers of mosquitoes. The larvse of Hydrophilidas and Dytiscidae devour large
RMPG4BHH–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. l62 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. very thick, and many-layered membranes, the outer layers of which, the epi- sporium, are coloured and sclerosed in many species, in some are furnished with wart-like or slender spike-like prominences; they may also be known by their very dense protoplasm containing a large quantity of fatty matter uniformly distributed in small drops or granules, as in species of Synchytrium, or aggregated into a few drops or into one c
RMRDXY6F–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. v^J^Other Modes of Nutrition; Conservation of Food Elements ALMOST all higher organisms are either typical animals or typical plants; but among lower organisms, the lines of distinction are somewhat blurred. Some lower organisms, are holophytic, some are holozoic, others are more or less intermediate between the plants and the animals, and still others are quite different, in their mode of nutrition, from either plants or animals. THE FUNGI The fungi are a large group (about 75,000 species) of relatively simple plants that do not possess chlorophyll and
RMPG403M–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 132 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS The bacteria invade the intercellular spaces of the host, and subsequently the tissues are rapidly disorganized. This disorgani- zation is apparently due to an enzyme which attacks particularly the middle lamella. A large number of inoculation experiments have been made, and it is clearly shown that these bacteria are able to produce a form of soft decay in a great variety of plants. No other organism yet found has such a wide range of host plants. Mo
![. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] SPHAERIALES 169 The perithecium is initiated by the development of a coil of large, deeply-staining cells forming the archicarp. It arises amongst the vegetative filaments of the stroma, forms a couple of loops and is continued towards the surface of the stroma as a.slender multicellular trichogyne (fig. 127a). At an early stage the coiled portion becomes surrounded by a knot of small, densely-staining hyphae; later the trichogyne disappears, degeneration progressing from the base to the apex; the investing filaments grow more actively Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX15P/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fungi-v-sphaeriales-169-the-perithecium-is-initiated-by-the-development-of-a-coil-of-large-deeply-staining-cells-forming-the-archicarp-it-arises-amongst-the-vegetative-filaments-of-the-stroma-forms-a-couple-of-loops-and-is-continued-towards-the-surface-of-the-stroma-as-aslender-multicellular-trichogyne-fig-127a-at-an-early-stage-the-coiled-portion-becomes-surrounded-by-a-knot-of-small-densely-staining-hyphae-later-the-trichogyne-disappears-degeneration-progressing-from-the-base-to-the-apex-the-investing-filaments-grow-more-actively-RDX15P.jpg ". Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] SPHAERIALES 169 The perithecium is initiated by the development of a coil of large, deeply-staining cells forming the archicarp. It arises amongst the vegetative filaments of the stroma, forms a couple of loops and is continued towards the surface of the stroma as a.slender multicellular trichogyne (fig. 127a). At an early stage the coiled portion becomes surrounded by a knot of small, densely-staining hyphae; later the trichogyne disappears, degeneration progressing from the base to the apex; the investing filaments grow more actively Stock Photo")
RMRDX15P–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] SPHAERIALES 169 The perithecium is initiated by the development of a coil of large, deeply-staining cells forming the archicarp. It arises amongst the vegetative filaments of the stroma, forms a couple of loops and is continued towards the surface of the stroma as a.slender multicellular trichogyne (fig. 127a). At an early stage the coiled portion becomes surrounded by a knot of small, densely-staining hyphae; later the trichogyne disappears, degeneration progressing from the base to the apex; the investing filaments grow more actively
RMPG2RBC–. Bacteria, yeasts and molds in the home. Bacteriology; Yeast fungi; Molds (Fungi). DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIA 135 arise from clothes and skin. In the air of schoolrooms or audience rooms the number of bacteria is large, and there are more at the close of a school session than at the beginning. There are more bacteria in the air of a poorly ventilated schoolroom than in the air of a sewer. The presence of animals as well as of men always increases the number of bacteria in the air. Wherever we find dust, there we find bacteria. By this it is not meant that dust is composed wholly of bacteria, fo
