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RMD6TDT7–Emerald Cockroach Wasp Ampulex compressa egg just deposited on American Cockroach Periplaneta americana host South Asia Africa
![Report on the Rocky Mountain locust and other insects now injuring or likely to injure field and garden crops in the western states and territories . o as to stop theirHessuin Fly. ravages. With proper pecuniary aid from the State this seems feasible, while our native parasites might perhaps alsobe bred and multiplied so as to effectually exterminate these pests. Asregards the increase of parasites, B. ^Vagner, in his Researches on thenew Corn [wheat] Gall-fly (Marburg, 18G1), finds that the parasites ofthe Hessian fly increase in a ratio corresponding to that of their hosts.In the same year, Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/2AN62KD/report-on-the-rocky-mountain-locust-and-other-insects-now-injuring-or-likely-to-injure-field-and-garden-crops-in-the-western-states-and-territories-o-as-to-stop-theirhessuin-fly-ravages-with-proper-pecuniary-aid-from-the-state-this-seems-feasible-while-our-native-parasites-might-perhaps-alsobe-bred-and-multiplied-so-as-to-effectually-exterminate-these-pests-asregards-the-increase-of-parasites-b-vagner-in-his-researches-on-thenew-corn-wheat-gall-fly-marburg-18g1-finds-that-the-parasites-ofthe-hessian-fly-increase-in-a-ratio-corresponding-to-that-of-their-hostsin-the-same-year-2AN62KD.jpg "Report on the Rocky Mountain locust and other insects now injuring or likely to injure field and garden crops in the western states and territories . o as to stop theirHessuin Fly. ravages. With proper pecuniary aid from the State this seems feasible, while our native parasites might perhaps alsobe bred and multiplied so as to effectually exterminate these pests. Asregards the increase of parasites, B. ^Vagner, in his Researches on thenew Corn [wheat] Gall-fly (Marburg, 18G1), finds that the parasites ofthe Hessian fly increase in a ratio corresponding to that of their hosts.In the same year, Stock Photo")
RM2AN62KD–Report on the Rocky Mountain locust and other insects now injuring or likely to injure field and garden crops in the western states and territories . o as to stop theirHessuin Fly. ravages. With proper pecuniary aid from the State this seems feasible, while our native parasites might perhaps alsobe bred and multiplied so as to effectually exterminate these pests. Asregards the increase of parasites, B. ^Vagner, in his Researches on thenew Corn [wheat] Gall-fly (Marburg, 18G1), finds that the parasites ofthe Hessian fly increase in a ratio corresponding to that of their hosts.In the same year,
RMPG0KEG–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. CHAPTER XIII THE TAPEWORMS General Structure. â Even more peculiar and remarkable in their structure and life than the flukes are the tapeworms. A mature tape- worm is not an individual, but ,a whole family, consisting sometimes of many hundreds of individuals one behind the other like the links of a chain (Fig. 81). In some respects the tapeworms are more degener- ate than flukes, due to their in- variably parasitic life in the digestive tract of their hosts. Being continu- ally bathed in semi-digested
RMT1JFF4–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplants00tube Year: 1897 364 UREUINEAK. direction ; their sori form dark spots which break out from beneath the epidermis. The yeHow uredospores have a coat beset with fine spines, and are given off from sori which may or may not be enclosed in a peridium. The sori of the aecidium-stage have no peridium, and are known under the generic name of Caeoma; they frequently occur on other hosts than tliose of the teleutospores. Pyc
RMD6TDRR–Emerald Cockroach Wasp Ampulex compressa adult female stinging American Cockroach Periplaneta americana obliterate sense fear
RM2AJ665F–Insect artizans and their work . Bee-like Drone-fly.. Ii a i i: 33 Girdled Drone-fly. Page 248 These Hies, which have a superficial resemblance to bees and wasps, were held formerly to be parasites upon their hosts ; but they arc now known to be beneficent scavengers, helping to keep the nest clean. Photos by Author. SANITARY OFFICERS 239 are pests ; from Natures point of view all stored-upanimal remains, whether hams, skins or feathers,fresh joints, fish or poultry, from which life hasdeparted, are fair game for beetles, blow flies, andother scavengers. It is useless to rail againstnatural la
RMPG45C3–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Chapter VI. Fungi. Parasites of Plants. JS Effect of parasite on host. We have already seen that para- sitism, in the broader sense, of a fungus on leaf-green plants is always one of two kinds of partnership, equal or unequal, and of the latter either the host or parasite may dominate. Now, equal partnerships are rare, and those unequal associa- tions with dominant hosts are also comparatively few, though science is rapidly adding many new examples to the list already known. The greatest number of partnerships are those in which the parasite is the p
RMT1HXK7–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamuc parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic fungi, slime-fungi, bacteria, and algae. English ed. by William G. Smith diseasesofplants00tubeuoft Year: 1897 POLYPORUS. 439 Seyiies/ three other kiiuls of spores are produced in addition to Itasidiospores. 'illllv, poplar, oak, sweet chest- nut, alder, ash, hazel, pear, cherry, robinia, larch, silver Hr, etc., are common hosts of this parasite. Wood infested by the mycelium darkens in colour, exhibiting,' a red- rot. Vessels and all clefts or spaces become filled with
RMD6TDRY–Emerald Cockroach Wasp Ampulex compressa adult female emerging from dead body American Cockroach Periplaneta americana after it
RM2CECXNH–. Guide leaflet. f mouth-partsnecessary to such a habit, are to be found in several, not closely re-lated, groups of the two-winged insects, Diptera. All blood-suckersare to be looked on with suspicion, because of the possibility thatthey may be the intermediate hosts of disease-parasites. Several suchinsects have already been mentioned; but another group of quitedifferent creatures remains to be discussed. If a moquito, crane fly, or some similar insect, be carefully ex-amined, it will be seen that the antenna; (feelers) consist of notless than eight joints, rather similar one to another; the
RMPG1H6C–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. CHAGAS' DISEASE — PARASITE IN MAN 109 bugs of the genus Triatoma serve as intermediate hosts; bugs of a number of species infected with trypanosomes morphologically indistinguishable from T. cruzi have been found all the way from Central America to Argentina, but the disease in man has been recognized only in a small part of this extensive area, though it is sus- pected of existing in northern Argen- tina and may oc- cur in many more places than is now known. Human Cycle.— The trypanosome causing this d
RMT1HWNC–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplant00tube Year: 1897 Fig. 231.âLongitudinal section tbrougU a conical teleutospore-sorus of Gymno- sporanrjium Sahinae. (After Woernle.) Fig. 232.âTeleutospores of G. sabinac. The elongated thin-walled ones are lighter in colour than the thick-walled. (After Woernle.) Infections on various hosts with Gymiiosjjorangium sahinae from Juni2Jcrus Salnna gave: Spore-form. :l â J - Rostelia cancellata, : On Host-j)lant. Pyrus c
RMFGDD08–Cuckoo Wasp (Trichrysis cyanea) adult female, using antennae to search for nests of host wasps in wood, Powys, Wales, July
RM2CF5P2M–. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. Fig. 6. Head of Loxaspis villosus Stal (1865).,, 7. ,, ,, Polyctenes molossu-i Gigl. (1864). totally blind. The Cimicidae are usually found where batssleep, only visiting their hosts in order to take nourishment,as they are temporary parasites. The Polyctenidae, on theother hand, live in the fur of bats, not leaving the host.They are more intensely parasitic and exist in almost uni-formly dark surroundings. Is it the intensity of parasitismor the darkness which has caused the loss of eyes in Poly- ( cxlvii ) ctenidael A comparison with oth
RMPG49RW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 466 FUNGI IMPERFECTI. stricted tissue will be found extending quite round the twig (Fig. 293). At these places the bark and cambium have been killed, whereas the higher portions of the twig have continued to increase in thickness. Numerous small black pycnidia break out on the bark of diseased places and give off small unicellular spindle-shaped conidia, which convey infection to new hosts in August or September. Ki
RMRX6282–The ecology and life history The ecology and life history of the common frog (Rana temporaria temporaria) ecologylifehisto00sava Year: 1962 PARASITES AND PREDATORS 6i On 13th August there was a relatively large peak, which must have been due to secondary larvae, for by this tune all the primary larvae would have fomid hosts or have died. Fig. 22 is an extreme example of the importance of secondary infestation in late-metamorphosing O 20 30 APRIL o 20 30 MAY 19 29 JUNE. Fig. 20. Mean Numbers of Polystoma per Tadpole in Upper Parkfield Pond, 1947 The black dots and solid line indicate neoteni
