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Lichens and lichen Black & White Stock Photos
RMRDX3TW–. Lichens. Lichens. S8 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS. Fig. 30. Example of Cladophora. CI. glomerata KUtz. A, nat. size; B, x 85 (after West). Fig. 29. A, Trentepohlia umbrina Born.; B, T. aurea Mart, x 300 (after Kiitz.).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Smith, Annie Lorrain. Cambridge, At the University Press
RMRDX2N0–. Lichens. Lichens. 404 ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL These lichens are not bitter to the taste, nor are they irritating as are other species of the genus. They are on the contrary quite harmless and are much relished by the Japanese on account of their agreeable flavour, in spite of their being somewhat indigestible. Though only determined scientifically in recent times, this edible lichen has long been known, and the risks attending its collection have frequently been described in Old Chinese and Japanese writings. Other species of Gyrophora including G. polyi'hiza (Fig. 129) and Umbilicaria, black
RMRDTPRW–. Lichens. Lichens. 6o CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS There is some confusion as to the genera of algae that form the gonidia of these epiphyllous lichens. Phyllactidium given by Zahlbruckner as the gonidium of all the Strigulaceae (except Strigula in part) is classified by de Toni' as probably synonymous with Phycopeltis Millard, and as differing from Mycoidea parasitica in the mode of growth. Fam. Prasiolaceae. Thallus filamen- tous, often expanded into broad sheets by the fusion of the filaments in one plane.. Fig. 32. Phycopeltis expansa Jenn. â much magnified (after Vauglian Jennings)
RMRDD71T–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. LICHENS 381 The two plants of this association are of mutual help. The sponge structure formed by the Fungus holds water for the Alga, while the Alga makes carbohydrates, some of which can be used by the Fungus. As a result of this mutual helpj the Lichen can live on dry barren rocks where other plants cannot exist. Neither. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Martin,
RMRDG52T–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. Fig. 178. A Lichen (Xantkoria). (Natural size.) sufSciently distinct so that lichens are best considered by themselves for purposes of study and classification. The relation of the fungus and its algal host is not that of destructive parasitism, but rather a mutual rela- tion (symbiosis) in which both fungus and alga may have a vigorous growth. The relationship has been investi- gated in various ways, and it has been found that, while the alga may thrive independent of the fungus, the ger- minating fungus spores can grow only to a limited extent if depri
RMRDG536–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 254 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY. Fig. 178. A Lichen (Xantkoria). (Natural size.) sufSciently distinct so that lichens are best considered by themselves for purposes of study and classification. The relation of the fungus and its algal host is not that of destructive parasitism, but rather a mutual rela- tion (symbiosis) in which both fungus and alga may have a vigorous growth. The relationship has been investi- gated in various ways, and it has been found that, while the alga may thrive independent of the fungus, the ger- minating fungus spores can grow only to
![. Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. of late it has been made most probable that a Lichen consists of an Alga and a Eungus conjoined. At least it must be so in some of the ambiguous forms. Botanists are in the way of bringing out new classifications of the Thallophytes, as they come to understand their structure and relations better. Here, it need only be said that 505. Lichens live in the air, that is, on the ground, or on rocks, trunks, walls, and the like, Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTX3X/grays-school-and-field-book-of-botany-consisting-of-quotlessons-in-botanyquot-and-quotfield-forest-and-garden-botanyquot-bound-in-one-volume-botany-botany-of-late-it-has-been-made-most-probable-that-a-lichen-consists-of-an-alga-and-a-eungus-conjoined-at-least-it-must-be-so-in-some-of-the-ambiguous-forms-botanists-are-in-the-way-of-bringing-out-new-classifications-of-the-thallophytes-as-they-come-to-understand-their-structure-and-relations-better-here-it-need-only-be-said-that-505-lichens-live-in-the-air-that-is-on-the-ground-or-on-rocks-trunks-walls-and-the-like-RDTX3X.jpg ". Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. of late it has been made most probable that a Lichen consists of an Alga and a Eungus conjoined. At least it must be so in some of the ambiguous forms. Botanists are in the way of bringing out new classifications of the Thallophytes, as they come to understand their structure and relations better. Here, it need only be said that 505. Lichens live in the air, that is, on the ground, or on rocks, trunks, walls, and the like, Stock Photo")
RMRDTX3X–. Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. of late it has been made most probable that a Lichen consists of an Alga and a Eungus conjoined. At least it must be so in some of the ambiguous forms. Botanists are in the way of bringing out new classifications of the Thallophytes, as they come to understand their structure and relations better. Here, it need only be said that 505. Lichens live in the air, that is, on the ground, or on rocks, trunks, walls, and the like,
RMRDTG9A–. Elementary botany. Botany. NUTRITION: LICHENS. 317 which are in solution in the water of the soil. If we make a thin section of the leaf-like portion of a lichen as shown in fig. 418, we shall see that it is composed of a mesh of colorless threads which in certain definite portions contain entangled green cells. The colorless threads are those of the fungus, while the green cells are those of the alga. These green cells of the alga per- form the function of chlorophyll bodies for the dual organism, while the threads of the fungus provide the mineral constituents of plant food. The alga, whil
RMRDX3YY–. Lichens. Lichens. 46 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS II. LICHEN HYPHAE A. Origin of Hyphae Lichen hyphae form the ground tissue of the thallus apart from the gonidia or algal cells. They are septate branched filaments of single cell rows and are colourless or may be tinged by pigments or lichen acids to some shade of yellow, brown or black. They are of fungal nature, and are produced by the mature lichen spore. The germination of the spore was probably first observed by Meyer^ His account of the actual process is somewhat vague, and he misinterpreted the subsequent development into thallu
RMRE1N7H–. Elementary botany. Botany. 3i8 ECOLOG Y. 598. Others regard the lichens as autonomous plants, that is, the two or- ganisms have by this long-continued community of existence become unified into an individualized organism, which possesses a habit and mode of life. Fig. 419. Section of fruit body or apothecium of lichen (parmelia), sliowing asci and spores of the fungus. distinct from that of either of the organisms forming the component parts. This community of existence between two different organisms is called by some mutualism^ or symbiosis. Nitrogen' gatherers. 599. How clovers, peas, and
RMRDWFJ7–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. 254 ESSENTIALS OF BOTANY. ^iltUkUl{»*i Fic. 178. A Lichen (Xanthoria). (Natural size.) sufficiently distinct so that lichens are best considered by themselves for purposes of study and classification. The relation of the fungus and its algal host is not that of destructive' parasitism, but rather a mutual rela- tion {syynbiosis) in which both fungus and alga may have a vigorous growth. The relationship has been investi- gated in various ways, and it has been found that, while the alga may thrive independent of the fungus, the ger- minating fungus spores
RMRE1N7P–. Elementary botany. Botany. NUTRITION: LICHENS. 317 which are in solution in the water of the soil. If we make a thin section of the leaf-like portion of a lichen as shown in fig. 418, we shall see that it is composed of a mesh of colorless threads which in certain definite portions contain entangled green cells. The colorless threads are those of the fungus, while the green cells are those of the alga. These green cells of the alga per- form the function of chlorophyll bodies for the dual organism, while the threads of the fungus provide the mineral constituents of plant food. The alga, whil
RMRDWFJ5–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. ^iltUkUl{»*i Fic. 178. A Lichen (Xanthoria). (Natural size.) sufficiently distinct so that lichens are best considered by themselves for purposes of study and classification. The relation of the fungus and its algal host is not that of destructive' parasitism, but rather a mutual rela- tion {syynbiosis) in which both fungus and alga may have a vigorous growth. The relationship has been investi- gated in various ways, and it has been found that, while the alga may thrive independent of the fungus, the ger- minating fungus spores can grow only to a limited
RMRDTPPF–. Lichens. Lichens. STRATOSE THALLUS n cell-walls of the filaments become much thicker and though, in some species, they remain colourless, in others they become dark-coloured, all except the extreme tips, owing to the presence of lichen pigments—a provision, ZukaU considers, to protect them against the ravages of insects, etc. The pro- thallic filaments adhere closely to the substratum and the branching becomes gradually more dendroid in form, though sometimes hyphae are united into strands, or even form a kind of plectenchymatous tissue. This purely hyphal stage may persist for long periods
RMRDTPE7–. Lichens. Lichens. STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 127 b. Development of Cyphellae. The cortex of both surfaces in the thallus of Sticta is a several-layered plectenchyma of thick-walled closely. Fig. 72. Lobariapulmonaria HofTm. Showing pitted surface, a, under surface. Reduced (S.H., Photo.). packed cells, the outer layer growing out into hairs on the under surface of most of the species. Where either cyphellae or pseudocyphellae occur, a more or less open channel is formed between the exterior and the internal tissues of the lichen. In the case of the cyphellae, the medullary hyphae which l
RMRDY8FG–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. 338 PLANT LIFE. plants may be surrounded liy a mycelium. The enslaved green plants are generally unicellular or filamentous algK. If the latter are the species whose colonies produce voluminous gelatine, the texture of the lichen bod)' is gelatinous; other- wise it is tough and leathery. Some of the fungi which ordinarily associ- ate themsehes with alga; to form lichens may exist free as sapro- phytes. The alga itself influences the form of tlie thallus more or less profoundly according to its relative amo
RMRE2MXP–. Elementary botany. Botany. FUNGI CONTINUED: CLASSIFICATION. 221 h. FoliaceoHS lichens, the plant body is leaflike and lobed and more or less loosely attached by rhizoids: Parmelia, Peltigera- etc.. Fig. 251a. Rock lichen (Parmelia contigua). c. Fndkose lichens, the plant body is filamentous or band-like and branched, as in Usnea, Cladonia, etc.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkinson, George Francis, 185
RMRDTPFJ–. Lichens. Lichens. RADIATE THALLUS 109 afforded by the lenticels. The sheath hyphae are continuous with the medul- lary hyphae of the frond, and gonidia are frequently enclosed in the tissues; the sheath spreads to some extent over the surface of the bark, and round the base of the fronds, thus rendering the attachment of the lichen to the tree doubly secure. Avaong Ramalinae, the development of the base was followed by Brandt^ in one species, R. Landroensis, an arboreal lichen from S. Tyrol. A rosette- like sheath was formed consisting solely of strands of thick-walled hyphae which spread ov
