Parmelia Black & White Stock Photos
RFM8W2AJ–the family of Lichen: Evernia prunastri, Usnea barbata, Cladonia pyxidata, Cladonia rangiferia, Graphis scripta, Lecanora varia, Parmelia conspersa, Roccella tinctoria, digital improved reproduction of an original print from the year 1895
RMRDX3FR–. Lichens. Lichens. 164 REPRODUCTION b. Carpogonia of non-gelatinous Lichens. The soft loose tissue of the gelatinous lichens is more favourable for the minute study of apo- thecial development than the closely interwoven hyphae of non-gelatinous forms, but Borzi^ had already extended the study to species of Parmelia, Anaptychia, Sticta, Ricasolia and Lecanora, and in all of them he succeeded in establishing the presence of ascogonia and trichogynes. After him a constant succession of students have worked at the problem of reproduction in lichens. Lindau^ published results of the examination o
RMPG02A0–. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Limiting tissue of thallus. Pr(jtective hairs. Oogonia in varicius stages of development. iMouth of conceptacle. 4.—Y.S. Apothecia, Parmelia parietina.. Apothecia containing spores. Mycelium. Unicellular alga:. Rhizoides or root-hairs.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne & McKe
RMRDNEGC–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. LICHENS. 245 vegetative body in these is best compared to the foliage-leaves of the Curled Mint, with their corrugated or sinuate margins, or to those of Malva rotundifolia. It may also be described as a number of lobes radiating irregularly and bifurcating repeatedly, and only lightly joined to the substratum by root-like fringes, and there- fore capable of being readily loosened and detached. The light-grey Parmelia saxatilis, which bear brown saucer-shaped fructifications, may be taken as a repre-
RMPG02AB–. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. 12 PhotoinicrograpJis of Botanical Studies. 3.—T.S. Female conceptacle, fucus vesiculosus. m^.. Limiting tissue of thallus. Pr(jtective hairs. Oogonia in varicius stages of development. iMouth of conceptacle. 4.—Y.S. Apothecia, Parmelia parietina.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne
RMRDX302–. Lichens. Lichens. SPERMOGONIA 195 better lighted portions of the thallus. On the fronds of foliose forms, they appear, for instance, on the swollen pustules of Umbilicaria pustulata, while in Lobaria pulmonaria, they are mostly lodged in the ridges that surround the depressions in the thallus. In Parmelia conspersa, Urceolaria (Diplo- schistes) scruposa and some others, they occasionally invade the margins of the apothecium or even the apothecial disc as in Lichina. Forssell' found that a spermogonium had developed among cells of Gloeocapsa that covered the disc of a spent apothecium of Pyre
RMPG01JY–. The principles of botany, as exemplified in the Cryptogamia. For the use of schools and colleges. Cryptogams; Plant anatomy; 1853. 62 COMPOUND ORGANS OF PLANTS. their surface in the form of dark nuclei or spots; and on the left-hand margin we have a foliaceous lichen, Parmelia con- Fig. 27.. spersa, with its fructification in shields or cups, the cortical matter of the thallus forming a rim or border round the nucleus; 3 is a piece of the thallus of Parmelia oonspersa with a section through the apothecium; 4 is a magnified section of an apotheoium, showing the young asci or sacs which contai
RMRDTPBT–. Lichens. Lichens. STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS 145 with the exception of the Pertusariaceae, where they are frequent, and some species of Lecanora and Placodium. They are known in only two hypo-. Fig. 83. Parmelia physodes hsUn. Thallus growing horizontally; soredia on the ends of the lobes (S. H., Photo.). phloeodal(suhcortica.)ichens,Art/iomaJ>rmnosaa.ndXj'/o£^ra/>kaspzlomaHca. Among squamulose thalli they are typical of some Cladoniae, and also of Lecidea {Psora) ostreata, where they are produced on the upper surface to- wards the apex of the squamule. b. Position of soraliferou