RMD6TD8G–American Cockroach Periplaneta americana adult grooming in response being stung by Emerald Cockroach Wasp Ampulex compressa
RM2CE24DB–. Biology . .4- . I J i J .6 :^ ^ / ^ :d. Fig. 86.—A glass sponge (Euplectella) with commensal Crustacea, male andfemale, in the sponge cavity; the female is carrying eggs. IMMUNITY 195 part in intestinal digestion, thereby contributing to the func-tioning activities of the host while thriving on the products ofdigestion in the intestine. Parasites, finally, live at the expenseof their hosts. These are all illustrations of physiological adap-tations on the part of symbionts, commensals, or parasites,but adaptations do not stop here. C. Adaptations against Parasites Parasites, especially some f
RMPG42DE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. POLYPOKUS. 439 Seynes,^ three other kinds of spores are produced in addition to basidiospores. Willow, poplar, oak, sweet chest- nut, alder, ash, hazel, pear, cherry, robinia, larch, silver fir, etc., are common hosts of this parasite. Wood infested by the mycelium darkens in colour, exhibiting a red- rot. Vessels and all clefts or spaces become filled with white felted masses of mycelium. The wood, in course of des
RMT1HXHA–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplant00tube Year: 1897 ST Seynes/ three other kinds of spores are produced in addition to Ijiisidiospores. Willow, poplar, oak, sweet chest- nut, alder, ash, hazel, pear, cherry, robinia, larch, silver fir, etc., are common hosts of this parasite. Wood infested by the mycelium darkens in colour, exhibitinL a red- rot. Vessels and all clefts or spaces become filled with white felted masses of mycelium. The wood, in course o
RMD6TDPJ–Emerald Cockroach Wasp Ampulex compressa adult female carrying material burrow buried American Cockroach Periplaneta americana
RM2CNWJMF–. New Mallophaga, 3. Comprising: Mallophaga from birds of Panama, Baja California and Alaska . ■ Fi>.n YJ. / 7 ■-■^ MANTDELLKiV ■.rrhBFJTra ske^ss S3 MALLOPHAGA FROM BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA. (With Plates V to IX.)liV VEltNUN L. KELLOUU AND BEKTIIA L. CHAPMAN. CONTENTS. Introiliution. Descriptions of New Species and Identiticatious of Old Species. Docophorus. Nirmus. Lipeunis. Giobelia. Oncopborus. Eurymetopus. Gouiodes. Colpocephalum. Aucistroua. Triuoton. Menopou. Physostomum.List of Hosts, with Parasites. Introduction. The Mallophfiga described and referred to in thispaper were collected by
RMPG4ANT–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 416 UKEDINEAE. P. Ravenelii Thiim. On Piiitts aitstralis in North America (probably a variety of P. oblongisporium). P. deformans Mayr. On Pinus mitis in America. P. giganteum (Mayr). On Pimts deiuijlora and P. Thunhergii in Japan. This causes very conspicuous deformation of its host (Figs. 249 and 250). P. complanatum Barcl. On Pinus longifolia in India. The following species frequent other hosts: Peridermium conon
RMD6TDP8–Emerald Cockroach Wasp Ampulex compressa adult female leading American Cockroach Periplaneta americana 'zombie' by antenna
RM2CF5P2A–. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. in habits, although much still remains a mystery to us. Is the absence of eyesight in these insects due to parasit-ism ? Only to a certain extent, I think. We know that theinsects which in the imago state are totally or partially blindare found among those which live in caves, deep under stones,or in other places where there is little or no light. TheEctoparasitic insects whose eye-sight is lost or reduced arethose living on hosts that frequent similar dark places. Al-though not invariably true, the parasites of mammals whichconceal themse
RMPG0K4A–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. TICK BITES 357 lairs or abodes of their hosts. The Ixodidse, on the other hand, inhabit the hosts rather than their lairs, and frequently remain attached for several days, or even longer. In the less capacious Argasidse the females lay their eggs in a number of installments. Fig. 154. Comparison of dorsal and ventral view of Ixodid and Argasid females; A, dorsal view of Ixodid 9 ; A', ventral view of same; B, dorsal view of Argasid 9 ; B', ventral view of same. An., anus; cap., capituium; d. sh., dorsal
RMD6TDRA–Emerald Cockroach Wasp Ampulex compressa adult female leading American Cockroach Periplaneta americana 'zombie' by antenna
RMRG7W42–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 139 Life history.— Unknown, although larval forms of this species {Ascaris incisa Rudolphi) have been reported as found encapsulecl in the peritoneum of the shrew and mole (see above, under Hosts). Distribution.—Europe, Asia (Russian Turkestan and India), South America (Brazil and British Guiana) and Africa (Trans- vaal). PORROCAECUM ENSICAUDATUM (Zeder, 1800) Baylia, 1920b Synonyms.—Fusaria ensicaudata, Zeder, 1800; Ascaris ensicaudata (Zeder, 1800) Rudolphi, 1809. Hosts.—Acrocephalus amndinaceus, Aland a species
RMPG0K5T–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. FiG. 147. Head of a. dog split in half to show three tongue-worms, Linguatula rhinaria, (a) in the nasal cavity. Reduced in size. (After Colin, from Hall.) fourth of an inch, and consist of from 80 to 90 rings or segments, each one with very fine denticulations on the hind margin. For a long time this larva was looked upon as a distinct species. L. rhinaria is nowhere abundant, even in its normal hosts, though in some parts of Europe about ten per cent of dogs are said to be infected. The majority of hu
RMD6TDPP–Emerald Cockroach Wasp Ampulex compressa adult female carrying material burrow buried American Cockroach Periplaneta americana
RMRE3AXH–. Practical botany. Botany. THE BASIDIUM FUNGI (BASIDIOMYCETES) 255 life processes they are of the greatest importance, since they are instruments of decay and soil enrichment, and bear an im- portant relation to various industries. As producers of diseases of plants, animals, and men, they have great significance. Phycomycetes are sometimes saprophytic and sometimes parasitic. As saprophytes they are instruments of decay, and as parasites they often kill their hosts and then as saprophytes disorganize them. The simpler phycomycetes, as bread mold,. Fig. 213. Nest fungi growing in soil in whic
RMD6TDPE–Emerald Cockroach Wasp Ampulex compressa adult female carrying material burrow buried American Cockroach Periplaneta americana
RMRE0RTN–. An introduction to vegetable physiology. Plant physiology. 206 VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY dependence of one form, the parasite, upon the other, the host. As in the case of the insectivorous plants, there are members of this class which are provided with a chlorophyll apparatus, and which are therefore indebted to their hosts for protein substances only, or perhaps also for certain of their ash constituents. As these almost without exception fasten themselves upon the roots of the host plant, they are frequently spoken of as root-'parasites. Prom their general. Fxu. 99.—Thesium alpinum, showinq the
RMD6TDR3–Emerald Cockroach Wasp Ampulex compressa adult female leading American Cockroach Periplaneta americana 'zombie' by antenna
RMRE2J0C–. A practical course in botany, with especial reference to its bearings on agriculture, economics, and sanitation. Botany. 332 PRACTICAL COURSE IN BOTANY 382. Slavery, or partnership? — Now, what can be the object of this peculiar association? Is it a symbiosis, or a case of enslavement? The fungi, as we know, are all parasites, unable to manufacture their own food or to exist at all except at the expense of other organisms, living or dead. But the lichens have refined upon the gross rapacity of their order, and instead of indiscriminately destroying the hosts that furnish their nourishment, h
RMD6TDR9–Emerald Cockroach Wasp Ampulex compressa adult female leading American Cockroach Periplaneta americana 'zombie' by antenna
RMRN4REP–. Animal parasites and human disease. Insects as carriers of disease; Medical parasitology. 220 THE FLUKES Planorbis and Limncea, which could very probably act as inter- mediate hosts as well as the species in which the development has actually been observed, are abundant in the United States, and there is great danger that if once introduced, at least in the warmer parts of the country, these blood flukes might become endemic. Careful examination of immigrants from endemic countries and exclusion of Schistosoma-iniected persons is impor- tant if the infection is to be kept from becoming estab
