RMRJ2EWT–. Flashlights on nature [microform]. Insects; Plants; Insectes; Plantes. Marriage among the Clovkrs 109 he knows at once that he may safely ignore the dry brown flowers tucked away aj^ainst the stem, because they are ah'eady fertihsed and honeyless ; he therefore directs all his attention to the mature and open flowers which are now producing honey and ready for fer- tilisation. These form practically, as you will see, at each moment the outer row of the flower- head, and are the ones which naturally first en- gage his notice as he alights on the cluster. No. 8 shows us the same head in a litt
RMRD7J9E–. Insects injurious to fruits. Illustrated with four hundred and forty wood-cuts. Insect pests. 172 INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PLUM.. Fig. 184. When mature, the caterpillar proceeds to spin its cocoon within an enclosure -^^^- ^^^' usually formed by drawing together some of the leaves of the tree it has fed upon, some of which are firmly fastened to the exterior of the struc- ture. The cocoon (Fig. 183) is a tough, pod-like enclosure, nearly oval m form, and of a brownish-white color, and within it the larva changes to an oval chrysalis, of a chestnut- brown color, represented in Fig. 184. Usual
RMRD9KE7–. Zoology : for students and general readers . Zoology. 192 ZOOLOGY. hang in clusters from the genital bands in the perivisceral cavity. The mature eggs detach themselves from the ovary to float freely in the perivisceral cavity, whence they pass into the flaring, ciliated mouths of the segmental organs, and are discharged by them into the water. These segmental organs or oviducts are tubular, trumpet-shaped, as in the true worms (Fig. 131). In Lingula, Discina, and Terebratulina, there is but a single pair, in Ehynconella two pairs. The external orifices of the oviducts form simple slits, whi
RMRDYAAM–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. Fig, 131,—Transverse section through a mature lenticel of elder, .f, tlie cork cambium. Compare fig. 130. Magnified .So diani.—After Stahl, uniformly distributed, beneath the clusters of stomata. When the generating layer of cork is deep-seated the lenticels pro- duced are without relation to the position of the stomata. 141. 2. The formation of secondary wood and bast.— The position of the internal generating layer (the stelar cam- bium) is not subject to the same variations as the external. Please note t
RMRE2F9T–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. CALAMITES AND LYCOPODS 387 recognized at once as a new feature in life history. By successive divisions the protoplasm of the spore becomes a multicellular body, the prothallus, with richer cells near the apex. Here a number of archegonia form (Fig. 283), and the enlargement of the prothallus, or gametophyte, causes a splitting apart of the old, thick walls of the megaspore, so that the female gametophyte protrudes (Fig. 284, 9).. Fig. 283.—Selaginella Kraussiana, C, section of mature female gam- etophyte, showing three archegonia, two containing eggs, and one
RMRDXH78–. The origin of a land flora, a theory based upon the facts of alternation. Plant morphology. 26 THE LIFE-HISTORY OF A FERN peripheral parts, but in the central region, below the emarginate apex, the cells divide by walls parallel to the flattened surfaces of the prothallus, and thus form a somewhat massive central cushion. The mature cells are thin-walled, with a peripheral film of cytoplasm surrounding a large central vacuole, and embedding the nucleus and numerous chloroplasts. The whole body is capable of leading an independent existence, nourishing itself by absorption from the soil, and
RMRDY8HR–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. XEKOPHYTES AXD HALOPHYI'ES. 323 ada[)tations to reduce evaporation. In the lea'es of some xeroi)hytes the guard tells of tlie stomata are motile only when young, becoming thick-walled and fixed when the leaf is mature. The stoma itself sometimes becomes closed, also.. Fig. 365.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Barnes, C
RMRDE4BY–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 140 Minnesota Plant Diseases. plants are very minute and can usually only be clearly seen un- der a compound microscope. On the one hand these fungi show relationships with the sphere fungi, which are undoubted- ly their closest fungus relatives. They form sacs containing spores and these are contained in sac-capsules. The structure of the sacrcapsule is not however very similar to those of the sphere fungi. The cases are often long pear-shaped and the sacs are produced over a considerable period of time and do not all mature at once. Moreover, the s
RMRDG59B–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. Piii. 321. Diagrammatic cross-sections of anthers: A, younger stage, showing the four imbedded sporangia, the contents of two removed, but the other two con- taining pollen mother cells ipvi) surrounded by the tapetum it] B, an older stage, in which the microspores (pollen grains) are mature, and the pair of sporangia on each side are merging together to form a single pollen-sac with longitudinal dehiscence.—After Baii.lon and Luerssen. therefore a composite of sporophyll and sporangia and is often of uncertain limitation. Such a term is convenie
RMRDWEJP–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 391 thejpower to 'grow and form a tissue that supplements the anti- podal cells^and'so]takes the place of the nourishing gametophyte of the gymnosperms. According to this view, the endosperm is a delayed prothallial growth which does not take place until fertilization is effected. There is considerable evidence to justify. Fig. 271. Section of a megasporangium of lily, showing the mature female gametophyte: 9, female gamete, below which are two synergids; p, the two polar nuclei uniting to form the endosperm nucleus; a, antipoda
RMRE1JGB–. A manual of botany. Botany. THE VEGETABLE CELL 297 at once applied to the purposes of nutrition, wliioli is not the case with starch in its unaltered condition, as it is then insoluble. When fully formed starch is found floating in the cell-sap, it is in the form of colourless granules or grains {Jig. 643), which are either distinct from one another, or more or less combined so as to form compoiuid granules {figs. 649 and 652). In form the separate granules are always spherical or nearly so in their earliest condition. In some cases this shape is nearly maintained in'their mature state, as i
RMRDHTAT–. Fungi; their nature and uses. Fungi. THE SPORE AND ITS DISSEMINATION. 125 in Prosthernium may be said in some sort to resemble compound Hendersonia, being fusiform and multiseptate, often nnited at the base in a stellate manner. In this genus, as in Darluca, Ct/tispora, and the most of those belonging to the Melanconiei, the spores when mature are expelled from the orifice of the perithecium or spurious perithecium, either in the form of tendrils, or in a pasty mass. In these instances the spores are more or less involved in gelatine, and when expelled lie spread over tbe matrix, around the
RMRDR0WT–. Veterinary surgery ... Veterinary surgery; Veterinary pathology; Horses; Teeth; Domestic animals. 28 ANIMAL DENTISTRY. facial. They have the same general distribution as the ar- teries, the courses of which they follow, into the pulp cavity.. Fig. 10. Incisor Teeth of a Mature Horse, Anterior View. PERMANENT INCISOR TEETH OF A HORSE. The incisor tooth of a horse presents the form of a curved pyramid with the greater curvature forward, the base out- ward and the apex implanted deeply into the alveolar cavity. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have b
RMRDYB8A–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. THE FUNGUS BODY OF HYPHAL ELEMENTS. 43 51. Parasites.—Especially is this true of tliose fungi wliich grow in the interior of living organisms. The higher plants are liable to be fastened upon by parasitic fungi, and com- pelled to act as hosts to their unbidden and unwelcome guests. Such a host plant may be entered when a mere seedling, in which case the fungus grows with its growth, or it may not be attacked until older or even mature. The host may be permeated in all its jjarts by the fungus filaments ;
RMRDXFE1–. The origin of a land flora, a theory based upon the facts of alternation. Plant morphology. 414 SPHENOPHYLLALES. B. PSILOTACEAE similar are they in their initial stages, though so different when mature. Those, however, which are to develop as sporophylls soon show an increase in thickness, while they grow less in length; an excrescence of the adaxial surface soon becomes apparent (Fig. 230 a), in which the superficial cells are chiefly involved: this constitutes the sporangiophore. The superficial cells at first form a rather regular series: they undergo more. Fig..230. Tmesipteris tanmnsis.