RMPG006N–. Lessons in botany. Botany. 312 ECOLOGY. the lichens lay hold on them and invest them with fantastic figures of varied color. Disintegrating rock, debris of plants and animals, join to form the virgin soil. Certain of the blue- green algse, as well as some of the mosses, are able to gain a foothold on rocks and assist in this process of soil formation.. Fig. 260. Rock lichen (Parmelia contigua). A view of rocks thrown down by the melting and retreating edge of a glacier in Greenland is shown in fig. 261. These rocks at the time the photograph was taken had no plant life on them. At other plac
RMRDTPBN–. Lichens. Lichens. 146 MORPHOLOGY narrower than the others and are very frequently raised from contact with the substratum. They tend to grow out from the thallus in an upright. Fig. 84. Parmelia physodes Ach. Thallus growing ver- tically ; soredia chiefly on the lobes directed downwards, reduced (M. P., Photo.). direction and then to turn backwards at the tip, so that the opening of tiie soraHum is directed downwards. Bitter says that the cause of this change in direction is not clear, though possibly on teleological reasoning it is of advantage that the opening of the soralium should be pro
RMPG2E51–. Class-book of botany : being outlines of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants ; with a flora of the United States and Canada . Botany; Botany; Botany. 551, Frustules of a, Diatomaceous Ah (Diatoma marinum) separating from eac other.. Lichens, 530, Cladonia; the minute thallus at the base of the podetia. cup-lilce 5bove, bearing scarlet conceptaclcs. 531, LTsnea. 532, Sticta. 533, Parmelia. 534, Ueceptacle, vertical sec- tion. 535, A portion (highly magnified) with thecffi and paraphases. 536, A spore (double). numerous spores. In ferns they grow on the back of the fronds i
![. Lichens. Lichens. 382 ECOLOGY Parmelia prolixa is the most abundant of the Parmelias: it covers large spaces of the rocks and frequently competes for room with the Ramalinas, or in other areas with Physcia aquila and Lecanora parella. A number of crustaceous species which form the sub-vegetation of the Ramalina belt, and also on the same level, clothe the steeper rock faces where shelter and moisture are insufficient to support the foliose forms. "In general the sub-vegetation of the eastern and northern coasts is largely composed of species that are common in Alpine and upland regions. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX2P4/lichens-lichens-382-ecology-parmelia-prolixa-is-the-most-abundant-of-the-parmelias-it-covers-large-spaces-of-the-rocks-and-frequently-competes-for-room-with-the-ramalinas-or-in-other-areas-with-physcia-aquila-and-lecanora-parella-a-number-of-crustaceous-species-which-form-the-sub-vegetation-of-the-ramalina-belt-and-also-on-the-same-level-clothe-the-steeper-rock-faces-where-shelter-and-moisture-are-insufficient-to-support-the-foliose-forms-quotin-general-the-sub-vegetation-of-the-eastern-and-northern-coasts-is-largely-composed-of-species-that-are-common-in-alpine-and-upland-regions-RDX2P4.jpg ". Lichens. Lichens. 382 ECOLOGY Parmelia prolixa is the most abundant of the Parmelias: it covers large spaces of the rocks and frequently competes for room with the Ramalinas, or in other areas with Physcia aquila and Lecanora parella. A number of crustaceous species which form the sub-vegetation of the Ramalina belt, and also on the same level, clothe the steeper rock faces where shelter and moisture are insufficient to support the foliose forms. "In general the sub-vegetation of the eastern and northern coasts is largely composed of species that are common in Alpine and upland regions. Stock Photo")
RMRDX2P4–. Lichens. Lichens. 382 ECOLOGY Parmelia prolixa is the most abundant of the Parmelias: it covers large spaces of the rocks and frequently competes for room with the Ramalinas, or in other areas with Physcia aquila and Lecanora parella. A number of crustaceous species which form the sub-vegetation of the Ramalina belt, and also on the same level, clothe the steeper rock faces where shelter and moisture are insufficient to support the foliose forms. "In general the sub-vegetation of the eastern and northern coasts is largely composed of species that are common in Alpine and upland regions.