![. Insects affecting domestic animals [microform] : an account of the species of importance in North America, with mention of related forms occurring on other animals. Parasites; Insects, Injurious and beneficial; Animaux domestiques; Insectes nuisibles. SUnORDER MALLOPHAGA. 203 rather slender and decidedly flattened. Altojyether this species seems to be almost as beautiful and as j?raceful iu its movements as tlie bird which harbors it. Some of the specimens we have secured appear to contain blood, and wliile these jiarasites are not supposed to extract blood from their hosts, it is possible t Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ25M7/insects-affecting-domestic-animals-microform-an-account-of-the-species-of-importance-in-north-america-with-mention-of-related-forms-occurring-on-other-animals-parasites-insects-injurious-and-beneficial-animaux-domestiques-insectes-nuisibles-sunorder-mallophaga-203-rather-slender-and-decidedly-flattened-altojyether-this-species-seems-to-be-almost-as-beautiful-and-as-jraceful-iu-its-movements-as-tlie-bird-which-harbors-it-some-of-the-specimens-we-have-secured-appear-to-contain-blood-and-wliile-these-jiarasites-are-not-supposed-to-extract-blood-from-their-hosts-it-is-possible-t-RJ25M7.jpg ". Insects affecting domestic animals [microform] : an account of the species of importance in North America, with mention of related forms occurring on other animals. Parasites; Insects, Injurious and beneficial; Animaux domestiques; Insectes nuisibles. SUnORDER MALLOPHAGA. 203 rather slender and decidedly flattened. Altojyether this species seems to be almost as beautiful and as j?raceful iu its movements as tlie bird which harbors it. Some of the specimens we have secured appear to contain blood, and wliile these jiarasites are not supposed to extract blood from their hosts, it is possible t Stock Photo")
RMRJ25M7–. Insects affecting domestic animals [microform] : an account of the species of importance in North America, with mention of related forms occurring on other animals. Parasites; Insects, Injurious and beneficial; Animaux domestiques; Insectes nuisibles. SUnORDER MALLOPHAGA. 203 rather slender and decidedly flattened. Altojyether this species seems to be almost as beautiful and as j?raceful iu its movements as tlie bird which harbors it. Some of the specimens we have secured appear to contain blood, and wliile these jiarasites are not supposed to extract blood from their hosts, it is possible t
RMRN4TB5–. Animal parasites and messmates. Parasites. TKANSMiaRATIONS AND METAMORPHOSES. 205 to live and move about in tlie water. Those of beasts of prey are entirely different; it is by means of the prey that they enter their hosts. Each carnivore has its own worms, as it has its own prey which introduces them.. Fig. 47.—Amphistomum sub-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Beneden, M. van (Pierre Joseph), 1809-1894. N
RMRDYXMD–. Goldfish breeds and other aquarium fishes, their care and propagation; a guide to freshwater and marine aquaria, their fauna, flora and management. Aquariums; Goldfish. AILMENTS AND DISEASES mostly of the first-named genus; of which some are marine and others freshwater forms. Those on migratory fishes are able to change with their hosts from salt to freshwater and the reverse. They are wholly external parasites, either in the gills or on the surface, and frequently change their host, though each species prefers a certain genus or closely related kinds, to which it is usually confined. They
RMRD2G9R–. Elementary principles of agriculture : a text book for the common schools. Agriculture. Useful Insects 177 245. Ichneumon Flies, of which there are many kinds, are somewhat related to the bees and wasps. The adult often feeds on nectar. The usefulness of this class of insects is due to the fact that the young are parasites. They do not secure their prey by force. Instead of catching the insects and carrying them to the young larvse, their eggs are deposited in or on the bodies of their victims, and there grow into grubs. The grubs mature in or on the body of the hosts. The eggs of the. Pleas
![. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology. Natural history; Zoology; Botany; Geology. Pleurocystis cue*noti, Hesse. 259 inadequate figure. In Monocystis agilis and other species the application of the conjugants is polar or " end-to-end " (fig. 2). Since the parasites are attached to the seminal tunnels of the hosts permanently, as all agree (and they do not become detached post mortem), it is the close proximity of the individuals to one another which determines then- association into diploids inter se, which must therefore of necessity be longitudin Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RMNJ0E/the-annals-and-magazine-of-natural-history-zoology-botany-and-geology-natural-history-zoology-botany-geology-pleurocystis-cuenoti-hesse-259-inadequate-figure-in-monocystis-agilis-and-other-species-the-application-of-the-conjugants-is-polar-or-quot-end-to-end-quot-fig-2-since-the-parasites-are-attached-to-the-seminal-tunnels-of-the-hosts-permanently-as-all-agree-and-they-do-not-become-detached-post-mortem-it-is-the-close-proximity-of-the-individuals-to-one-another-which-determines-then-association-into-diploids-inter-se-which-must-therefore-of-necessity-be-longitudin-RMNJ0E.jpg ". The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology. Natural history; Zoology; Botany; Geology. Pleurocystis cue*noti, Hesse. 259 inadequate figure. In Monocystis agilis and other species the application of the conjugants is polar or " end-to-end " (fig. 2). Since the parasites are attached to the seminal tunnels of the hosts permanently, as all agree (and they do not become detached post mortem), it is the close proximity of the individuals to one another which determines then- association into diploids inter se, which must therefore of necessity be longitudin Stock Photo")
RMRMNJ0E–. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology. Natural history; Zoology; Botany; Geology. Pleurocystis cue*noti, Hesse. 259 inadequate figure. In Monocystis agilis and other species the application of the conjugants is polar or " end-to-end " (fig. 2). Since the parasites are attached to the seminal tunnels of the hosts permanently, as all agree (and they do not become detached post mortem), it is the close proximity of the individuals to one another which determines then- association into diploids inter se, which must therefore of necessity be longitudin
RMRE0H5N–. Parasites and parasitosis of the domestic animals : the zoo?logy and control of the animal parasites and the pathogenesis and treatment of parasitic diseases . Domestic animals. THE PROTOZOAN SUBCJROUPS 351 auto-infective process the entire skeletal muscnlature may become affected. More or less destructicjn of muscle tissue is thus brought about which necessarily is relatively injurious to the host; furthermore, the effect is contiibuted to l)y the extremely toxic nature of the parasites themselves. Importance of Sarcosporidiosis and Mode of Infection.—Hosts show- hig his;h incidence of infe
RMRDJ68C–. Animal parasites and messmates. Parasites. TRANSMIGRATIONS AND METAMORPHOSES. 205 to live and move about in the water. Those of beasts of prey are entirely different; it is by means of the prey that they enter their hosts. Each carnivore has its own worms, as it has its own prey which introduces them.. Fig. 47.—Amphistomum sub- clavatum of the frog.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Beneden, M. van (Pierre
RMRG30WW–. The Canadian entomologist. Insects; Entomology. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 301 SOME GENERIC GROUPS IN THE MALLOPHAGAN FAMILY MENOPONID^. BY G. F. FERRIS, STANFORD UNIERSITY, CALIFORNtA. The chief interest in the study of the Mallophaga lies in the problem of their distribution, which is beyond question funda- mentally the problem of the relationships of their hosts. It has already been pointed out very clearly by Kellogg and Harrison that the solution of the first problem may legitimatelybe used as an aid in the solution of the second; that the student of these parasites may pos- sibly be ab
RMRHK34D–. The biology of spiders. Spiders; Insects. 342 THE BIOLOGY OF SPIDERS of all the mites, having a very rich and varied colouring. They also exhibit a great diversity of shape. Their legs are provided with long hairs and by their means the water- mites swim rapidly. They are predaceous, and their young stages are often parasitic upon other aquatic animals. They form a large group, with about two hundred and fifty species in Great Britain. The Ixodoidea or Ticks are the largest of the mites. They are all parasites, which suck the blood of their hosts and thereby become enormously distended. When
![. Diseases of dogs, their causes, symptoms, and treatment to which are added instructions in cases of injury and poisoning. Dogs. 136 DISEASES OF DOGS. Tmrda serialis.—A tapeworm about Jyd. to fyd. long when fully grown. It is much like Tosnia ccenurus in appearance. Eodents, and particularly warren-rabbits, are the intermediary hosts. This is not so common in the dog as are some of the other Cestodes. TcBiua eehinoeoeaas.—This is the most diminutive of the tape- worms : it consists of three or four segments only. Writiilg in 1879, Dr. Spencer Cobbold (" Parasites of Man and Animals " Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE0DDP/diseases-of-dogs-their-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-to-which-are-added-instructions-in-cases-of-injury-and-poisoning-dogs-136-diseases-of-dogs-tmrda-serialisa-tapeworm-about-jyd-to-fyd-long-when-fully-grown-it-is-much-like-tosnia-ccenurus-in-appearance-eodents-and-particularly-warren-rabbits-are-the-intermediary-hosts-this-is-not-so-common-in-the-dog-as-are-some-of-the-other-cestodes-tcbiua-eehinoeoeaasthis-is-the-most-diminutive-of-the-tape-worms-it-consists-of-three-or-four-segments-only-writiilg-in-1879-dr-spencer-cobbold-quot-parasites-of-man-and-animals-quot-RE0DDP.jpg ". Diseases of dogs, their causes, symptoms, and treatment to which are added instructions in cases of injury and poisoning. Dogs. 136 DISEASES OF DOGS. Tmrda serialis.—A tapeworm about Jyd. to fyd. long when fully grown. It is much like Tosnia ccenurus in appearance. Eodents, and particularly warren-rabbits, are the intermediary hosts. This is not so common in the dog as are some of the other Cestodes. TcBiua eehinoeoeaas.—This is the most diminutive of the tape- worms : it consists of three or four segments only. Writiilg in 1879, Dr. Spencer Cobbold (" Parasites of Man and Animals " Stock Photo")