RMRDWG23–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 235 hyphae, in fact, a miniature lichen (Fig. 143, C). In some species the soredia form a rather powdery or granular coating on the upper surface of the lichen, and in other cases they are developed within the lichen. These bodies are easily scattered by the wind when the lichens are dry and under favorable conditions grow into new lichens. Reproduction is also effected by means of ascospores that are developed as in the cup fungi. The female. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have bee
RMRE0N8J–. A manual of botany. Botany. PUj. 783. Section of thallus of a lichen, sliow- ing archicarps,»?,/. -Figr. 784. Procarp of one of the Red Seaweeds, tr. Trichogyne. sp. Spermatia. After Kny. or proca/rpium [fig. 784) and does not contain any differentiated oosphere. The ThaUophyta are divided into three classes, the Algse, Fungi, and Lichens. The first contain chlorophyll, the second do not. As a consequence their habit of life is essentially dif- ferent ; the former can prepare food for themselves from the constituents of the air and the medium in or on which they hve ; the latter are compelle
RMRDTPPY–. Lichens. Lichens. 66 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS of Peltigera had found their way into the tissue, the underlying cortical cells having degenerated. The blue-green cells of the normal gonidial layer. Fig. 35. Pure culture of protonema of Mnium hornum L. with spores and hyphae of Lecidea vernalis Aci. a,a,a, buds forming x 150 (after Bonnier). had died off before their advance but no zone was formed by the invading algae; they simply withdrew nourishment and gave seemingly no return. The phenomenon is somewhat isolated and accidental but illustrates the capacity of the alga to absorb
RMRDWMPN–. First forms of vegetation. Botany; Cryptogams. 148 FIRST FORMS OF VEGETATION. farms on sledges. The reindeer-moss is also used by the Finlanders and Laps for stuffing pillows and mattresses. Occasionally too it forms an ingredient of the ' famine-bread' composed of a little oatmeal mixed with sawdust and pounded lichens, which the inhabitants use when sore pressed in times of scarcity. When the ground is covered with hard and frozen snow, so that the reindeer cannot obtain its. Fig. II.—Alectoria jubata. {a) Enlarged portion. usual food, it finds a substitute in a very curious lichen called
RMRDX427–. Lichens. Lichens. 28 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS growing cells of Protococcus^ viridis and formed the early stages of a lichen thallus. Woronin^ contributed his observations on the gonidia of Parmelia (Physcid) pulveridenta which he isolated from the thallus and cultivated in pure water. He confirmed the occurrence of cell division in the gonidia and also the formation of zoospores, these again forming new colonies of algae identical in all respects with the thalline gonidia. He was able to see the germinating tube from a lichen spore attach itself to a gonidium, though he failed in h
RMRDX416–. Lichens. Lichens. 32 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS parasitic condition. He proposed the happily descriptive designation of a Symbiosis or conjoint life which was mostly though not always, nor in equal degree, beneficial to each of the partners or symbionts. b. Different Forms of Association. The type of association be- tween the two symbionts varies in different lichens. Bornet', in describing the development of the thallus in certain members of the Collemiaceae, found that though as a rule the two elements of the thallus, as in some species of Collema itself, persisted intact side by s
RMRDRD1X–. Introduction to botany. Botany. 284 Introduction to Botany.. Besides multiplying by spores, the toadstools may be disseminated by the separation of bits of the masses of filaments which occupy the sub- stratum ; in this way mushrooms are artifi- cially propagated. LICHENS. 175. Nature of Lichens. — The Lichens afford a unique example of para- sitism by Fungi; for a Lichen is not a distinct plant, but rather a com- munity of Fungus and Algae. The little Pleuro- coccus with which we are already acquainted is often associated with a Fungus in this way. The Fungus undoubtedly derives its food fr
RMRDX3XA–. Lichens. Lichens. 56 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS. Fig. 2 3. Cystococcus Cladon iae pyxidatae Chod. from cul- ture X 8oo (after Chodat). of species and he designates the algae, according to the lichen in which they occur, as Cystococcus Cladoniae pyxidatae, C. Cladoniae fimbriatae, etc. Meanwhile Paulson and Somerville Hastings^-by their careful research on the growing thallus have thrown considerable light on the identity of the Protococcaceous lichen gonidium. They selected such well-known lichens as Xanthoria parietina, Cladonia spp. and others, which they collected during the sprin
![. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. BACTERIA 261 as usually, this takes place on a large scale, the surface of the thallus acquires a powdery appearance. The individual granules (so-called soredia, Fig. 142, A), being distributed by the wind, afford a rapid means of propagation of the Lichen. The bright colours of many Lichens are due to the presence of pigments which are remarkable for their " fast " character, and have been employed in dyeing. The well-known chemical indicator litmus is obtained from species of Roccella. Iceland Mos Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDWPH4/an-introduction-to-the-structure-and-reproduction-of-plants-plant-anatomy-plants-bacteria-261-as-usually-this-takes-place-on-a-large-scale-the-surface-of-the-thallus-acquires-a-powdery-appearance-the-individual-granules-so-called-soredia-fig-142-a-being-distributed-by-the-wind-afford-a-rapid-means-of-propagation-of-the-lichen-the-bright-colours-of-many-lichens-are-due-to-the-presence-of-pigments-which-are-remarkable-for-their-quot-fast-quot-character-and-have-been-employed-in-dyeing-the-well-known-chemical-indicator-litmus-is-obtained-from-species-of-roccella-iceland-mos-RDWPH4.jpg ". An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. BACTERIA 261 as usually, this takes place on a large scale, the surface of the thallus acquires a powdery appearance. The individual granules (so-called soredia, Fig. 142, A), being distributed by the wind, afford a rapid means of propagation of the Lichen. The bright colours of many Lichens are due to the presence of pigments which are remarkable for their " fast " character, and have been employed in dyeing. The well-known chemical indicator litmus is obtained from species of Roccella. Iceland Mos Stock Photo")
RMRDWPH4–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. BACTERIA 261 as usually, this takes place on a large scale, the surface of the thallus acquires a powdery appearance. The individual granules (so-called soredia, Fig. 142, A), being distributed by the wind, afford a rapid means of propagation of the Lichen. The bright colours of many Lichens are due to the presence of pigments which are remarkable for their " fast " character, and have been employed in dyeing. The well-known chemical indicator litmus is obtained from species of Roccella. Iceland Mos
![. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. (99) the North American lichen; both L. phifUocarptim and L. hullatum being Mexican plants (Nyl.) and the former at least most closely approached by some of the Texan specimens of the present; as others exhibit a thallus not appreciably distinguishable from that of the original L. Javaniciim. 17. L. Burgcssii (Lightf.) Mont. Trunks, White Mountains, rare. Also in Maine (Herb. Oakcs). Spores apiculato, irregularly muriform- multilocular, more or less fuscescent, ^mmm- Cortex very coarsely cellu- lose Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ0GTA/genera-lichenum-microform-an-arrangement-of-the-north-american-lichens-lichens-lichens-99-the-north-american-lichen-both-l-phifuocarptim-and-l-hullatum-being-mexican-plants-nyl-and-the-former-at-least-most-closely-approached-by-some-of-the-texan-specimens-of-the-present-as-others-exhibit-a-thallus-not-appreciably-distinguishable-from-that-of-the-original-l-javaniciim-17-l-burgcssii-lightf-mont-trunks-white-mountains-rare-also-in-maine-herb-oakcs-spores-apiculato-irregularly-muriform-multilocular-more-or-less-fuscescent-mmm-cortex-very-coarsely-cellu-lose-RJ0GTA.jpg ". Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. (99) the North American lichen; both L. phifUocarptim and L. hullatum being Mexican plants (Nyl.) and the former at least most closely approached by some of the Texan specimens of the present; as others exhibit a thallus not appreciably distinguishable from that of the original L. Javaniciim. 17. L. Burgcssii (Lightf.) Mont. Trunks, White Mountains, rare. Also in Maine (Herb. Oakcs). Spores apiculato, irregularly muriform- multilocular, more or less fuscescent, ^mmm- Cortex very coarsely cellu- lose Stock Photo")
RMRJ0GTA–. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. (99) the North American lichen; both L. phifUocarptim and L. hullatum being Mexican plants (Nyl.) and the former at least most closely approached by some of the Texan specimens of the present; as others exhibit a thallus not appreciably distinguishable from that of the original L. Javaniciim. 17. L. Burgcssii (Lightf.) Mont. Trunks, White Mountains, rare. Also in Maine (Herb. Oakcs). Spores apiculato, irregularly muriform- multilocular, more or less fuscescent, ^mmm- Cortex very coarsely cellu- lose
![. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. K.'trXIX, Thallus omewhat or flesh- hs. The ^rile, and lear, and and pale al, hollow md terini- liers cylin- 3aring the oininof at I normally the cyiin- mnig con- l Lichen- :/1845, pp. 1855.. rtr-inks linp. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Linds Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REP2WF/a-popular-history-of-british-lichens-microform-comprising-an-account-of-their-structure-reproduction-uses-distribution-and-classification-lichens-lichens-ktrxix-thallus-omewhat-or-flesh-hs-the-rile-and-lear-and-and-pale-al-hollow-md-terini-liers-cylin-3aring-the-oininof-at-i-normally-the-cyiin-mnig-con-l-lichen-1845-pp-1855-rtr-inks-linp-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-linds-REP2WF.jpg ". A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. K.'trXIX, Thallus omewhat or flesh- hs. The ^rile, and lear, and and pale al, hollow md terini- liers cylin- 3aring the oininof at I normally the cyiin- mnig con- l Lichen- :/1845, pp. 1855.. rtr-inks linp. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Linds Stock Photo")
RMREP2WF–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. K.'trXIX, Thallus omewhat or flesh- hs. The ^rile, and lear, and and pale al, hollow md terini- liers cylin- 3aring the oininof at I normally the cyiin- mnig con- l Lichen- :/1845, pp. 1855.. rtr-inks linp. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Linds
RMRDX3G6–. Lichens. Lichens. i6o REPRODUCTION I. DISCOLICHENS a. Carpogonia of Gelatinous Lichens. Stahl's^ work on various Collemaceae followed on the same lines as that of Fuisting. The first species selected by him for examination, Collema (Leptogiufn) microphylluni, is a gelatinous lichen which grows on old trunks of poplars and willows. It has a small olive-green thallus which, in autumn, is crowded with apothecia; the spermogones or pycnidia appear as minute reddish points on the edge of the thallus. Within the thallus, and midway between the upper and lower surface, there arises, as a branch fro
RMRDX3F3–. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 16s firmly attached to the trichogyne cell but without any plasma connection between the two. The changes in the trichogyne described by Stahl and Baur in Collemaceae were not seen in Anaptychia; the peculiar swelling of the septa seems to be a phenomenon confined to gelatinous lichens. During the trichogyne stage in this lichen the vegetative hyphae from the medulla grow up and surround the young carpogonia, and, at the same time, very slender hyphae begin to branch upwards to form the paraphyses. Darbi- shire's^ examination of Physcia pulverul