RMPG4589–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 8o MYCOtOGY. Fig. 26.—A foliaceous lichen, Parmelia perlata. i, Plant slightly reduced in size; a, apothecia; b, lobe of thallus; c, patches of soredia; 2, longitudinal section of apothecium and cross-section of thallus; o, ascus; b, c, hypothecium; d. upper gonidial (upper algal) layer; e, medullary layer; /, lower gonidial layer; g, lower cortical layer; I, 3, cross-section of vegetative thallus. (From Gager. After Schneider.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned
RMRE36KR–. Plant succession; an analysis of the development of vegetation. Plant ecology. A. Hydrosere of Balrachium, Polamogelon, Nymphaea, Carex, etc., Lily Lake, Estes Park, Colorado.. B. Xerosere of Leddea, Parmelia, Ceralodon, Grimmia, etc., Pictui-e Rocks, Tucson, Arizona.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Clements, Frederic E. (Frederic Edward), 1874-1945. Washington, Carnegie Institution of Washington
RMRE1N7H–. Elementary botany. Botany. 3i8 ECOLOG Y. 598. Others regard the lichens as autonomous plants, that is, the two or- ganisms have by this long-continued community of existence become unified into an individualized organism, which possesses a habit and mode of life. Fig. 419. Section of fruit body or apothecium of lichen (parmelia), sliowing asci and spores of the fungus. distinct from that of either of the organisms forming the component parts. This community of existence between two different organisms is called by some mutualism^ or symbiosis. Nitrogen' gatherers. 599. How clovers, peas, and
![. A text-book of general lichenology, with descriptions and figures of the genera occurring in the northeastern United States. Lichens; Lichens. oo.o. "O »'»o<( C,0" - . &tfv:3££tf&r'. Parmelia perlata.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Schneider, Albert, 1863-1928. Binghamton, N. Y. , W. N. Clute & Co. Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDXN6T/a-text-book-of-general-lichenology-with-descriptions-and-figures-of-the-genera-occurring-in-the-northeastern-united-states-lichens-lichens-ooo-quoto-olt-c0quot-amptfv3tfampr-parmelia-perlata-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-schneider-albert-1863-1928-binghamton-n-y-w-n-clute-amp-co-RDXN6T.jpg ". A text-book of general lichenology, with descriptions and figures of the genera occurring in the northeastern United States. Lichens; Lichens. oo.o. "O »'»o<( C,0" - . &tfv:3££tf&r'. Parmelia perlata.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Schneider, Albert, 1863-1928. Binghamton, N. Y. , W. N. Clute & Co. Stock Photo")
RMRDXN6T–. A text-book of general lichenology, with descriptions and figures of the genera occurring in the northeastern United States. Lichens; Lichens. oo.o. "O »'»o<( C,0" - . &tfv:3££tf&r'. Parmelia perlata.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Schneider, Albert, 1863-1928. Binghamton, N. Y. , W. N. Clute & Co.
RMRDTG92–. Elementary botany. Botany. Sfflg? >i -£ Fig. 419. Section of fruit body or apothecium of lichen (parmelia), showing asci and spores of the fungus. distinct from that of either of the organisms forming the component parts. This community of existence between two different organisms is called by some mutualisjn, or symbiosis. Nitrogen gatherers. 599. How clovers, peas, and other legumes gather nitrogen.—It has long been known that clover plants, peas, beans, and many other leguminous plants are often able to thrive in soil where the cereals do but poorly. Soil poor in nitrogenous plant food
RMRDE6MY–. The principles of botany, as exemplified in the Cryptogamia. For the use of schools and colleges. Cryptogams; Plant anatomy; 1853. 62 COMPOUND ORGANS OF PLANTS. their surface in the form of dark nuclei or spots; and on the left-hand margin we have a foliaceous lichen, Parmelia con- Fig. 27.. spersa, with its fructification in shields or cups, the cortical matter of the thallus forming a rim or border round the nucleus; 3 is a piece of the thallus of Parmelia oonspersa with a section through the apothecium; 4 is a magnified section of an apotheoium, showing the young asci or sacs which contai
RMRE2MXP–. Elementary botany. Botany. FUNGI CONTINUED: CLASSIFICATION. 221 h. FoliaceoHS lichens, the plant body is leaflike and lobed and more or less loosely attached by rhizoids: Parmelia, Peltigera- etc.. Fig. 251a. Rock lichen (Parmelia contigua). c. Fndkose lichens, the plant body is filamentous or band-like and branched, as in Usnea, Cladonia, etc.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Atkinson, George Francis, 185