RMRE0DDP–. Diseases of dogs, their causes, symptoms, and treatment to which are added instructions in cases of injury and poisoning. Dogs. 136 DISEASES OF DOGS. Tmrda serialis.—A tapeworm about Jyd. to fyd. long when fully grown. It is much like Tosnia ccenurus in appearance. Eodents, and particularly warren-rabbits, are the intermediary hosts. This is not so common in the dog as are some of the other Cestodes. TcBiua eehinoeoeaas.—This is the most diminutive of the tape- worms : it consists of three or four segments only. Writiilg in 1879, Dr. Spencer Cobbold (" Parasites of Man and Animals "
RMRN430D–. Animal parasites and human disease. Parasites; Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. TRANSMITTERS OF SPOTTED FEVER 363 again attack their rodent hosts. After dropping off these and transforming into adults they no longer pay any attention to the rodents but seek larger animals, especially preferring horses and cattle, though they readily attack other large wild and domestic animals and man. Their original wild hosts were probably the mountain goats, elk and other wild game of the region, but with the supplanting of these by domestic animals the latter have become the main hos
![. Annual report - Western Society of Malacologists. Mollusks; Mollusks. the effect of inbreeding and distinguishes two cate- gories in which inbreeding occurs. The first are parasites that infest the nests of their hosts, reproducing in the nest and returning frequentiy to the host to feed. Of these, he states "Many thoroughly inbred lines may result in any given locality and thus it is possible for the inherent variability of the genetic pattern to become apparent in the same area, just as it is possible to select or breed out many different strains of organisms by inbreeding." Spec Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RM8RMB/annual-report-western-society-of-malacologists-mollusks-mollusks-the-effect-of-inbreeding-and-distinguishes-two-cate-gories-in-which-inbreeding-occurs-the-first-are-parasites-that-infest-the-nests-of-their-hosts-reproducing-in-the-nest-and-returning-frequentiy-to-the-host-to-feed-of-these-he-states-quotmany-thoroughly-inbred-lines-may-result-in-any-given-locality-and-thus-it-is-possible-for-the-inherent-variability-of-the-genetic-pattern-to-become-apparent-in-the-same-area-just-as-it-is-possible-to-select-or-breed-out-many-different-strains-of-organisms-by-inbreedingquot-spec-RM8RMB.jpg ". Annual report - Western Society of Malacologists. Mollusks; Mollusks. the effect of inbreeding and distinguishes two cate- gories in which inbreeding occurs. The first are parasites that infest the nests of their hosts, reproducing in the nest and returning frequentiy to the host to feed. Of these, he states "Many thoroughly inbred lines may result in any given locality and thus it is possible for the inherent variability of the genetic pattern to become apparent in the same area, just as it is possible to select or breed out many different strains of organisms by inbreeding." Spec Stock Photo")
RMRM8RMB–. Annual report - Western Society of Malacologists. Mollusks; Mollusks. the effect of inbreeding and distinguishes two cate- gories in which inbreeding occurs. The first are parasites that infest the nests of their hosts, reproducing in the nest and returning frequentiy to the host to feed. Of these, he states "Many thoroughly inbred lines may result in any given locality and thus it is possible for the inherent variability of the genetic pattern to become apparent in the same area, just as it is possible to select or breed out many different strains of organisms by inbreeding." Spec
RMRE4GTJ–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Fig. 178.- -Plasmodium falciparum. Ookinetes in the stomach of Anopheles (Grassi). mammals, the insect hosts, so far as known, are always mosquitoes. The mosquitoes become infected by biting and sucking the blood of infected animals; the warm-blooded animals become infected by being bitten by infected mosquitoes, and so on, in endless cycles. The parasites differ but little in the details of structure and de- velopment, so that the following description
RMRE0985–. The Protozoa. Protozoa. 142 THE PROTOZOA bore into the epithelial cells, where they grow (Fig. yy). All forms, apparently, begin life as intra-cellular parasites, where, at first, they do little harm, but as they grow by the absorption of fluids contained within their cell-hosts, the latter are improperly nourished and, unless the parasites leave them, they degenerate and die (Fig. 78). The duration of intra-cellular life varies in different kinds of Spo- rozoa: some are permanently intra-cellular {monophagms forms, so-called Cytosporid'.a,etc.); others are intra-cellular only in the young o
RMRD2K05–. Elementary principles of agriculture; a text book for the common schools. Agriculture. Useful Insects 175 adult often feeds on nectar. The usefulness of this class of insects is due to the fact that the young are parasites. They do not secure their prey by force. Instead of catching the insects and carrying them to the young larvae, their eggs are deposited in the bodies of their victims, and there grow into grubs. The grubs either mature in the body of the hosts, or come out and mature in the ground. The eggs are most often deposited in caterpillars, though sometimes in the chrysalis and. P
RMRH12AN–. Bulletin. Agriculture -- New Hampshire. 122 THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR. Fig. 49.—Baltimore Oriole attacking nest of American 'J er.t Caterpillar. hairy caterpillars, being among the most destructive enemies of the common American Tent Caterpillar. (Fig. 49.) They should be encoura2:ed to nest and remain about the farm and garden. INSECT PARASITES The most numerous parasites of these caterpillars were the small two-winged flies called Tachina flies. At least three species ^ of these friendly insects were destroying the hosts of caterpillars. One of these flies is represented somewhat mag- 1
![. Diseases of poultry; their etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Poultry. External Parasites 231 The fleas are provided with very sharp piercing mouths. They are what are termed 'partial parasites'—parasites that only go to their hosts to feed. The fleas are not noticed on the birds because they generally attack them at night; then, howe^-er, they do much harm, causing constant irri- tation and loss of blood, and depriving them of rest. " Life-history of Hen Flea. — The^ female flea lays her eggs (nits) chiefly in the nests amongst dust and dirt and in the crevices of the wall Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE0H60/diseases-of-poultry-their-etiology-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention-poultry-external-parasites-231-the-fleas-are-provided-with-very-sharp-piercing-mouths-they-are-what-are-termed-partial-parasitesparasites-that-only-go-to-their-hosts-to-feed-the-fleas-are-not-noticed-on-the-birds-because-they-generally-attack-them-at-night-then-howe-er-they-do-much-harm-causing-constant-irri-tation-and-loss-of-blood-and-depriving-them-of-rest-quot-life-history-of-hen-flea-the-female-flea-lays-her-eggs-nits-chiefly-in-the-nests-amongst-dust-and-dirt-and-in-the-crevices-of-the-wall-RE0H60.jpg ". Diseases of poultry; their etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Poultry. External Parasites 231 The fleas are provided with very sharp piercing mouths. They are what are termed 'partial parasites'—parasites that only go to their hosts to feed. The fleas are not noticed on the birds because they generally attack them at night; then, howe^-er, they do much harm, causing constant irri- tation and loss of blood, and depriving them of rest. " Life-history of Hen Flea. — The^ female flea lays her eggs (nits) chiefly in the nests amongst dust and dirt and in the crevices of the wall Stock Photo")
RMRE0H60–. Diseases of poultry; their etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Poultry. External Parasites 231 The fleas are provided with very sharp piercing mouths. They are what are termed 'partial parasites'—parasites that only go to their hosts to feed. The fleas are not noticed on the birds because they generally attack them at night; then, howe^-er, they do much harm, causing constant irri- tation and loss of blood, and depriving them of rest. " Life-history of Hen Flea. — The^ female flea lays her eggs (nits) chiefly in the nests amongst dust and dirt and in the crevices of the wall