RMRDXH2A–. Introduction to the study of fungi; their organography, classification, and distribution, for the use of collectors. Fungi. CAPSULAR FUNGI—PYRENOMYCETES 207. globose (Fig. 97), concentrically zoned within, and the perithecia immersed at the periphery. In Ustulina the stroma is pulvinate, becoming hollow; and in NvAninu- laria discoid, and plane or concave, distinctly margined. But in the large genus Hypoxylon, the stroma is either subglobose (Fig. 98) or effused, solid and dark within, closely adnate, of variable thickness, sometimes re- duced to little more than a crust of densely-packed pe
RMPG430Y–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 22 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. of Other examples, since many of these will be referred to again in other chapters, particularly when hypertrophy is under consi- deration. § 5. EFFECT OF PARASITIC FUNGI ON THE FOEM OF THE HOST-PLANT. 1. Arrest of growth, and Atrophy. While a large number of fungi produce more or less extensive enlargement of parts of their host, others cause arrest of organs, crippling, imp
RMRE1GDK–. Fungi; their nature, influence, and uses;. Fungi. Fig. 107.—Cells and pseudospores of Mcidlum berberidis. Montague has, however, described a Fuccinia herheridis on leaves of Berheris cjlauca from Chili, which grows in company 5^. Fio. 108.—Cells and pseudospores of Mcidium. graveoUns. with ^cidium berberidis. This at first sight seems to contradict the above conclusions; but the Mcidium which from the same disc produces the puccinoid resting spores, appears to be dif- ferent from the European species, inasmuch as the cells of the wall of the sporangium, are twice as large, and the spores de-
RMPG1F8W–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 432 SECOND PART.—MrCETOZOA. The conformation of the sporangia in Stemonitis runs differently in one respect from that of all other known forms. The slender threads of the Plasmodium, which lives in rotten wood, unite at first into large cylindrical or ellipsoid bodies of homogeneous protoplasm, which rest their broad surface on the substratum. Then a hollow cylindrical firm central column is separated off in the protoplasmic body, and rises vertically from a membranou
RMRE3H1F–. Pathogenic micro-organisms. A text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine. (Based upon Williams' Bacteriology). Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria. ^44 Specific micro-organismS mold to be recognized as a cause of disease, and also because it is an example of a large group of fungi which attack various insects. The disease muscardine is, moreover, one of consider- able importance to the silk industry. Oiditun Lactis.—Oidium lacHs is very widely distributed and is almost always present in milk and milk products, and in brewer's and baker's yeast, and it is an especially pr
RMPG4B8Y–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 296 USTILAGINEAE.. celia, may develop to mycelia; coalescence of conidia is unknown. In nutritive solutions conidia are formed in large numbers, and multiply yeast-like till nutriment fails. Ust. succisae Magn.^ frequents the anthers of Scdbiosa Succisa, and forms pure white spores, easily distinguished from those of the two preceding species. The anthers appear to be thickly covered with glassy granules. The spores
RMRDJ5T0–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 425 XXI. CEDAR APPLES AND APPLE RUST Gymnosporangium macropus Lk. This is one of the most widespread and economically important of this genus. It produces the large cedar apples on Junipenis virginiana (Fig. 207). This fungus occurs practically throughout. Fig. 207. Gymnosporangium macropus: Cedar Apple the range of the red cedar and its other hosts. The aecidial stage occurs on the apple (Pyrns Mains) and also on Pyrus coronaria, and was originally described as
RMPG42GT–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 194 ASCOMYCETES. forming, with alkalies, salts soluble iu water. This is the real cause of ergot poisoning and gives rise to gangrene. In large doses it produces cramp similar to strychnine, and tetanus of the uterus. (3) Ergotic add, a nitrogenous, easily decomposed glycoside, which has no effect on the uterus. It is more a narcotic which diminishes reflex excitability and finally stops it. Kobert experimented chie
RMRDBTKX–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. i66 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. A second series of forms are intracellular parasites in the living and otherwise sound foliage of some of the marsh plants infested by the first mentioned group. They form brown spots or pustules on the leaves, and spread from cell to cell, and often produce a large number of sporangia in each cell without coming out to the surface of the plaiit. To this group belongs the form which has been described as Protomyces Meny
