RM2DX5PD6–Fit Ferns in a woodland environment during autumn showing leaf fall and wider background
RF2M5DDHB–or Rosehip disease what is making the bush drying. Plant disease of Wild Rose on dandelion Dog Rose field background. High quality photo
RMMCKX29–. Fig. 20.—Crown rust of oats. Rust pustules occur on the leaves and sheaths. Early in the season they are reddish brown and open, as on the four leaves in the upper part of the figure; but later other pustules appear, which are black and covered, as on the leaf sheath below the four leaves. grasses. When these are infected, summer spores are formed in pustules on the leaves, and a new season's epidemic is begun. In warm regions the summer spores survive the winter and start the new season's infection, in which case the rust does not need the buckthorn as a bridging host. Importance.—Crown rus
RMRYG38W–E. Fred Washburn's amateur cultivator's guide to the flower & kitchen garden for 1880 efredwashburnsam1880wash Year: 1880 Ferns are easily raised from the spores (or seeds) with a little care. Sow in pots, -whicli should be half filled with a good drainage of crocks, and the remainder, to within an inch of the rim, with coarse sandv peat, or leaf-mould; make the surface smooth, and cover with a thin layer of sand; on this sprinkle the spores. Set the pot in a pan of water, in a wai'm, shady part of the greenhouse, and cover with a pane of glass. In a month or two, the plants will be ready
RM2CEGG33–. Mosses with hand-lens and microscope : a non-technical hand-book of the more common mosses of the northeastern United States. eading, givingthe plants the appearance of /i. varium; stem leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate,somewhat narrowed at the insertion, long and slenderly acuminate, entire, sinuo-late or serrulate, i-i.5im long; costa extending -.^-^ the length of the leaf;leaf cells strongly chlorophyllose, rhomboid-hexagonal, ^-6 :i, rectangular and hyalineor slightly colored at base but not forming auricles; branch leaves smaller and morenarrowly lanceolate; spores in summer. Common in s
RMPFXCWX–. Timber and some of its diseases. Timber; Trees. 156 TIMBER AND SOME OF ITS DISEASES, [chap. series of dark shining strings, looking almost like the purple-black leaf-stalks of the maidenhair fern, and. Fig. 15.—a small group of Agaricus (Arfmllarz'a) melhus. The toad-stool is taw ny-ycllow, and produces white spores; the gills are decurrent, and the stem bears a ring. The fine hair-like appendages on the pileus should be bolder, these strings branch and meander in the wood of the tree, and in the soil, and may attain even great. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page i
RMADA9N1–Crocodile fern (Microsorum musifolium), leaves in backlight
RM2DX5PD4–Fit Ferns in a woodland environment during autumn showing leaf fall and wider background
RF2KFYWWJ–or Rosehip disease what is making the bush drying. Plant disease of Wild Rose on dandelion Dog Rose field background. High quality photo
RMMCK69Y–. Fig. 128.—JihT/tisma acei-imou. Two apothecial cushions on leaf of Acer campestre in first summer. A, Leaf-apex of Acer platanoiJe» with the mature apothecial cushions as seen in the second summer, with their chai-acteristic wavy marking, (v. Tubeuf del.) maturity in :May or June. According to Klebahn,^ the spores have a mucilaginous membrane, but this does not throw much light on the problem of how they reach the leaves of trees; wind, however, would seem to be the agent for distribution. In three weeks after infection, leaves show yellow spots; in eight weeks the pycnidia appear. ^Botan. C
RM2CEHM5H–. Mosses with hand-lens and microscope : a non-technical hand-book of the more common mosses of the northeastern United States. tial leaves the costa ceases below the apex and theapex is sometimes obtuse without hyaline tips, making apuzzling combination), hyaline apex ofleaves denticulate, leaf-cells much as inthe last, but larger above; calyptra some-what papillose above; capsule smallerand lighter-colored than in the last;spores maturing in spring. Our mostcommon species after aciculare, growingon exposed rocks on hills throughoutour range, but apparently somewhatlocal. The form with obtuse
RMPG0R63–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 124 PHYCOMYCETES. is very frequent on wild and cultivated Cruciferae throughout the whole world, and causes deformation of shoot, leaf, and flower.. Fig. 3i.Cj/xtopus candidta. B, Conidlophores isolated from the cushion ; the coDidia or sponuigia are united by intermediate cells. C, Sporangia breaking up CO form swarm-spores. I), Swarm-sporcs escaping. E, Swarm-spores in motile condition. F, Swarm-spores come to re
RM2DX5PDA–Fit Ferns in a woodland environment during autumn showing leaf fall and wider background