RMRDTPDJ–. Lichens. Lichens. I30 MORPHOLOGY ZukaU claims to have found breathing-pores in Cornicularia {Parmelid) tristis and in several other Parmeliae, notably in Parmelia stygia. The thallus of the latter species has minute holes or openings in the upper cortex, but they are without any definite form and may be only fortuitous. ZukaP published drawings of channels of looser tissue between the exterior and the pith in Oropogon Loxensis and in Usnea bar- bata. He considered them to be of definite service in aeration. The fronds of Ramalina dilacerata by stretching develop a series of elongate holes. R
RMRDTPR9–. Lichens. Lichens. LICHEN ALGAE 65 E. NON-GONIDIAL ORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH LiCHEN HYPHAE Bonnier' made a series of cultures with lichen spores and green cells other than those that form lichen gonidia. In one instance he substituted Protococcus botryoides for the normal gonidia of Parmelia {Xanthoria) parietina; in another of his cultures he replaced Protococcus viridis by the filamentous alga Trentepohlia abietina. In both cases the hyphae attached themselves to the green cells and a certain stage of thallus formation was reached, though growth ceased fairly early. Another experiment made
RMRDTPM0–. Lichens. Lichens. STRATOSE THALLUS 89 into short cells and a kind of plectenchyma is formed, as in Lecanora {Psoroma) hypnorum, in Endocarpan, etc.. Fig. 49. Parmelia caperata Ach. (S. H., Photo.). The felted medulla is characteristic of most lichens and is formed of loose slender branching septate hyphae with thickish walls. This interwoven hyphal texture provides abundant air-spaces. Hue^ has noted that the walls of the medullary hyphae in Parmeliae are smooth, unless they have been exposed to great extremes of heat or cold, when they become wrinkled or scaly. They are very thick-walled in
RMRDDC42–. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. 12 PhotoinicrograpJis of Botanical Studies. 3.—T.S. Female conceptacle, fucus vesiculosus. m^.. Limiting tissue of thallus. Pr(jtective hairs. Oogonia in varicius stages of development. iMouth of conceptacle. 4.—Y.S. Apothecia, Parmelia parietina.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne
RMRDX427–. Lichens. Lichens. 28 CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS growing cells of Protococcus^ viridis and formed the early stages of a lichen thallus. Woronin^ contributed his observations on the gonidia of Parmelia (Physcid) pulveridenta which he isolated from the thallus and cultivated in pure water. He confirmed the occurrence of cell division in the gonidia and also the formation of zoospores, these again forming new colonies of algae identical in all respects with the thalline gonidia. He was able to see the germinating tube from a lichen spore attach itself to a gonidium, though he failed in h
RMRDTPBF–. Lichens. Lichens. ISO MORPHOLOGY. The development of the isidial outgrowth has been described by Rosen- dahP in several species of Parmelia. In one of them, P:papulosa, which has a cortical layer one cell thick, the isidium begins as a small swelling or wart on the upper surface of the thallus. At that stage the cells of the cortex have already lost their normal arrangement and show irregular division. They divide still further, as gonidia and hyphae push their way up. The full-grown isidia in this species are cylindrical or clavate, simple or branched. They are peculiar in that they bear la
RMRDX2R9–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 131. Parmelia revoluia var. concentrica Cromb. a, plant on flint with detached fragment; b, upper surface of three specimens; <r, three specimens as found on chalk downs; d, specimens in section showing central cavity (S. H., Photo.). 17—2. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Smith, Annie Lorrain. Cambridge, At the University Press