![. Circular. Insect pests; Insect pests. 15 drift away to distant fields, they carry the parasite with them in their bodies. One of these parasitized winged females is shown in fig. 7. The very act of migration of the " green bng.'' therefore, brings the parasite, and there is no need of artificial introduction, for if the center from which the "' green bug " is migrating has the para- sites, as it always does, the lat- ter are of necessity carried by their hosts and. furthermore, the adult parasites fiy with the latter with favoring winds. During strong winds the Lysiphlebus doe Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REM2P1/circular-insect-pests-insect-pests-15-drift-away-to-distant-fields-they-carry-the-parasite-with-them-in-their-bodies-one-of-these-parasitized-winged-females-is-shown-in-fig-7-the-very-act-of-migration-of-the-quot-green-bng-therefore-brings-the-parasite-and-there-is-no-need-of-artificial-introduction-for-if-the-center-from-which-the-quot-green-bug-quot-is-migrating-has-the-para-sites-as-it-always-does-the-lat-ter-are-of-necessity-carried-by-their-hosts-and-furthermore-the-adult-parasites-fiy-with-the-latter-with-favoring-winds-during-strong-winds-the-lysiphlebus-doe-REM2P1.jpg ". Circular. Insect pests; Insect pests. 15 drift away to distant fields, they carry the parasite with them in their bodies. One of these parasitized winged females is shown in fig. 7. The very act of migration of the " green bng.'' therefore, brings the parasite, and there is no need of artificial introduction, for if the center from which the "' green bug " is migrating has the para- sites, as it always does, the lat- ter are of necessity carried by their hosts and. furthermore, the adult parasites fiy with the latter with favoring winds. During strong winds the Lysiphlebus doe Stock Photo")
RMREM2P1–. Circular. Insect pests; Insect pests. 15 drift away to distant fields, they carry the parasite with them in their bodies. One of these parasitized winged females is shown in fig. 7. The very act of migration of the " green bng.'' therefore, brings the parasite, and there is no need of artificial introduction, for if the center from which the "' green bug " is migrating has the para- sites, as it always does, the lat- ter are of necessity carried by their hosts and. furthermore, the adult parasites fiy with the latter with favoring winds. During strong winds the Lysiphlebus doe
![. Insects affecting domestic animals [microform] : an account of the species of importance in North America, with mention of related forms occurring on other animals. Parasites; Insects, Injurious and beneficial; Animaux domestiques; Insectes nuisibles. L8. ARACHNIDA. 265 /, and fitronis, is its hosts. 1 am. Iiisliiy inauniliod: H illllT ('lilpillV'lk'l. t (ioAT. the skill, but |vablt' siuildiio- it pierces the The varieties occurrinjj on the liorse (<'7«/), on cattle {horin), and on the goat (ctiprcv), are considiaed certainly as belonjiinj^' to the one species, while tliere is some ques Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ1PBA/insects-affecting-domestic-animals-microform-an-account-of-the-species-of-importance-in-north-america-with-mention-of-related-forms-occurring-on-other-animals-parasites-insects-injurious-and-beneficial-animaux-domestiques-insectes-nuisibles-l8-arachnida-265-and-fitronis-is-its-hosts-1-am-iiisliiy-inauniliod-h-illllt-lilpillvlkl-t-ioat-the-skill-but-vablt-siuildiio-it-pierces-the-the-varieties-occurrinjj-on-the-liorse-lt7-on-cattle-horin-and-on-the-goat-ctiprcv-are-considiaed-certainly-as-belonjiinj-to-the-one-species-while-tliere-is-some-ques-RJ1PBA.jpg ". Insects affecting domestic animals [microform] : an account of the species of importance in North America, with mention of related forms occurring on other animals. Parasites; Insects, Injurious and beneficial; Animaux domestiques; Insectes nuisibles. L8. ARACHNIDA. 265 /, and fitronis, is its hosts. 1 am. Iiisliiy inauniliod: H illllT ('lilpillV'lk'l. t (ioAT. the skill, but |vablt' siuildiio- it pierces the The varieties occurrinjj on the liorse (<'7«/), on cattle {horin), and on the goat (ctiprcv), are considiaed certainly as belonjiinj^' to the one species, while tliere is some ques Stock Photo")
RMRJ1PBA–. Insects affecting domestic animals [microform] : an account of the species of importance in North America, with mention of related forms occurring on other animals. Parasites; Insects, Injurious and beneficial; Animaux domestiques; Insectes nuisibles. L8. ARACHNIDA. 265 /, and fitronis, is its hosts. 1 am. Iiisliiy inauniliod: H illllT ('lilpillV'lk'l. t (ioAT. the skill, but |vablt' siuildiio- it pierces the The varieties occurrinjj on the liorse (<'7«/), on cattle {horin), and on the goat (ctiprcv), are considiaed certainly as belonjiinj^' to the one species, while tliere is some ques
RMRN525N–. Animal parasites and human disease. Insects as carriers of disease; Medical parasitology. TRANSMITTERS OF SPOTTED FEVER 363 again attack their rodent hosts. After dropping off these and transforming into adults they no longer pay any attention to the rodents but seek larger animals, especially preferring horses and cattle, though they readily attack other large wild and domestic animals and man. Their original wild hosts were probably the mountain goats, elk and other wild game of the region, but with the supplanting of these by domestic animals the latter have become the main host animals o
RMRN434C–. Animal parasites and human disease. Insect Vectors; Parasites; Parasitic Diseases; Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. TRANSMITTERS OF SPOTTED FEVER 363 again attack their rodent hosts. After dropping off these and transforming into adults they no longer pay any attention to the rodents but seek larger animals, especially preferring horses and cattle, though they readily attack other large wild and domestic animals and man. Their original wild hosts were probably the mountain goats, elk and other wild game of the region, but with the supplanting of these by domestic animals
RMRE1C9D–. A text-book upon the pathogenic Bacteria and Protozoa for students of medicine and physicians. Bacteriology; Pathogenic bacteria; Protozoa. Fig. 177.—Plasmodium falciparum. Ookinetes in the stomach of Anopheles (Grassi). mammals, the insect hosts, so far as known, are always mosquitoes. The mosquitoes become infected by biting and sucking the blood of infected animals; the warm-blooded animals become infected by being bitten by infected mosquitoes, and so on, in endless cycles. The parasites differ but little in the details of structure and de- velopment, so that the following description ma
RMRGD1BW–. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. Science; Natural history; Natural history. Newly laid egg with tip of stalk projecting through integument of host and the egg before oviposition. to propagate they perish after a month or so, without having laid their quota of eggs. Bearing in mind the limitations of the parasites, the seasonal life history of their hosts must be considered. The soft brown scale produces three or four annual generations, the hatch of young being very uneven and the different broods overlapping, so that the various stages of the pest are always present
RMRGBG86–. Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture. THE WESTERN GRASS-STEM SAWFLY. 23 NATURAL CONTROL In the usual scheme of things an undue increase of insect pests is controlled naturally by parasites that take a heavy toll of their hosts and prevent their multiplication. Under normal conditions, when the Cephus cinctus existed wholly in grass stems, the larvae were at- tacked with varying success by two or more species of parasites that destroyed numbers of them and kept them within reasonable bounds. Since the fly has begun to change its habits and to subsist on wheat and other
RMRE098A–. The Protozoa. Protozoa. CHAPTER V THE SPOROZOA The Sporozoa are unicellular animal parasites living in the cells, tissues, and cavities of various hosts and, as the name indicates, char- acterized by reproduction through spore-formation. If we except the bacteria, they are the most widely distributed of all parasites, and are found in every class of animals, frequently in Vermes, Arthrop- oda, Mollusca, and Vertebrata, rarely in Protozoa, Ccelenterata, and Echinodermata. They may infest the alimentary tract, and all. Fig. 77- — The vegetative phase in the life-history of a gregarine (schemat
![. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. PL A T YHELMINTHES. The life-history may be illustrated diagrammatically : — PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES. The Platyhelminthes, or flat-worms, form a well- defined group of the affinities of which little is known. The two types given, Distomum and TcE?iia, represent the two " parasitic" classes of the phylum. 1. Trematoda.—The Trematoda are all parasites, the Monogenea are mostly ectoparasites with one host, and the Digenea are endoparasites with two hosts. 2. Cestoda.—The Cestoda illustrate enteric parasitism with entire lo Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJND3J/elementary-text-book-of-zoology-electronic-resource-zoology-pl-a-t-yhelminthes-the-life-history-may-be-illustrated-diagrammatically-phylum-platyhelminthes-the-platyhelminthes-or-flat-worms-form-a-well-defined-group-of-the-affinities-of-which-little-is-known-the-two-types-given-distomum-and-tceiia-represent-the-two-quot-parasiticquot-classes-of-the-phylum-1-trematodathe-trematoda-are-all-parasites-the-monogenea-are-mostly-ectoparasites-with-one-host-and-the-digenea-are-endoparasites-with-two-hosts-2-cestodathe-cestoda-illustrate-enteric-parasitism-with-entire-lo-RJND3J.jpg ". Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. PL A T YHELMINTHES. The life-history may be illustrated diagrammatically : — PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES. The Platyhelminthes, or flat-worms, form a well- defined group of the affinities of which little is known. The two types given, Distomum and TcE?iia, represent the two " parasitic" classes of the phylum. 1. Trematoda.—The Trematoda are all parasites, the Monogenea are mostly ectoparasites with one host, and the Digenea are endoparasites with two hosts. 2. Cestoda.—The Cestoda illustrate enteric parasitism with entire lo Stock Photo")