RF2KA0YCH–or Rosehip disease what is making the bush drying. Plant disease of Wild Rose on dandelion Dog Rose field background. High quality photo
RMMCTM6W–. Fig. 52.—Sphaerella fra^^ariae. i, a diseased straw- berry leaf; 2, ascus containing eight spores of the Sphaerella or ascigerous stage; 3, conidia of the Ratnularia or conidial stage. 1-igs. 2 and 3 liighly mag. irregular patches. By degrees the centre of the patch assumes an ashy-grey or almost white colour, and is bounded by a reddish border, which is often ([uitc bright in colour later in the season. The central portion then becoaies studded with very minute white tufts of the conidial form of fruit. Later in the season these minute white tufts are replaced by minute black points—the asc
RM2CDD90B–. The rusts of Australia, their structure, nature, and classification . ,•-? o oc (#* o .« !? esa w m v . ^ PUCCINIA AND UREDO. 302 Explanation of Plats. PLATE XXXI. {All Figures X 250 unless otherwise stated.) ADDENDA to PUCCINIA and PHRAGMIDIUM.Fig.26S. Leaf of Loranthus celastroides, showing uredosori and teleutosori of Puccinia loranthicola ... ... ... ... ... ... ... nat. size 269. Teleutospores from same. 270. Uredospores from s;.me. 271. Leaf of Loranthus celastroides, with aecidia of same ... ... nat. size 2-2. Teleutospores of Phragmidiitm longissimum. a. Four and five celled spores,
RMPG4AWC–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. 397 the species already described in remaining closed at the apex, the spores escaping through trellis-like slits on the lateral walls of the peridia (Fig. 234). This fungus will not germinate on apple-trees, but on pears every leaf may be thickly covered with aecidia and pycnidia, and considerable damage to the crop thereby ensue (Fig. 233)... Pig. 231.—Longitudinal section through a conical teleut
RMAN2NMC–Stag's Horn Fern, Stags Horn Fern (Platycerium bifurcatum), plant in red pot
RM2DX5T7A–Fit Ferns in a woodland environment during autumn showing leaf fall and wider background
RF2KE556X–or Rosehip disease what is making the bush drying. Plant disease of Wild Rose on dandelion Dog Rose field background. High quality photo
RMMCKCAB–. F"lG. 95.—Gymttoiporangium clavariacforme. I, teleutospore stage on juniper branch; 2, teleutospores; 3, teleutospores ger- minating and producing secondary spores, (7, a ; 4, aecidium stage on pear leaf ; 5, aecidium stage on branch, leaves, and fruit of hawthorn ; 6, aecidiospore germinating. Kigs. i, 4, and 5 reduced, remainder highly mag. Hawthorn cluster-cups (Gymnosporangium clavariaeforme, Jacq.) causes spindle-shaped swellings on the branches of [ttniperus communis, and during the months of April and May numerous flattened, pale-orange, gelatinous masses I
RM2CEG91R–. Mosses with hand-lens and microscope : a non-technical hand-book of the more common mosses of the northeastern United States. imperi. Segments wholly ailherent ; spores 25-70/^ nitruala. P. polyantha (Schreb.) B. & S. This is a moss ith a typical hvpnaceousperistome except for the rudimentary cilia and the absence of the fine trans-verse lines at the base of tiie teeth. The American plant is very close to theEuropean P. polyanlhn, but it differs constantly in the shorter broader and moreabruptly-acuminate leaves. The length of the leaf of the European plant aver-ages 1.5!, while the averag
RMPG00T0–. Lessons in botany. Botany. FERN'S. 161 leaf and place it under the low power of the microscope, so that the full rounded sporangia can be seen, in a short time we note that the sporangium opens, the upper half curls backward as shown in fig. 138, and soon it snaps quickly, to near its former position, and the spores are at the same time thrown for a considerable distance. This movement can sometimes be seen with the aid of a good hand lens. 266. How does this opening and snapping of the sporan- gium take place ?—We are now more curious than ever to see just how this opening and how the snapp
RMAN2NM9–Stag's Horn Fern, Stags Horn Fern (Platycerium bifurcatum), plant in red pot
RM2DX5T79–Fit Ferns in a woodland environment during autumn showing leaf fall and wider background
RF2M4KPJH–or Rosehip disease what is making the bush drying. Plant disease of Wild Rose on dandelion Dog Rose field background. High quality photo
RMMCNJ2Y–. ^^ Fig. 58.— Venturia inaequalis. i, conidial stage (Fusicladium dendriti- f«;«) on apple leaf; 2, 3 and 4, conidial stage; 6, section of perithecium ( Venturia stage) ; 7 and 8, asci and spores of Venturia ; 9, apple twig with Fusicladium stage, as appearing during winter and spring. Figs, i and 9 reduced ; remainder highly mag. practicable. I am not convinced. I believe that it is as practicable to remove the dead shoots from a tree as it is to remove the apples, in fact the Director of the Research Laboratory at Wisley informs me that, out of a batch of badly diseased apple-trees, those t
