Parasitic plants Black & White Stock Photos

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Parasitic plants Black & White Stock Photos

This is a picture of Loranthus. It is a genus of parasitic plants. It grows on woody tree branches, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration. Stock Vector

RFT5NNK3–This is a picture of Loranthus. It is a genus of parasitic plants. It grows on woody tree branches, vintage line drawing or engraving illustration.

Plants: The flowers of Rafflesia arnoldii, commonly called the corpse lily, a species of flowering plant in the parasitic genus Rafflesia. It is noted for producing the largest individual flower on Earth with a very strong and unpleasant odour of decaying flesh, to attract flies and beetles to pollinate it, earning it the nickname 'corpse flower'. It is endemic to the rainforests of Sumatra and Borneo. Stock Photo

RM2AJHT44–Plants: The flowers of Rafflesia arnoldii, commonly called the corpse lily, a species of flowering plant in the parasitic genus Rafflesia. It is noted for producing the largest individual flower on Earth with a very strong and unpleasant odour of decaying flesh, to attract flies and beetles to pollinate it, earning it the nickname 'corpse flower'. It is endemic to the rainforests of Sumatra and Borneo.

. Introduction to structural and systematic botany, and vegetable physiology. Botany. PARASITIC PLANTS. 89 tree where it happens to fall, and its nascent root, or rather the woody mass that it produces in place of the root, penetrates the bark of the foster stem, and forms as close a junction with its young wood as that of a natural branch. The Cursed Fig, commonly be- ginning as a parasite, sends down aerial roots, some of which strike into the wood of the foster tree lower down, while others descend to the ground and draw from it a portion of their sustenance in the ordinary manner. Some com Stock Photo

RMRDWMWY–. Introduction to structural and systematic botany, and vegetable physiology. Botany. PARASITIC PLANTS. 89 tree where it happens to fall, and its nascent root, or rather the woody mass that it produces in place of the root, penetrates the bark of the foster stem, and forms as close a junction with its young wood as that of a natural branch. The Cursed Fig, commonly be- ginning as a parasite, sends down aerial roots, some of which strike into the wood of the foster tree lower down, while others descend to the ground and draw from it a portion of their sustenance in the ordinary manner. Some com

. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 392 UREDINKAE. than those of G. tremdloides. The aecidiospores—Boestelia cornuta—occur on species of Pyrus {Sorbiis); they are much smaller than those of Roestelia penicillata. The Hoestelia themselves are long, curved, and hom-like, while the walls of the peridial cells are beset with short processes (Fig. 224). Where Pynts Aucuparia occurs mixed with Pyrus Malus, it has been observed that Boestelia cornuta is conf Stock Photo

RMPG4AXM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 392 UREDINKAE. than those of G. tremdloides. The aecidiospores—Boestelia cornuta—occur on species of Pyrus {Sorbiis); they are much smaller than those of Roestelia penicillata. The Hoestelia themselves are long, curved, and hom-like, while the walls of the peridial cells are beset with short processes (Fig. 224). Where Pynts Aucuparia occurs mixed with Pyrus Malus, it has been observed that Boestelia cornuta is conf

Engraving of a Baka Tree from the New Hebrides. From the Picturesque Atlas of Australasia Vol 3, 1886 Stock Photo

RMMP9AT8–Engraving of a Baka Tree from the New Hebrides. From the Picturesque Atlas of Australasia Vol 3, 1886

This is a picture of Loranthus. It is a genus of parasitic plants. There are sections i.e. 1. Corolla laid open; 2. Ovary, vintage line drawing or eng Stock Vector

RFT603G0–This is a picture of Loranthus. It is a genus of parasitic plants. There are sections i.e. 1. Corolla laid open; 2. Ovary, vintage line drawing or eng

A picture is showing Rafflesia Flower. Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants. This is gigantic flower, vintage line drawing or engraving Stock Vector

RFT601R4–A picture is showing Rafflesia Flower. Rafflesia is a genus of parasitic flowering plants. This is gigantic flower, vintage line drawing or engraving

. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. ^r ^*-^'. ">% %^ 4'' '^r-^ -^ '' 1 !."^N^,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, 1865-1958; Cannon, William Austin, 1870-. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington Stock Photo

RMRE3NWC–. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. ^r ^*-^'. ">% %^ 4'' '^r-^ -^ '' 1 !."^N^,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, 1865-1958; Cannon, William Austin, 1870-. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington

RMPG41J4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Tubeuf, Karl, freiherr von, 1862-1941; Smith, William G. London ; New York [etc. ] : Longmans, Green & co.

RMRDED2J–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 392 UREDINKAE. than those of G. tremdloides. The aecidiospores—Boestelia cornuta—occur on species of Pyrus {Sorbiis); they are much smaller than those of Roestelia penicillata. The Hoestelia themselves are long, curved, and hom-like, while the walls of the peridial cells are beset with short processes (Fig. 224). Where Pynts Aucuparia occurs mixed with Pyrus Malus, it has been observed that Boestelia cornuta is conf

RMPG4BRE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. DEMATOPHORA. 203. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Tubeuf, Karl, freiherr von, 1862-1941; Smith, William G. London ; New York [etc. ] : Longmans, Green & co.

. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. PLATE. /4. Large, densely branched plant of Krameria fastened to the younger roots of a slender young plant of Covillea, B., B.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, 1865-1958; Cannon, William Austin, 1870-. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington Stock Photo

RMRE3P0J–. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. PLATE. /4. Large, densely branched plant of Krameria fastened to the younger roots of a slender young plant of Covillea, B., B.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, 1865-1958; Cannon, William Austin, 1870-. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington

. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY 491 very rapidly. The Dodders are parasitic plants and do much damage in Clover, Alfalfa, and Flax fields, where they twine about the plants and grow their roots into their stems and rob them of their food. Nightshade Family (Solonaceae). — This family is the one to which the Irish Potato, Tomato, and Tobacco belong. Some authors give the number of species as about 1700. Both the five sepals and five petals are more or less joined {Fig. 440). The stamens are five and usually inserted on the corolla. The Irish Potato {Solanum tubero Stock Photo

RMPG3PH4–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY 491 very rapidly. The Dodders are parasitic plants and do much damage in Clover, Alfalfa, and Flax fields, where they twine about the plants and grow their roots into their stems and rob them of their food. Nightshade Family (Solonaceae). — This family is the one to which the Irish Potato, Tomato, and Tobacco belong. Some authors give the number of species as about 1700. Both the five sepals and five petals are more or less joined {Fig. 440). The stamens are five and usually inserted on the corolla. The Irish Potato {Solanum tubero

RMRDCXRW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMODIOPHORA. 525 decay, so that not only is the root itself worthless, but the aerial shoot is badly developed. The destruction is greatly favoured by moist rainy years. The malformations of the root are the result of hypertrophy of the host-cells due to a stimulus exerted by the plasmodium of Plasmodiophora, not only on the contents of cells inhabited by it, but also extending into the cells of the whole neigh-

RMPG3RM5–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMODIOPHORA. 525 decay, so that not only is the root itself worthless, but the aerial shoot is badly developed. The destruction is greatly favoured by moist rainy years. The malformations of the root are the result of hypertrophy of the host-cells due to a stimulus exerted by the plasmodium of Plasmodiophora, not only on the contents of cells inhabited by it, but also extending into the cells of the whole neigh-

RMRDCXJY–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY 491 very rapidly. The Dodders are parasitic plants and do much damage in Clover, Alfalfa, and Flax fields, where they twine about the plants and grow their roots into their stems and rob them of their food. Nightshade Family (Solonaceae). — This family is the one to which the Irish Potato, Tomato, and Tobacco belong. Some authors give the number of species as about 1700. Both the five sepals and five petals are more or less joined {Fig. 440). The stamens are five and usually inserted on the corolla. The Irish Potato {Solanum tubero

RMPG4B8N–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SPHACELOTHKCA. 303 this fungus as follows :' " Sphacelotheca forms its compound sporophore in the ovule of its host. When the ovule is normally and fully developed in the young flower, the parasite, which always grows through the flower-stalk into the place of insertion of the ovary, sends its hyphae from the funiculus into the ovule, where they rise higher and higher and surround and penetrate its tissue to su

. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. rii^7-,i>. â '! 'f']''^3*^'-'i^'^'.^Wf^^'^^^-^f^' *. Sahuaro (Carnegiea gigantea) with Opuntia in cavities of summit.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, 1865-1958; Cannon, William Austin, 1870-. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington Stock Photo

RMRE3NWM–. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. rii^7-,i>. â '! 'f']''^3*^'-'i^'^'.^Wf^^'^^^-^f^' *. Sahuaro (Carnegiea gigantea) with Opuntia in cavities of summit.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, 1865-1958; Cannon, William Austin, 1870-. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington

RMPG4ARX–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. AECIDIUM-FORMS. 407. iu the growth of the wood disturbs the elements, so that they are irregularly developed and more or less twisted.^ A mycelium inhabits the tissues of abnormal twigs and cankered swellings. It grows in the . intercellular spaces of the rind, between the bast cells and outer parts of the wood, and derives nutriment by means of haustoria; these either bore through the cell-walls, or only press clos

RMRDD815–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SPHACELOTHKCA. 303 this fungus as follows :' " Sphacelotheca forms its compound sporophore in the ovule of its host. When the ovule is normally and fully developed in the young flower, the parasite, which always grows through the flower-stalk into the place of insertion of the ovary, sends its hyphae from the funiculus into the ovule, where they rise higher and higher and surround and penetrate its tissue to su

RMPG4AMF–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 257.—Bxobasidium vaccinii. The basidial layer is shown developing from the intercelUilar myceliiim of the shoots. (After Woronin.). Fig. 258.—Exobasidium vaccinii, Germinating basidiospores. The septate spores have given off germ-tubes which penetrate into the cowberry leaves, either by stomata or through the epidermis. The lowest spore is forming conidia. (After Woronin.) This Eosobasidium is very common on th

. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY 491 very rapidly. The Dodders are parasitic plants and do much damage in Clover, Alfalfa, and Flax fields, where they twine about the plants and grow their roots into their stems and rob them of their food. Nightshade Family (Solonaceae). This family is the one to which the Irish Potato, Tomato, and Tobacco belong. Some authors give the number of species as about 1700. Both the five sepals and five petals are more or less joined (Fig. 440). The stamens are five and usually inserted on the corolla. The Irish Potato {Solarium Stock Photo

RMRDTFW1–. Botany, with agricultural applications. Botany. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY 491 very rapidly. The Dodders are parasitic plants and do much damage in Clover, Alfalfa, and Flax fields, where they twine about the plants and grow their roots into their stems and rob them of their food. Nightshade Family (Solonaceae). This family is the one to which the Irish Potato, Tomato, and Tobacco belong. Some authors give the number of species as about 1700. Both the five sepals and five petals are more or less joined (Fig. 440). The stamens are five and usually inserted on the corolla. The Irish Potato {Solarium

RMPG42MT–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 168 ASCOMYCETES. the upper surface of the leaf (Fig. 64), and the upper epidermis alone bears the asci. In the pustules, the leaf may be two to four times as thick as healthy parts. The greatly increased thickness is due for the most part to enlargement of the cells of the mesophyll, while at the same time their normal arrangement is completely lost (Figs. 65, 66). The elements of the fibro- vascular bundles are enl

RMRDC0R1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. . Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Tubeuf, Karl, freiherr von, 1862-1941; Smith, William G. London ; New York [etc. ] : Longmans, Green & co.