RMPG40MF–. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. 384 THE NON-VASCULAR PLANTS. *- pTflr I pf : -W jag? which grow on stumps and logs are relatives of the mush- rooms. Puffballs are edible. The giant puffball, which sometimes gets as big as a watermelon, is, when fresh, one of the best of the edible fungi. The puff of dust which rises when you step on an old puff- ball is a cloud of spores. Some of the large bracket fungi be- come hard with age and may endure for years. The brackets are sporophores. The sp
![. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. BACTERIA. FUNGI. 169 "honey-combed ringworm", and named Favus by doctors; dandruff (Pityriasis versicolor) is produced by Microsporon furfur, and Herpes tonsurans by Trico- phyton tonsurans. The latter has a remarkable effect on the hair, causing it to fall out and leave the part of the skin affected bald. Water-plants are attacked by parasitic fungi comparatively rarely, which is the more noteworthy because such large numbers of non-parasitic epiphytes settle upon the filaments of green al Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDNEKT/the-natural-history-of-plants-their-forms-growth-reproduction-and-distribution-botany-bacteria-fungi-169-quothoney-combed-ringwormquot-and-named-favus-by-doctors-dandruff-pityriasis-versicolor-is-produced-by-microsporon-furfur-and-herpes-tonsurans-by-trico-phyton-tonsurans-the-latter-has-a-remarkable-effect-on-the-hair-causing-it-to-fall-out-and-leave-the-part-of-the-skin-affected-bald-water-plants-are-attacked-by-parasitic-fungi-comparatively-rarely-which-is-the-more-noteworthy-because-such-large-numbers-of-non-parasitic-epiphytes-settle-upon-the-filaments-of-green-al-RDNEKT.jpg ". The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. BACTERIA. FUNGI. 169 "honey-combed ringworm", and named Favus by doctors; dandruff (Pityriasis versicolor) is produced by Microsporon furfur, and Herpes tonsurans by Trico- phyton tonsurans. The latter has a remarkable effect on the hair, causing it to fall out and leave the part of the skin affected bald. Water-plants are attacked by parasitic fungi comparatively rarely, which is the more noteworthy because such large numbers of non-parasitic epiphytes settle upon the filaments of green al Stock Photo")
RMRDNEKT–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. BACTERIA. FUNGI. 169 "honey-combed ringworm", and named Favus by doctors; dandruff (Pityriasis versicolor) is produced by Microsporon furfur, and Herpes tonsurans by Trico- phyton tonsurans. The latter has a remarkable effect on the hair, causing it to fall out and leave the part of the skin affected bald. Water-plants are attacked by parasitic fungi comparatively rarely, which is the more noteworthy because such large numbers of non-parasitic epiphytes settle upon the filaments of green al
RMPG4BG4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 244 ASCOMYCETES. The disease is best combated by prompt removal of fallen leaves in autumn; where this rule is followed Rhytisma is seldom found (see p. 71). Rhytisma punctatum (Pers.) CBritain and U.S. America). Whereas the spots of the Rhytisma just considered are large, those of this species seldom exceed a few millimetres. They are. Fig. 129 —Kkytisma punctatum. Leaf of Acer Pseudoplatanvs with apothecia; the le
RMRDCEPR–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 398 DIVISION III.—MODE OF LIFE OF THE FVNGI. filicina, and Cunningham's' Mycoidea parasitica which with some other allied Algae helps to form the species of Strigula common on evergreen leaves in the tropics. 2. Algae which are blue-green, violet and other colours, owing to the presence of phycochrome, and are often united together into large bodies by means of their gelatinous membranes. (a) Nostocaceae with their cells forming filaments : Calothrix, Ag. (Schizo- sip
RMPG4B1G–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 378 UREDINEAE. and small yellow pycnidia are produced during July or August. The aecidia follow from August till September, occupying yellow zones on the otherwise green needles; their white peridia project as much as 2 mm. above the surface of the needle, and dehisce by rupture of the apex. The aecidiospores are formed in large numbers and, carried by wind, reach leaves and shoots of alpine-rose where they immediat
RMRDHRWG–. Microbes, ferments and moulds . Bacteria; Fungi; Fermentation. LABOEATORY EESEAECH, ETC. 265 The stage of the microscope is maintained at the requisite temperature. In order to make cultures in large quantities, other kinds of apparatus are in use. The liquid supposed to contain microbes is introduced into sterilized nutritive liquids by means of a platinum wire, which has been heated red hot and then allowed to cool; its end is. Fig. 104.—Gas stove for the heating and Bteriiiziug of flasks. Fig. 105.—Pasteur's culture tubes. dipped Into the liquid, and then instantly transferred to the cult