RM2CDD3BK–. Fungi and fungicides; a practical manual, concerning the fungous diseases of cultivated plants and the means of preventing their ravages . opjust beneath the skin ofthe leaf or fruit, but, as arule, do not penetratedeeply into the tissues.After the fungus hasgrown in this way forsome time it pushes out-ward, rupturing the skin ;and on the exposed sur-face short vertical brownthreads ai^e developed, onthe tips of which thesmall oval spores are pro-duced (Fig. 14). Whenmature the spores sepa-rate, and are scattered by wind and rain in all directions. Treatment.—In spring, just before the leaf-
RMPG4EP7–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 325 Minnesota Plant Diseases. >ft<f ife; «' The leaf blight of celery (Cercospora apii Fr.). The fungus, causing this disease is a loose spored, imperfect fungus. It causes the formation of red- dish to brownish spots on the leaves, which may spread and increase in size until the leaf is seriously injured. The fungus thrives well on plants in dry || situations and is particularly ! effective against young plants. When badly affected the leaf turns yellow and finally brown. Spots may also appear on the stem. The spores arise from upright fungus-
RMA737W6–five-fingered-fern (Adiatum pedatum), USA, California
RM2DX5PD5–Fit Ferns in a woodland environment during autumn showing leaf fall and wider background
RF2KDR4JW–or Rosehip disease what is making the bush drying. Plant disease of Wild Rose on dandelion Dog Rose field background. High quality photo
RMMCKCAK–. -^r^^- Fig. g-i.—Phra^midium riibi-idafi. i, pustules and teleuto- spores on under surface of raspberry leaf; 2, tcleutospore; .. 1 :.i:—. - chains of warted spores ; 3, section through an accidiuni b, paraphyses ; 4, uredospores. highly mag. Fig. I nat. size, remainder Spraying with potassium sulphide arrests the spread of the disease, li Bordeaux mixture is used it must be diluted, or the foliage will be scorched. Diseased leaves that have fallen should be swept up and burned. XENODOCHUS (Schlecht.) Teleutospores pedicellate, many-celled, cylindrical, brown, forming large blackish spore-cl
RM2CET263–. Horticulture; a text book for high schools and normals, including plant propagation; plant breeding; gardening; orcharding; small fruit growing; forestry; beautifying home grounds; the soils and enemies involved. Fig. 125.—Rust on apple leaf somewhat enlarged, showing the cup-like fungous growth. (Indiana Station.). Fig. 126.—Apple rust fungus on the cedar, called cedar apple. Spores from this gener-ation infest the apple, as shown. (Indiana Station.) APPLE RUST 201 Spraying with Bordeaux mixture is considered to be a partialremedy for this disease. There is evidence that rich soils willcaus
RMPFMFAR–. Cyclopedia of farm crops. Farm produce; Agriculture. ^ —V'^-^'^ 'p/^^^ w^^ ^x^ " MM//// ,wv;-.<^l ^,--^csf-^:? ^^--. Fig. 2. A fern, one of the vascular (or vessel-bearing) flowerless plants. The fruit-bodies, bearing spores, are shown on the back of a leaf at O. The custom has arisen of designating the kinds or species of plants by Latin-form names in two parts,— the first part or word standing for the genus or race-group, and the second part standing for the particular species or kind. Thus, all kinds of true clover belong to the genus Trifolium. The alsike clover is Trifolium hyhr
RMAB8BNF–fern, bouquet
RM2BBJ054–Bracket fungi on a woodland floor with leaf litter and wild blackberry leaves nature abstract found still-life
RF2M12489–or Rosehip disease what is making the bush drying. Plant disease of Wild Rose on dandelion Dog Rose field background. High quality photo
RMMCKC9H–. Fig. ()Z.—Melampsora pinito?-qua. i, top of young pine attacked by the aecidium stage; 2, two chains of aecidiospores ; 3, aspen leaf with sori of teleutospores ; 4, section of cushion of teleutospores, still covered by the epidermis. Figs, i and 3 nat. size ; remainder mag. as the fungus appears year after year if damp weather prevails in May and June; this indicates that the fungus is peren- nial in the tissues of the host. In the seed-bed or young plantation the disease usually spreads from a centre, due to infection by wind-borne spores, showing that the aecidiospore stage is capable of
RM2CEDPPC–. A popular description of the common Oregon ferns; contribution from the Herbarium of the University of Oregon. 23 GLOSSARY. Fertile—Bearing spores. Frond—Leaf of a fern. Gland—A cell, usually a hair, that yields a secretion. Habit—General appearance of a plant. Habitat—The locality in which a plant grows; also its distribution. Indusium—The thin membrane covering a fruit dot. Inferior—Attached below; said of an indusium below the sporangia. Linear—Long and narrow, with parallel margins. Pinna—First division of a pinnate frond. Pinnate—Divided into leaflets along a common stalk. Pinnatifid—Wh