RMRE3CWB–. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. Fig. 2S0. —Coccocarpia molybdia Pers. Transverse section of thallus, or, upper, and ur, under cortical layer, ni, so-called medulla : ^, algal cells:. r, rhizoids C X 6^0). (After Bornet.) they can be adopted as lichen-forming fungi. Propagation is effected by the spores of the fun- gal thallus, and an adaptation exists in certain lichens examined by Stahl for the supply of algs to the new lichen. Algal cells, the offspring of the thallus algse, which have been carried up into the hymenium, are cast out along with the spores, so that, both fallin
RMRDX3XX–. Lichens. Lichens. S4 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS (N. lichenoides Kiitz.) has been determined as the lichen gonidium. When the chains are broken up it has been wrongly classified as another alga, Poly coccus punctiformis. Fam. SCYTONEMACEAE. Trichomes of single-cell rows, differentiated into base and apex. Pseudo-branching arises at right angles to the main filament. SCYTONEMA Ag. Pseudo-branches piercing the sheath and passing out as twin filaments (Fig. 19); colour, golden-brown. This alga occurs in genera of Pyrenidiaceae, Ephebaceae, Pannariaceae, Heppiaceae, in Petractis a genus o
RMRDWBPT–. The essentials of botany. Botany. CARPOPRTTA. 167 tically. These protophytes, which ^ live in the midst of the moist tis- sues of the lichens, were until re- K^, cently supposed to be parts of the lichen itself, and were called go- nidia, a term which it is still con- venient to use. A few lichens are parasitib in this way upon plants a little higher than protophytes. 351. The spores of lichens are produced in sacs, which are either in discs (similar to those of Cup- fungi) or in cavities (similar to these of the Black Fungi). In many common species the spore- bearing discs (called apothecid
RMRE1R3F–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 235 hyphae, in fact, a miniature lichen (Fig. 143, C). In some species the soredia form a rather powdery or granular coating on the upper surface of the lichen, and in other cases they are developed within the lichen. These bodies are easily scattered by the wind when the lichens are dry and under favorable conditions grow into new lichens. Reproduction is also effected by means of ascospores that are developed as in the cup fungi. The female. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have bee
RMRDX3X1–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 2 3. Cystococcus Cladon iae pyxidatae Chod. from cul- ture X 8oo (after Chodat). of species and he designates the algae, according to the lichen in which they occur, as Cystococcus Cladoniae pyxidatae, C. Cladoniae fimbriatae, etc. Meanwhile Paulson and Somerville Hastings^-by their careful research on the growing thallus have thrown considerable light on the identity of the Protococcaceous lichen gonidium. They selected such well-known lichens as Xanthoria parietina, Cladonia spp. and others, which they collected during the spring months, February to April, the period
RMRDRD1R–. Introduction to botany. Botany. Besides multiplying by spores, the toadstools may be disseminated by the separation of bits of the masses of filaments which occupy the sub- stratum ; in this way mushrooms are artifi- cially propagated. LICHENS. 175. Nature of Lichens. — The Lichens afford a unique example of para- sitism by Fungi; for a Lichen is not a distinct plant, but rather a com- munity of Fungus and Algae. The little Pleuro- coccus with which we are already acquainted is often associated with a Fungus in this way. The Fungus undoubtedly derives its food from materials man- ufactured b
RMRDTG96–. Elementary botany. Botany. 3i8 F.COLOG V. 598. Others regard the lichens as autonomous plants, that is, the two or-' ganisms have by this long-continued community of existence become unified into an individualized organism, which possesses a habit and mode of life. Sfflg? >i -£ Fig. 419. Section of fruit body or apothecium of lichen (parmelia), showing asci and spores of the fungus. distinct from that of either of the organisms forming the component parts. This community of existence between two different organisms is called by some mutualisjn, or symbiosis. Nitrogen gatherers. 599. How c
RMRDX2RN–. Lichens. Lichens. 2i8 PHYSIOLOGY thallus oi Sarcogyne {Biatorelld) pruinosa Lang- estimated the gonidial zone as 175-200/4 in thickness, while the colourless hyphae penetrated the rock to a depth of quite 15 mm. b. Oil-cells of Epilithic Lichens. The general arrangement of the tissues and the occurrence and form of the oil-cells vary in the different species according to the nature of the substratum. This has been clearly demonstrated by Bachmann^ in Aspicilia {Lecanord) calcared, an almost exclusively calcareous lichen as the name implies. On limestone, he found sphaeroid cells formed in gr
RMRDCRX1–. Comparative morphology and biology of the fungi, mycetozoa and bacteria . Plant morphology; Fungi; Myxomycetes; Bacteriology. 240 DIVISION II.—COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI. Section LXIX. 3. Spermatia, spermogonia. Organs in every respect ex- tremely like those which are thus named in CoUema, Physma, &c. (page 211) are found in almost all the rest of the Lichen-forming Ascomycetes; the genus Solorina may be mentioned as an exception among those in which this point has been carefully examined. These organs occur also in many species which do not form Lichens both among the Discomycetes a
RMRDWBPM–. The essentials of botany. Botany. Fio. 91. Fio. 93. FiQ. 91.—Gonldia of different Lichens, sliowiiig attachment of the parasitic filaments: several are dividing. All highly magnified. Fia. 92.—A vertical section of a common Lichen (Physcia stellaris) through a fruit-disc, showing spore-sacs at th, intermingled with slender filaments (para- ihyses), t gonidia at g, g' cm, the interlacing branching filaments, becoming larder and denser at cc and h. Much magnified. t. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - c
RMRE0TCC–. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. THE THALLOPHYTE DIVISION 509 much economic importance. They ma}' be defined as algo- fungal air-plants. Although made up of plants which belong to chfferent classes of AlgiB and Fungi, which therefore on theoretical grounds might require to be assigned each to its own class, lichens are in practice more conveniently treated as compound organisms forming an artificial group by them- selves.. Fig. 337.—Mushroom-lichen (Cora pavona, Mushroom-lichen Family, Coraccw). A, top view of fruit-t^ody, natural size. B, under sid
RMRDJGX9–. The essentials of botany. Botany. OAliPOPEYTA. 167 tioally. These protophytes, -which live in the midst of the moist tis- sues of the lichens, were until re- cently supposed to be parts of the lichen itself, and were called go- nidia, a term which it is still con- venient to use. A few lichens are parasitic in this way upon plants a little higher than protophytes. 351. The spores of lichens are produced in sacs, which are either in discs (similar to those of Cup- fungi) or in cavities (similar to thcce of the Black Fungi). In many common species the spore- bearing discs (called apotheoia) ar
![. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. 506 LIFE-HISTORIES lichens is by what are caUcd soredin,^ which are Uttle masses of hyphte surroun(hng a colony of algae. Fig. 336, II shows the soredium of a lichen known as beard-moss (Fig. 336,1) nearly related to the " Iceland mo.ss." Soredia arise through luxuri- ant development of the inner cottony layer at certain points where they i-upture the rind, and force their way to the surface from which they eventuallj' separate. Then being carried by the wind to some favorable spot each grows into a new com Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE0TCX/plants-and-their-uses-an-introduction-to-botany-botany-botany-economic-506-life-histories-lichens-is-by-what-are-caucd-soredin-which-are-uttle-masses-of-hyphte-surrounhng-a-colony-of-algae-fig-336-ii-shows-the-soredium-of-a-lichen-known-as-beard-moss-fig-3361-nearly-related-to-the-quot-iceland-mossquot-soredia-arise-through-luxuri-ant-development-of-the-inner-cottony-layer-at-certain-points-where-they-i-upture-the-rind-and-force-their-way-to-the-surface-from-which-they-eventuallj-separate-then-being-carried-by-the-wind-to-some-favorable-spot-each-grows-into-a-new-com-RE0TCX.jpg ". Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. 506 LIFE-HISTORIES lichens is by what are caUcd soredin,^ which are Uttle masses of hyphte surroun(hng a colony of algae. Fig. 336, II shows the soredium of a lichen known as beard-moss (Fig. 336,1) nearly related to the " Iceland mo.ss." Soredia arise through luxuri- ant development of the inner cottony layer at certain points where they i-upture the rind, and force their way to the surface from which they eventuallj' separate. Then being carried by the wind to some favorable spot each grows into a new com Stock Photo")
RMRE0TCX–. Plants and their uses; an introduction to botany. Botany; Botany, Economic. 506 LIFE-HISTORIES lichens is by what are caUcd soredin,^ which are Uttle masses of hyphte surroun(hng a colony of algae. Fig. 336, II shows the soredium of a lichen known as beard-moss (Fig. 336,1) nearly related to the " Iceland mo.ss." Soredia arise through luxuri- ant development of the inner cottony layer at certain points where they i-upture the rind, and force their way to the surface from which they eventuallj' separate. Then being carried by the wind to some favorable spot each grows into a new com
RMRDX2P0–. Lichens. Lichens. 398 ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL while Tegeocranus labyrinthicus, though usually a lichen-eating species, lives either on mosses or on lichens on w^Us. ZopP reckoned twenty-nine species of lichens, mostly the larger foliose and fruticose kinds, that were eaten by mites. Lesdain^ in his observations on mite action notes that frequently the thallus round the base of the perithecia of Verrucaria sp. was eaten clean away, leaving the perithecia solitary and extremely difficult to determine. J. A. Wheldon^ found the eggs of a species of mite, Tetranychus lapidus, attached to the fruit
RMRE3CWE–. A handbook of cryptogamic botany. Cryptogams. FUNGI 319 By far the greater number of lichen-forming fungi are Discomycetes or Pyrenomycetes. A few.small tropical genera, Cora (Fr.), Rhipidonema (Mattir.), Dictyonema (Mont), and Laudatea (Johow.), are Basidiomyce- tous, and two other tropical forms, Emericella (Berk.) and Trichocoma (Jungh.), have recently Seen declared by Massee (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. 178, p. 305) to be Gasteromycetous Lichens. The two last-named cases are by no g means satisfactorily established, and much more 7 and better evidence must be forthcoming before. P
RMRDJGX4–. The essentials of botany. Botany. Fia. 91. Fia 93. Fig. 91.—Gonidia of different Lichens, showing attachment of the parasitic filaments: several are dividing. All highly magnified. Fig. 93.^A vertical section of a common Lichen (Physcia stellnris) through a I'ruit-disc, showing spore-sacs at th^ intermingled with slender filaments (para- physes), t gonidia at gr, g'; cm, the interlacing branching filaments, becoming hai'dei' and denser at cc and h. Much ma^ifled. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - colo
RMRDTPJ0–. Lichens. Lichens. RADIATE THALLUS 99 those of Roccella have been found measuring 30 cm. in length ; those of Ramalina reticulata, the largest of all the American lichens, extend to con- siderably more. Lichens of filamentous growth are more or less cylindrical (Fig. 58). They are in some species upright and of moderate length but in a few. Fig. 58. Usnea barbata Web. (S. H., Photo.). pendulous forms they grow to a great length: specimens of Usnea longissima have been recorded that measured 6 to 8 metres from base to tip. The radiate type of thallus occurs in most of the lichen groups but mos