RMRDHE8D–. A manual of zoology. Zoology. GENERAL HISTOLOGY 79 Red Blood-corpuscles.—In the mature condition the red blood-corpuscles of vertebrates (fig. 47) are circular or oval discs, which by external influences (e.g., pressure) may temporarily be bent or otherwise modified in form, but cannot actively change their shape, because they no longer consist of protoplasm. Embryologically they arise from true, nucleated, protoplasmic cells; gradually the protoplasmic cell-body changes completely into a plasmic product, the stroma of the blood-corpuscle. It the nucleus be retained in this metamorphosis, th
RMRE3N6T–. The principles of plant culture; a text for beginners in agriculture and horticulture. Gardening; Botany. 206 PRINCIPLES OF PLANT CULTURE 372. Planting cuttings in autumn. — Stem cut- tings of the currant and other hardy plants, and root cuttings (376) of the blackberry, are some- times made as soon as the wood is mature in autumn, and planted at once in well-drained loamy or sandy soil in the open ground. Cut- tings thus treated often commence to form roots before winter. They should be covered with a little earth and mulched with some coarse litter on the approach of freezing weather, and
RMRD900X–. Insects injurious to fruits. Illustrated with four hundred and forty wood-cuts. Insect pests. ATTACKING THE LEAVES. 341 Fig. 354.. of two or three days. They are represented at this stage of their growth in Fig. 354. When mature, they are about three-quar- ters of an inch long, at which time they seek for a suitable spot in whicli to form their cocoons. These are sometimes made among dry leaves or rubbish on the sur- face of the ground, sometimes under the ground, and occasion- ally attached to the stems or leaves of the bush on which tliey have fed. The loca- tion once fixed on, the larva b
RMRDFDXG–. Manual of tree diseases . Trees. OAK DISEASES 249 quicldy grow larger and form a number of individual or closely over-lapping shelves, from one to several inches wide (Fig. 49). The upper surface of the sheh'es is bright orange-yellow marked with redder areas, while the under surfaces are sulfur-yellow and ap- pear honeycombed. The substance of this mature fruiting-body is tough but very watery. Insects rapidly invade it and through their work and decay caused by bacteria and possibly other fungi, the fruiting-body is quickly de- stroyed. What remains of it soon dries and becomes white and b
RMRDY37R–. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Agricultural; Zoology, Economic. LEPIDOPTEEA (MOTHS). 189 then to the outside, where they form a large hole through which the " frass " is passed out. The maggot, when reaching maturity, is said to return to the core and devour that part. When mature, the larva is a little more than half an inch long, pale pinkish white with scattered hairs over it, and the usual number of legs. On reaching the fuU-grown stage the maggot leaves tlie apple: if the fruit remains still on the tree it lowers itself down by a thread of silk to the ground, bu
RMRDAMHA–. Beginners' botany. Botany. Fig. 166,—The CiON Inserted. Fig. 167.—The Parts Waxed. Another form of grafting is known as budding. In this case a single bud is used, and it is slipped underneath the bark of the stock and securely tied (not waxed) with soft material, as bass bark, corn shuck, yarn, or raffia (the last a commercial palm fiber). Budding is performed when the bark of the stock will slip or peel (so that the bud can be inserted), and when the bud is mature enough to grow. Usually budding is performed in late summer or early fall, when the winter buds are well formed; or it may be p
RMRJ4795–. Report on the fossil plants of the lower carboniferous and millstone grit formations of Canada [microform]. Paleobotany; Geology; Paléobotanique; Géologie. 24 CANADIAN FOSSILS.. ZepuIoJcndron fencstratum of Eiclnvald may bo a decorticated form of a similar species, but if it shows the outer bark, it should perhaps be referred to Lepidophloios. In comparison with this plant I have represented in Fig. 40 a specimen of a strobile deprived of its outer scales, and showing rhombio scars with a sub-central vascular mark. This strobile is from Ilorton and may be part of a mature fruit of L. coiruga
RMRD9KCK–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. SPECIES OF PLASMODIUM 157 are not in the form of crescents, but instead resemble mature parasites ready to sporulate. A comparison of Fig. 47A A' and A" with B, B' and B" and C, C and C" brings out the prin- cipal differences among the three species of parasites as regards size at maturity (A, B, C), number of spores (A', B', C) and form of gametocytes (A", B", C").. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced f
RMRE4292–. The fruit garden. Fruit-culture; Fruit trees. I20 THE FRUIT GARDEN furnished from base to summit. It is possible to furnish a wall more quickly by stopping the main stem in summer when it is a foot long, thereby forcing new growths immediately below. From these growths one is selected to form the main stem, and one on each side to be trained horizontally as before. I do not recommend this plan, however, as the shoots obtained from green and soft wood will never prove so strong and serviceable afterwards as those which have had the whole summer wherein to grow and mature. More- over, it often
RMRDWAH5–. Textbook of botany. Botany. THE BEAN 149 171. The Mature Male Plant; Fertilization. — The pollen tube, in the bean as in the pine, is an outgrowth of the vegetative cell of the pollen grain (Fig. 86, C). Soon after the tube begins to grow, the generative cell moves into the tube and there divides to form two male gametes. The mature male plant of the bean consists therefore of only three cells — the vegetative cell which includes the pollen tube, and the two male gametes. The pollen tube grows from the stigma down through the canal of the style, feeding as it grows on substances produced by
RMRDE26N–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 232 MYCOLOGY the primary ones. The gills may be free from the stipe, adnexed, or even decurrent. A section of a mature gill shows the following disposition of the hyphal layers. The central part of the gill consists of paraUel, down- ward directed hyphae, that form the trama. Running out obliquely from the trama are shorter ceUs which constitute the subhymenium. The basidia, together with their accompanying paraphyses and cysti- dia, form a paHsade-Uke layer (the hymenium) whose cells s
RMRE40EY–. Rational fruit culture. Fruit-culture. RATIONAL FRUIT CULTURE. 83 size of a pea, and also others fig-shaped and very much larger. The latter form the crop that will not mature. Aa they would fall off in winter or early spring, they should. Fig. 31.1—Fig shoot, the larger (ruits to be removed in autumn, and the smaller left. be removed now, in order that as little material as possible should be wasted in them. The others will begin to swell in May and ripen in summer.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability -
RMRDXY4X–. The breeds of live-stock : by live-stock breeders . Livestock. THE MUTTON BREEDS OF SHEEP 331 Down but it V^ pecially in Kentucky and Tennessee, they were for many years the prevaihng breed, and are still ])opular. 378. Description. â It is the smallest of the breeds that are prominent in America at this time, is the model in form toward whicli all other breeds are /f tending. Its compact form and short fleece, however, give it a weiglit greater than its appearance suggests. Mature ewes weigli up to 150 pounds, and rams up to 200, although average 'eights are somewhat less (Figs. (55, G6).