RMPG4ATC–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. AECIDIUM-FORMS. 405 prey to wood-destroying fungi. ^ The presence of such rotting spots renders the tree liable to break over in their neighbour- hood, while they, as well as the swellings on the trunks, cause a considerable depreciation in the value of the timber. The malformations of the branch-system known as witches' brooms are frequently induced by this fungus. They occur as a rule on the horizontal branches an

RMRDD7NW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 360 UREDINEAE. This rust is indigenous to Chili, and was introduced into France about 1868, whence it rapidly extended throughout the whole of Europe, and during the last ten years has made its appear- ance in the United States. In many places it has completely exterminated both wild and cultivated mallows, and rendered the cultivation of garden hollyhocks impossible. It appears in. Fio. 192.—Puccinia matvaceai'um.

RMPG4B13–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CHRYSOMYXA. 379 occurs on Ledum palustre. It is difficult to distinguish from the preceding species, and causes the formation of similar aecidia on spruces in Northern Germany and other parts where Bhodo- devdron is not indigenous. Its uredospores are also capable of hibernating and of propagating the fungus where spruce is absent. Chr. himalayensis Barcl. occurs on leaves of Rhododendron arboreum in the Himalaya..

RMRDD70R–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 398 UREDINEAE. The anatomical changes exhibited in diseased parts of pear- leaves have been briefly described by Fentzling.^ He found a radial elongation of the cells of the spongy parenchyma and an accompanying accumulation of starch. Wakker, about the same time, obtained similar results in the case of Crataegus Oxyacantha- deformed by G. clavariaeforme (see p. 387). Wakker observed a diminished formation of calciu

RMPG42J1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. NECTRIA. 187 grown over in course of time by the activity of neighbour- ing living tissues, but the rapid development of the mycelium of this Nectria prevents any such healing, and brings about death of more bark. As a result the so-called '" cankers" are. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance o

RMRDED12–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. AECIDIUM-FORMS. 405 prey to wood-destroying fungi. ^ The presence of such rotting spots renders the tree liable to break over in their neighbour- hood, while they, as well as the swellings on the trunks, cause a considerable depreciation in the value of the timber. The malformations of the branch-system known as witches' brooms are frequently induced by this fungus. They occur as a rule on the horizontal branches an

RMPG4AW4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. 399 of the spot in question is either completely destroyed or trans- formed into irregular cells, separated by intercellular spaces. The anatomical changes in swellings (Fig. 235) induced by G. sabinae on Juniperus Sabina were investigated by Woernle with the following results. Wood, bast, and rind are increased round the whole circumference of the stem. Along with the broadening of the year-rings,

. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. THE CONDITIONS OF PARASITISM IN PLANTS BY D. T. MACDOUGAL AND W. A. CANNON. WASHINGTON, D. C. Published by the Carnbgib Institution of Washington 1910. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, 1865-1958; Cannon, William Austin, 1870-. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington Stock Photo

RMRE3P0B–. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. THE CONDITIONS OF PARASITISM IN PLANTS BY D. T. MACDOUGAL AND W. A. CANNON. WASHINGTON, D. C. Published by the Carnbgib Institution of Washington 1910. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, 1865-1958; Cannon, William Austin, 1870-. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington

RMPG42X0–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 130 PHYCOMYCETES. wet season is very favourable to it. The mycelium is non- septate and spreads through the intercellular spaces of the host, nourished by button-like haustoria sunk into the host-cells. The antheridium comes into contact with the oogonium by a fertilization tube, which, however, remains closed. The oospores hibernate in leaves and fruit. Frevention} Ammoniacal copper carbonate solution, eau celeste,

RMRDC24Y–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. NECTRIA. 187 grown over in course of time by the activity of neighbour- ing living tissues, but the rapid development of the mycelium of this Nectria prevents any such healing, and brings about death of more bark. As a result the so-called '" cankers" are. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance o

RMPG0R5E–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CYSTOPUS. 127 observed on Gapsella may be summarized here: the fungus attacks all parts above ground, and causes enlargement of parenchymatous cells; it forms only conidia; formation of chlorophyll is increased; the formation of interfasci- ^^ cular cambium is diminished or altogether suppressed; the intrafascicular cambium retains its activity longer; accessory vascular hnndlp<! maVp f-.Vipir nnnparnripp • '^'°-

RMRDC0TW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. POLVPORUS. 445 surface, and a smooth yellowish hymenial surface. They are large and flat, the thickest part being at their insertion (Fig. 277). Several frequently occur on the same stem, especially if wounds or frost injuries are present. The spores are brown and roundish. Conidia are said, by Schroeter, to be formed on the upper surface of the sporophores. This species is a deadly enemy of fruit-trees, especially