![. A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. Parmelia parietina. Vertical section of thallus Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTN0J/a-general-system-of-botany-descriptive-and-analytical-in-two-parts-part-i-outlines-of-organography-anatomy-and-physiology-part-ii-descriptions-and-illustrations-of-the-orders-by-emm-le-maout-and-j-decaisne-with-5500-figures-by-l-steinheil-and-a-riocreux-translated-from-the-original-by-mrs-hooker-the-orders-arranged-after-the-method-followed-in-the-universities-and-schools-of-great-britain-its-colonies-america-and-india-with-additions-an-appendix-on-the-natural-method-and-a-synopsis-of-the-orders-by-jd-hooker-botany-parmelia-parietina-vertical-section-of-thallus-RDTN0J.jpg ". A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. Parmelia parietina. Vertical section of thallus Stock Photo")
RMRDTN0J–. A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. Parmelia parietina. Vertical section of thallus
RMRDTG96–. Elementary botany. Botany. 3i8 F.COLOG V. 598. Others regard the lichens as autonomous plants, that is, the two or-' ganisms have by this long-continued community of existence become unified into an individualized organism, which possesses a habit and mode of life. Sfflg? >i -£ Fig. 419. Section of fruit body or apothecium of lichen (parmelia), showing asci and spores of the fungus. distinct from that of either of the organisms forming the component parts. This community of existence between two different organisms is called by some mutualisjn, or symbiosis. Nitrogen gatherers. 599. How c
RMRE2FEE–. Fundamentals of botany. Botany. 33° STRUCTURE AND LIFE HISTORIES. Fig. 238.—A lichen, Parmelia perlala (,L.) Acli. i. Plant, slightly reduced in size; a, apothecia', h, lobe of thallus; c, soredialpatches. The soredia are vegetative reproductive bodies composed of both algal and fun- gal elements, and therefore able to reproduce the lichen; the ascospores,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Gager, C. Stuart
RMRE1N73–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 419. Section of fruit body or apothecium of lichen (parmelia), sliowing asci and spores of the fungus. distinct from that of either of the organisms forming the component parts. This community of existence between two different organisms is called by some mutualism^ or symbiosis. Nitrogen' gatherers. 599. How clovers, peas, and other legumes gather nitrogen.âIt has long been known that clover plants, peas, beans, and many other leguminous plants are often able to thrive in soil where the cereals do but poorly. Soil poor in nitrogenous plant food becomes richer
![. Lichens. Lichens. 92 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of the cortex and are greyish or whitish-grey, as in Physcia ciliaris or in Physcia hispida (Fig. i lo). They provide a yellow fringe to the apothecia of Physcia chrysophthalma and a green fringe to those of Usnea florida. They are dark-brown or almost black in Parmelia perlata var. ciliata and in P. cetrata, etc. as also in Gyrophora cylindrica. The fronds of Cetraria i^landica and other species of the genus are bordered with short spinulose brown hairs whose main function seems to be the bearing of "pycnidia" though in many cases Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTPKB/lichens-lichens-92-morphology-retain-the-colour-of-the-cortex-and-are-greyish-or-whitish-grey-as-in-physcia-ciliaris-or-in-physcia-hispida-fig-i-lo-they-provide-a-yellow-fringe-to-the-apothecia-of-physcia-chrysophthalma-and-a-green-fringe-to-those-of-usnea-florida-they-are-dark-brown-or-almost-black-in-parmelia-perlata-var-ciliata-and-in-p-cetrata-etc-as-also-in-gyrophora-cylindrica-the-fronds-of-cetraria-ilandica-and-other-species-of-the-genus-are-bordered-with-short-spinulose-brown-hairs-whose-main-function-seems-to-be-the-bearing-of-quotpycnidiaquot-though-in-many-cases-RDTPKB.jpg ". Lichens. Lichens. 92 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of the cortex and are greyish or whitish-grey, as in Physcia ciliaris or in Physcia hispida (Fig. i lo). They provide a yellow fringe to the apothecia of Physcia chrysophthalma and a green fringe to those of Usnea florida. They are dark-brown or almost black in Parmelia perlata var. ciliata and in P. cetrata, etc. as also in Gyrophora cylindrica. The fronds of Cetraria i^landica and other species of the genus are bordered with short spinulose brown hairs whose main function seems to be the bearing of "pycnidia" though in many cases Stock Photo")