RMRJ5G2W–. Flashlights on nature [microform]. Insects; Plants; Insectes; Plantes. MAKKIAC.E AMONli TIIK Cl.OVKUS 109 lie knows at once tliat lie may safclv ii^iiorc tlie dry brown flowers tucked away against the stem, because they are already fertilised and honeyless ; he therefore directs all his attention to the mature and open flowers which are now producing honey and ready for fer- tilisation. These form practically, as you will see, at each moment the outer row of the flower- head, and are the ones which naturally lirst en- gage his notice as he alights on the cluster. No. 8 shows us the same head
RMRJ41FD–. Labrador [microform] : a sketch of its peoples, its industries and its natural history. Natural history; Sciences naturelles. "PIGEON" GUILLEMOT. 95 very far from land, from the opening of the bay in the spring until the ice closes the last open waters early in December. I have found several stages of plumage (referal)le to the ages) of this bird which takes three years to mature. A very extraordinary form marks the second year's growth. The whole plumage is inky black both below and above, and with white blotches imperfectly rounded, the size of an ordinary thimble head, scattered
RMRDTXG2–. Farm horticulture, prepared especially for those interested in either home or commercial horticulture. Vegetable gardening; Fruit-culture. 144 THE PRUNING OF PLANTS of a young The object cut on the under side of the branch about half-way through the hmb and then finish the removal of the branch by sawing it through from the top. The Pruning of Young Trees. — The pruning tree differs greatly from that of a mature tree, in the pruning of young trees is to shape their form and to develop a uniform and a symmetrical top. Young trees are always more vigorous growers than old ones. Greater annual.
RMRDEXNJ–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 143 not show any mature cups. The latter are formed on the fallen leaves in the spring. (Fig. 133.) True cup fungi (Pesizinece). The greatest number of cup fungi belong in this group. The great variety of form and size has already been mentioned. Many have long stalks, others are sessile. While the cups vary considerably as to texture, they are usually fleshy or soft and seldom or never woody. More- over, they are very frequently brightly colored, especially in the sac-bearing region. The color is usually contained in the en
RMRE3P00–. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. PLATE 3. Pasasitism of Kbambkia cankscbns on Coviu,ea tridentata. 1, penetration of young haustorimn to woody cylinder. The " cushion " of the parasite's haustorium' is beginning to form, but tissues are not completely differentiated, 2, transverse section through haustorium, in the cortical region of host, showing occurrence of ducts. 3, detail from a young haustorium showing relation to wood of host, i, semi-diagrammatic figure of a single duct of Covlllea and a group of pitted cells of a mature haustorium. 5, longitudinal
RMRDHBP0–. Outlines of plant life : with special reference to form and function . Botany. LIVERWORTS AND MOSSES. 45 (2) The large-celled colorless tissue forming the lower half of section ; the sections oi " leaves " arising near midrib and concave towards center. 54. The shoot.—In the greater number of liverworts the mature vegetative body is a shoot, which is differentiated into stem and leaves (figs. 40, 41). Even in such a body the dorsiventral character is well marked. The stem is slender and bears three (rarely more or fewer) rows of leaves, of which the two dorsal rows are the larger..