RMPG4GYC–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 92 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE into several distinct species. It is limited to the Compositse, Helianthus and Madia being the only hosts of economic impor- tance. Hypophyllous; conidiophores fasciculate, slender, 300-750 n, 3-5 times branched, ultimate branchlets 8-15 m long, verticillate. Fio. 63.—P. viticola. A, section of a leaf with conidiophores emerg- ing from a stoma; C, formation of swarm spores; D, formation of oospores. After Millardet. below the apex of the branching axis which is frequently swollen and ganglion-
RMADA6HC–fern (Dipteris lobbiana), rheophytic species, Malaysia, Bako-Park
RM2AHWT6X–Bracket fungi on fallen branch in winter leaf litter on a sunny winters day, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe
RF2KYKG1M–or Rosehip disease what is making the bush drying. Plant disease of Wild Rose on dandelion Dog Rose field background. High quality photo
RMMCK6C8–. Fig. 10'. —Venturio. {Fti.dclodiv.m) dendritici-m forming br<mii .spijts on an apple; those still in the earlier' stages have a radiate margin and bear conidia. The enlarged section shows two rows of large-celled parenchyma of the apple, covered by a stroma of pseudoparenchyma bearing conidiophores and conidia. (v. Tubeuf del.) with warty prominences which grow on spots of leaf or fruit (Fig. 107). The perithecia (as yet described) are distinguislied by black bristles surrounding the pore, and occur on fallen leaves. The asci contain eight greenish ovoid spores with two or three cells. In
RM2CEDR3H–. A popular description of the common Oregon ferns; contribution from the Herbarium of the University of Oregon. THE COMMON OREGON FERNS 23 GLOSSARY. Fertile—Bearing spores. Frond—Leaf of a fern. Gland—A cell, usually a hair, that yields a secretion. Habit—General appearance of a plant. Habitat—The locality in which a plant grows; also its distribution. Indusium—The thin membrane covering a fruit dot. Inferior—Attached below; said of an indusium below the sporangia. Linear—Long and narrow, with parallel margins. Pinna—First division of a pinnate frond. Pinnate—Divided into leaflets along a com
RMPG4G79–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. FiQ. 159.—^A single perithecium of A. vaccinii taken from a pure culture on corn meal. After Shear. Fig. 160.—Acan- thorhynchus; a germinating as- cospore bearing the peculiar appressorium, 17, view from above. After Shear. old fallen leaves. In culture, however, it produces abundant peri- thecia. When on the leaf the perithecia are subepidermal and are sparsely scattered over the lower surface. No conidial or pycnidial form is known. Remarkable appressoria are produced by the germ tubes from the spores, Fig. 160. Sphseriacese (p.
RMA34H9G–rocks with mosses and ferns of the nature reserve Felsenmeer, Germany, North Rhine-Westphalia
RM2AHWT3X–Bracket fungi on fallen branch in winter leaf litter on a sunny winters day, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe
RF2KGAPKP–or Rosehip disease what is making the bush drying. Plant disease of Wild Rose on dandelion Dog Rose field background. High quality photo
RMMCK6PJ–. Fig. 128.—Rhytisma oxerinv.m. Two apotheclal cushions on leaf of Acer campestre in iirst summer. A, Leaf-apex of Acer platcmoides witli the mature apothecial cushions as seen in the second summer, with their characteristic wavy marking, (v. Tubeuf del.) maturity in May or June. According to Klebahn,^ the spores have a mucilaginous membrane, but this does not throw much light on the problem of how they reach the leaves of trees; wind, however, would seem to be the agent for distribution. In three weeks after infection, leaves show yellow spots; in eight weeks the pycnidia appear. ^Botan. Cent
RM2CHMX0M–. Heredity and evolution in plants . 4. Spore-bearing Leaves.^ The second type of fern-leaf bears, on its underside, numerous fruit-dots or sort(singular sorus) (Figs. 7 and 8). These structures have-to do with reproduction. A single sorus of such a fern. FIG. 9.—Cross-section through the marginal sorus of a sporophyll ofthe bracken fern (Pleris aquilina). I, palisade layer; fb, vascular bundle;xp, sporangium; in, indusium. (Greatly magnified.) as, for example, Polypodium, is composed of a cluster oftiny stalked cases. The cases contain minute unicellularreproductive bodies called spores, and