RMPG4GPR–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 138 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE walled and short livfed, the later ones thicker walled and more enduring. After some weeks these tufts cease forming and disappear. The mycelium within the fruit persists, turns olivaceous and forms large irregular sclerotioid masses which on the following spring may produce fresh conidia. These sclerotioid (mummified) fruits under suitable conditions. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and ap
RMRDTNNN–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. Fig. 82. Saccobolus violascens Boud.; archicarp; after Dangeard. Fig. 83. Thehbolus stercoreus Tde.; ascocarp with single ascus, X250; after Brefeld. The species of Rhyparobius and Thelebolus, the two genera with many- spored asci, are all minute, coprophilous forms. They are distinguished by the fact that Rhyparobius produces several large asci, and Thelebolus only one (fig. 83). In both genera the cells of the mycelium are uninucleate. In Rhyparobius {Thecotheus) Pelletieri Overton has described several. Please note that these images ar
RMPG4B95–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. USTILAGO. 295 sisting of three or four cells with conidia, and sometimes secondary conidia. Coalescence of conidia may take place, and thereafter production of little mycelial threads. In nutritive solutions everything proceeds more luxuriantly, and conidia are produced in large numbers; they are easily detached and sprout. Fig. 161,Ustitago tragopogonis. Plants of Tragopogon in flower and fruit— 1, normal fruit; 2
![. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] PEZIZALES 119 orange apothecia occur on the dung of cows and rabbits, on old leather, rope and similar habitats. Chlamydospores are sometimes produced. As in Ascobolus, the archicarp is a coiled, multicellular filament; it varies considerably both in the size and number of its cells and in the amount of twisting which it undergoes. The central oogonial region includes three to seven large cells with granular contents. Between this and the parent hypha is a stalk of variable length and beyond it is a terminal portion (or trichogyne) of Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTXRT/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fungi-iv-pezizales-119-orange-apothecia-occur-on-the-dung-of-cows-and-rabbits-on-old-leather-rope-and-similar-habitats-chlamydospores-are-sometimes-produced-as-in-ascobolus-the-archicarp-is-a-coiled-multicellular-filament-it-varies-considerably-both-in-the-size-and-number-of-its-cells-and-in-the-amount-of-twisting-which-it-undergoes-the-central-oogonial-region-includes-three-to-seven-large-cells-with-granular-contents-between-this-and-the-parent-hypha-is-a-stalk-of-variable-length-and-beyond-it-is-a-terminal-portion-or-trichogyne-of-RDTXRT.jpg ". Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] PEZIZALES 119 orange apothecia occur on the dung of cows and rabbits, on old leather, rope and similar habitats. Chlamydospores are sometimes produced. As in Ascobolus, the archicarp is a coiled, multicellular filament; it varies considerably both in the size and number of its cells and in the amount of twisting which it undergoes. The central oogonial region includes three to seven large cells with granular contents. Between this and the parent hypha is a stalk of variable length and beyond it is a terminal portion (or trichogyne) of Stock Photo")
RMRDTXRT–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. IV] PEZIZALES 119 orange apothecia occur on the dung of cows and rabbits, on old leather, rope and similar habitats. Chlamydospores are sometimes produced. As in Ascobolus, the archicarp is a coiled, multicellular filament; it varies considerably both in the size and number of its cells and in the amount of twisting which it undergoes. The central oogonial region includes three to seven large cells with granular contents. Between this and the parent hypha is a stalk of variable length and beyond it is a terminal portion (or trichogyne) of
![. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 26 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE sealed with wax. The plants showed rot in a few days and the actual causal relation of the organism was thus established. Con- firmatory evidence was gained by Russell " from puncture inocula- tions in cabbage and cauliflower petioles. It was further shown by E. F. Smith ^ that the cabbage and turnip or- ganisms are identical and that the bacteria, by solution of the cellu- lose, produce pits and holes through the walls of the host cells re- sulting eventually in large cavities. Infection Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4HAA/the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-plant-diseases-fungi-26-the-fungi-which-cause-plant-disease-sealed-with-wax-the-plants-showed-rot-in-a-few-days-and-the-actual-causal-relation-of-the-organism-was-thus-established-con-firmatory-evidence-was-gained-by-russell-quot-from-puncture-inocula-tions-in-cabbage-and-cauliflower-petioles-it-was-further-shown-by-e-f-smith-that-the-cabbage-and-turnip-or-ganisms-are-identical-and-that-the-bacteria-by-solution-of-the-cellu-lose-produce-pits-and-holes-through-the-walls-of-the-host-cells-re-sulting-eventually-in-large-cavities-infection-PG4HAA.jpg ". The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 26 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE sealed with wax. The plants showed rot in a few days and the actual causal relation of the organism was thus established. Con- firmatory evidence was gained by Russell " from puncture inocula- tions in cabbage and cauliflower petioles. It was further shown by E. F. Smith ^ that the cabbage and turnip or- ganisms are identical and that the bacteria, by solution of the cellu- lose, produce pits and holes through the walls of the host cells re- sulting eventually in large cavities. Infection Stock Photo")
RMPG4HAA–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 26 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE sealed with wax. The plants showed rot in a few days and the actual causal relation of the organism was thus established. Con- firmatory evidence was gained by Russell " from puncture inocula- tions in cabbage and cauliflower petioles. It was further shown by E. F. Smith ^ that the cabbage and turnip or- ganisms are identical and that the bacteria, by solution of the cellu- lose, produce pits and holes through the walls of the host cells re- sulting eventually in large cavities. Infection
RMRDTXT4–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. ii8 DISCOMYCETES [CH.. or four cells, which diminish gradually in diameter and which he terms a trichogyne. In Ascobolus inimersus the mycelium consists of multinucleate cells, the archicarp is larger than that of A. Winteri and contains some twenty divisions, it is otherwise very similar. The cells contain numerous large nuclei and pores develop between them ; the ascogenous hyphae arise from a single cell. Ramlow observed nuclear fusions in the central cell of the archicarp, but referred them to bad fixation. His explanation may be adeq
RMPG2YDJ–. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. CASTANEA gions of N. E. Amer., Eu., N. Afr. and Asia. Hardy ornamental trees or shrubs with handsome foliage, which generally is not injured by insects or fungi; very attractive when in bloom. C Americana and C. sativa are large-sized trees, while O. pumila and C. crenata usually remain shrubby. The coarse-grai
RMRDC0TW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. POLVPORUS. 445 surface, and a smooth yellowish hymenial surface. They are large and flat, the thickest part being at their insertion (Fig. 277). Several frequently occur on the same stem, especially if wounds or frost injuries are present. The spores are brown and roundish. Conidia are said, by Schroeter, to be formed on the upper surface of the sporophores. This species is a deadly enemy of fruit-trees, especially
RMPG3H3J–. British fungus-flora. A classified text-book of mycology. Fungi. 222 FUNGUS-FLORA. furfuraceoTis, and the globose spores; in other respects as in Mollisia. MoUisiella ilicincola. Mass. Caespitose or less frequently scattered, subglobose and closed at first, then expanding, often irregular when clustered, about 1 mm. across; excipulum parenchymatous, the cells becoming large, 8-12 /* diameter, thicker walled, and brown towards the periphery; externally, especially at the somewhat incurved margin, whitish and minutely hoary, due to the presence of numerous hyaline, continuous. MoUisiella ilioi
RMRD9NE2–. Manual of gardening : a practical guide to the making of home grounds and the growing of flowers, fruits, and vegetables for home use . Gardening. 180 MANUAL OF GARDENING. 214. Leaves and fruits injured by fungi, chiefly apple- scab. attack is commonly not so much in the individual leaves as in the stems, the sources of food supply being thereby cut off from the foliage. The symptoms of this class of ^^^ diseases are general weakening of plant when the disease affects the plant as a whole or when it attacks large branches; or sometimes the .leaves shrivel and die about the edges or in large
RMPG453C–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. MILDEWS AND RELATED FUNGI 167 contents into a single large one, from which the ascogenous hyphae then arise. Family 5. Pezizace^.—The apothecia of this family are saucer- or cup-shaped, sessile or stalked, arising from a mycelium which is found in the substratum. The peridium and hypothecium consists of rounded cells and they are of fleshy, or leathery consistency.. The asci, which are usually eight-spored, are separated by distinct para- physes. The spores are usually hyaline. Lacknea