RMRDTPKB–. Lichens. Lichens. 92 MORPHOLOGY retain the colour of the cortex and are greyish or whitish-grey, as in Physcia ciliaris or in Physcia hispida (Fig. i lo). They provide a yellow fringe to the apothecia of Physcia chrysophthalma and a green fringe to those of Usnea florida. They are dark-brown or almost black in Parmelia perlata var. ciliata and in P. cetrata, etc. as also in Gyrophora cylindrica. The fronds of Cetraria i^landica and other species of the genus are bordered with short spinulose brown hairs whose main function seems to be the bearing of "pycnidia" though in many cases
RMRDX307–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 109. CladoniafurcataSchxzA. Branched podetium with spermogonia at the tips (after Krabbe). Fig. 110. Physcia hispida TncVexm. Ciliate frond, a, spermogonia; b, apothecia. x ca. 5 (after Lindsay). In a very large number of lichens, both crustaceous and foliose, the spermogonia are scattered over the entire thallus (Fig. 110), covering it more or less thickly with minute black dots, as in Parmelia conspersa. In other instances, they are to some extent confined to the peripheral areas as in Parmelia physodes; or they occur on the extreme edge of the thallus as in the crus
![. Practical botany. Botany. m â ''Kl |C no other plants could live. Fic. 191. A hanging lichen {Usnea) which is often called the "bearded moss." Also upon the dead spruce twig which supports this licljen there is another foliose lichen {Parmelia). Upon the Usiica plant there are shown several of the disk-like cups in which ascospores are formed 228. Form, structure, and reproduc- tion. Those lichens which adhere like leaves to the material upon which they grow are called/o/i'ose (Fig. 190); those that form closely adhering, scale-like growths are cnififniu'dvs forms; those that branc Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RE3B16/practical-botany-botany-m-kl-c-no-other-plants-could-live-fic-191-a-hanging-lichen-usnea-which-is-often-called-the-quotbearded-mossquot-also-upon-the-dead-spruce-twig-which-supports-this-licljen-there-is-another-foliose-lichen-parmelia-upon-the-usiica-plant-there-are-shown-several-of-the-disk-like-cups-in-which-ascospores-are-formed-228-form-structure-and-reproduc-tion-those-lichens-which-adhere-like-leaves-to-the-material-upon-which-they-grow-are-calledoiose-fig-190-those-that-form-closely-adhering-scale-like-growths-are-cnififniudvs-forms-those-that-branc-RE3B16.jpg ". Practical botany. Botany. m â ''Kl |C no other plants could live. Fic. 191. A hanging lichen {Usnea) which is often called the "bearded moss." Also upon the dead spruce twig which supports this licljen there is another foliose lichen {Parmelia). Upon the Usiica plant there are shown several of the disk-like cups in which ascospores are formed 228. Form, structure, and reproduc- tion. Those lichens which adhere like leaves to the material upon which they grow are called/o/i'ose (Fig. 190); those that form closely adhering, scale-like growths are cnififniu'dvs forms; those that branc Stock Photo")
RMRE3B16–. Practical botany. Botany. m â ''Kl |C no other plants could live. Fic. 191. A hanging lichen {Usnea) which is often called the "bearded moss." Also upon the dead spruce twig which supports this licljen there is another foliose lichen {Parmelia). Upon the Usiica plant there are shown several of the disk-like cups in which ascospores are formed 228. Form, structure, and reproduc- tion. Those lichens which adhere like leaves to the material upon which they grow are called/o/i'ose (Fig. 190); those that form closely adhering, scale-like growths are cnififniu'dvs forms; those that branc
![. Class-book of botany [microform] : being outlines of the structures, physiology, and classification of plants : with a flora of the United States and Canada. Botany; Botany; Plants; Plants; Botanique; Botanique; Plantes; Botanique. 551, Frustules of a Diatomaceous Alga (Dlatonia inarinuin) separating from each other.. i,KJL^^ 534 532 Lichens, 530. Ohuloni'i; tlie mimito thallus at the base of the podotia, cnp-like above, bearing scarlet cciiiceptaeies. 531, Tsnea. .'â )3'2, Sticta. 533, Parmelia. 