![. Practical botany. Botany. m â ''Kl |C no other plants could live. Fic. 191. A hanging lichen {Usnea) which is often called the "bearded moss." Also upon the dead spruce twig which supports this licljen there is another foliose lichen {Parmelia). Upon the Usiica plant there are shown several of the disk-like cups in which ascospores are formed 228. Form, structure, and reproduc- tion. Those lichens which adhere like leaves to the material upon which they grow are called/o/i'ose (Fig. 190); those that form closely adhering, scale-like growths are cnififniu'dvs forms; those that branc Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3B16/practical-botany-botany-m-kl-c-no-other-plants-could-live-fic-191-a-hanging-lichen-usnea-which-is-often-called-the-quotbearded-mossquot-also-upon-the-dead-spruce-twig-which-supports-this-licljen-there-is-another-foliose-lichen-parmelia-upon-the-usiica-plant-there-are-shown-several-of-the-disk-like-cups-in-which-ascospores-are-formed-228-form-structure-and-reproduc-tion-those-lichens-which-adhere-like-leaves-to-the-material-upon-which-they-grow-are-calledoiose-fig-190-those-that-form-closely-adhering-scale-like-growths-are-cnififniudvs-forms-those-that-branc-RE3B16.jpg ". Practical botany. Botany. m â ''Kl |C no other plants could live. Fic. 191. A hanging lichen {Usnea) which is often called the "bearded moss." Also upon the dead spruce twig which supports this licljen there is another foliose lichen {Parmelia). Upon the Usiica plant there are shown several of the disk-like cups in which ascospores are formed 228. Form, structure, and reproduc- tion. Those lichens which adhere like leaves to the material upon which they grow are called/o/i'ose (Fig. 190); those that form closely adhering, scale-like growths are cnififniu'dvs forms; those that branc Stock Photo")
RMRE3B16–. Practical botany. Botany. m â ''Kl |C no other plants could live. Fic. 191. A hanging lichen {Usnea) which is often called the "bearded moss." Also upon the dead spruce twig which supports this licljen there is another foliose lichen {Parmelia). Upon the Usiica plant there are shown several of the disk-like cups in which ascospores are formed 228. Form, structure, and reproduc- tion. Those lichens which adhere like leaves to the material upon which they grow are called/o/i'ose (Fig. 190); those that form closely adhering, scale-like growths are cnififniu'dvs forms; those that branc
RMRDTPH0–. Lichens. Lichens. RADIATE THALLUS 103 hyphae of the outer cortex are compactly fibrous; added toughness is given by the presence of some longitudinal strands of hyphae in the central pith. Another still more familiar grey lichen, Physcia ciliaris, has long flat branching fronds which, though dorsiventral in structure, are partly upright in habit. Strength is secured as in Teloschistes by the fibrous upper cortex. Other species of Physciae are somewhat similar in habit and in structure. In Dendrographa leucophaea, a slender strap-shaped rock lichen, Darbi- shire' has described the outer corte
![. Lichens. Lichens. 48 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS no further algae were encountered. The cell-walls of the swollen hyphae and their branches had begun to thicken and to become united to form a kind of cellular tissue or ''paraplectenchyma" At a later date, about a month. Fig. 15. Synthetic culture of Physcia parietina spores and ProCococcus viridis five days after germination, s, lichen-spore; a, septate fila- ments; b-, clasping filaments;'f, searching filaments, x 500 (after Bonnier). after the sowing of the spores, there was a definite cellular cortex formed over the thallus. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX3YN/lichens-lichens-48-constituents-of-the-lichen-thallus-no-further-algae-were-encountered-the-cell-walls-of-the-swollen-hyphae-and-their-branches-had-begun-to-thicken-and-to-become-united-to-form-a-kind-of-cellular-tissue-or-paraplectenchymaquot-at-a-later-date-about-a-month-fig-15-synthetic-culture-of-physcia-parietina-spores-and-procococcus-viridis-five-days-after-germination-s-lichen-spore-a-septate-fila-ments-b-clasping-filamentsf-searching-filaments-x-500-after-bonnier-after-the-sowing-of-the-spores-there-was-a-definite-cellular-cortex-formed-over-the-thallus-RDX3YN.jpg ". Lichens. Lichens. 48 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS no further algae were encountered. The cell-walls of the swollen hyphae and their branches had begun to thicken and to become united to form a kind of cellular tissue or ''paraplectenchyma" At a later date, about a month. Fig. 15. Synthetic culture of Physcia parietina spores and ProCococcus viridis five days after germination, s, lichen-spore; a, septate fila- ments; b-, clasping filaments;'f, searching filaments, x 500 (after Bonnier). after the sowing of the spores, there was a definite cellular cortex formed over the thallus. Stock Photo")
RMRDX3YN–. Lichens. Lichens. 48 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS no further algae were encountered. The cell-walls of the swollen hyphae and their branches had begun to thicken and to become united to form a kind of cellular tissue or ''paraplectenchyma" At a later date, about a month. Fig. 15. Synthetic culture of Physcia parietina spores and ProCococcus viridis five days after germination, s, lichen-spore; a, septate fila- ments; b-, clasping filaments;'f, searching filaments, x 500 (after Bonnier). after the sowing of the spores, there was a definite cellular cortex formed over the thallus.
RMRDAAHG–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. Fig. 154.—A common lichen growing on bark; the numerous dark disks are lined by a layer of asci. boards, etc., and growing also upon the ground (Figs. 154 and 155). They have a general greenish-gray color, but brighter colors also may be observed. The great interest connected with lichens is that they. Fig. 155.—A common foliose lichen growing upon a board.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not pe
RMRDAAGN–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. FUNGI 163 mycelium can lay hold of suitable Algae. Artificial lich- ens also have been made by bringing together wild Algse and lichen-fungi. Lichens, therefore, are really combina- tions of a parasitic fungus and its host, the parasitism being peculiar in that the host is not injured. The fungus lives upon the food made by the alga, and the relation suggested is that the alga is enslaved by the fungus. At certain times cup-like or disk-like bodies appear upon the surface of the lichen, with brown or black or more brightly colored lining (
![. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. 32o THALLOPHYTES. two, a foliaceous expansion of small size being first formed, the cup-shaped or fruticosely- branched thallus afterwards rising from this.. FIG. 213.—A Usnea barbata, a fruticose Lichen (natural size); B Sticta pulmonacea, a foliaceous Lichen (natural size) seen from beneath ; a apothecia,/"the attaching disc of A, by which the Lichen becomes attached to the bark of a tree. The thallus of Lichens can be dried, so as to be pulverised, without losing its vitality. When saturated with water it has generally a l Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RPXNEF/text-book-of-botany-morphological-and-physiological-botany-32o-thallophytes-two-a-foliaceous-expansion-of-small-size-being-first-formed-the-cup-shaped-or-fruticosely-branched-thallus-afterwards-rising-from-this-fig-213a-usnea-barbata-a-fruticose-lichen-natural-size-b-sticta-pulmonacea-a-foliaceous-lichen-natural-size-seen-from-beneath-a-apotheciaquotthe-attaching-disc-of-a-by-which-the-lichen-becomes-attached-to-the-bark-of-a-tree-the-thallus-of-lichens-can-be-dried-so-as-to-be-pulverised-without-losing-its-vitality-when-saturated-with-water-it-has-generally-a-l-RPXNEF.jpg ". Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. 32o THALLOPHYTES. two, a foliaceous expansion of small size being first formed, the cup-shaped or fruticosely- branched thallus afterwards rising from this.. FIG. 213.—A Usnea barbata, a fruticose Lichen (natural size); B Sticta pulmonacea, a foliaceous Lichen (natural size) seen from beneath ; a apothecia,/"the attaching disc of A, by which the Lichen becomes attached to the bark of a tree. The thallus of Lichens can be dried, so as to be pulverised, without losing its vitality. When saturated with water it has generally a l Stock Photo")
RMRPXNEF–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. 32o THALLOPHYTES. two, a foliaceous expansion of small size being first formed, the cup-shaped or fruticosely- branched thallus afterwards rising from this.. FIG. 213.—A Usnea barbata, a fruticose Lichen (natural size); B Sticta pulmonacea, a foliaceous Lichen (natural size) seen from beneath ; a apothecia,/"the attaching disc of A, by which the Lichen becomes attached to the bark of a tree. The thallus of Lichens can be dried, so as to be pulverised, without losing its vitality. When saturated with water it has generally a l
RMRDJE9T–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. Plate 14 I I. rjEC!IOGRAPHA PARASITICA Massal. a. Plant on lichen. 6. Portion of host and apothecia. c. Vertical section of apothecium. d. Ascus and paraphysis. e. Spores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. British Museum (Natural History). Dept. of Botany; Crombie, James Mor
RMRE3B1M–. Practical botany. Botany. THE LICHENS 235 LICHENS 227. General characteristics. The lichens are not simply fungi. A lichen is not even a single plant, but is a com- bination of fungi and algae living together in such a close relationship that it looks like a single plant. There may be many individual fungi and many individual algse in this rela- tion, but the combination is spoken of as the lichen plant. The fungal part- of the lichen is usually, though not always, a member of the ascus-bearing class of fungi, and consequently lichens are often classified with ascomycetes. This is obvi- ousl
RMRDX42M–. Lichens. Lichens. CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS I. LICHEN GONIDIA The thallus or vegetative body of lichens differs from that of other green plants in the sharp distinction both of form and colour between the assimi- lative cells and the colourless tissues, and in the relative positions these occupy within the thallus: in the greater number of lichen species the green chlorophyll cells are confined to a narrow zone or band some way beneath and parallel with the surface (Fig. i); in a minority of genera they are dis- tributed through the entire thallus (Fig. 2); but in all cas
![. Flowerless plants: how and where they grow. Cryptogams. A WRITING LICHEN (l/r.v/AA) i" IM â¢1 1 ft ^> ^^njH^C his 9 1 â 1 1 J 1 i THE DUAL NATURE OF THE LICHENS A combination of a fungus and a large number of alg. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bastin, S. Leonard. London, New York [etc. ] Cassell and Co. , Ltd. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDWW79/flowerless-plants-how-and-where-they-grow-cryptogams-a-writing-lichen-lrvaa-iquot-im-1-1-ft-gt-njhc-his-9-1-1-1-j-1-i-the-dual-nature-of-the-lichens-a-combination-of-a-fungus-and-a-large-number-of-alg-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-bastin-s-leonard-london-new-york-etc-cassell-and-co-ltd-RDWW79.jpg ". Flowerless plants: how and where they grow. Cryptogams. A WRITING LICHEN (l/r.v/AA) i" IM â¢1 1 ft ^> ^^njH^C his 9 1 â 1 1 J 1 i THE DUAL NATURE OF THE LICHENS A combination of a fungus and a large number of alg. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bastin, S. Leonard. London, New York [etc. ] Cassell and Co. , Ltd. Stock Photo")
RMRDWW79–. Flowerless plants: how and where they grow. Cryptogams. A WRITING LICHEN (l/r.v/AA) i" IM â¢1 1 ft ^> ^^njH^C his 9 1 â 1 1 J 1 i THE DUAL NATURE OF THE LICHENS A combination of a fungus and a large number of alg. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bastin, S. Leonard. London, New York [etc. ] Cassell and Co. , Ltd.