RMPG4AR4–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 412 UPIEDINEAE. with resin, and as the same process goes on in bast and rind, the turpentine overflows from fissures or wounds in the bark. During the summer the mycelium grows amongst the dividing cambium-cells and kills them. Where this occurs the year-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these il

. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. 60 THE ORIGINATION OF PARASITISM. liquid, such as water, when allowed to rest upon a rough surface which it will not wet. Under equable external conditions such a drop would be approximately globular, with all of its sectors practically equivalent (fig-. 2, A}. When placed upon a roughened surface the shape of the drop would be altered as shown in fig. 2, B, the sectors in contact with the hard external body would be markedly modified, the position of the centroid would not be the same as that of the drop originally, and the non-engag Stock Photo

RMRE3NY6–. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. 60 THE ORIGINATION OF PARASITISM. liquid, such as water, when allowed to rest upon a rough surface which it will not wet. Under equable external conditions such a drop would be approximately globular, with all of its sectors practically equivalent (fig-. 2, A}. When placed upon a roughened surface the shape of the drop would be altered as shown in fig. 2, B, the sectors in contact with the hard external body would be markedly modified, the position of the centroid would not be the same as that of the drop originally, and the non-engag

RMPG3T7G–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ' '^. '. Fig. 305.—Septogloeum Hartigianum on Acer campestre. The dead twigs exhibit black points and lines—the pycnldia of the parasite, (v. Tubeuf phot.) and has not as yet been found out of that neighbourhood; it attacks the pure-culture seed-beds only. Septogloeum. Like Gloeosporium, except that it has pluricellular conidia. Septogloeum Hartigianum Sacc.^ Twigs of the common maple (Acer campestre) are subject

RMRDDWKP–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CYSTOPUS. 127 observed on Gapsella may be summarized here: the fungus attacks all parts above ground, and causes enlargement of parenchymatous cells; it forms only conidia; formation of chlorophyll is increased; the formation of interfasci- ^^ cular cambium is diminished or altogether suppressed; the intrafascicular cambium retains its activity longer; accessory vascular hnndlp<! maVp f-.Vipir nnnparnripp • '^'°-

RMPG41BX–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 458 BASIDIOMYCETES. point, whereby a felted tissue, called the medulla, is produced in the interior. The outer parts of the pseudoparenchyma, on the other hand, coalesce to form the so-called rind, which when young gives off numerous delicate hyphae, and these, taking advantage of the medullary rays, penetrate the wood, and especially the resin-ducts, should such be present. In the wood the growth is upwards. This i

RMRDC1HE–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. RHYTISMA. 245 eight needle-shaped unicellular spores; pycnidia (spermogonia) with little unicellular conidia are also formed. The fungus attacks leaves of sycamore {Acer Pseudoplatanus), the black spots making their appearance in September. The apothecia ripen on the ground during the following summer.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for rea

RMPG4AX0–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. 395 The strikingly characteristic cleavage of the wood by the overgrown elements of the medullary rays and the wood- parenchyma, in the case of the twig-inhabiting form, will be seen from the figures (Fig. 229). As already noticed, the sporogenous cushions are generally formed on one side. After. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanc

RMRDC127–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 257.—Bxobasidium vaccinii. The basidial layer is shown developing from the intercelUilar myceliiim of the shoots. (After Woronin.). Fig. 258.—Exobasidium vaccinii, Germinating basidiospores. The septate spores have given off germ-tubes which penetrate into the cowberry leaves, either by stomata or through the epidermis. The lowest spore is forming conidia. (After Woronin.) This Eosobasidium is very common on th

RMPG42YM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 38 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. men other substances make their appearance in the lignified walls, chiefly tinctorial phlobaphenes. The walls of the wood-elements are, however, not lignified to the same extent. The primary layer of the wall is, as a rule, lignified most and contains but little cellulose. In con- sequence, on treatment with lignin-solvents, it becomes first dissolved while the secondary and

RMRDCXRB–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMODIOPHORA. 527 mentary condition and twisted course of the vessels, and an accumulation of transitory starch in the tissues. [The methods at our disposal for combating this parasite all work indirectly. Its spores seem to retain their vitality for two, three, or more years, hence one very evident measure is not to plant the same crop in succession on land which has been attacked. As, however, all Cruciferae are

RMPG4B32–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. MELAMPSORA. 367 The patches of Caeoma laricis Hartig.^ appear as golden-yellow cushions on the underside of the needles. The sporophores from which the aecidiospores are abjointed, form the centre of the patch, the periphery being occupied by numerous sterUe threads, which grow out as long paraphyses; it may so happen that the whole cushion consists only of these last. The formation of Gaeoma- patches is preceded by

RMRDC2FF–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 156 ASCOMYCETES. Exoascus Rostrupianus Sad. This fungus causes " pockets " on Prunus spinosa (sloe) similar to the preceding species. According to Sadebeck, the asci in this case are more slender.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the origin

RMPG4BJ1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. LOPHODERMIUM. 237 suffered by it should, where other soil conditions permit, be planted with Weymouth pine {Pinits Strohus) and the Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga JDmtglasii), which are, as yet, exempt from attacks of this parasite. Infection would seem to be brought about chiefly by westerly winds (in Germany), which carry diseased leaves or fungus-spores from infected places. Large areas run greater risks than small pat