RMRJND3J–. Elementary text-book of zoology [electronic resource]. Zoology. PL A T YHELMINTHES. The life-history may be illustrated diagrammatically : — PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES. The Platyhelminthes, or flat-worms, form a well- defined group of the affinities of which little is known. The two types given, Distomum and TcE?iia, represent the two " parasitic" classes of the phylum. 1. Trematoda.—The Trematoda are all parasites, the Monogenea are mostly ectoparasites with one host, and the Digenea are endoparasites with two hosts. 2. Cestoda.—The Cestoda illustrate enteric parasitism with entire lo
RMRN42GD–. Animal parasites and human disease. Insect Vectors; Parasites; Parasitic Diseases; Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 408 FLEAS The exact identification of fleas, especially if the host is un- known, is difficult, being based largely on such minute charac- teristics as relative lengths of different segments of the legs, number and distribution of spines, etc. Most species of fleas, however, are quite closely confined to their respective hosts, only a few species being able to thrive on a number of different hosts. Some of the commoner species of the fleas which are of most
RMRDXM10–. Protozoo?logy. Protozoa; Protozoa, Pathogenic. THE GENERA HERPETOMONAS AND CRITHIDIA 235 flagellate type (Fig. 93), arising from a distinct kinetic body, the blepharoplast. The nucleus is not of the diffuse type so characteristic of the bacteria and spirochetes, but is compact and cytologicaljy similar to the nucleus of tissue or of typical protozoa cells, while In primitive mitosis it passes through more or less complicated form changes. All are parasites, and all are apparently typical intestinal forms of definitive insect hosts. Herpetomonas is found chiefly in the stomach Fig. 93. A, B,
![. Common diseases of farm animals. Veterinary medicine. CHAPTER XXV ANIMAL PARASITES The common parasitic diseases of domestic animals are caused by the followin' groups of worms: Flukes or trema- . toides; tapeworms or Cestoides; thorn-headed worms or Acantho- cephalesj and round-worms or Nematoids. Flat worms, such as tapeworms and flukes, re(|,uire secondary hosts. The immature and mature forms of tapeworms are parasites of vertebrate animals, but an invertebrate host is necessary for the completion of tlie life cycle of the fluke." The hog is the only specie of domestic animals that b Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REFM39/common-diseases-of-farm-animals-veterinary-medicine-chapter-xxv-animal-parasites-the-common-parasitic-diseases-of-domestic-animals-are-caused-by-the-followin-groups-of-worms-flukes-or-trema-toides-tapeworms-or-cestoides-thorn-headed-worms-or-acantho-cephalesj-and-round-worms-or-nematoids-flat-worms-such-as-tapeworms-and-flukes-reuire-secondary-hosts-the-immature-and-mature-forms-of-tapeworms-are-parasites-of-vertebrate-animals-but-an-invertebrate-host-is-necessary-for-the-completion-of-tlie-life-cycle-of-the-flukequot-the-hog-is-the-only-specie-of-domestic-animals-that-b-REFM39.jpg ". Common diseases of farm animals. Veterinary medicine. CHAPTER XXV ANIMAL PARASITES The common parasitic diseases of domestic animals are caused by the followin' groups of worms: Flukes or trema- . toides; tapeworms or Cestoides; thorn-headed worms or Acantho- cephalesj and round-worms or Nematoids. Flat worms, such as tapeworms and flukes, re(|,uire secondary hosts. The immature and mature forms of tapeworms are parasites of vertebrate animals, but an invertebrate host is necessary for the completion of tlie life cycle of the fluke." The hog is the only specie of domestic animals that b Stock Photo")
RMREFM39–. Common diseases of farm animals. Veterinary medicine. CHAPTER XXV ANIMAL PARASITES The common parasitic diseases of domestic animals are caused by the followin' groups of worms: Flukes or trema- . toides; tapeworms or Cestoides; thorn-headed worms or Acantho- cephalesj and round-worms or Nematoids. Flat worms, such as tapeworms and flukes, re(|,uire secondary hosts. The immature and mature forms of tapeworms are parasites of vertebrate animals, but an invertebrate host is necessary for the completion of tlie life cycle of the fluke." The hog is the only specie of domestic animals that b
RMRD9JWG–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. TRANSMITTERS OF SPOTTED FEVER 363 again attack their rodent hosts. After dropping off these and transforming into adults they no longer pay any attention to the rodents but seek larger animals, especially preferring horses and cattle, though they readily attack other large wild and domestic animals and man. Their original wild hosts were probably the mountain goats, elk and other wild game of the region, but with the supplanting of these by domestic animals the latter have become the main host animals o
RMRHJYWF–. The biology of marine animals. Marine animals; Physiology, Comparative. 604 THE BIOLOGY OF MARINE ANIMALS Rhizocephalan parasites produce profound effects on the morphology and metabolism of their hosts. The Sacculina parasite of Carcinus accumu- lates large quantities of lipoid reserves which in the normal female crab would be deposited in the ovaries. In the non-parasitized crab the blood is not tinted, except when a moult is imminent or when the ovaries are nearing maturity, when it becomes coloured by carotenoids. The fat- content of the blood and ovaries also increases greatly in the fe
![. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 301 tion of the head, and that he was dealing with liudolphi's species. Since it is a debatable matter, his description and figures (fig. 362) are given here for comparison with those of P. alata. PHYSALOPTERA ALATA CHEVREUXI Seurat. 1914i Hosts.-—Primary: "Hawk" and Accipiter nisiis; secondary: Unknown. Location.—Not given. Morphology.—Physaloptera (p. 295) : Similar to P. alata except that this nematode is smaller in size and has the cervical papillae and excretory pore placed much more posteriorly. Ma Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RG7R4W/bulletin-united-states-national-museum-science-nematode-parasites-of-birds-301-tion-of-the-head-and-that-he-was-dealing-with-liudolphis-species-since-it-is-a-debatable-matter-his-description-and-figures-fig-362-are-given-here-for-comparison-with-those-of-p-alata-physaloptera-alata-chevreuxi-seurat-1914i-hosts-primary-quothawkquot-and-accipiter-nisiis-secondary-unknown-locationnot-given-morphologyphysaloptera-p-295-similar-to-p-alata-except-that-this-nematode-is-smaller-in-size-and-has-the-cervical-papillae-and-excretory-pore-placed-much-more-posteriorly-ma-RG7R4W.jpg ". Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 301 tion of the head, and that he was dealing with liudolphi's species. Since it is a debatable matter, his description and figures (fig. 362) are given here for comparison with those of P. alata. PHYSALOPTERA ALATA CHEVREUXI Seurat. 1914i Hosts.-—Primary: "Hawk" and Accipiter nisiis; secondary: Unknown. Location.—Not given. Morphology.—Physaloptera (p. 295) : Similar to P. alata except that this nematode is smaller in size and has the cervical papillae and excretory pore placed much more posteriorly. Ma Stock Photo")
RMRG7R4W–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 301 tion of the head, and that he was dealing with liudolphi's species. Since it is a debatable matter, his description and figures (fig. 362) are given here for comparison with those of P. alata. PHYSALOPTERA ALATA CHEVREUXI Seurat. 1914i Hosts.-—Primary: "Hawk" and Accipiter nisiis; secondary: Unknown. Location.—Not given. Morphology.—Physaloptera (p. 295) : Similar to P. alata except that this nematode is smaller in size and has the cervical papillae and excretory pore placed much more posteriorly. Ma
RMRN4NWH–. Animals of land and sea. Zoology; Insects; Zoology. man's chief competitors, the insects 53 of insects some of which, especially among the grasshoppers and their allies, will eat nearly all parts, fresh or dried, and animal substances as well. The dead remains of a green plant, moist or dry or submerged in water also furnish food for hosts of other insects. The parasites that grow upon these plants, the mistletoes and beech-drops and all the other kinds, are also food for insects. The fungi that attack all plants and those that feed on their decayed remains furnish subsistance for swarms of