RMRE3B09–. Practical botany. Botany. THE LICHENS 239 unavailable. Reindeer moss (JJladonia rangiferina) grows upon earth and rocks in great abundance throughout the north tem- perate and frigid zones, and at high altitudes in most mountain ranges. In winter it is eaten by animals, which find it green and nutritious when they remove the snow from above it. A few lichens are sometimes used as food for men, though they are not especially nutritious. A mucilaginous and starchy food is prepared from Cetraria islandica, a lichen which is known as Iceland moss. This and other food lichens are more or less bit
RMRDTPE0–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 72. Lobariapulmonaria HofTm. Showing pitted surface, a, under surface. Reduced (S.H., Photo.). packed cells, the outer layer growing out into hairs on the under surface of most of the species. Where either cyphellae or pseudocyphellae occur, a more or less open channel is formed between the exterior and the internal tissues of the lichen. In the case of the cyphellae, the medullary hyphae which line the cup are divided into short roundish cells with comparatively thin walls (Fig. 73). They form a tissue sharply differentiated from the. Fig. 73. Sticta damaecornis Nyl.
RMRDX41J–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 5. Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. Asci and spores, with hymenial gonidia x 320 (after Stahl).. Fig. 6. Endocarpon ptisillum Hedw. Spore germinating in contact with hymenial gonidia x 320 (after Stahl). ' The authors quoted have been followed in their designation of the various green algae that form lichen gonidia; It is however now recognized (Wille 1913) that either Protococcus viridis Ag., ChloreUa or other Protococcaceae may form the universal green coating on trees, etc., and be incorporated as lichen gonidia. Fleurococcus vulgaris Naeg. and Pleurococcus Naegeli Chod. a
RMRDGFE8–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. iiii. — A foliose lichen (^Physcia) on tree bark; note the marginal vegetative propagation characteristic of lichens, also the numerous fruiting structures, the apothecia. — From Coulter (Part I). Lichens. — Structural relations. — A lichen is a plant complex made up of a fungus body in which algae are enclosed. Formerly lichens were supposed to be in- dividual plants, and the green cells, now known to be algae, were called gonidia (figs. 1111-1113). The dual nature of lichens was discov- ered by making sep- arate cultures o
RMRE2JWJ–. Introduction to botany. Botany. 250 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY these threads absorb food from the algse. The fungus seems to hold the combination in compact form and to enable it to secure a foothold in places where neither the alga nor the fungus could live alone. In the lichen, we have therefore a combination of plants — an alga and a fungus—neither of which alone could live long under the conditions of extreme exposure in which lichens are often found. 237. Economic significance of lichens. As lichens live in exposed rocky places, they serve to bring about the first stages of soil formation b
![. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. FIG. 213.—A Usnea barbata, a fruticose Lichen (natural size); B Sticta pulmonacea, a foliaceous Lichen (natural size) seen from beneath ; a apothecia,/"the attaching disc of A, by which the Lichen becomes attached to the bark of a tree. The thallus of Lichens can be dried, so as to be pulverised, without losing its vitality. When saturated with water it has generally a leathery consistence, is tough, elastic, and flexible; but a large number of genera, which are remarkable also in other ways, are slimy and gela- tinous in thi Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RPXNE5/text-book-of-botany-morphological-and-physiological-botany-fig-213a-usnea-barbata-a-fruticose-lichen-natural-size-b-sticta-pulmonacea-a-foliaceous-lichen-natural-size-seen-from-beneath-a-apotheciaquotthe-attaching-disc-of-a-by-which-the-lichen-becomes-attached-to-the-bark-of-a-tree-the-thallus-of-lichens-can-be-dried-so-as-to-be-pulverised-without-losing-its-vitality-when-saturated-with-water-it-has-generally-a-leathery-consistence-is-tough-elastic-and-flexible-but-a-large-number-of-genera-which-are-remarkable-also-in-other-ways-are-slimy-and-gela-tinous-in-thi-RPXNE5.jpg ". Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. FIG. 213.—A Usnea barbata, a fruticose Lichen (natural size); B Sticta pulmonacea, a foliaceous Lichen (natural size) seen from beneath ; a apothecia,/"the attaching disc of A, by which the Lichen becomes attached to the bark of a tree. The thallus of Lichens can be dried, so as to be pulverised, without losing its vitality. When saturated with water it has generally a leathery consistence, is tough, elastic, and flexible; but a large number of genera, which are remarkable also in other ways, are slimy and gela- tinous in thi Stock Photo")
RMRPXNE5–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. FIG. 213.—A Usnea barbata, a fruticose Lichen (natural size); B Sticta pulmonacea, a foliaceous Lichen (natural size) seen from beneath ; a apothecia,/"the attaching disc of A, by which the Lichen becomes attached to the bark of a tree. The thallus of Lichens can be dried, so as to be pulverised, without losing its vitality. When saturated with water it has generally a leathery consistence, is tough, elastic, and flexible; but a large number of genera, which are remarkable also in other ways, are slimy and gela- tinous in thi
RMRDX2W0–. Lichens. Lichens. 2l6 PHYSIOLOGY published an account of various oil-cells in a large series of calcicolous lichens (Fig. 117). The occurrence of oil- (or fat-) cells is not dependent on the presence of any particular alga as the gonidium of the lichen. Fiinfstuck' has described the immersed thallus of Opegrapha saxicola as one of those richest in fat-cells. The gonidia belong to the filamentous alga Trentepohlia um- brina and form a comparatively thin layer about i6o/i thick near the upper surface; isolated algal branches may grow down to 350/i into the rock, while the fungal ele- ments des
RMRE2JWF–. Introduction to botany. Botany. FUNGI AND EUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS 251 Reindeer moss QCladonia rangiferina) is eaten in winter by animals, which find it green and nutritious when they remove the snow from above it. A few lichens are used as food for men, though they are not especially nutritious. A mucilagi- nous and starchy food is prepared from Cetraria islandica, a lichen which is known as Iceland moss. In Sweden Stiota pul- monacea, a very bitter lichen, is sometimes used as a substitute for hops in processes of brewing. Various dyes are prepared from lichens and are known in the marke
![. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 54. Peltigera cmiina DC. (S. H., Photo.]. Fig- 55- Peltigera canina DC. Under surface with veins and rhizoids (after Reinke). long and straggling. Meyer^ states that the central hyphae are stoutish and much entangled owing to the branching and frequent anastomosis of one hypha with another; the peripheral terminal branches are thinner-walled and free. These rhizinae vary in colour from white in Peltigera canina to brown or black in other species. Most species of Peltigera spread over grass or mosses, to which they cling by these long loose "rootlets." Lichen Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTPJR/lichens-lichens-fig-54-peltigera-cmiina-dc-s-h-photo-fig-55-peltigera-canina-dc-under-surface-with-veins-and-rhizoids-after-reinke-long-and-straggling-meyer-states-that-the-central-hyphae-are-stoutish-and-much-entangled-owing-to-the-branching-and-frequent-anastomosis-of-one-hypha-with-another-the-peripheral-terminal-branches-are-thinner-walled-and-free-these-rhizinae-vary-in-colour-from-white-in-peltigera-canina-to-brown-or-black-in-other-species-most-species-of-peltigera-spread-over-grass-or-mosses-to-which-they-cling-by-these-long-loose-quotrootletsquot-lichen-RDTPJR.jpg ". Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 54. Peltigera cmiina DC. (S. H., Photo.]. Fig- 55- Peltigera canina DC. Under surface with veins and rhizoids (after Reinke). long and straggling. Meyer^ states that the central hyphae are stoutish and much entangled owing to the branching and frequent anastomosis of one hypha with another; the peripheral terminal branches are thinner-walled and free. These rhizinae vary in colour from white in Peltigera canina to brown or black in other species. Most species of Peltigera spread over grass or mosses, to which they cling by these long loose "rootlets." Lichen Stock Photo")
RMRDTPJR–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 54. Peltigera cmiina DC. (S. H., Photo.]. Fig- 55- Peltigera canina DC. Under surface with veins and rhizoids (after Reinke). long and straggling. Meyer^ states that the central hyphae are stoutish and much entangled owing to the branching and frequent anastomosis of one hypha with another; the peripheral terminal branches are thinner-walled and free. These rhizinae vary in colour from white in Peltigera canina to brown or black in other species. Most species of Peltigera spread over grass or mosses, to which they cling by these long loose "rootlets." Lichen