RMRDC1WJ–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SPHAERELLA. 213 spring in the fallen needles, which lie on the ground over winter. The ascospores are mature and capable of infection at, the beginning of June. In forests of pure larch, or in mixture with spruce, the ascospores are easily distributed by wind. In larch, underplanted with beech, the spores are kept down towards the ground by the canopy of beech foliage, so that, during the summer, they cannot be carr

RMPG42T5–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 156 ASCOMYCETES. Exoascus Rostrupianus Sad. This fungus causes " pockets " on Prunus spinosa (sloe) similar to the preceding species. According to Sadebeck, the asci in this case are more slender.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the origin

. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. PLATE 6. Cissus digitata parasitic on Opuntia blakeana. Xeno-parasite has formed a vine several centimeters in lengtK. Long aerial roots have been formed.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, 1865-1958; Cannon, William Austin, 1870-. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington Stock Photo

RMRE3NXK–. The conditions of parasitism in plants. Parasitic plants. PLATE 6. Cissus digitata parasitic on Opuntia blakeana. Xeno-parasite has formed a vine several centimeters in lengtK. Long aerial roots have been formed.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. MacDougal, Daniel Trembly, 1865-1958; Cannon, William Austin, 1870-. Washington, D. C. , Carnegie Institution of Washington

RMPG42KW–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SPHAEROTHECA. 173 Sphaerotheca (Podosphaera) castagnei Lev. (Britain and U.S. America). The Hop-mildew. The mycelium is found on all parts of hop-plants, causing considerable damage, especially when it attacks the young inflorescences. The perithecia have recumbent, brown, simple appendages. This species appears chiefly on various Compositae, Eosaceae (esp. Spiraea Ulmaria), Gucurbitaceae, Geraniaceae, etc. Sorauer

. College botany; structure, physiology and economics of plants. Botany. 60 COLLEGE BOTANY with the soil but which cling to trees or other objects and derive their nourishment from the air. They are ver;^' abundant in the moist tropics and have coverings of cells which are especially adapted for the absorption of water from the air. (d) Roots of parasitic plants, which penetrate other plants and feed tipon. Fig. 37.—Sweet potato showing both fibrous and fleshy roots. their juices. The mistletoe and dodder (Fig. -±0) are excellent examples. Plants with roots of this kind are sometimes very inju Stock Photo

RMRE1P47–. College botany; structure, physiology and economics of plants. Botany. 60 COLLEGE BOTANY with the soil but which cling to trees or other objects and derive their nourishment from the air. They are ver;^' abundant in the moist tropics and have coverings of cells which are especially adapted for the absorption of water from the air. (d) Roots of parasitic plants, which penetrate other plants and feed tipon. Fig. 37.—Sweet potato showing both fibrous and fleshy roots. their juices. The mistletoe and dodder (Fig. -±0) are excellent examples. Plants with roots of this kind are sometimes very inju

RMPG4BFN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. RHYTISMA. 245 eight needle-shaped unicellular spores; pycnidia (spermogonia) with little unicellular conidia are also formed. The fungus attacks leaves of sycamore {Acer Pseudoplatanus), the black spots making their appearance in September. The apothecia ripen on the ground during the following summer.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for rea

RMRDC1XH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CUCURBITARIA. 209 unicellular conidia, at first white, later grey. It is these pyenidia which cause the fine perforations of the periderm of twigs. Yet another form of pyenidia, previously known as Diplodia cytisi (Awd.), (N"o. 4). This, like the last, breaks through the corky layers of the bark. It has a peridium composed of loose pseudoparenchyma and, without the intervention of conidio- phores, produces two-

RMPG3R8Y–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. NOSTOC. 543 the slime-canal into the gland itself, and there occupy the space left by the glandular cells on their conversion into slime. Thence the filaments find their way into the intercellular spaces of the starch-containing parenchyma surrounding the gland, and become closely applied to the cell-walls. The Nostoc then bores through or dissolves the cell-wall, absorbs the starch, and grows vigorously till it fil

RMRDD716–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. 395 The strikingly characteristic cleavage of the wood by the overgrown elements of the medullary rays and the wood- parenchyma, in the case of the twig-inhabiting form, will be seen from the figures (Fig. 229). As already noticed, the sporogenous cushions are generally formed on one side. After. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanc

RMPG4BNA–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SPHAERELLA. 213 spring in the fallen needles, which lie on the ground over winter. The ascospores are mature and capable of infection at, the beginning of June. In forests of pure larch, or in mixture with spruce, the ascospores are easily distributed by wind. In larch, underplanted with beech, the spores are kept down towards the ground by the canopy of beech foliage, so that, during the summer, they cannot be carr

RMRDD7KX–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. MELAMPSORA. 367 The patches of Caeoma laricis Hartig.^ appear as golden-yellow cushions on the underside of the needles. The sporophores from which the aecidiospores are abjointed, form the centre of the patch, the periphery being occupied by numerous sterUe threads, which grow out as long paraphyses; it may so happen that the whole cushion consists only of these last. The formation of Gaeoma- patches is preceded by

RMPG4B10–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Flu. 211.—Ckvyaomyxa rhododendri. Teleuto- spore-sorus which has ruptured the lower epi- dermis of a leaf of RkododendTon hirsutum. The teleutospores are pluricellular, and one of them has germinated, giving a promycelium with sterigmata, from which little sporidia are being abjointed. (After De Bary.). Fig. 212.—Chvysomyxa rhododendri on Spruce. The needles are beset with aecidia; discoloured parts of them are show