534, Reeeiilaclo, vertical sec- tion. 535, A portion (highly inagnitiud) witii theciu and parapl Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RJ2DEN/class-book-of-botany-microform-being-outlines-of-the-structures-physiology-and-classification-of-plants-with-a-flora-of-the-united-states-and-canada-botany-botany-plants-plants-botanique-botanique-plantes-botanique-551-frustules-of-a-diatomaceous-alga-dlatonia-inarinuin-separating-from-each-other-ikjl-534-532-lichens-530-ohulonii-tlie-mimito-thallus-at-the-base-of-the-podotia-cnp-like-above-bearing-scarlet-cciiiceptaeies-531-tsnea-32-sticta-533-parmelia-534-reeeiilaclo-vertical-sec-tion-535-a-portion-highly-inagnitiud-witii-theciu-and-parapl-RJ2DEN.jpg ". Class-book of botany [microform] : being outlines of the structures, physiology, and classification of plants : with a flora of the United States and Canada. Botany; Botany; Plants; Plants; Botanique; Botanique; Plantes; Botanique. 551, Frustules of a Diatomaceous Alga (Dlatonia inarinuin) separating from each other.. i,KJL^^ 534 532 Lichens, 530. Ohuloni'i; tlie mimito thallus at the base of the podotia, cnp-like above, bearing scarlet cciiiceptaeies. 531, Tsnea. .'â )3'2, Sticta. 533, Parmelia. 534, Reeeiilaclo, vertical sec- tion. 535, A portion (highly inagnitiud) witii theciu and parapl Stock Photo")
RMRJ2DEN–. Class-book of botany [microform] : being outlines of the structures, physiology, and classification of plants : with a flora of the United States and Canada. Botany; Botany; Plants; Plants; Botanique; Botanique; Plantes; Botanique. 551, Frustules of a Diatomaceous Alga (Dlatonia inarinuin) separating from each other.. i,KJL^^ 534 532 Lichens, 530. Ohuloni'i; tlie mimito thallus at the base of the podotia, cnp-like above, bearing scarlet cciiiceptaeies. 531, Tsnea. .'â )3'2, Sticta. 533, Parmelia. 534, Reeeiilaclo, vertical sec- tion. 535, A portion (highly inagnitiud) witii theciu and parapl
RMRDD9D1–. Lessons in botany. Botany. 312 ECOLOGY. the lichens lay hold on them and invest them with fantastic figures of varied color. Disintegrating rock, debris of plants and animals, join to form the virgin soil. Certain of the blue- green algse, as well as some of the mosses, are able to gain a foothold on rocks and assist in this process of soil formation.. Fig. 260. Rock lichen (Parmelia contigua). A view of rocks thrown down by the melting and retreating edge of a glacier in Greenland is shown in fig. 261. These rocks at the time the photograph was taken had no plant life on them. At other plac
![. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. PK.f nv, 'ephalodia or Df points on e apotliccia, f foliaceous as abortive 3n, we may of Parmelia xat'dh (var. abortiva of apothecia of " Lichenes ^s Tries; a orily proved ogists. We elonging to und for tlie :lierto little the aid of jnon occur- 0 the same the genera i by some the Fungi;. iMJini.i»»v dijJti-j l£nc«rit BroolcR. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally e Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/REP2JT/a-popular-history-of-british-lichens-microform-comprising-an-account-of-their-structure-reproduction-uses-distribution-and-classification-lichens-lichens-pkf-nv-ephalodia-or-df-points-on-e-apotliccia-f-foliaceous-as-abortive-3n-we-may-of-parmelia-xatdh-var-abortiva-of-apothecia-of-quot-lichenes-s-tries-a-orily-proved-ogists-we-elonging-to-und-for-tlie-lierto-little-the-aid-of-jnon-occur-0-the-same-the-genera-i-by-some-the-fungi-imjiniiv-dijjti-j-lncrit-broolcr-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-e-REP2JT.jpg ". A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. PK.f nv, 'ephalodia or Df points on e apotliccia, f foliaceous as abortive 3n, we may of Parmelia xat'dh (var. abortiva of apothecia of " Lichenes ^s Tries; a orily proved ogists. We elonging to und for tlie :lierto little the aid of jnon occur- 0 the same the genera i by some the Fungi;. iMJini.i»»v dijJti-j l£nc«rit BroolcR. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally e Stock Photo")
RMREP2JT–. A popular history of British lichens [microform] : comprising an account of their structure, reproduction, uses, distribution, and classification. Lichens; Lichens. PK.f nv, 'ephalodia or Df points on e apotliccia, f foliaceous as abortive 3n, we may of Parmelia xat'dh (var. abortiva of apothecia of " Lichenes ^s Tries; a orily proved ogists. We elonging to und for tlie :lierto little the aid of jnon occur- 0 the same the genera i by some the Fungi;. iMJini.i»»v dijJti-j l£nc«rit BroolcR. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally e