RMPG4FDM–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 162 Minnesota Plant Diseases. the cluster-cup stage or rather just preceding it one very often finds another accessory spore-form in which small spore-cases of pear-shaped structure are produced, sunken into the oppo- site—usually upper—side of the leaf from that on which the cluster cup occurs. Inside of these pear-shaped cases the spores are produced on long threads from which they are pinched ofif just as in very similar structures found in many of the acces- sory spore-forms of the sac fungi. These spores are often ac- companied by the production
RMADMPCA–rainforest with tree ferns, New Zealand, Northern Island, Te Urewera NP
RM2AHWT8N–Bracket fungi on fallen branch in winter leaf litter on a sunny winters day, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe
RF2M0A6E9–or Rosehip disease what is making the bush drying. Plant disease of Wild Rose on dandelion Dog Rose field background. High quality photo
RMMCK639–. Vc,. 208.âPcridii-mmra /)in! (Colioyioriiim xni'iionin). Portion of an aecidiiim with basidia (6) giving off spores aud intermediate cells (d) outside the lieridiuni (p) other busidia {<) with club-shaped ends force up tliu epidermis; <', the thick mj'celiuni in the leaf-parenchyma. (After R. Hartig.) 20/x; in form they are generally longish-oval, few being round; the spore-coat is moderately thick. Aecidiospores are capable of immediate germination, and ]»roduce f//-(r^-patches on Smieno by June. The uredospores have an average length of 28'oai, and breadth Io-q/a; they are general
RM2CDCB53–. Fungous diseases of plants, with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . oduced on stems andtwigs (Fig. 198), and the uredoand teleuto stages occur alsoon the leaf-like branches. Theaecidial stage may appear atalmost any point in the United States with a growing season no shorter than that of northernNew Jersey. The aecidia appear in rather long, light green,cushion-like areas. They are short-cylindrical, with a white perid-ium, and the spores appear orange colored from the contents ;the wall, however, is hyaline and granulose. The spores meas-ure 15-18/Lt in diameter. They m
RMPG4EH2–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 391 posed of three cells arranged in clover-leaf fashion. The spore clusters are usually very dense and vary in size from a pin- head's width to three-quarters inch broad. The leaf under the spores colors black, so that the groups can readily be seen from the upper surface of the leaf. Cluster cups and summer spores are not known for this rust. Rust of sedges [Puccinia caricis (Sghum.) Reb.]. This is an exceedingly common rust on many Minnesota sedges. The summer and winter spores are produced on the sedge plant and the clus
RMA3Y63H–Umbrella Fern (Sticherus cunninghamii, Gleichenia cunninghamii), in pionier forest in the Tongariro Nationalpark, New Zealand,
RM2AHWT5H–Bracket fungi on fallen branch in winter leaf litter on a sunny winters day, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe
RMMCK5FN–. Pig. 118. -Leaf of Erica carnea with apothecia of Hypoderma ericae on the lower surface. 1, An entire and a dehiscing ascus ; a two-ceUed asco- spore. (v. Tubeuf del.) Hypodermella. Similar to Hypoderma, except that the spores are pear-shaped and unicellular; they occur four in each ascus, and are shorter than it. Hypodermella sulcigena (Link)'^ has four long, club-shaped, unicellular spores. Eostrup regards it as parasitic on Pinus montana and P. syhcstris, its mycelium being found in living green needles, and causing their death. Hyp. laricis Tubeuf.- This is a new fungus of tlie larch- ne
RM2CEGDRE–. Mosses with hand-lens and microscope : a non-technical hand-book of the more common mosses of the northeastern United States. edand very concave^ giving the branches a turgid appearance, oblong-ovate, short,acuminate and usually acute, narrowed but not rounded at base, entire orslightly denticulate at apex; costa double, short and faint; median leaf cells linear,8-10:1, shorter at apex; alar cells suddenly enlarged and inflated, the inner thick-walled and usually colored, the outer thinner walled and often hyaline: monoicous;spores in spring. Not rare, but apparently most of our plants are V
RMPG0D3T–. Manual of tree diseases . Trees. 342 MANUAL OF TREE DISEASES common and is found generally distributed throughout the northern states. The other two are apparently rare and are kliown only in Colorado and Utah. The leaf- rusts are impor- tant on yoimg trees because defoliation often results. Symptoms, The three rust- diseases are very similar in appear- ance. In early simi- mer the affected leaves show yellow- ish areas on which are borne small orange-yellow pus- tules. These pus- tules appear pow- dery, due to the mass of spores they contain. Later in the season on the The. Fig. 70. —Powder