RMRDYE3W–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. Fig. 579. — Transverse section of a young anther of lily, showing the four sporangia well advanced. — After Coulter. spores of a sporangium cling together in one mass, called the pollinium. As the four sporangia of an anther increase in size (fig. 579), the sterile tissue separating the two sporangia on each side of the anther breaks. Fig. 580. — Transverse section of a mature anther of lily, showing the sporangial cavities fused to form two pollen sacs (which are full of pollen grains); the endothecium conspicuous (just beneath
RMRDGWK0–. Elements of botany. Botany; Botany. STKTJCTURB OF THE STEM. 59 The pith forms a large part of the bulk of very young shoots, since it is a part of the fundamental tissue amid -which the fibro-vascular bundles arise. In mature stems it becomes rather unimportant, though it often continues for a long time to act as a storehouse of nourishment. The medullary rays, in the young shoot, serve as a channel for the transference of water and plant-food in a liquid form across the stem, and they often contain much stored nourishment. The vessels carry water and air through the stem.. Fig. 49. — Longit
RMRDDA2P–. Lessons in botany. Botany. G YMNOSPERMS. I89 by currents of air, the split suddenly opens, and a cloud of pollen bursts out from the numerous anther locules. The pollen is thus borne on the wind and some of it falls on the female flowers. 311. Form of the mature female cone.— A cluster of the white-pine cones is shown in fig. 163. These are mature, and the scales have. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkin
RMRDYB7X–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. THE FUNGUS BODY OF HYPHAL ELEMENTS. 45 young plant (as in the "damping off" disease in green- houses), or it may develop slowly and not reach maturity until the host is mature. 53. Haustoria.—Those fungi which grow upon the sur- faces of living plants (and those which grow in the internal air-spaces) often have special branches for fastening them- selves to the host or absorbing food from it. In the surface. Fig. 53.—Epidermis and a few cortical cells of cowberry- with mycelium of Calyp- tospora
RMRDWAM2–. Textbook of botany. Botany. Fig. 76. — J, a mature macrospore leaf bearing seeds, seen from the lower side. B, the same, seen from above. C, a single seed with its wing. which is hard and resistant, and an inner one which is very thin and papery. The tissues of the ovule (inside the integ- ument) have been largely destroyed by the growth of the female plant; but something of them remains in the mature seed in the form of a cap over the micropylar end of the female plant. The female plant in turn has been parth' used as food for the embryo; but much of its tissue remains, sur- rounding the em
RMRE1N4T–. Elementary botany. Botany. 330 ECOLOGY. mushroom lives in the ground, and grows here for several months or even years, and at the proper seasons develops the mature mushroom plant. The mycelium lives on decaying organic mat- ter, and a large number of the threads grow closely together form- ing strands, or cords, of mycelium, which are quite prominent if they are uncovered by removing the soil, as shown in fig. 434. 616. From these strands the buttons arise by numerous threads growing side by side in a vertical direction, each thread growing independently at the end, but all lying very close
RMRD9MBE–. Plants of New Zealand . Botany. 374 PLANTS OF NEW ZEALAND to the earlier form are, however, not necessarily confined to- young plants, but are also sometimes found upon the mature specimen. Unfortunately, but little attention has hitherto been given to the leaf-forms of the whip-cord Veronicas. Prof. Goebel,. Fit,'. 12tt. 1. Helichrysum u"iicro)>l]yllnrn. '2. H. coralloides. 3. H- niicrophyllum (var.) i. Veronica lycopodioides. .5. Libocedrns Bidwillii. 6. V. Tetrasticlia. the famous botanist of Munich, was the first to study them experimentally, and, after him, Mr. B. Brown, of Chri
RMRDYAM3–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. Fig. 85.—I'wo ruot-hairs showing structure and relation to superficial cells of root ; grown in water and therefore not distorted as in fig. 84. --J. the younger; />, older, nearly mature. «, nucleus embedded in cytoplasm; vaciu;ile single and very large. Highly magnified. —.After Frank.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work
RMRDTKNE–. Elements of botany. Botany; Botany. ROOTS. 29 strength of the supplies of ready-made sap which it obtains from the host. 43. Forms of Roots. — The primary root is that wliich proceeds like a downward prolongation directly from the lower end of the caulicle. In many cases the mature root-system of the plant contains one main portion much larger than any of its branches. This is called a taproot, Fig. 16. Such a root, if much thickened and fleshy, would assume the form shown in the carrot, pars- nip, beet, turnip, salsify, or radish. Some plants produce multiple primary roots, a cluster procee
RMRJ5XAC–. A manual of the medical botany of North America [microform]. Botany, Medical; Botany; Botanique médicale; Botanique. Fio. 92.—Pyxis of hcnlmnc. Pig. !)."!.—A pine coup. face. When mature and dry the scales diverge and permit the seeds to escape. In some plants the scales forming tlie cone become fleshy and more or less united to each other, so as to form a fruit resembling a berry; of such a character are the cones of juniper, commonly known as juniper berries. THE SEED. Ovules which have been fertilized and undergone subsequent develop- ment become seeds. The seed consists of a kernel
RMRDWE7R–. Elementary botany. Botany. 33° ECOLOG Y. mushroom lives in the ground, and grows here for several months or even years, and at the proper seasons develops the mature mushroom plant. The mycelium lives on decaying organic mat- ter, and a large number of the threads grow closely together form- ing strands, or cords, of mycelium, which are quite prominent if they are uncovered by removing the soil, as shown in fig. 434. 616. From these strands the buttons arise by numerous threads growing side by side in a vertical direction, each thread growing independently at the end, but all lying very clos
RMRDJ44H–. Elements of zoology, to accompany the field and laboratory study of animals. Zoology. 50 ZOOLOGY the young queens, which pass the winter in some sheltered spot and form new colonies in the spring. The introduced, semi-domesticated honey-bees have quite a chfferent social economy. In the first place, the nest is perennial; consequently the young and old queens cannot remain in the same hive, else the nest would become overcrowded by the presence of too many families. As j' o u n g queens mature, the old queen seeks to destroy them; but she is usually forced out of the hive by the workers, a n
RMRDHDB5–. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. Fig. 22.—Sci-ekostomum tetracanthhm. Male (six times nat. size), and enlarged anterior extremity. and probably forage, and give rise to embryos which encyst direct in the walls of the csecum and colon, where they form. Fig. 23.—Small Bed Sclkrostome (S. ruhrum) from HoRsii; (female). tumourous patches similar to S. equinum. Here lying in the cysts the white coiled worms (fig. 17) produce inflammation, colics, and serious anasmia. When mature they make their. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may h
RMRPXH2H–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. 554 PHANEROGAMS. the young pollen-cells become free, separate, and float in the granular fluid which fills up the cavity of the anther; and within this they now attain their definite development and size. The fluid being thus used up, tlje mature pollen-grains finally fill up the cavity of the anther in the form of a powdery mass. [The ripe pollen-grain of Angiosperms has been found in many cases to contain two nuclei1. It appears that when the pollen-grains have become isolated from each other, the nucleus of the grain undergoes