RMRDYXNG–. Goldfish breeds and other aquarium fishes, their care and propagation; a guide to freshwater and marine aquaria, their fauna, flora and management. Aquariums; Goldfish. AILMENTS AND DISEASES Probably the most frequent forms of Cestode parasites are Schistoceph- alus solidus and allied species, which occur in many freshwater fishes in. FIG. 87 Stickleback affected with Schistociphalus solidus; showing enlargement of side and abdomen. Slightly enlarged. immature forms. Figs. 86, 87 and 88. As adults they have fish-feeding birds and mammals as hosts.. Please note that these images are extracted
RMRE41NF–. Handbook of medical entomology. Insect pests; Insects as carriers of disease; Medical parasitology. 194 Arthropods as Hosts of Pathogenic Protozoa J^^^^ proof hut. Though they took no quinine and all of their neighbors suffered from malaria, they were absolutely free from the disease. To complete the proof, mosquitoes which had fed in Rome on malarious patients were sent to England and allowed to bite two volunteers, one of them Dr. Manson's own son, who had not been otherwise exposed to the disease. Both of these gentlemen con- tracted typical cases of malaria and the parasites were to be f
RMREX85F–. The emigrations of animals from the sea. Animal ecology; Animal migration. 68 Causes of Emigrations instance where an animal has migrated from the .ocean to fresh water or land to escape parasites. Most plants and animals which attack animals as parasites associate themselves with their hosts in- sidiously. There are some exceptions to this rule. Parts of Africa have been depopulated by tsetse flies; the caribou migrate north in summer in attempting to escape swarms of mosquitoes and warble. Fig. 12. Two gobies resting on the roots of mangroves (Rhizophora) in a Nigerian estuary. When distur
RMRN425A–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. TRANSMITTERS OF SPOTTED FEVER 363 again attack their rodent hosts. After dropping off these and transforming into adults they no longer pay any attention to the rodents but seek larger animals, especially preferring horses and cattle, though they readily attack other large wild and domestic animals and man. Their original wild hosts were probably the mountain goats, elk and other wild game of the region, but with the supplanting of these by domestic animals the latter have become the main host animals o
![. Animal parasites and human disease. Parasites; Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 514 FLY MAGGOTS AND MYIASIS violet blue. The mouthparts are not fitted for piercing flesh, and there is no " stinger " at the posterior end of the body to drill a hole for depositing the eggs. Evidently, therefore, the many accounts which one can find of the fly's biting or sting- ing at the time the eggs are deposited are faulty. The manner in which the larvae gain access to the skin of their hosts is one of the most remarkable and unusual adaptations known in nature. When ready to Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RN4KP8/animal-parasites-and-human-disease-parasites-medical-parasitology-insects-as-carriers-of-disease-514-fly-maggots-and-myiasis-violet-blue-the-mouthparts-are-not-fitted-for-piercing-flesh-and-there-is-no-quot-stinger-quot-at-the-posterior-end-of-the-body-to-drill-a-hole-for-depositing-the-eggs-evidently-therefore-the-many-accounts-which-one-can-find-of-the-flys-biting-or-sting-ing-at-the-time-the-eggs-are-deposited-are-faulty-the-manner-in-which-the-larvae-gain-access-to-the-skin-of-their-hosts-is-one-of-the-most-remarkable-and-unusual-adaptations-known-in-nature-when-ready-to-RN4KP8.jpg ". Animal parasites and human disease. Parasites; Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 514 FLY MAGGOTS AND MYIASIS violet blue. The mouthparts are not fitted for piercing flesh, and there is no " stinger " at the posterior end of the body to drill a hole for depositing the eggs. Evidently, therefore, the many accounts which one can find of the fly's biting or sting- ing at the time the eggs are deposited are faulty. The manner in which the larvae gain access to the skin of their hosts is one of the most remarkable and unusual adaptations known in nature. When ready to Stock Photo")
RMRN4KP8–. Animal parasites and human disease. Parasites; Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 514 FLY MAGGOTS AND MYIASIS violet blue. The mouthparts are not fitted for piercing flesh, and there is no " stinger " at the posterior end of the body to drill a hole for depositing the eggs. Evidently, therefore, the many accounts which one can find of the fly's biting or sting- ing at the time the eggs are deposited are faulty. The manner in which the larvae gain access to the skin of their hosts is one of the most remarkable and unusual adaptations known in nature. When ready to
RMRG7PX1–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 319 The present writer has reexamined part of Leidy's original mate- rial, but on account of the poor condition of the material was unable to add to the description except as regards the esophageal length; a figure of the anterior region of the body of the female has also been made. The position of the species in this genus is very doubt- ful but a reassignment to another genus is inadvisable with the in- adequate description. THELAZIA (?) DIGITATA Travassos, 1918a Hosts.—Primary: Rampluistus, species; secondary:
![. Insects affecting domestic animals [microform] : an account of the species of importance in North America, with mention of related forms occurring on other animals. Parasites; Insects, Injurious and beneficial; Animaux domestiques; Insectes nuisibles. SIPHONAPTERA. 151 and their egjis maybe found adhering very loosely to the hairs of these animaKs. They drop oif, however, at the slightest touch, and must therefore be distributed in a groat variety of'nlaces besides the sleep- ing places of their hosts, which would naturally receive the greater number. Dr. How.ard suggests that for exi)erimen Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ16M3/insects-affecting-domestic-animals-microform-an-account-of-the-species-of-importance-in-north-america-with-mention-of-related-forms-occurring-on-other-animals-parasites-insects-injurious-and-beneficial-animaux-domestiques-insectes-nuisibles-siphonaptera-151-and-their-egjis-maybe-found-adhering-very-loosely-to-the-hairs-of-these-animaks-they-drop-oif-however-at-the-slightest-touch-and-must-therefore-be-distributed-in-a-groat-variety-ofnlaces-besides-the-sleep-ing-places-of-their-hosts-which-would-naturally-receive-the-greater-number-dr-howard-suggests-that-for-exierimen-RJ16M3.jpg ". Insects affecting domestic animals [microform] : an account of the species of importance in North America, with mention of related forms occurring on other animals. Parasites; Insects, Injurious and beneficial; Animaux domestiques; Insectes nuisibles. SIPHONAPTERA. 151 and their egjis maybe found adhering very loosely to the hairs of these animaKs. They drop oif, however, at the slightest touch, and must therefore be distributed in a groat variety of'nlaces besides the sleep- ing places of their hosts, which would naturally receive the greater number. Dr. How.ard suggests that for exi)erimen Stock Photo")
RMRJ16M3–. Insects affecting domestic animals [microform] : an account of the species of importance in North America, with mention of related forms occurring on other animals. Parasites; Insects, Injurious and beneficial; Animaux domestiques; Insectes nuisibles. SIPHONAPTERA. 151 and their egjis maybe found adhering very loosely to the hairs of these animaKs. They drop oif, however, at the slightest touch, and must therefore be distributed in a groat variety of'nlaces besides the sleep- ing places of their hosts, which would naturally receive the greater number. Dr. How.ard suggests that for exi)erimen
RMRG7RT6–. Bulletin - United States National Museum. Science. NEMATODE PARASITES OF BIRDS 239 Hosts.—Primary : Gallus gallas, Bonasa umbellus, Gaccabis petrosa, Columbia. livia Mdeagris gailopavo, Phasia/rms gallus, Numida me- leagris, Quiscalus quiscfula; secondary: .^owbug (Porcellio laevis). Location.—Esophagus, proventriculus, and intestine, fixed in mucosa as adults, and encysted in connective tissue about esophagus, crop, proventriculus and intestine and in the mesentery of primary host; in anterior portion of digestive canal of secondary host. Morphology.—Dhphmynx (p. 237) : No vesicular swelli
RMRGBCWM–. Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. FLEAS, 17 upon man as a host, although in Europe it seems to thrive on the badger, while in the United States it is commonly taken on the skunk. It has also been taken on hogs, rats, and various other ani- mals, but these are usually but temporary hosts and insufficient to maintain the species. On the Pacific coast the species is responsible for practically all annoyance to man due to this group of parasites. It has been found to be the one concerned in nearly all cases of house infestation in that section. In the Sout
RMRD9JWT–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 362 TICKS which requires two different hosts to complete the life cycle. The six-legged larvae (Fig. 157B), of which there are about 5000 in a brood, attach themselves to any of the rodents which abound. Fig. 156. Spotted fever tick, Dermacentor venustus, male (J) and female (9 )• X 12.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.