RMRDDWWN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 38 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. men other substances make their appearance in the lignified walls, chiefly tinctorial phlobaphenes. The walls of the wood-elements are, however, not lignified to the same extent. The primary layer of the wall is, as a rule, lignified most and contains but little cellulose. In con- sequence, on treatment with lignin-solvents, it becomes first dissolved while the secondary and

RMPG4B7K–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 314 USTILAGINEAE. epispore, and the clusters appear black or leaden-grey. Ger- mination as in Entyloma. Melanotaenium endoirenum (Unger) (Britain). This is found on Galium MoUiigo and G. verum. The mycelium permeates the whole intercellular system of the host, and is nourished by large tufted haustoria. The host-plants remain small, with shortened internodes, shrunk leaves, and undeveloped flowers. The spores occur

RMRDD7YN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 314 USTILAGINEAE. epispore, and the clusters appear black or leaden-grey. Ger- mination as in Entyloma. Melanotaenium endoirenum (Unger) (Britain). This is found on Galium MoUiigo and G. verum. The mycelium permeates the whole intercellular system of the host, and is nourished by large tufted haustoria. The host-plants remain small, with shortened internodes, shrunk leaves, and undeveloped flowers. The spores occur

RMPG4B65–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. UROMYCES. 335 epidermis are reduced in number; intercellular spaces are formed in the normally compact palisade parenchyma, and its cells become shorter and broader, while those of the spongy paren- chyma are increased both in size and number; the fibro-vascular bundles remain unchanged, although the cells surrounding them may be more or less abnormal. Where thickening of the stem takes place, it is chiefly due to m

RMRDDWK1–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 130 PHYCOMYCETES. wet season is very favourable to it. The mycelium is non- septate and spreads through the intercellular spaces of the host, nourished by button-like haustoria sunk into the host-cells. The antheridium comes into contact with the oogonium by a fertilization tube, which, however, remains closed. The oospores hibernate in leaves and fruit. Frevention} Ammoniacal copper carbonate solution, eau celeste,

RMPG42JP–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PERISPORIEAE. 179 -Aspergillus, Penicillmm, Zopfia, Perisporium, Lasiobotrys, Apio- ^pormm, Capnodium, Asterina, Microthyrium. To this sub-division of the Perisporiaceae belong some com- mon forms of mould-fungi which are generally only saprophytic,. Fig. 76.—Phyliactinia suffulta from Beech. Perithecium, with characteristic appendages. Contents of the perithecium: asci, spores, and chains of cells resembling paraph

RMRDD72D–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CHRYSOMYXA. 379 occurs on Ledum palustre. It is difficult to distinguish from the preceding species, and causes the formation of similar aecidia on spruces in Northern Germany and other parts where Bhodo- devdron is not indigenous. Its uredospores are also capable of hibernating and of propagating the fungus where spruce is absent. Chr. himalayensis Barcl. occurs on leaves of Rhododendron arboreum in the Himalaya..

RMPG42NH–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 166 ASCOMYCETES. This is supported by Smith's investigations, in which an an- atomical comparison of diseased twigs of peach and almond showed no difference in the pathological effects. Exoascus crataegi Puck, occurs on Crataegus Oxyacantha^ and causes red swellings on the leaves and flowers, accom- panied by hypertrophy of shoots in which the mycelium perennates. Exoascus Tosquinetii (West). The deformation caused

RMRDC28E–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SPHAEROTHECA. 173 Sphaerotheca (Podosphaera) castagnei Lev. (Britain and U.S. America). The Hop-mildew. The mycelium is found on all parts of hop-plants, causing considerable damage, especially when it attacks the young inflorescences. The perithecia have recumbent, brown, simple appendages. This species appears chiefly on various Compositae, Eosaceae (esp. Spiraea Ulmaria), Gucurbitaceae, Geraniaceae, etc. Sorauer

RMPG4AW5–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 398 UREDINEAE. The anatomical changes exhibited in diseased parts of pear- leaves have been briefly described by Fentzling.^ He found a radial elongation of the cells of the spongy parenchyma and an accompanying accumulation of starch. Wakker, about the same time, obtained similar results in the case of Crataegus Oxyacantha- deformed by G. clavariaeforme (see p. 387). Wakker observed a diminished formation of calciu

RMRDCY2B–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ' '^. '. Fig. 305.—Septogloeum Hartigianum on Acer campestre. The dead twigs exhibit black points and lines—the pycnldia of the parasite, (v. Tubeuf phot.) and has not as yet been found out of that neighbourhood; it attacks the pure-culture seed-beds only. Septogloeum. Like Gloeosporium, except that it has pluricellular conidia. Septogloeum Hartigianum Sacc.^ Twigs of the common maple (Acer campestre) are subject

RMPG0R68–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CYSTOPUS. 123 Cystopus (Albugo). The mycelium is branched and grows between the cells of living plants, obtaining its nourishment by means of haustoria. The conidial cushions rupture the epidermis of the host. The conidia or sporangia are smooth-coated, and are produced acropetally in chains on short stalks from which they fall off separately when ripe. The sporangia germinate and discharge. Fig. 33.—Cystopvs candid

RMRDC1MJ–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. LOPHODERMIUM. 237 suffered by it should, where other soil conditions permit, be planted with Weymouth pine {Pinits Strohus) and the Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga JDmtglasii), which are, as yet, exempt from attacks of this parasite. Infection would seem to be brought about chiefly by westerly winds (in Germany), which carry diseased leaves or fungus-spores from infected places. Large areas run greater risks than small pat