RMRDJ71J–. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Economic. LEPIDOPTEKA (MOTHS). 189 then to the outside, where they form a large hole through which the " frass " is passed out. The maggot, when reaching maturity, is said to return to the core and devour that part. When mature, the larva is a little more than half an inch long, pale pinkish white with scattered hairs over it, and the usual number of legs. On reaching the fuU-grown stage the maggot leaves the apple: if the fruit remains still on the tree it lowers itself down by a thread of silk to the ground, but generally the apple ha
RMRDA6NF–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. Fig. 261. Zostera nana. Apical portion of a mature submerged leaf, showing the change of form at the apex due to decay of apical tissue. X about 40. (After SauvageauJ. Fio. 262. Polamogelon densus. Leaf in longitudinal section. The decayed tissue has fallen away, leaving the vessels exposed to the surrounding water. X about 135. (After bauvageau.) incrusted, while other species of this genus usually are. if ever, Chara is. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - color
RMRDTPMB–. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. 254 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS of sage (Salvia) the flower is shaped much as in La- mium, but the stamens are reduced to two, and the pistil does not mature until after the pollen is shed, so that self-pollination is quite impossible. The anther is very peculiar in form and balanced upon the short filament, so that an insect striking against the lower end of the elongated anther pushes the upper end, with the pollen, down upon its back (Fig. 57, A). At. Fig. 57 (Cross-fertilization). — A, a flower of a sage, Salvia pratensis, allowing the way in
RMRDYAHM–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. 84 PLAXT JJFE. the primary stem. The stem quadrant, by repeated divisions, quickly specializes a central cell, wliich becomes the apical cell of the new shoot. Ordinarily it takes the form of a three-sided pyramid, whose base forms the extreme tip of the developing shoot {s, fig. 76, /, fig. 95). From the three inner faces, as described for the root (^ 77), segments are constantly formed, whose further divisions produce all the tissues which constitute the members of the mature shoot, i.e., the stem and th
RMRDE9K6–. The bee-keeper's guide : or Manual of the apiary . Bee culture; Bees. 228 THB bbs-kbbpbr's guide ; Another frame in common use, is one about one foot square. I have long used one 11^ inches square, and still think that this frame has much to commend it. It is light, easily handled, convenient for nucleus hives, and perhaps the best form for forming a compact winter cluster; and yet upon mature re- flection I have decided to use in future, as already stated, the Ijangstroth frame, and advise all others to do so. It is very desirable to have bees in hives such as others will wish in case we se
RMRDGE65–. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. 254 EVOLUTION OF PLANTS of sage (Salvia) the flower is shaped much as in La- mium, but the stamens are reduced to two, and the pistil does not mature until after the pollen is shed, so that self-pollination is quite impossible. The anther is very peculiar in form and balanced upon the short filament, so that an insect striking against the lower end of the elongated anther pushes the upper end, with the pollen, down upon its back (Fig. 57, A). At. Fig. 57 (Cross-fertilization). — A, a flower of a sa^e, Salvia pratensis, showing the way in w
RMRE2N18–. Elementary botany. Botany. FUNGI: MUSHKOOMS 203 mushroom lives in the ground, c nd grows here for several months or even years, and at the proper seasons develops the mature mushroom plant. The mycelium lives on decaying organic mat- ter, and a large number of the threads grow closely together form- ing strands, or cords, of mycelium, which are quite prominent if they are uncovered by removing the soil, as shown in fig. 236. 423. From these strands the buttons arise by numerous threads growing side by side in a vertical direction, each thread growing independently at the end, but all lying v
RMRDWJDN–. Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. 32 BUDS. [section 4. the Rose, Blackberry, and Raspberry. That is, these shoots are apt to grow all summer long, until stopped by the frosts of autumn or some other cause. Consequently they form and ripen no terminal bud protected by scales, and the upper axillary buds are produced so late in the season that tliey have no time to mature, nor has their wood time to solidify and ripen. Such stems therefore commonly die back
RMREKXH1–. Cirtus fruits under irragation. Citrus fruits; Fruit-culture. Fig. 6 Strong, upright grower, practically thornless, and prolific when mature. 20. The Madam Vinous is a variety that originated as a seedhng m the Indian River section of Florida. The fruit is roundish and slightly flattened in form; it may be small, med- ium, or large in size; the color is orange. The quality is very fine, the juice plentiful, and the sweetness is well blended with the acid. The fruit ripens in midseason, which is during Decem- ber and January. The trees are strong and vigorous.. 13 Fig. 7. Please note that the
RMRE1EW7–. Farm horticulture, prepared especially for those interested in either home or commercial horticulture. Vegetable gardening; Fruit-culture. PROPAGATION 301 branches to a given length and causing healthy, plump buds to form. The bud-sticks are usually all cut at one time and stored until they are used. It is thought by some nurserymen that bud-sticks which have been stored produce a larger percentage of buds that Avill grow. Stored bud-sticks pro- duce a greater percentage of uniform trees because the buds seem to mature in some way during storage. The bud- sticks are tied in bundles and eithe
RMRDMCA9–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 57 flattened, and the blastopore indicates its posterior end. Around the blastopore the large ectoderm cells form a medullary plate, along which a groove (the medullary groove), runs forwards, bounded at the sides by medullary folds which meet behind the blastopore. Underneath the posterior part of the medullary groove. Fig. 25.—Embryology of Asoidian. A, mature ovum : foil, follicle-cell ; »i, membrane ; 'rt, nucleus ; p, protoplasm ; t.i:, test-cell; B, mature spermatozoon ; C, segmentation- .stage in section to show blastocoel
RMRDXYW6–. The production and handling of clean milk, including practical milk inspection. Dairying; Milk. 4 CLEAN MILK individuals. The time required for a germ to mature and form a. new germ may not be more than twenty minutes. Germs also multiply by spores—that is, small, round or egg- shaped bodies appear within the mature germ and these later- break loose and develop, under favorable circumstances, into full- grown germs again. Germs which increase in this manner are much more difficult to kill, for in the spore stage they often defy prolonged heat, even at the boiling temperature, and also cold a
RMRE03A2–. Principles of veterinary science; a text-book for use in agricultural schools. Veterinary medicine. Fig. 75.—Large pasterns of same horse. The specimen at the left is normal, the one at the right shows a knitted comminuted fracture. Note how the frac- ture shortened the bone. JOINT DISEASES All joint diseases are accompanied with inflammatory changes. The term arthritis is used in a broad sense to denote any form of joint inflammation. Serous arthritis is the most common form in mature horses. In foals suppurative arthritis is more frequently seen, as it results from navel infection. The mos