RM2AHKJNW–Natural recycling with moss covered branch on a leaf covered woodland floor and new growing fern, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe
RMMCK6RP–. Fig. 10". — Venturia {Fusicladium) dendritic am forming brown spots on an apple; those still in the earlier stages have a radiate margin and bear conidia. The enlarged section shows two rows of large-celled parenchyma of the apple, covered by a stroma of pseudopai-enchyma bearing conidiophores and conidia. (v. Tubeuf del.) with warty prominences which grow on spots of leaf or fruit (Fig. 107). The perithecia (as yet described) are distinguished by black bristles surrounding the pore, and occur on fallen leaves. The asci contain eight greenish ovoid spores with two or three cells. In add
RM2CHMJ80–. Heredity and evolution in plants . FIG. 17.—Walking fern (Camplosorus rhizophyllus). The smaller,lower plant originated at the tip of a leaf of the larger plant, and one of itsleaves has, in turn, struck root. l IIKRKIMTY |) I.Vol.l rio.N IX J!. IS through long geological ages, foliage-leaves have in gen-eral originated by the sterilization of spore-bearing organs.9. Vegetative Multiplication.—In addition to repro-duction by spores, ferns may also be propagated vege-tatively in at least four ways. By one of these methods,the rhizome is cut into several pieces, and from everypiece that co
RMPG14KM–. Manual of tree diseases . Trees. 198 MANUAL OP TREE DISEASES produced on the small twigs of the red juniper. When very young, the galls can be seen to start as outgrowths of the juniper leaves (Fig. 31). The tissues of the leaf are stimulated to ovei^ growth and finally form, in a single season, the large cedar- apples, which are often an inch in diameter (Fig. 32). In this. Fig. 33. — Cedar-apple in spring of second year, showing expanded spore-horns. condition they pass the winter, and the following spring brown horns of spores are pushed out from the surface of the cedar- apples (Fig. 33)
RMAJ6GPT–male-fern (Dryopteris filix-mas), in a forest, Germany
RM2AHKK7B–Natural recycling with moss covered branch on a leaf covered woodland floor and new growing fern, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe
RMMCWYTH–. KiG. ^o.—Microsphaera ^rossuluriac. i, gooseberry leaf with patches of mildew ; 2, a perithccium with its appi-nd- ages; 3, tip of an appendage ; 4 and 5, asci containing sjiorcs. Fig. I nat. size ; the remainder highly mag. season, and is readily recognised under the microscope by the elaborate tips of the appendages. Mycelium delicate, greyish-white on both surfaces of the leaf; perithecia usually in small, scattered groups, dark brown, appendages once or twice as long as diameter of j)eridium, 4-6 times forked at the tip; asci 3-10, ovate, containing 3-6 spores of variable size, 20-30 x 1
RM2CEHFDA–. Mosses with hand-lens and microscope : a non-technical hand-book of the more common mosses of the northeastern United States. the chlorophyllose cells, upper cells obscure, strongly papillose; seta yellow,changing to reddish yellow with age; capsule nearly or quite symmetric, ovoid-cylindric, thin-walled, greenish yellow; peristome from a low basal membrane,strongly twisted, papillose; spores maturing in spring. On roots of trees andsoil in woods. Common and variable. The apex of leaf figured in the plate is about the average, some being moreacute and others more obtuse. This species may pos
RMPFKCHT–. Cyclopedia of farm crops : a popular survey of crops and crop-making methods in the United States and Canada. Agriculture -- Canada; Agriculture -- United States; Farm produce -- Canada; Farm produce -- United States. Fig. 2. A fern, one of the vascular (( vessel-bearing) flowerless plants. The fruit-bodies, bearing spores, are shown on the back of a leaf at O. The custom has arisen of designating the kinds or species of plants by Latin-form names in two parts,— the first part or word standing for the genus or race-group, and the second part standing for the particular species or kind. Thus,
RM2AHKJWK–Natural recycling with moss covered branch on a leaf covered woodland floor and new growing fern, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe
RMMCK6GG–. Fig. 208.âPerUbrmiv.ni jiin'i (Coko-yioridm .â <⢠nirionix). Portion of an aecidium with basidia (b) giving off spores and intermediate cells (d); outside the peridiuni (p) other basidia (â ) with club-shaped ends force up the epidermis; II, the thick mycelium in the leaf-iiarenchyma. (After R. Hartig.) 20/tA; in form they are generally longish-oval, few being round; the spore-coat is moderately thick. Aecidiospores are capable of immediate germination, and produce ZJ/vrZo-patches on Scnecio by June. The uredospores have an average length of 28"0/u, and breadth 15"5ja; they are