RMRDXNN7–. Botany of the living plant. Botany. CHAPTER XXVIII. EU-MYCETES.—(a) ASCOMYCETES. The Fungi belonging to the Ascomycetes, tlie first sub-class of the septate Eu-mycetes, are very various in habit. Many are parasites, often on leaves and stems of Flowering Plants : for instance the Mil- dews, such as Sphaerotheca. Others are sap- rophytes, such as the small and prevalent Moulds, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Others again form large fruiting bodies, such as those of Peziza, or the edible TrufHe {Tuber), or the Morel [Morchella). Some are parasitic on animals, as in the . case of Cordyceps, which
![. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 6i8 LABOBATORY liXERCISES As soon as the cover-glass has been put into position the chamber is laid under the microscope, and if a haematimeter is being used as a counting chamber the "net eyepiece" is required. It is not advisable to use a greater magnification than is necessary. After waiting a short time, the counting is proceeded with when all the cells in the preparation have sunk to the bottom. The "net eyepiece" consists of a large square divided into sixteen Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/PG4DNC/a-text-book-of-mycology-and-plant-pathology-plant-diseases-fungi-in-agriculture-plant-diseases-fungi-6i8-labobatory-lixercises-as-soon-as-the-cover-glass-has-been-put-into-position-the-chamber-is-laid-under-the-microscope-and-if-a-haematimeter-is-being-used-as-a-counting-chamber-the-quotnet-eyepiecequot-is-required-it-is-not-advisable-to-use-a-greater-magnification-than-is-necessary-after-waiting-a-short-time-the-counting-is-proceeded-with-when-all-the-cells-in-the-preparation-have-sunk-to-the-bottom-the-quotnet-eyepiecequot-consists-of-a-large-square-divided-into-sixteen-PG4DNC.jpg ". A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 6i8 LABOBATORY liXERCISES As soon as the cover-glass has been put into position the chamber is laid under the microscope, and if a haematimeter is being used as a counting chamber the "net eyepiece" is required. It is not advisable to use a greater magnification than is necessary. After waiting a short time, the counting is proceeded with when all the cells in the preparation have sunk to the bottom. The "net eyepiece" consists of a large square divided into sixteen Stock Photo")
RMPG4DNC–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 6i8 LABOBATORY liXERCISES As soon as the cover-glass has been put into position the chamber is laid under the microscope, and if a haematimeter is being used as a counting chamber the "net eyepiece" is required. It is not advisable to use a greater magnification than is necessary. After waiting a short time, the counting is proceeded with when all the cells in the preparation have sunk to the bottom. The "net eyepiece" consists of a large square divided into sixteen
RMRDHRP8–. Fungi; their nature and uses. Fungi. Fig. 107.—Cells and pseudospores of JEcidium berberidis. Montagne has, however, described a Puccinia berberidis on leaves of Berberis glauca from Chili, which grows in company. Fig. 108.—Cells and pseudospores of Xeidium graveolens. with Mcidium, berberidis. This at first sight seems to contradict the above conclusions; but the Mcidium which from the same disc produces the puccinoid resting spores, appears to be dif- ferent from the European species, inasmuch as the cells of the wall of the sporangium are twice as large, and the spores de- cidedly of grea
RMPG4E83–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. SLIME MOULDS (mYXOMYCETES) 17 the number (8) of chromosomes immediately precedes the formation of the sporangia. The reduction division, which results in the forma- tion of spores, is preceded by synapsis, diakinesis and heterotypic nuclear division. Small nuclei and large nuclei are seen. The large nuclei are probably fusion nuclei. The small nuclei probably disintegrate. To the order Myxogastrales belong the majority of the Myxo- MYCETES (Figs. 2 and 3). Many are found on deca)fing wo
RMRDC13M–. Minnesota mushrooms ... Botany; Mushrooms. 150 MINNESOTA MUSHROOMS. BLACK FUNGI PYRENOMYCETES Three families of this order are represented by forms sufficiently large and common that the beginner should know them, although none of them are edible, with one exception. The spores are borne in sacks, which are found in flask-shaped cellars or cavities. When these are single, the fungus is too small to be seen by the beginner, but when these ca^â ities are grouped in masses, the plant may attain a considerable size, as in the following. The forms that grow on wood are usually black, but a few wh
RMPG3YW2–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 192 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS On blighted branches of the peach the mycelium has been found (Smith) to grow most abundantly in the cambium and soft bast, these tissues disappearing in large measure with the forma- tion of extensive gum pockets (Fig. 71). The conidiophores arise as short hyphae, which soon become septate at the extremities, branched and nodulose. The branching proceeds in an indefinite and usually irregular or semidichotomous fashion (Fig. 72, a and b). From the ap