RMRDGXGD–. The bee-keeper's guide; or, Manual of the apiary. Bees. 228 THB bbe-kbkpbr's guide ; Another frame in common use, is one about one foot square. I have long used one ll;4; inches square, and still think that this frame has much to commend it. It is light, easily handled, convenient for nucleus hives, and perhaps the best form for forming a compact winter cluster; and yet upon mature re- flection I have decided to use in future, as already stated, the L/angstroth frame, and advise all others to do so. It is very desirable to have bees in hives such as others will wish in case we sell bees, as
RMRDWRHR–. Farm horticulture, prepared especially for those interested in either home or commercial horticulture. Vegetable gardening; Fruit-culture. 288 THE CITRUS FRUITS branches to a given length and causing healthy, plump buds to form. The bud-sticks are usually all cut at one time and stored until they are used. It is thought by some nurserymen that bud-sticks which have been stored produce a larger percentage of buds that will grow. Stored bud-sticks pro- duce a greater percentage of uniform trees because the buds seem to mature in some way during storage. The bud- sticks are tied in bundles and
RMRDE87H–. Our ferns in their haunts; a guide to all the native species. Ferns. THE UNCOILING FRONDS.. more mature than the first ones from the prothallium and will produce spores much sooner, being born " grown up " as one might say. In this plant, the bul- blets seem to be the chief means of continuing the specieSjwhile the spores travel about seeking new territory. Some species send out stolons which form new plants at their tips; others produce tubers upon their roots that may be- come new plants ; and still others root at the tips of the fronds. None of them, however, VENATION OF A PINNA
RMRDHPD8–. Outlines of plant life : with special reference to form and function . Botany. Fig. iio.—Plasmodia, creeping bits of nalced protoplasm, sliowing varied shapes as parts are protruded or witlidrawn. Highly magnified,—.4£ter Kerner. 156. Turgor.—If the organism be one surrounded by a cell-wall, or if it be made up of a number of cells united, the cell-wall itself plays a considerable part in maintaining the form. This is due to the condition of the cell known as turgor. When fully mature the cell-wall of each active cell is lined by a more or less thick layer of living protoplasm. In the interi
RMRDTTFD–. Plant life in Alpine Switzerland; being an account in simple language of the natural history of Alpine plants. Mountain plants. 84 TYPICAL FLOWERS OF ALPINE PASTURES of the Harebell thus differ entirely in shape and form from the mature leaves of the adult plant, and this is also the case in many other plants. It has been found that in the Harebell these leaves are really shade- leaves (see p. 247) adapted to the conditions vphich prevail when the young seedling is forcing its way up to the light between its tall neighbours in whose shade it starts its existence. If a Harebell is grown from
RMRE2G7P–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 330 OCHROPSORA ^cidiospores. ^cidia scattered pretty regularly over the lower surface of the leaves, not very crowded, shortly cylindrical, white, with torn revolute margin; spores irregularly oblong, colourless, thin- walled, very delicately verruculose, 18—30 X 15—21 /J.. [ Uredospores. Sori hypophyllous, small, roundish, scattered, not more than A mm. diam.; spore-mass grey- ish or yellowish-white, suiTounded by a circle of paraphyses, which form a kind of peridium, but their upper ends, when mature, are fre
RMRJ28TR–. Flashlights on nature [microform]. Insects; Plants; Insectes; Plantes. Marriage among tmk Clovkrs 109 he knows at once that he may safely ij^nore the dry brown flowers tucked away a^^ainst tlie stem, because they are already fertihsed and honeyless ; he therefore directs all his attention to the mature and open flowers which are now producinj^ honey and ready for fer- tilisation. These form practically, as you will see, at each moment the outer row of the flower- head, and are the ones which naturally first en- gage his notice as he alights on the cluster. No. 8 shows us the same head in a l
RMRE06RB–. A text-book of agricultural zoology. Zoology, Agricultural; Zoology, Economic. Fig. 52.—Sclekostomum tetracanthum. Male (six times nat. size), aud enlai-yed anterior extremity. and probably forage, and give rise to embryos which encyst direct in the walls of the caecum and colon, where they form. Fig. 23.—Small Red Sclerostome (.5. nbrum) from Horse (female). tumourous patches similar to S. eqiiinum. Here lying in the cysts the white coiled worms (fig. 17) produce inflammation, colics, and serious anaemia. "When mature they make their £. Please note that these images are extracted from
RMRDD8NA–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SPECIFIC DISEASES OF PLANTS 481 truncate at the base and measure 28 to 30/i by 7 to 9/i. According to Clinton, they do not retain their vitality long. An investigation of perithecial formation indicates that perithecia begin to form in October, or even later, and reach maturity in the following April, when mature ascospores have been found especially on the under sur- faces of the leaves. They are im- bedded in the leaf tissues and are slightly pyriform in shape, inc
RMRE1GJX–. Fungi; their nature, influence, and uses;. Fungi. 122 FUNGI. tions which the form and colour of the spores undergo in dif- ferent species, as this has already been alluded to. The spores. ^(h m Via. 46*.—(a) Spore of GompMdiua Fig. 47.—Spores of (a) Pohjxiarv.t casing ; viscidus; (6) spuro of Coprinus micaceus. {b) Boletus j^arasiticus ; (c) Hydnv/m, in the Polyporei, Hydnei, &c., are less variable, of a similar character, as in all the Symenomycetes, except perhaps the Tremellini. When an Agaric is mature, if the stem is cut off close to the gills, and the pileus inverted, -with the gil
RMRDE7TH–. Our ferns in their haunts; a guide to all the native species. Ferns. 186 THE LADY FERN AND ITS KIN. ing end but soon form a nearly circular clump two or three feet high. The stout young crosiers are covered with large brown scales which seldom persist until the fronds mature. The stipe and rachis are strewn with slender chaff and the upper surface of the fronds is often covered with longish hairs that give it a peculiarly velvety effect when growing. It is not very noticeable. SILVERY SPLEEN WORT. A thyrium thclypteroides. in herbarium specimens, and the books are silent upon the subject, al
RMRDTJEA–. Miscellaneous papers on oenothera. Oenothera; Primroses. Fig- 2 Fig. .3 Fig. 2. Mature rosette of Oenothera Lamarckiana De Vries. There are also forms witli broader leaves raore closely clustered. Fig, .3. Mature plant of a large-flowered form of Oenothera Lnniarekiana De Vries. i had leaves much narrower and more loosely clustered than in Lamarckiana and between these types was a wide range of inter- mediates. The differences became more conspicuous as the cul- ture matured and finally the following types were distinguished in a careful analysis made by Mr. Bartlett: Type I. Oenothera Lamar
RMRDPDJ4–. American fishes; a popular treatise upon the game and food fishes of North America, with especial reference to habits and methods of capture. Fishes. CARP, DACE AND MINNOW. 435 inhabits all bodies of water, large and small, from New England to Colo- rado. In the great lakes it reaches a length of two feet or more. In small brooks it is mature at eight or ten inches. It varies much in size, color and form in the different streams. It bites freely, and is one of the fishes with which the unambitious brook angler is well contented. When taken out of clear water, properly cared for and well wash