RMPG42H2–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CLAVICEPS. 193 conidiophores. A very sweet fluid, the so-called "houey-dew," is separated from the sphacelia; this attracts insects, which carry the conidia to other flowers. Since the conidia are capable of immediate germination, and give rise to a mycelium which penetrates through the outer coat of the ovary, the disease can be quickly disseminated during the flowering season of the grasses. After the fo

RMRDCXP8–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. NOSTOC. 543 the slime-canal into the gland itself, and there occupy the space left by the glandular cells on their conversion into slime. Thence the filaments find their way into the intercellular spaces of the starch-containing parenchyma surrounding the gland, and become closely applied to the cell-walls. The Nostoc then bores through or dissolves the cell-wall, absorbs the starch, and grows vigorously till it fil

. Class-book of botany : being outlines of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants ; with a flora of the United States and Canada . Botany; Botany; Botany. VEGBTATION, OK THE PHYSIOLOOY OF PLANT LIFE. 147 740. The subordination of the vegetable to the animal kingdom is thus manifest in its being fed and nourished on inorganic matter. It is interposed between these two incompatible extremes, and is ordained to transform the innutritions mineral into the proper and indispensable food of the animal kingdom. 741. Parasitic plants do indeed require the ready organized juices of othe Stock Photo

RMPG2E0N–. Class-book of botany : being outlines of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants ; with a flora of the United States and Canada . Botany; Botany; Botany. VEGBTATION, OK THE PHYSIOLOOY OF PLANT LIFE. 147 740. The subordination of the vegetable to the animal kingdom is thus manifest in its being fed and nourished on inorganic matter. It is interposed between these two incompatible extremes, and is ordained to transform the innutritions mineral into the proper and indispensable food of the animal kingdom. 741. Parasitic plants do indeed require the ready organized juices of othe

RMRDED42–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Flu. 211.—Ckvyaomyxa rhododendri. Teleuto- spore-sorus which has ruptured the lower epi- dermis of a leaf of RkododendTon hirsutum. The teleutospores are pluricellular, and one of them has germinated, giving a promycelium with sterigmata, from which little sporidia are being abjointed. (After De Bary.). Fig. 212.—Chvysomyxa rhododendri on Spruce. The needles are beset with aecidia; discoloured parts of them are show

RMPG4BNX–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CUCURBITARIA. 209 unicellular conidia, at first white, later grey. It is these pyenidia which cause the fine perforations of the periderm of twigs. Yet another form of pyenidia, previously known as Diplodia cytisi (Awd.), (N"o. 4). This, like the last, breaks through the corky layers of the bark. It has a peridium composed of loose pseudoparenchyma and, without the intervention of conidio- phores, produces two-

RMRDFMN8–. Class-book of botany : being outlines of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants ; with a flora of the United States and Canada . Botany; Botany; Botany. VEGBTATION, OK THE PHYSIOLOOY OF PLANT LIFE. 147 740. The subordination of the vegetable to the animal kingdom is thus manifest in its being fed and nourished on inorganic matter. It is interposed between these two incompatible extremes, and is ordained to transform the innutritions mineral into the proper and indispensable food of the animal kingdom. 741. Parasitic plants do indeed require the ready organized juices of othe

RMPG4B3X–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 360 UREDINEAE. This rust is indigenous to Chili, and was introduced into France about 1868, whence it rapidly extended throughout the whole of Europe, and during the last ten years has made its appear- ance in the United States. In many places it has completely exterminated both wild and cultivated mallows, and rendered the cultivation of garden hollyhocks impossible. It appears in. Fio. 192.—Puccinia matvaceai'um.

RMRDC269–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PERISPORIEAE. 179 -Aspergillus, Penicillmm, Zopfia, Perisporium, Lasiobotrys, Apio- ^pormm, Capnodium, Asterina, Microthyrium. To this sub-division of the Perisporiaceae belong some com- mon forms of mould-fungi which are generally only saprophytic,. Fig. 76.—Phyliactinia suffulta from Beech. Perithecium, with characteristic appendages. Contents of the perithecium: asci, spores, and chains of cells resembling paraph

RMPG3RGJ–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. PLASMODIOPHORA. 527 mentary condition and twisted course of the vessels, and an accumulation of transitory starch in the tissues. [The methods at our disposal for combating this parasite all work indirectly. Its spores seem to retain their vitality for two, three, or more years, hence one very evident measure is not to plant the same crop in succession on land which has been attacked. As, however, all Cruciferae are

RMRDC22P–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CLAVICEPS. 193 conidiophores. A very sweet fluid, the so-called "houey-dew," is separated from the sphacelia; this attracts insects, which carry the conidia to other flowers. Since the conidia are capable of immediate germination, and give rise to a mycelium which penetrates through the outer coat of the ovary, the disease can be quickly disseminated during the flowering season of the grasses. After the fo

RMPG4201–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. POLVPORUS. 445 surface, and a smooth yellowish hymenial surface. They are large and flat, the thickest part being at their insertion (Fig. 277). Several frequently occur on the same stem, especially if wounds or frost injuries are present. The spores are brown and roundish. Conidia are said, by Schroeter, to be formed on the upper surface of the sporophores. This species is a deadly enemy of fruit-trees, especially

RMRDC2B6–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 166 ASCOMYCETES. This is supported by Smith's investigations, in which an an- atomical comparison of diseased twigs of peach and almond showed no difference in the pathological effects. Exoascus crataegi Puck, occurs on Crataegus Oxyacantha^ and causes red swellings on the leaves and flowers, accom- panied by hypertrophy of shoots in which the mycelium perennates. Exoascus Tosquinetii (West). The deformation caused