RM2CEHYJB–. Mosses with hand-lens and microscope : a non-technical hand-book of the more common mosses of the northeastern United States. FISSIDENTACEAE 11 leaves finely serrulate above with projecting cells; vaginant lamina long,two-thirds to three-fifths the length of the leaf; leaf-cells %>^ to ii*^ in diameter:capsules oblong-cylindrical, straight or nearly so; beak one-half length of urn;spores maturing in winter (Jan.).On trees and rocks. Besides the above there aretwo minute terrestrial specieswhich are considered very rare,probably because they are over-looked. F. hyalinus Wils. and Hook.is 2
RMPFK7KD–. The cytoplasm of the plant cell. Plant cells and tissues; Protoplasm. ? 3 ' ^-^ 4. Fig. 72 (left). — Chondriome of antherozoids of Adiantum capillus-Veneriii. 1, 2, antheridial initial. 3, 4, sperm mother cell. 5, 6, stages in the formatioQ of the antherozoid. Regaud's method. (After Emberger). Fig. 73 (right). — Behavior of the chondriome during the life cycle of a fern, I. leaf; starch-forming chloroplasts and chondriosomes. 2-3, formation of spores: decreasing activity of plastids. 4, spore mother cells; inactive plastids indistinguish- able from chondriosomes. 5, mature spore; plastids b
RMAJ6GPP–bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), on a clearing, Germany, North Rhine-Westphalia
RM2AHKJM7–Natural recycling with moss covered branch on a leaf covered woodland floor and new growing fern, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe
RMMCKANE–. FiG. 154. — Map showing the distribution of Physo- derma zeae-maydis in the United States. Broken lines, P. zeae-maydis present: solid line, P. zese-maydis caus- ing damage. After Tisdale. cence of many spots may lead to discoloration of large areas and a rusted appearance. These diseased areas are often in bands across the leaf. Leaves are often killed. The dry epidermis eventually ruptures over diseased spots and the dusty, brown spores are freed. Diseased stems break easily, resulting in considerable lodging of the corn. General san- itary measures are recommended, chiefly destruction of
RM2CEH854–. Mosses with hand-lens and microscope : a non-technical hand-book of the more common mosses of the northeastern United States. ited by lateral hairlike appendages bearing nodules; teeth short, usu-ally obtuse. The spores of our species ripen from late June to August. KEY 1. Leaf margins revoliitc, apex rounded Irichodfi. Leaf margins plane, apex acute 2. 2. Leaves entire hiigiula. Leaves serrate triqiulra. M. triquetra (L.) Aongstr. (M. Irnlichd B. & S.) is apparently our most fre-quent species. Limpricht says that the leaves are serrate in the varieties only,but I find them serrate in all th
RMPFXCNY–. Timber and some of its diseases. Timber; Trees. CH. XII.] PINE-BLISTER. 257 developed from a mycelium in the tissues of the leaf. I must employ these technical terms, but will explain them more in detail shortly: the. Fig. s^.—To the left is a pair of leaves of the Scotch pine, with the blister-Iike Mcidia. a, of Pendertnimn Pint (var, acicold) projecting from their tissues : these blisters are orange-yellow m colour, and contain spores, as shawn in Fig 38. Between the bhsters are the minute spennogoma, i. To the right is a small branch, killed at « <J5 a by Pendennitim Pint (var. coriico
RMAJ6GPM–bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), on a clearing, Germany, North Rhine-Westphalia
RM2AHKJR5–Natural recycling with moss covered branch on a leaf covered woodland floor and new growing fern, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe
RMMCKCDJ–. Fig. T^.âKhytisma accrinutn. 1, sycamoie leaf with blotches caused'by fungus ; 2, section through a blotch bearing conidia ; 3, ascus with spores, also two para- physes ; 4, an ascosporc. Figs. 2-4 mag. and indirectly. Several large patches are frequently present on a leaf, and as a rule, when the disease is present, nearly every leaf is attacked, hence a considerable area of leaf surface is prevented from doing its work. In addition diseased leaves fall early, and as the disease, unless checked, appears year after year, the tree bet'omes enfeebled owing to lack of food, and badly matured wo
RM2CDDMMW–. Annual report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station . Section or Por/iToU/ir anrrocTCD with thc Blight. ^— ° G..n.Tuie tnio the LeoA Fig. 15. lrom drawings by De Bary, Ward and Jones. The fungusthreads and spores, though nearly colorless, are colored in the drawingto make thoni stand out more distinctly.. Fig. i6. Potato leaf attacked by late blight, as shown by the dark-ened areas on the leaflets. One of the large leaflets on the right isturned bottom up to show the delicate fringe of spore producing organs. TWO EPIDEMICS OF POTATO BLIGHT AND ROT. 173 infection the blight may be well