RMRDWGCN–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 116. Coleochaete soluta ; at left branch bearing oogonium (oog); antheridia (ant)i egg in oogonium and surrounded by enveloping threads ; at center three antheridia open, and one spermatozoid ; at right sporocarp, mature egg inside sporocarp wall. cell elongates into a slender tube which opens at the end to form a channel through which the spermatozoid may pass down to the egg. The egg is formed of the contents of the cell (fig. 116). Several oogonia are formed on one plant, and in such a plant as C. scutata they are formed in a ring near the margin of the dis
RMREMJE1–. Our ferns in their haunts [microform] : a guide to all the native species. Ferns; Fougères. 18 THt UNCOILING J-HONIiS.. more mature f.ian the first ones from the prothallium uiul will produce spores much sooner, being born "grown up" as one might say. In this plant, the bul- blcts seem to be the chief means of continuing the species.while the spores travel about seeking new territory. Some species send out stolons which form new plants at their tips; others produce tubers upon their roots that may be- come new plants; and still others root at the tips of the fronds. None of them, h
RMRDWT4F–. Elements of botany. Botany; Botany. STRTJCTURB OF THE STEM. 59 The pith forms a large part of the biilk of very young shoots, since it is a part of the fundamental tissue amid which the fibro-vascular bundles arise. In mature stems it becomes rather unimportant, though it often continues for a long time to act as a storehouse of nourishment. The medullary rays, in the young shoot, serve as a channel for the transference of water and plant-food in a liquid form across the stem, and they often contain much stored nourishment. The vessels carry water and air through the stem.. â piB, 49. Long
RMRE0PB9–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid- ium. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy, and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule, r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lying one upon the other; v, vascular bundles extending through the stem into the cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells of
RMRDA85K–. The nursery-book : a complete guide to the multiplication of plants . Plant propagation. 72 CUTTAGE. triangular portions are inserted in tlie soil a half inch or so, the cutting- standing erector nearly so. Roots form at the base or point, and a young plant sj^rings from the same point (Fig. So). The gloxinia and others of its kin propagate by leaves, but instead of a young ]ilant arising directly irom the cut- ting, a little tuber forms upon the free end oi the petiole (Fig. Si), and this tuber is dried off and finally planted the same as a mature tuber. Most gardeners prefer to cut the lea
RMRE3AXR–. Practical botany. Botany. 254 PRACTICAL BOTANY may each shed spores at the rate of 1,000,000 per minute, and may continue this for several days. Another puffball is called the " earthstar" ( Geaster). It grows in sandy and waste places. When its reproductive body is mature the outer surface peels back from the tip, thus exposing the central body, which contains the spores. A closely related form is the stinkhorn fungus (Fig. 212). The nest fungi are peculiar puffballs which grow within and upon rich earth, well-decayed wood, old manure piles, etc. The reproductive body opens, and r
RMREKY6E–. Cirtus fruits under irragation. Citrus fruits; Fruit-culture. Fig. 3 seen in Fig. 3, which shows lemons of this variety. The fruit is juicy, nearly seedless and of good flavor; the rind is thin and not bitter. 5. The Lisbon is a variety that was imported from Por- tugal and first grown in the Riverside district of California. The tree is a strong grower, has a dense foliage, and is thorny; it comes into bearing somewhat later than the other varieties described, but when mature is very prolific. The fruit is of medium size, somewhat oblong in form, has few seeds, abun- dant acid, and a thin,
RMRDA8B7–. Southern field crops (exclusive of forage plants). Agriculture. CHAPTER XI CORN—ENEMIES Maize suffers from a number of insects and fungous diseases, although farmers usually do not find it necessary to treat the crop in the field. The most important com enemies in the South are described in this chapter. Insects 189. Budworms. — This is the larval or grub stage of a small beetle, the twelve-spotted lady-bug {Diabrotica 12-punctata). The beetle or mature insect feeds on almost any form of green vegetation and may spe- cially be noticed early in the season on alfalfa, clover, and early vege- t
RMRDG1N6–. Heredity and evolution in plants. Heredity; Plants. LIFE HISTORY OF A FERN II always possess some form of annulus. As the sporangia mature the spore-case itself becomes differentiated into two distinct kinds of tissue, namely, vegetative tissue on the outside, forming the wall and reproductive tissue within, from which the spores are developed. 7. Niunber of Spores.^The number of spores pro- duced by a vigorous fern is a great revelation to one who has never given such matters. careful thought. Pro-. FiG. 13.âTypes of fern sporangia. A, Loxsoma CunninghaiAl; E, Gleichenia circinata; C, Todea
RMRE3D04–. Comparative anatomy of the vegetative organs of the phanerogams and ferns;. Plant anatomy; Ferns. FIG. 28 Transverse sections through the stem of Saccharum officinarum. ^ (375) surface of a mature young intemode, ^ (14s} of a similar node. obvious on the leaves of the Heliconia above cited, and on the nodes of Sac- icharunfi'. ^ That form of the covering is termed a simple granular layer in which granules of wax are superposed on the cuticle, side by side in a simple layer, and not heaped upon one another. The granules have on the average a size up to i/i: they are spherical, or in the form
RMRE22GD–. Pharmaceutical bacteriology, with special reference to disinfection and sterilization. Bacteriology. Fig. 48.—R. mutabile as it appears in mature nodules of red and white clover root nodules. This may be considered the extreme form variation due to hyper-nutrition.. >^ Fig. 49.—R. mutabile from the root nodules of Trifolium heterodon, showing the ex- treme form variation due to hyper-growth. The forms shown in Figs. 7, 8 and 9 are simply natural involution forms of the same species due to differences in environment and host relationship. The chromatin bodies found in the hyper-nourished f
RMRDTKB2–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. GERMINATION OF POLLEN 349 of two very flat cells, which soon break down (Fig. 204, B, v.c). The remaining and larger portion of the pollen grain forms the so-called tube cell (/.».). On reaching the nucellus the outer membrane of the microspore is ruptured, and the tube cell grows out to form the pollen tube (Fig. 203, A, p.t.), into whose mi.. uc. Fig. 203.—Structure of the Ovule of Piniis. A, Diagrammatic longitudinal section of mature ovule (after Co^ilter and Chamberlain). B, Front portion of same greatly
RMRE3NYK–. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. PLATE 4. Parasitism of Kraheria canescens on different hosts. 1, Aulo-parasitlsm of Kramerta; only aubmergnd part of batistorium is shown. 2, detail from yovmg haustorial cushion showing cells which form curving tissue of the mature organ. 3, Attachment of Krarneria on Eneelia /arinoaa. 4, Penetration of haustorium to wood in root of Xenodora scabra. 5, Krameria on root of ParMmonia mierophylla, showing plugging of ducts of host. The heavy red margin indicates extent of formation of cork in hauslionum. 6, Attachment of Krameria roots