RMPG4BCP–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. DASYSCYPHA. 271 Dasyscypha (Peziza) Willkommii, Hartig.^ The Larch Canker (Britain and U.S. America). Everywhere in the mountains, the home of the larch, one finds, on young branches and old stems, depressed canker-spots, on which the sporocarps of Dasyscypha Willkommii are developed. Young twigs, when attacked, are already conspicuous in .July and August by their pale and withered needles, and on them small canker-

RMRDD7TN–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. UROMYCES. 335 epidermis are reduced in number; intercellular spaces are formed in the normally compact palisade parenchyma, and its cells become shorter and broader, while those of the spongy paren- chyma are increased both in size and number; the fibro-vascular bundles remain unchanged, although the cells surrounding them may be more or less abnormal. Where thickening of the stem takes place, it is chiefly due to m

RMPG42MC–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. ERYSIPHEAE. 171 The operation is done by hand or by special implement. One of the best known of these is the "Sulphur Puff." This consists of a brush with a hollow stem to contain flowers of sulphur, the end of the stem being perforated to allow the sulphur to escape on to the plant. Sulphuring must be carried out during dry weather to prevent the powder being washed away. It has also to be frequently repe

RMRDC29J–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 168 ASCOMYCETES. the upper surface of the leaf (Fig. 64), and the upper epidermis alone bears the asci. In the pustules, the leaf may be two to four times as thick as healthy parts. The greatly increased thickness is due for the most part to enlargement of the cells of the mesophyll, while at the same time their normal arrangement is completely lost (Figs. 65, 66). The elements of the fibro- vascular bundles are enl

RMPG42MM–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 65.—Section of normal leaf of Betula odorata. (After W. G. Smith.). Fig. 66.—Section of leaf hypertropbied by attack of Exoascus carneus; the asci of the fungus coat the upper epidermis. Drawn with the same magnification as Fig. 65, for comparison. (After W. G. Smith.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and app

RMRDC160–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 412 UPIEDINEAE. with resin, and as the same process goes on in bast and rind, the turpentine overflows from fissures or wounds in the bark. During the summer the mycelium grows amongst the dividing cambium-cells and kills them. Where this occurs the year-. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these il

RMPG4AHT–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 432 BASIDIOMYCETES. over it a new hymenium; this is continued for some time so that the sporophore consists of successive layers, and the spiny outgrowths become much thickened. Infection, as was experi- mentally shown by Hartig, takes place on wounds. The wood-destruction, consisting of a white-rot, was studied by Hartig, chiefly on the oak and beech. It begins by the. Fig. 262.—Poly-porus igniarius. Causing death

RMRDCY9F–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. AECIDIUM-FORMS. 407. iu the growth of the wood disturbs the elements, so that they are irregularly developed and more or less twisted.^ A mycelium inhabits the tissues of abnormal twigs and cankered swellings. It grows in the . intercellular spaces of the rind, between the bast cells and outer parts of the wood, and derives nutriment by means of haustoria; these either bore through the cell-walls, or only press clos

RMPG4B70–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 175.—Tuburcinia trientalis. Spore- Fig. 176.—Apex of an isolated promy- mass genninating; several promycelia have celium from Fig. 175; it carries a whorl of been produced and' are proceeding to form branches, some of which have fused in pairs; whorls of branches. (After Woronin.) all are developing conidia. (After Woronin.) spaces of the pith and rind-parenchyma, also the vessels. The hyphae apply themselves c

RMRDDWN2–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CYSTOPUS. 123 Cystopus (Albugo). The mycelium is branched and grows between the cells of living plants, obtaining its nourishment by means of haustoria. The conidial cushions rupture the epidermis of the host. The conidia or sporangia are smooth-coated, and are produced acropetally in chains on short stalks from which they fall off separately when ripe. The sporangia germinate and discharge. Fig. 33.—Cystopvs candid

RMPG4B3H–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 364 UREDINEAK. direction; their sori form dark spots which break out from beneath the epidermis. The yellow uredospores have a coat beset with fine spines, and are given off from sori which may or may not be enclosed in a peridium. The sori of the aeeidium-stage have no peridium, and are known under the generic name of Caeoma; they frequently occur on other hosts than those of the teleutospores. Pycnidia are produce

RMRDC17C–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. 399 of the spot in question is either completely destroyed or trans- formed into irregular cells, separated by intercellular spaces. The anatomical changes in swellings (Fig. 235) induced by G. sabinae on Juniperus Sabina were investigated by Woernle with the following results. Wood, bast, and rind are increased round the whole circumference of the stem. Along with the broadening of the year-rings,

RMPG4B8F–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. SPHACELOTHECA. 305 period, and produce three-celled promycelia with elongated ovoid conidia, which sprout indefinitely. In nutritive solutions two or three promycelia may be produced. Schizonella.^ The spores are produced in series on the reproductive hyphae. At first two-chambered by means of a cross-septum, they later separate into two loosely-joined cells and form twin-spores; each half germinates like an Ustilag

RMRDCY72–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 458 BASIDIOMYCETES. point, whereby a felted tissue, called the medulla, is produced in the interior. The outer parts of the pseudoparenchyma, on the other hand, coalesce to form the so-called rind, which when young gives off numerous delicate hyphae, and these, taking advantage of the medullary rays, penetrate the wood, and especially the resin-ducts, should such be present. In the wood the growth is upwards. This i

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