RMRDD9D1–. Lessons in botany. Botany. 312 ECOLOGY. the lichens lay hold on them and invest them with fantastic figures of varied color. Disintegrating rock, debris of plants and animals, join to form the virgin soil. Certain of the blue- green algse, as well as some of the mosses, are able to gain a foothold on rocks and assist in this process of soil formation.. Fig. 260. Rock lichen (Parmelia contigua). A view of rocks thrown down by the melting and retreating edge of a glacier in Greenland is shown in fig. 261. These rocks at the time the photograph was taken had no plant life on them. At other plac
![. The elements of structural botany [microform] : with special reference to the study of Canadian plants : to which is added a selection of examination papers. Plant anatomy; Botany; Botanique; Botanique. Fij,'. 241). 351. Lichens. Tln-so plimts may 1h5 found growing on the bark of trees, on old fences, on rooks, (jr on the gioiuid. Tliey diller widely in cxturnid j»ppeiiriinc; c, the thallus; the rounded bodies at the siuninit are the apothecia. lThoni6.) Fig. 250.—A foliaceoug Lichen growing on a stone ; natural size. (Gray.) Fig. 251. —Section of an apothecium. (Gray.). Fig. 250.. Please no Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ0XBA/the-elements-of-structural-botany-microform-with-special-reference-to-the-study-of-canadian-plants-to-which-is-added-a-selection-of-examination-papers-plant-anatomy-botany-botanique-botanique-fij-241-351-lichens-tln-so-plimts-may-1h5-found-growing-on-the-bark-of-trees-on-old-fences-on-rooks-jr-on-the-gioiuid-tliey-diller-widely-in-cxturnid-jppeiiriinc-c-the-thallus-the-rounded-bodies-at-the-siuninit-are-the-apothecia-lthoni6-fig-250a-foliaceoug-lichen-growing-on-a-stone-natural-size-gray-fig-251-section-of-an-apothecium-gray-fig-250-please-no-RJ0XBA.jpg ". The elements of structural botany [microform] : with special reference to the study of Canadian plants : to which is added a selection of examination papers. Plant anatomy; Botany; Botanique; Botanique. Fij,'. 241). 351. Lichens. Tln-so plimts may 1h5 found growing on the bark of trees, on old fences, on rooks, (jr on the gioiuid. Tliey diller widely in cxturnid j»ppeiiriinc; c, the thallus; the rounded bodies at the siuninit are the apothecia. lThoni6.) Fig. 250.—A foliaceoug Lichen growing on a stone ; natural size. (Gray.) Fig. 251. —Section of an apothecium. (Gray.). Fig. 250.. Please no Stock Photo")
RMRJ0XBA–. The elements of structural botany [microform] : with special reference to the study of Canadian plants : to which is added a selection of examination papers. Plant anatomy; Botany; Botanique; Botanique. Fij,'. 241). 351. Lichens. Tln-so plimts may 1h5 found growing on the bark of trees, on old fences, on rooks, (jr on the gioiuid. Tliey diller widely in cxturnid j»ppeiiriinc; c, the thallus; the rounded bodies at the siuninit are the apothecia. lThoni6.) Fig. 250.—A foliaceoug Lichen growing on a stone ; natural size. (Gray.) Fig. 251. —Section of an apothecium. (Gray.). Fig. 250.. Please no
![. The essentials of botany. Botany. 1 â 'â ' "I"**.?**!* FlO. 109. FIG. UO. Fio. 109.âGreen plants (gonidia) dissected from different Lichens, showing attachment of the parasitic illaments; several are dividing. All highly magnified. Fio. no.âa vertical section of a common Lichen (Physoia stellaris) through a fruit-disk, showing spore-sacs at th, intermingled with slender filaments (paraphyses), t; gonidia (species of Protococcus) at 0, g'; cm, the interlacing branching filaments, hecomlug harder and denser at cc and 7i. Much magnified.. Please note that these images are extracted fr Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDYBTC/the-essentials-of-botany-botany-1-quotiquot!-flo-109-fig-uo-fio-109green-plants-gonidia-dissected-from-different-lichens-showing-attachment-of-the-parasitic-illaments-several-are-dividing-all-highly-magnified-fio-noa-vertical-section-of-a-common-lichen-physoia-stellaris-through-a-fruit-disk-showing-spore-sacs-at-th-intermingled-with-slender-filaments-paraphyses-t-gonidia-species-of-protococcus-at-0-g-cm-the-interlacing-branching-filaments-hecomlug-harder-and-denser-at-cc-and-7i-much-magnified-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-fr-RDYBTC.jpg ". The essentials of botany. Botany. 1 â 'â ' "I"**.?**!* FlO. 109. FIG. UO. Fio. 109.âGreen plants (gonidia) dissected from different Lichens, showing attachment of the parasitic illaments; several are dividing. All highly magnified. Fio. no.âa vertical section of a common Lichen (Physoia stellaris) through a fruit-disk, showing spore-sacs at th, intermingled with slender filaments (paraphyses), t; gonidia (species of Protococcus) at 0, g'; cm, the interlacing branching filaments, hecomlug harder and denser at cc and 7i. Much magnified.. Please note that these images are extracted fr Stock Photo")
RMRDYBTC–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 1 â 'â ' "I"**.?**!* FlO. 109. FIG. UO. Fio. 109.âGreen plants (gonidia) dissected from different Lichens, showing attachment of the parasitic illaments; several are dividing. All highly magnified. Fio. no.âa vertical section of a common Lichen (Physoia stellaris) through a fruit-disk, showing spore-sacs at th, intermingled with slender filaments (paraphyses), t; gonidia (species of Protococcus) at 0, g'; cm, the interlacing branching filaments, hecomlug harder and denser at cc and 7i. Much magnified.. Please note that these images are extracted fr
RMRDAAHN–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. IfiO A TEXT-BOOK OP BOTANY 89. Lichens.—Lichens are abundant everywhere, form- ing splotches of various colors on tree trunks, rocks, old. Fig. 154.—A common lichen growing on bark; the numerous dark disks are lined by a layer of asci. boards, etc., and growing also upon the ground (Figs. 154 and 155). They have a general greenish-gray color, but brighter colors also may be observed. The great interest connected with lichens is that they. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enha
RMRDYBTH–. The essentials of botany. Botany. 0ARP0PH7TA. 187 a term which is still in common use. 345. The spores of lichens are produced in sacs, which are simi- lar to those of other Cup-fungi. In many common species the spore-bearing disks (called apothe- cia) are large and readily seen (Fig. 108, A and B), while in others they are small and not easily made out. In other species the spore-sacs are immersed in cavities which show only as black- ish lines or dots on the surface of the lichen-body. 346 The spores germinate by sending out one or more tubes which develop directly into the ordinary filame
RMRDJHRG–. Nature-study; a manual for teachers and students. Nature study. 392 NATURE-STUDY Another interesting flowcrless plant, of which there are many forms, is the Lichen. These are usually flattened plants growing upon trees, rocks, earth, and cliffs. Gener- ally they are of a bluish-green color, but often they are yel- low, red, and black. Many form an irregular crust; others arc much branched and dissected. Some forms present a tufted or thread- like structure. Visit a pile of cordwood and note how many kinds of lichens may be found on the bark. Note that cer- tain species are found only on cert
RMRDH9ND–. Foundations of botany. Botany; Botany. Fia. 198.—A Lichen (XanthoTi<£i. (Natural size.) Fig. 199.—a Lichen (CTsnea). (Natural size.) called spermatia. Their office in Physcia is obscure, but in a few lichens they are thought to unite with a trichogyne cell, as in the red algae.* Note the minute, powdery masses (soredia) on the surface of the thallus. Macerate if necessary under the cover-glass and examine under a high power. Compare with the structure of the thallus as seen in cross-section. (See next paragraph.) These soredia easily become detached and develop into new plants. Prepare fo
RMRPXNEW–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. Fig. 211,—A piece of the foliaceous thallus oiPel- tigera horizontals; a the apothecia; r the rhizines (natural size). FIG. 2to.—A, B Graphis elegans, a crustaceous Lichen growing on the bark of the Holly ; A natural size/i? slightly magnified; C Pertusaria Wulfeni, another crustaceous Lichen (slightly magnified).. Fig. 212.—Collemapulposum, a gelatinous Lichen (slightly magnified). passes over, through various gradations, into that of the Foliaceous Lichens; the latter forms flake-like expansions often curled, which can be comple
RMRDX41A–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 7. Germination of spore of Physcia pariethia De Not. in contact with Proiococcus viridis Ag. x 950 (after Eornet).. Op h^fi^B33^^^^^^ Fig. 8. Physcia parietina De Not. Vertical section of thallus obtained by synthetic culture x 130 (after Bonnier). spores and algae were carried on at the same time, with the result that in one case lichen hyphae alone, in the other algae were produced. The various lichen spores with which he experimented were sown in association with the following algae: (i) Protococcus. Pure synthetic cultures of Physcia (^Xauthoria) parietina were beg
RMRE0KE2–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 512 LICHEN ACEI. [PHXTCTIS,. Kg. 72. Phlyctis agdma Koerb, -A. A2- or murali-divided. Spermogones with simple or slightly branched sterigmata. Difeers from the preceding subtribe in the apothecia being usually more open, and especially in the spores being murali-divided. It comprises 7 genera, four of which are entirely exotic, while Belonia Koerb., though European, does not occur in Britain. 64. PHLYCTIS Wallr. Naturg. der Eleoht. (1825) p. 527.—ThaUus thinl