RMRDCF9T–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER v.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—HYMENOMrCETES. 299 defined than the strands of slender hyphae; they are often much elongated in the stipe and not unfrequently branched in the longitudinal direction or anastomose with others. In transverse sections, especially in the stipe, the cells of many of the large- celled portions are ovoid or wedge-shaped, and are so arranged, usually five or six together, round a centre that their narrow ends converge towards it, and they thus
RMPG3NTP–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. FUNGI IMPERFECTI 363 Septoria Ribis Desm.1 is common upon various species of Ribes. With respect to the economic hosts many varieties of both currants and gooseberries are subject to attack. Large spots with pale centers and brown borders are produced (Fig. 181). These are readily distinguished from those produced by the anthracnose (cf. Fig. 79) by the large size, the well-defined outline, and the pale central dead area. The pycnidia are found in small groups at the centers of the
RMRDHTGG–. Fungi; their nature and uses. Fungi. ture has been specially illustrated by M. Tulasnc,* through the common species, Tremella inesenterica. This latter is of a fine golden yellow colour, and rather large size. It is uniformly composed throughout of a colourless mucilage, with no appreciable texture, in which are distributed very fine, diversely branched and anastomosing filaments. Towards the surface, the ultimate branches of this filamentous network give birth, both at their^summits and laterally, to globular cells, which ac- quire a comparatively large size. Pl°- e.—Catocera viscom. These
RMPG3YED–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 302 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS encouraged by certain weakening influences, such as the age of the leaf, the presence of flea-beetle injuries, etc. When large spots near the margins of the leaves become confluent, such ex- tensive areas are affected that there may result a rolling up of the edge, which might be mistaken for the tip burn, a disease gener- ally due to climatic conditions. The injury from the early blight results, therefore, in an early death of the leaves, as a result
RMRDE59B–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE 519 In part=Mycosph£erella, Leptosphcpria. The genus is a very large one similar to Phoma and Phyllosticta except in its spore form and in the ostiole which is frequently very large. Septoria and Phleospora are distinguished only by the lesser development of the walls of the latter and many species which in early stages pass as Phleospora would in older stages be classed as Septoria. Septoria and Rhabdospora are distinguished only by the part of the host affected, stem or leaf, and many forms in
RMPFTPH7–. Agricultural bacteriology; a study of the relation of germ life to the farm, with laboratory experiments for students, microorganisms of soil, fertilizers, sewage, water, dairy products, miscellaneous farm products and of diseases of animals and plants. Bacteriology, Agricultural. Fig. I.—One of the Hgher fungi, the common bread mold, PeniciUium glaucum, a, the whole plant; &, one of the spore-bearing branches more highly magnified. large enough to be seen easily and sometimes they are so delicate Jt a ^cLope is „q„M to .ea tt. individual threads, tlough the mass of threads may be of con
RMRDBTNM–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. CHAPTER V.—COMPARATIVE REVIEW.—SAPROLEGNIEAE. 141 SAPROLEGMXEAE. Section XL. These plants, which live on dead organic bodies in water, closely resemble the Peronosporeae in the course of their development and to' some extent also in habit; they are most of them of large growth, with tubular hyphae 1-2 cm. in length standing out from the substratum and slender rhizoids spreading through it (Fig. 68). They diflfer from the Peronosporeae chiefly in the development of the
RMPG4B5B–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 350 UREDINEAE. Stems, leaf-stalks, and leaf-nervature often undergo one-sided thickening and curvature as a result of formation of aecidia. Wakker thus summarizes his observations on the anatomical changes in these malformed parts of Urtica: there is an en- largement of cells and an increase in the number of large inter- cellular spaces; no formation of coUenchyma, interfascicular cambium, and chlorophyll; a diminis
RMRDD7YN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 314 USTILAGINEAE. epispore, and the clusters appear black or leaden-grey. Ger- mination as in Entyloma. Melanotaenium endoirenum (Unger) (Britain). This is found on Galium MoUiigo and G. verum. The mycelium permeates the whole intercellular system of the host, and is nourished by large tufted haustoria. The host-plants remain small, with shortened internodes, shrunk leaves, and undeveloped flowers. The spores occur
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