RMPG3FE8–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. REPRODUCTION AND DISPERSAL 815 (i.e. Marsilea, Salvinia, and Azolla) and in SelagineUa and Isoetes there are two kinds of spores, namely, small spores or microspores, and large spores or megaspores; such a condition is known as keierospory (fig. 303). Upon germination the microspores give rise to male plants and the 1129. ^(128 Figs. 1128, 1129. — Reproduction by asexual spores in a fern (Aspidium): 1128, a leaf segment (pinnule) with fruit dots (sori), each with a shield-shaped cover (indusium); 1129, a cross section through a s
RMA09B7N–tree ferns in rainforest, Australia, Victoria, Otway National Park
RM2AHKJMA–Natural recycling with moss covered branch on a leaf covered woodland floor and new growing fern, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe
RMMCKWKJ–. Fig. 30. Cabbage Diseases. a. Club root (after Cunningham), b. cell filled with spores of the club root or- ganism, c. spores and swarm spores of Plasmodiophora brassica (b. and c. after Chuff), d. black rot of cabbage (after F. C. Stewart), c. individual black rot germs of Pseudomonas campeslris, f. black-leg on young cabbage seedling, g. black-leg lesion on foot of older cabbage plant, h. black-leg lesion on cabbage leaf, i. pycnidium of Phoma oleracecE.j. pycnospores of P. olcracece (i. a.ndj. after Manns),
RM2CDDAPX–. The rusts of Australia, their structure, nature, and classification . R. 5.Brain, Go; SWEET BRIAR, RASPBERRY, AND FLAX RUSTS. 240 Explanation of Plates. Fig. PLATE J. AECIDIUM on DANTHONIA. 39. Leaves with aecidia in dense clusters 40. Cluster of aecidia on leaf ... 41. Section of aecidium showing peridial wall and spores in chains 42. Chain of aecidiospores 43. Single spore detached and more or less rounded 44. Pseudoperidial cells seen from the surface ... nat size x 15 X 50 ... X 1000 ... X 1000 ... X 550 PLATE J. 42 C. C£rMlcbank,Dd 44
RMPG4EJC–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 370 Minnesota Plant Diseases. Later in the year the winter spores are formed in the usual way for the downy mildews, i. e., from breeding organs. The winter spore has a thick coat and remains in the leaf after the latter falls. In the spring the decay of the leaf sets the spore free, and in moist conditions it produces numerous swimming spores; the infection of the vines follows in the usual way. The destruction of fallen leaves, to avoid future infection, is therefore seen to be of im- portance.. Fig. 198. Downy mildew of grape. A. Section of a leaf
RMAHHF1Y–spleenwort (Asplenium onopteris), single plant on the forest ground, Canary, Tenerife
RM2AHKK1H–Natural recycling with moss covered branch on a leaf covered woodland floor and new growing fern, London, England, United Kingdom, Europe
RMMCX0FM–. Fig. 37.—Sphaerotheca mors-uvae. 1, showing mildew on leaf and fruit ; 2, winter stage on a shoot ; 3, perithecium or winter fruit; 4, ascus con- taining spores ; 5, a chain of conidia or summer fruit ; 6, conidia showing fibrosin bodies in their interior; 7, a branch that has been injured by aphides (green fly) at the tip. The recurved spines and brown colour are characteristic. Figs, i, 2, and 7, nat. size ; remainder highly mag. when an autumnal expansion of buds follows early pruning. As the season advances the white mildew, which at first resembles in general appearance the well-known h
RM2CDBJGP–. Two sooty molds occurring on the mango in Porto Rico . s from the interior of a very young chlamydo-complex. These are the cells which, after aperiod of enlargement, act as spores in produc-ing filaments such as sho?/n in fig. 14 and 15. Plate III. Portion of the leaf of Mango showing sooty mold produced byartificial inoculation with Seuratia. Magnified x 2. Plate IV. Fig. 1. Seuratia on Maltose agar, showing rich filamentousgrowth with radiations and 3triations. 2. Seuratia on Soluble Starch agar, showing formation of ehlamydo-complexes in the periphery of thecolony. 3. Capnodium on cane-su
RMPG415T–. The essentials of botany. Botany. CABPOPEYTA. 171 356. (II) The conidia falling upon a wheat-leaf germi- nate there and penetrate its tissues, sending parasitic fila- ments into the cells. After a few days, if the weather has. Fig. 95.—Wheat-rust. A and B, a Black-rust spore germinating, and pro- ducing sporids, sp C, fragment of a Barberry-leaf with a sporid, sp, germi- nating and penetrating the epidermis; Z), showing manner of germination of Eed-rust spore.- All highly magnified. been favorable, the parasite has grown sufficiently to begin the formation of large reddish spores (stylospor
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