RMRDWG2E–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 232 THE ASCO-LICHENS size, forms of Morchella occasionally reaching the height of a foot and some species of Gyromitra weigh over a pound. 86. The Asco-lichens.—^A second line of departure from the Pezizales includes a large group of plants known as the lichen. The great majority of these forms show strong evidence of rela-. FiG. 141. Common forms of the Helvellales: A, the morel, Morchella, surface view at left and in section at right. The asci and paraphyses form a hymenium over the honeycomb surface. B, Leolia, a small gelatinous form of a light,
RMRE1R3J–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 232 THE ASCO-LICHENS size, forms of Morchella occasionally reaching the height of a foot and some species of Gyromitra weigh over a pound. 86. The Asco-lichens.âA second line of departure from the Pezizales includes a large group of plants known as the lichen. The great majority of these forms show strong evidence of rela-. â â¢^^ Fig. 141. Common forms of the Helvellales: A, the morel, Morchella, surface view at left and in section at right. The asci and paraphyses form a hymenium over the honeycomb surface. B, Leotia, a small gelatinous form of a l
RMRDX3GF–. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 157 size, rarely more than i cm. in diameter (Fig. 88); there is no development in lichen fruits equal to the cup-like ascomata of the larger Pezizae. In. Fig. 88. Lecanora subfusca Ach. A, thallus and apothecia x 3; B, vertical section of apothecium. a, hymenium; by hypo- thecium; c, thalline margin or amphithecium; d, gonidia. X 60 (after Reinke). most cases the lichen apothecium retains its vitality as a spore-bearing organ for a considerable period, sometimes for several years, and it is strengthened and protected by one or more external margins of s
RMRDWD1B–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. Fig. 332. — Lichens on an Apple branch. From Bulletin 185, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. injured in most cases. Figure 335, shows a meshwork of hyphae and in the meshes the cells of the Alga are held. Usually the hy- phae are more closely interwoven in the outer region, thus forming a compact cortical region which encloses the looser region within where the cells of the Alga are usually more abundant. On the under surface filamen-. FiG. 333. — A Lichen with a flat lobed body growing on bark. The asci are produced in the small cups. X |. tons structures
![. A synopsis of the North American lichens [microform] : Part I, comprising the parmeliacei, cladoniei, and coenogoniei. Lichens; Lichens. 146 COLLEMA. ^»W ; I.S!,: f; !:!. (Willep), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Also on Red Cedar at Cam- b: '.dge. On the same bark in New Jersey, Austin. Like the somewhat similar C. microphyllum, this lichen, which, as represented in Schjerer's excellent specimens {Lich. Helv. n. 416), corresponds with the definition of Acharius (C. furvum V. verruciformc, Ach. Syn. p. 323) in exhibitim? dense, roimded, little cushions, which gave occasion to its name, T)asr.es, at lea Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ0GNT/a-synopsis-of-the-north-american-lichens-microform-part-i-comprising-the-parmeliacei-cladoniei-and-coenogoniei-lichens-lichens-146-collema-w-is!-f-!!-willep-tuckerman-gen-1872-also-on-red-cedar-at-cam-b-dge-on-the-same-bark-in-new-jersey-austin-like-the-somewhat-similar-c-microphyllum-this-lichen-which-as-represented-in-schjerers-excellent-specimens-lich-helv-n-416-corresponds-with-the-definition-of-acharius-c-furvum-v-verruciformc-ach-syn-p-323-in-exhibitim-dense-roimded-little-cushions-which-gave-occasion-to-its-name-tasres-at-lea-RJ0GNT.jpg ". A synopsis of the North American lichens [microform] : Part I, comprising the parmeliacei, cladoniei, and coenogoniei. Lichens; Lichens. 146 COLLEMA. ^»W ; I.S!,: f; !:!. (Willep), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Also on Red Cedar at Cam- b: '.dge. On the same bark in New Jersey, Austin. Like the somewhat similar C. microphyllum, this lichen, which, as represented in Schjerer's excellent specimens {Lich. Helv. n. 416), corresponds with the definition of Acharius (C. furvum V. verruciformc, Ach. Syn. p. 323) in exhibitim? dense, roimded, little cushions, which gave occasion to its name, T)asr.es, at lea Stock Photo")
RMRJ0GNT–. A synopsis of the North American lichens [microform] : Part I, comprising the parmeliacei, cladoniei, and coenogoniei. Lichens; Lichens. 146 COLLEMA. ^»W ; I.S!,: f; !:!. (Willep), Tuckerman Gen. 1872. Also on Red Cedar at Cam- b: '.dge. On the same bark in New Jersey, Austin. Like the somewhat similar C. microphyllum, this lichen, which, as represented in Schjerer's excellent specimens {Lich. Helv. n. 416), corresponds with the definition of Acharius (C. furvum V. verruciformc, Ach. Syn. p. 323) in exhibitim? dense, roimded, little cushions, which gave occasion to its name, T)asr.es, at lea
RMRDY63F–. Botany of the living plant. Botany. Mc. 372. A=^Xiuiiliona {Fanmhaj panciina, the coiiiiiiou foliaLCOUb- y(. lli.)v Lit^lien. B = Clad(ynia rangifera, a fruticose Lichen- Both hc-ar ascus-truits, and are shown natural size, (.fter Strasburger.) (Chapter XL). The Lichens are verv various in form. In simple cases they may be filamentous, as m Ephebe, which is like a filamentous Alga with a fungus growing in its mucilaginous walls. Some appear as flat gelatinous thalli, readilv swelling with water, as in Colleina, wliieh is based upon the gelatinous Alga, A'Osloc. Others are more firm in text
RMRE0KGG–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 322 LICHEN ACEI. [UMBILICABIA. 4. UMBILICARIA Hoffta.Pl.Lich.(1795) p. 109 pro parte; Nyl. Flora, 1875, p. 303. —Thallus efribrillose beneath. Apotheeia lecanoroid, with thai- line receptacle, con- taining no gonidia; hypothecium brown- ish-black; spores soli- tary, 2n8e or 8nae, brown or colourless, murali-looular or sim- ple ; hymenial gela- tine bluish and then wine-red with iodine. Spermogones some- what prominent; sper- matia short, cylin- drical. Former
![. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. S'Z hi < ⢠i.. CHAPTER II. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF BRITISH LICHENS ;"Mg uKc leather close under vour feet WE Shall here consider the minufp or m,-.. Ihe term 7%«&, ^Oa^^,, ^/ro,ul or green leaf) isL nerall, employed to designate the vegetative sysuH^Z of nutr,t,ve organs of a Lichen. Though bearing no st⢠Itrot "^^^ 'r â ' ""'^ "^^ -sideredTc :; : n ng the offices and supplying the place among the Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REP3J8/a-popular-history-of-british-lichens-microform-comprising-an-account-of-their-structure-reproduction-uses-distribution-and-classification-lichens-lichens-sz-hi-lt-i-chapter-ii-general-characters-of-british-lichens-quotmg-ukc-leather-close-under-vour-feet-we-shall-here-consider-the-minufp-or-m-ihe-term-7amp-oa-roul-or-green-leaf-isl-nerall-employed-to-designate-the-vegetative-sysuhz-of-nutrtve-organs-of-a-lichen-though-bearing-no-st-itrot-quot-r-quotquot-quot-sideredtc-n-ng-the-offices-and-supplying-the-place-among-the-REP3J8.jpg ". A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. S'Z hi < ⢠i.. CHAPTER II. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF BRITISH LICHENS ;"Mg uKc leather close under vour feet WE Shall here consider the minufp or m,-.. Ihe term 7%«&, ^Oa^^,, ^/ro,ul or green leaf) isL nerall, employed to designate the vegetative sysuH^Z of nutr,t,ve organs of a Lichen. Though bearing no st⢠Itrot "^^^ 'r â ' ""'^ "^^ -sideredTc :; : n ng the offices and supplying the place among the Stock Photo")
RMREP3J8–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. S'Z hi < ⢠i.. CHAPTER II. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF BRITISH LICHENS ;"Mg uKc leather close under vour feet WE Shall here consider the minufp or m,-.. Ihe term 7%«&, ^Oa^^,, ^/ro,ul or green leaf) isL nerall, employed to designate the vegetative sysuH^Z of nutr,t,ve organs of a Lichen. Though bearing no st⢠Itrot "^^^ 'r â ' ""'^ "^^ -sideredTc :; : n ng the offices and supplying the place among the
RMRDED36–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. Fig. 332. — Lichens on an Apple branch. From Bulletin 185, Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. injured in most cases. Figure 335, shows a mcshwork of hyphae and in the meshes the cells of the Alga are held. Usually the hy- phae are more closely interwoven in the outer region, thus forming a compact cortical region which encloses the looser region within where the cells of the Alga are usually more abundant. On the under surface filamen-. FiG. 333. — A Lichen with a flat lobed body growing on bark. The asci are produced in the small cups. X h- tons structures are d
RMRE0KDX–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 514 LICHENACEI. [thblotkema. p. 45.—Lichen lepadinus Ach. Prodr. (1798) p. 30. Lichen in- clmus Eng. Bot. t. 678.—Brit. Eccs.: Leight. n. 121; Mudd, n. 268.. Kg. 73. Thelotrema lepadinum Aah.—A. Section of apothecium, X 30. B. Theoa and paraphyses, x250. 0. Two spores, x350. The thallus varies somewliat in thiclmess, and at times, especially when growing on holly, is determinate and marked by a narrow, black, hypothalline line. In a young state the apothecia
![. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 113 A. Types of lichen " sporophores " and pycnidiospores. 1, Peltigera rufescens Hoffm. x 910; 2, Lecidea (I'sora) testacea Ach. xnoo; 3, C/flrfbKia ca«'oja Spreng. X 1000; 4, Pyrenula nitida Ach. X 1130; 5, Parmelia iristis Nyl. X700; 6, Lobaria pulmo- naria Hoffm. x ] 000 (after Gliick). >â Gliick 1899. 'â Steiner 1901.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Smith, Annie L Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX2XD/lichens-lichens-fig-113-a-types-of-lichen-quot-sporophores-quot-and-pycnidiospores-1-peltigera-rufescens-hoffm-x-910-2-lecidea-isora-testacea-ach-xnoo-3-cflrfbkia-caoja-spreng-x-1000-4-pyrenula-nitida-ach-x-1130-5-parmelia-iristis-nyl-x700-6-lobaria-pulmo-naria-hoffm-x-000-after-gliick-gt-gliick-1899-steiner-1901-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-smith-annie-l-RDX2XD.jpg ". Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 113 A. Types of lichen " sporophores " and pycnidiospores. 1, Peltigera rufescens Hoffm. x 910; 2, Lecidea (I'sora) testacea Ach. xnoo; 3, C/flrfbKia ca«'oja Spreng. X 1000; 4, Pyrenula nitida Ach. X 1130; 5, Parmelia iristis Nyl. X700; 6, Lobaria pulmo- naria Hoffm. x ] 000 (after Gliick). >â Gliick 1899. 'â Steiner 1901.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Smith, Annie L Stock Photo")
RMRDX2XD–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 113 A. Types of lichen " sporophores " and pycnidiospores. 1, Peltigera rufescens Hoffm. x 910; 2, Lecidea (I'sora) testacea Ach. xnoo; 3, C/flrfbKia ca«'oja Spreng. X 1000; 4, Pyrenula nitida Ach. X 1130; 5, Parmelia iristis Nyl. X700; 6, Lobaria pulmo- naria Hoffm. x ] 000 (after Gliick). >â Gliick 1899. 'â Steiner 1901.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Smith, Annie L
![. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. • I (I m L I. (2U) r's description of tho spores of ^C. scriolr, from Acharius's sj)ociinoii (Nyl. in Vrodr. Fl. N. GritH. p. 110, n.) varies in iinportiint rospocts from tliiit sjivcn by F«'"o {Sitppl. p. 50, t. 40) and iul(lsanotli(>r to tho already noted intorostin;^ featnres of tins lichen.' Cuban sp(!cimcn3, collected by ]S[r. Wri^^ht, and affreeinjjf entirely with Nylander's plant in Lindit^'s collection (llnrl). N. Gran. coll. 2, n. .'J3) ofter (iblon,<,^-ovoid, or more rarely oblo Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ0GJ9/genera-lichenum-microform-an-arrangement-of-the-north-american-lichens-lichens-lichens-i-i-m-l-i-2u-rs-description-of-tho-spores-of-c-scriolr-from-achariuss-sjociinoii-nyl-in-vrodr-fl-n-grith-p-110-n-varies-in-iinportiint-rospocts-from-tliiit-sjivcn-by-fquoto-sitppl-p-50-t-40-and-iullsanotligtr-to-tho-already-noted-intorostin-featnres-of-tins-lichen-cuban-sp!cimcn3-collected-by-s-r-wriht-and-affreeinjjf-entirely-with-nylanders-plant-in-lindits-collection-llnrl-n-gran-coll-2-n-j3-ofter-iblonlt-ovoid-or-more-rarely-oblo-RJ0GJ9.jpg ". Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. • I (I m L I. (2U) r's description of tho spores of ^C. scriolr, from Acharius's sj)ociinoii (Nyl. in Vrodr. Fl. N. GritH. p. 110, n.) varies in iinportiint rospocts from tliiit sjivcn by F«'"o {Sitppl. p. 50, t. 40) and iul(lsanotli(>r to tho already noted intorostin;^ featnres of tins lichen.' Cuban sp(!cimcn3, collected by ]S[r. Wri^^ht, and affreeinjjf entirely with Nylander's plant in Lindit^'s collection (llnrl). N. Gran. coll. 2, n. .'J3) ofter (iblon,<,^-ovoid, or more rarely oblo Stock Photo")
RMRJ0GJ9–. Genera lichenum [microform] : an arrangement of the North American lichens. Lichens; Lichens. • I (I m L I. (2U) r's description of tho spores of ^C. scriolr, from Acharius's sj)ociinoii (Nyl. in Vrodr. Fl. N. GritH. p. 110, n.) varies in iinportiint rospocts from tliiit sjivcn by F«'"o {Sitppl. p. 50, t. 40) and iul(lsanotli(>r to tho already noted intorostin;^ featnres of tins lichen.' Cuban sp(!cimcn3, collected by ]S[r. Wri^^ht, and affreeinjjf entirely with Nylander's plant in Lindit^'s collection (llnrl). N. Gran. coll. 2, n. .'J3) ofter (iblon,<,^-ovoid, or more rarely oblo
![. A synopsis of the lichenes of New England, the other northern states, and British America [microform]. Lichens; Lichens; Lichens; Lichens. AND nRITISU AMRniCA. 57 subulate at tht ts; common in isylvania, Mukf It scarlet of tht luntains, but Itss cylindrical, be ved, with an ir, and ihe mar"i: c â â¢henogr. p. 210 n digitalus, I ina ; lobules o; :ire. Fr. I. c. 1; scyphi mosll; dounlainous di; elongated, cy It above; scypi, id dilated, wit: '. Lichenogr. j 'ad. p. 105. >us Lichen, frr Rich. Greci. a simple, at firs; ibranaceous, a: irregularly sul e scyphi small: hms, Michx. Â¥ Si/7 Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REPETN/a-synopsis-of-the-lichenes-of-new-england-the-other-northern-states-and-british-america-microform-lichens-lichens-lichens-lichens-and-nritisu-amrnica-57-subulate-at-tht-ts-common-in-isylvania-mukf-it-scarlet-of-tht-luntains-but-itss-cylindrical-be-ved-with-an-ir-and-ihe-marquoti-c-henogr-p-210-n-digitalus-i-ina-lobules-o-ire-fr-i-c-1-scyphi-mosll-dounlainous-di-elongated-cy-it-above-scypi-id-dilated-wit-lichenogr-j-ad-p-105-gtus-lichen-frr-rich-greci-a-simple-at-firs-ibranaceous-a-irregularly-sul-e-scyphi-small-hms-michx-si7-REPETN.jpg ". A synopsis of the lichenes of New England, the other northern states, and British America [microform]. Lichens; Lichens; Lichens; Lichens. AND nRITISU AMRniCA. 57 subulate at tht ts; common in isylvania, Mukf It scarlet of tht luntains, but Itss cylindrical, be ved, with an ir, and ihe mar"i: c â â¢henogr. p. 210 n digitalus, I ina ; lobules o; :ire. Fr. I. c. 1; scyphi mosll; dounlainous di; elongated, cy It above; scypi, id dilated, wit: '. Lichenogr. j 'ad. p. 105. >us Lichen, frr Rich. Greci. a simple, at firs; ibranaceous, a: irregularly sul e scyphi small: hms, Michx. Â¥ Si/7 Stock Photo")
RMREPETN–. A synopsis of the lichenes of New England, the other northern states, and British America [microform]. Lichens; Lichens; Lichens; Lichens. AND nRITISU AMRniCA. 57 subulate at tht ts; common in isylvania, Mukf It scarlet of tht luntains, but Itss cylindrical, be ved, with an ir, and ihe mar"i: c â â¢henogr. p. 210 n digitalus, I ina ; lobules o; :ire. Fr. I. c. 1; scyphi mosll; dounlainous di; elongated, cy It above; scypi, id dilated, wit: '. Lichenogr. j 'ad. p. 105. >us Lichen, frr Rich. Greci. a simple, at firs; ibranaceous, a: irregularly sul e scyphi small: hms, Michx. Â¥ Si/7
RMRE1FN6–. La biologie des plantes ... Plant ecology. UNE AUDACIEUSE ENTREPRISE 71 predilection, I'algue habituelle sur laguelle puisse s'appliquer le crampon suipoir par lequel debute cette domestication. A d^faut d'algue, la spore germe, mais s'arrSte dans son d^veloppementT mSme sur les milieux les plus nutritifs. Et, comme il faut k chaque espfece de lichen une categoric d'algues, les chances de r^ussir paraissent bien minimes. Cependant, cesalgues lib^r^es se mul-. Fig. 35. — Lichens de divers genres. A, Peltigera, lichen foliac^, dont on voit les fruits en B ; C, Solorina; D, ParmeliA sur une fco
RMRE1FP6–. La biologie des plantes ... Plant ecology. UNE AUDACIEUSE ENTREPRISE 65 aux croMes argent^es ou cam^es, toutes plus ou moins enfouies dans le mineral ou effleurant k peine. Le long des stries sinueuses, oi suinte lentement I'eau du rocher surplombant, ces lichens pulv^rulents ou min^ralisi^s font place h. d'autres lickens, crofites visqueuses oliv4tres ou d'un bleu- noir. Dans les gorges humides des montagnes, la pierre a pris. Fig. 3o. — Cellules (goaidies) dune algue unicellulaire (isol^e 4 gauche en bas) enserrtes par les su;oirs du filament du champignon-lichen. Gross. 1000 fois. Dess. d
RMRE1FNR–. La biologie des plantes ... Plant ecology. 66 BIOLOGIE DES PLANTES. Fig. 3i. — Gonidies appartenant au genre d'algue verte, Coccobotrys et associ^es k des lichens de rochers, les ^Verrucaria. Gross. 800 fois. Dess. de R. C. Nous Savons, en effet, que chaque lichen se compose de deux commensaux. Un lichen est toujours une association, une plante double, la reunion d'un champignon incolore, par consequent parasite, et d'une petite algue verte ou colo- ree de diverses mani^res (fy- jo). Tout champignon, quel qu'il soit, ^tant, en der- • kifere analysCj constitu^ par Tin lacis de filaments tr^s
RMRE0KEJ–. A monograph of lichens found in Britain; being a descriptive catalogue of the species in the herbarium of the British Museum. Lichens. 458 LICHENACEI. [lEC ANOKA, paraphyses scarcely discrete, the apices inorassate.âHook. Fl. Scot, ii. p. 49; Sm. Eng. Fl.v.p. 190; Leight. Angi. Lieh. p. 86, t. 14. f. 1; Lich. Fl. p. 230, ed. 3, p. 222; Cromb. Lich. Brit. p. 58.â Phialopsis ncbra Mudd, Man. p. 166, t. 3. f. 58. Binodina rubra Gray, Nat. Arr. i. p. 457. Verrucaria rubra Hoffm. PI. Lich. i. (1793) p. 81. Lichen Ulmi Sm. Eng. Bot. t. 2219,.âBrit. Exs.: Leight. n. 236 ; Mudd, n. 138 ; Cromb. n. 1
RMRE1FKW–. La biologie des plantes ... Plant ecology. UNE AUDACIEUSE ENTREPRISE 83. Fig. 38 bis. — Foret de Pins d'AIep dans la region nuageuse de la cordilliiire de Mallorca, dont les arbres sont converts de lichens en barbes grises du genre Ramalina (cf- fig. 35 F). Phot. R. C. comme le lichen des rennes ou la «mousse d'Islande» (CeLraria iAandica^ Cladonla rangiferina), qui, au dessus de la zone des forets, pos^s sur le col de I'alpe, se laissent p^n^trer par les Azalees et les Lycopodes, en un gazon dur. C'est la Toundra qui, dans les regions arctiques, couvre, au dela du cercle, de grandes etendue
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