RMRPXHCP–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. FIG. -g>9.—Alth<za rosea; A horizontal section through the young andreecium ; B a piece of the tube of a mature androecium with several stamens; h cavity of the tube, v substance of the tube, a anthers, t the spot where the filament divides, /"the spot where two filaments spring from the tube {A much more strongly magnified than B). each bear right and left a simple row of filaments as laciniae or branches1. In the Lime, where the five primordial stamens also branch at the margins, and form anthers on their branches, th
RMRD9NJ1–. Field crop production; a text-book for elementary courses in schools and brief courses in colleges. Agriculture. THE VETCHES, SWEET CLOVERS, AND OTHERS 299 and not so abundantly supplied with leaves. White sweet clover is a biennial, the first year growing from 1 to 3 feet in height, the next year growing much larger and producing numerous white flowers in the form of racemes. The plants bloom all summer long during the second year of their growth and mature an abundance of seed, which. ^^S^^^^Ste?^ Fig. 109. — Sweet clover requires an abundance of lime in the soil. The plot at the left was
RMRDXWTC–. Productive sheep husbandry . Sheep. DESCRIPTION 127 Description.—Form and Weight.—The Modern Hampshire is a bold, massive, thick-fleshed, hornless sheep with a long, deep, symmetrical body, heavy bone, and striking head features. Mature rams in breeding condition weigh from 250 to 300 pounds; ewes from 180 to 225 pounds. The head is large and the face profile is slightly Roman in females and .distinctly so in males; the ears are long, fairly wide and thick and attached so as to fall slightly out- ward and forward when the animal is at attention. The neck.. Fig. 81.—Hampshire ewe. The ears ar
RMRDXP22–. An introduction to the study of seaweeds. Algae. SEAWEEDS the enveloping mantle of filaments is given off in whorls and surrounds the central axial strand. This mantle, ultimately several cells thick, takes on a. Fig. 19.—Spermatochnus paradoxus, a, longitudinal section of a young stem ; 6, ditto of a mature stem; Cj section through a node. Highly magniQed. (After Eeinke.) parenchymatous form and gradually becomes detached from the axial row, except at the insertions of the whorls, and an intercellular space intervenes from whorl to whorl between the axial row and the mantle.. Please note th
RMRDWFNA–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 261 down into this cavity in regular lines, forming the radiating plates or gills noted in Fig. 170. This development divides the ball of hyphae into an upper part or pileus and a basal region, the stalk or stipe. As this growth proceeds the mass of hyphae extending from the margin of the pileus to the stipe becomes P. Fig. 170. Habit of a poisonous mushroom, Amanita: A, the mature mushroom—s, stipe; p, pileus; g, gills; a, annulus; 0, volva, a part of which appears in patches on the top of the pileus. C, young form of the Amani
RMRDGWTM–. Elements of botany. Botany; Botany. KOOTS. 29 strength of the supplies of ready-made sap which it obtains from the host. 43. Forms of Boots. â The primary root is that â which proceeds like a downward prolongation directly from the lower end of the caulicle. In many cases the mature root-system of the plant contains one main portion much larger than any of its branches. This is called a taproot, Fig. 16. Such a root, if much thickened and fleshy, would assume the form shown in the carrot, pars- nip, beet, turnip, salsify, or radish. Some plants produce multiple primary roots, a cluster proce
RMRDYB5M–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. 52 PLANT LIFE. produce the whole thallus. The center of the thalhis is generally thicker than the wings, and forms a sort of central rib {B, fig. 60). 60. The shoot.—In the greater number of liverworts the mature vegetative body is a shoot, which is differentiated. Fig. 61. Fig. 60.—Surface view of growing apex of tliallus of RIetzgeria/iircata just after forking. «, primary apical cell; 1^, secondary apical cell of branch; t-, the wing- tissue between a.xis and branch outgrowing the apices. j5, the midrib
RMRJ5WY8–. Additional notes on fossil sponges and other organic remains from the Quebec Group at Little Metis on the lower St. Lawrence [microform]. Sponges; Paleontology; Eponges; Paléontologie. Fio. lo.—Protoapongia vi/alhi- formis. Restored. Ft(i. 10.—Protoapongia cyathifonnia. Primary, .secondarj' and tertiary cruciform spicules, x 5. General form inverted conical. "When mature about 3 cm. wide at top and 5 cm. long, without the anchoring-spicules, which are sometimes very long. Top truncate as if with a wide osculum, with defensive spicules on its margin. Primary spicules cruciform, with long
RMRE1PYR–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANTS 261 down into this cavity in regular lines, forming the radiating plates or gills noted in Fig. 170. This development divides the ball of hyphae into an upper part or pileus and a basal region, the stalk or stipe. As this growth proceeds the mass of hyphae extending from the margin of the pileus to the stipe becomes. Fig. 170. Habit of a poisonous mushroom, Amanita: A, the mature mushroom—s, stipe; p, pileus; g, gills; a, annulus; », volva, a part of which appears in patches on the top of the pileus. C, young form of the Amanita
RMRDTGPR–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. Fig. 276. Seed structure: A, section of a nearly mature seed of Lepid- ium. The stem of the embryo is differentiated below into a hypocotyl, hy, and above into an epicotyl, pi, commonly known in the seed as the plumule, r, root with root cap; c, the two cotyledons, which are bent over, lying one upon the other; -u, vascular bundles extending through the stem into the cotyledons, where they form a network of veins; en, remains of endosperm. B, section of seed of water lily (after Conard)—e, embryo, surrounded by a layer of endosperm cells; mg, cells o
RMRE1JAT–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 306 PLANT STUDIES of the capsule like a loose which sooner or later falls cap off. or hood (Fig. 276, c), As stated before, the mature structure developed from the oospore or egg is called a sporogoni- um, a form of sporo- phyte peculiar to the Bryophytes. 201. The sporogoni- um.—In its fullest de- velopment the sporogo- nium is differentiated into the three regions, foot, seta, and capsule (Fig. 276); but in some forms the seta may be lacking, and in others the foot also, the sporo- gonium in this last case being only the capsule or spore case, w
RMRDXPBF–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. FlG. 314.. Fig. 315 Fig. 314.—Vertical median section of the mature spermary of a fern {Adiauiu)}t capillus-vciicris). /, adjacent cells of gainetophyte (tigs. 74, 77); a, spermarj', show- ing wall composed of three cells, the two lower ('abo'e and below letter a) being ring- like. The chloroplasts have accumulated on the inner face. The interior cell, origi- nally single, has di'ided into a number, the sperm mother cells, which at this stage are loosened and contain each a fully de'eloped coiled sperm.
RMRD9KCG–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. Fig. 47. Comparison of three species of malaria parasites x 2000 (figures selected largely from Manson). A, A' and A", Plasmodium vivax; B, B' and B", Plasmodium malariae; C, C and C", Plasmodium falciparum. A, B and C, mature parasites in red corpuscles. A', B' and C, segmented parasites ready to leave corpuscles. A", B" and C , mature gametocytes. The quartan parasite more closely resembles the tertian para- site in flexibility of body and form of gametocytes (Fig. 47C"),
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