RMRN41C6–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 408 FLEAS The exact identification of fleas, especially if the host is un- known, is difficult, being based largely on such minute charac- teristics as relative lengths of different segments of the legs, number and distribution of spines, etc. Most species of fleas, however, are quite closely confined to their respective hosts, only a few species being able to thrive on a number of different hosts. Some of the commoner species of the fleas which are of most im- portance to man can be fairly closely iden
![. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 514 FLY MAGGOTS AND MYIASIS htei;,*- violet blue. The mouthparts are not fitted for piercing flesh, and there is no " stinger " at the posterior end of the body to drill a hole for depositing the eggs. Evidently, therefore, the many accounts which one can find of the fly's biting or sting- ing at the time the eggs are deposited are faulty. The manner in which the larvEe gain access to the skin of their hosts is at present a much-disputed question. A recently ad- vanced theory, and one which is Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RD9J9E/animal-parasites-and-human-disease-medical-parasitology-insects-as-carriers-of-disease-514-fly-maggots-and-myiasis-htei-violet-blue-the-mouthparts-are-not-fitted-for-piercing-flesh-and-there-is-no-quot-stinger-quot-at-the-posterior-end-of-the-body-to-drill-a-hole-for-depositing-the-eggs-evidently-therefore-the-many-accounts-which-one-can-find-of-the-flys-biting-or-sting-ing-at-the-time-the-eggs-are-deposited-are-faulty-the-manner-in-which-the-larvee-gain-access-to-the-skin-of-their-hosts-is-at-present-a-much-disputed-question-a-recently-ad-vanced-theory-and-one-which-is-RD9J9E.jpg ". Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 514 FLY MAGGOTS AND MYIASIS htei;,*- violet blue. The mouthparts are not fitted for piercing flesh, and there is no " stinger " at the posterior end of the body to drill a hole for depositing the eggs. Evidently, therefore, the many accounts which one can find of the fly's biting or sting- ing at the time the eggs are deposited are faulty. The manner in which the larvEe gain access to the skin of their hosts is at present a much-disputed question. A recently ad- vanced theory, and one which is Stock Photo")
RMRD9J9E–. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 514 FLY MAGGOTS AND MYIASIS htei;,*- violet blue. The mouthparts are not fitted for piercing flesh, and there is no " stinger " at the posterior end of the body to drill a hole for depositing the eggs. Evidently, therefore, the many accounts which one can find of the fly's biting or sting- ing at the time the eggs are deposited are faulty. The manner in which the larvEe gain access to the skin of their hosts is at present a much-disputed question. A recently ad- vanced theory, and one which is
RMRHG4CE–. The biology of marine animals. Marine animals; Physiology, Comparative. ASSOCIATIONS 595 host form elongate vermiform bodies called nematogens. These reproduce asexually for many generations, but in the adult cephalopod new forms called rhombogens appear. The rhombogens eventually give rise to free- swimming infusoriform larvae which escape from the host, and serve to infect new and possibly intermediate hosts. Dicyemids apparently are harm- less parasites in cephalopods (32, 48, 64). Orthonectids are internal parasites of various flatworms, nemertines, annelids, ophiuroids and a bivalve mol
RMRN42CF–. Animal parasites and human disease. Parasites; Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 408 FLEAS The exact identification of fleas, especially if the host is un- known, is difficult, being based largely on such minute charac- teristics as relative lengths of different segments of the legs, number and distribution of spines, etc. Most species of fleas, however, are quite closely confined to their respective hosts, only a few species being able to thrive on a number of different hosts. Some of the commoner species of the fleas which are of most im- portance to man can be fairly c
RMRN5360–. Animal parasites and parasitic diseases. Domestic animals; Veterinary medicine. PARASITOLOGY. 41 whose quarters are separated only by a partition, may get upon horses and cattle and cause temporary parasitism. Each parasite has its own host or hosts and will not live permanently upon another. Lice of Birds. The Large Hen Louse.—^Menopon Biseriatum. This is the largest louse found upon the hen. It is about one-twelfth of an inch in length, light in color, with mouth parts arranged for mastication as illustrated in Fig. 10. The free extremities of the legs are provided with booklets which aid
RMRGWK37–. Bulletin. Insects; Insect pests; Entomology; Insects; Insect pests; Entomology. 194 PARASITES OF GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS. gipsy moth is proved to be identical with that which goes under the same name and attacks one or another of such a variety of hosts, no expense ought to be spared in attempting its introduction; always provided, of course, that the attempts already made prove not to be successful. The story of these attempts, as told in the popular bulletin by the junior author, issued from the Massachusetts State forester's office in the spring of 1910, may well be quoted here, since
RMRN432C–. Animal parasites and human disease. Parasites; Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. 362 TICKS which requires two different hosts to complete the life cycle. The six-legged larvae (Fig. 157B), of which there are about 5000 in a brood, attach themselves to any of the rodents which abound. Fig. 156. Spotted fever tick, Dermacentor venustus, male ($) and female (?)? X 12.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the orig
RMRDKGMX–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. I PARASITIC BEES DENUDATAE 3 I race. Why then should they attack the creatures ? Provided the parasites do not interfere in any unmannerly ¥ay with the hosts and their work, there is no reason why the latter should resent their presence. The wild bee that seals up its cell when it has laid an egg therein, and then leaves it for ever, has no conception of the form of its progeny ; never in the history of the race of the Andrena has a larva seen a perfect insect and survived thereafter, never has a perfect Insect seen a larva. There is no reason what- e
RMRG3GME–. The Cambridge natural history. Zoology. i PARASITIC BEES DENUDATAE 31 race. Why then should they attack the creatures ? Provided the parasites do not interfere in any unmannerly way with the hosts and their work, there is no reason why the latter should resent their presence. The wild bee that seals up its cell when it has laid an egg therein, and then leaves it for ever, has no conception of the form of its progeny ; never in the history of the race of the Andrena has a larva seen a perfect insect and survived thereafter, never has a perfect Insect seen a larva. There is no reason what- eve
RMRDCY45–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. COLLETOTRICHUM. 487 appear on the leaves, and depressions on the stem, sometimes extending so far round that the whole shoot dries up. The conidial patches are very much the same on the different hosts, and consist of short conidiophores from which oval, unicellular, hyaline conidia are abjointed. C. lycopersici Chest, is the cause of a spot-disease on the fruit of tomato in the United States. C. spinaciae Ell. et.
RMRHWKCA–. Foundations of Botany. Botany. EOOTS 39 it may readily be transferred to moderately damp soil, and that the whole plant presents curious modifications when made to grow in earth instead of water. 51. Parasitic Roots.1 — The dodder, the mistletoe, and a good many other parasites, live upon nourishment which they steal from other plants, called hosts. The parasitic. Fig. 15. — Aerial Adventitious Roots of the Ivy. roots, or haustoria, form the most intimate connections with the interior portions of the stem or the root, as the case may be, of the host-plant on which the parasite fastens itself
RMRH8GT6–. Botany; principles and problems. Botany. THE PLANT AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 173 of normal roots, u reduction in size of the leaves, and a partial or complete loss of chlorophyll. Some parasites, particularly those whose roots attack the roots of other plants, may be only partially parasitic, whereas others derive their entire food supply from their hosts and can live only as parasites. The small but interesting group of insectivorous plants have gone a step further and reversed the ordinary relation between animals and plants by becoming parasites upon insects. These plants capture their prey eit
RMRGAGTH–. Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture. Fig. 14.—Phorocera claripennis, a parasite of the alfalfa caterpillar. Adult and enlarged antenna of same; puparium. Enlarged. (Prom Howard.) DIPTEROUS PARASITES. Three tachinid flies, determined by Mr. W. R. Walton, of this bureau, have been reared from the larvae and pupae of this caterpil- lar. Phorocera claripennis Macq. (fig. 14) is the most important of these, its wide dis- tribution and abundance of alternate hosts causing it to be always on hand. In 1910 at El Centro, Cal., the writer observed as many as 15 per cent of Eury
RMRGBHWG–. Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture. FLEAS. 17 upon man as a host, although in Europe it seems to thrive on the badger, while in the United States it is commonly taken on the skunk. It has also been taken on hogs, rats, and various other ani- mals, but these are usually but temporary hosts and insufficient to maintain the species. On the Pacific coast the species is responsible for practically all annoyance to man due to this group of parasites. It has been found to be the one concerned in nearly all cases of house infestation in that section. In the Southern and East
RMRDJ2X4–. A manual of elementary zoology . Zoology. THE NEMATODA. PARASITISM 3°7 â rag. like fore-end. It is generally harmless, but may cause inflammation. It is widely distributed. Oxyuris (male 2-5 mm., female 9-12 mm.) has the same habitat as Trichocephalus. It rarely causes more than irritation. The eggs are ripe when they leave the host's rectum, so that self- infection by him is possible. The animal is cosmopolitan. As a precaution against infection with these parasites and others of similar life-history, the thorough wash- ing of raw vegetables and strawberries is desirable. 9. A free bisexua
![. Coast watch. Marine resources; Oceanography; Coastal zone management; Coastal ecology. COASTAL TIDINGS Study Focuses on Fish Parasites orth Carolina Sea Grant researchers have found that costia — an important parasite in many freshwater and marine fish — actually consists of many species. Costia or Ichthyobodo necator — which attacks a fish's skin and gills — is often fatal and causes significant aquaculture losses across the world. "Different species appear to have multiple hosts, which has implications for the aquaculture industry," says Heather Callahan, former graduate student Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REJFH6/coast-watch-marine-resources-oceanography-coastal-zone-management-coastal-ecology-coastal-tidings-study-focuses-on-fish-parasites-orth-carolina-sea-grant-researchers-have-found-that-costia-an-important-parasite-in-many-freshwater-and-marine-fish-actually-consists-of-many-species-costia-or-ichthyobodo-necator-which-attacks-a-fishs-skin-and-gills-is-often-fatal-and-causes-significant-aquaculture-losses-across-the-world-quotdifferent-species-appear-to-have-multiple-hosts-which-has-implications-for-the-aquaculture-industryquot-says-heather-callahan-former-graduate-student-REJFH6.jpg ". Coast watch. Marine resources; Oceanography; Coastal zone management; Coastal ecology. COASTAL TIDINGS Study Focuses on Fish Parasites orth Carolina Sea Grant researchers have found that costia — an important parasite in many freshwater and marine fish — actually consists of many species. Costia or Ichthyobodo necator — which attacks a fish's skin and gills — is often fatal and causes significant aquaculture losses across the world. "Different species appear to have multiple hosts, which has implications for the aquaculture industry," says Heather Callahan, former graduate student Stock Photo")
RMREJFH6–. Coast watch. Marine resources; Oceanography; Coastal zone management; Coastal ecology. COASTAL TIDINGS Study Focuses on Fish Parasites orth Carolina Sea Grant researchers have found that costia — an important parasite in many freshwater and marine fish — actually consists of many species. Costia or Ichthyobodo necator — which attacks a fish's skin and gills — is often fatal and causes significant aquaculture losses across the world. "Different species appear to have multiple hosts, which has implications for the aquaculture industry," says Heather Callahan, former graduate student
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