RMRDWA9R–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. LICHENES. 309 Species of Bvernia are sometimes used for furnisliing yellow Speei sehneidera, Theloscldstes, Parmelia From Parmelia pa/rietina fine dyes have UmWlicor cine, dyes. Family 3. ParmelieL (Fig. 203), Physcia, Pyxine. been obtained. Family 3. ITmbilicariei ria. Family 4. Peltigerei. Slicta (Fig. 213), Nephroma, Peltigera, Solorina. Stic- ta pvlmonacea was formerly used in medi- cine, but it bas fallen into disuse, except- ing with quacks. Family 5. Pannariei. Heppia, Pan- naria. Family 6. CoUemei. Ephebe, Licli- ina, Bynalissa, Omphalari
RMRPXNAP–. Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological. Botany. CARPOSPOREJE. 327 dense pulvinate masses (as in Usnea, Ramalina, Euernia, Physcia, Parmelia, Pertusaria, &c). In the heteromerous thallus the soredia appear in the gonidial layer; single gonidia, or sometimes several together becoming woven over by branches of hyphae which cling. FIG. 221.—A—D soredia of Usnea barbata; A a simple soredium, consisting of a gonidium covered with a web of hyphse; B a soredium, in which the gonidium has multiplied by division; C a group of simple soredia, resulting from the penetration of the hyph
RMRE1E0M–. Class-book of botany : being outlines of the structure, physiology and classification of plants : with a flora of the United States and Canada . Botany; Botany; Botany. 551, Frustules of a Diatomaceous Alga (Diatoraa marinum) separating from each other.. Lichens, 530, CladAiia; the minute thallus at the ba.^6 of the podetia, cup-like above, bearing scarlet conceptacles. 531, Usnea. 532, Sticta. 533, Parmelia. 584, Receptacle,'vertical sec- tion. 535, A portion (highly magni&ed) with thecas aud paraphases. 636, A spore (double). numerous spores. In ferns they grow on the back of the frond
RMRDW9T9–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 298 BOTANY. ascus (the so-called free cell formation). Usually there is a considerable quantity of the unused protoplasm left over after the ascospores are fully formed (Fig. 304, a, h, c). The usual number of ascospores is eight (Figs. 202, 203, 204), although in exceptional genera they range from one or two (Umbilicaria) to a hundred or more (Bactrospora, and other genera). They are frequently septate, sometimes being di- vided into two portions—e.g., Parmelia (Fig. 202)—or many, as in Gollema Urceolaria, etc. In the gymnocarpous lichens the as
RMRDWABB–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 298 BOTANY. aseus (the so-called free cell formation). Usually there is a considerable quantity of the unused protoplasm left over after the ascospores are fully formed (Fig. 304, a, b, c). The usual number of ascospores is eight (Figs. 302, 303, 304), although in exceptional genera they range from one or two (Umbilicaria) to a hundred or more {Bactrospora, and other genera). They are frequently septate, sometimes being di- vided into two portions—e.^., Parmelia (Fig. 202)—or many, as in Gollema Urceolaria, etc. In the gymnocarpous lichens the as
RMRDW9R2–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. LIGHENE8. 309 cine. Species of Ehernia are sometimes used for furnishing yellow dyes. Family 2. Parmeliei. Speei schneidera, Theloschistes, Parmelia (Fig. 202), Physcia, Pyxine. From Parmelia panetina fine dyes have been obtained. Family 3. Umbilicariei. Umbilica- ria. Family 4. Peltigerei. Slicta (Fig. 313), N&phroma, Peltigera, Bolorina. Btie- ta pulmonaeea was formerly used in medi- cine, but it has fallen into disuse, except- ing with quacks. Family 5. Pannariei. Meppia, Pan- nana. Family 6. CoUemei. Ephebe, Lich- ina, Synalissa, Omphalar
RMRDWDNN–. Elementary botany. Botany. 382 ECOLOG V. figures of varied color. Disintegrating rock, debris of plants and animals, join to form the virgin soil. Certain of the blue- green algae, as well as some of the mosses, are able to gain a foothold on rocks and assist in this process of soil formation.. Fig 481. Rock lichen (Parmelia contigua). A view of rocks thrown down by the melting and retreating edge of a glacier in Greenland is shown in fig. 481. These rocks at the time the photograph was taken had no plant life on them. At other places in the vicinity of this glacier, rocks longer uncov- ered
RMRDFMXE–. Class-book of botany : being outlines of the structure, physiology, and classification of plants ; with a flora of the United States and Canada . Botany; Botany; Botany. 551, Frustules of a, Diatomaceous Ah (Diatoma marinum) separating from eac other.. Lichens, 530, Cladonia; the minute thallus at the base of the podetia. cup-lilce 5bove, bearing scarlet conceptaclcs. 531, LTsnea. 532, Sticta. 533, Parmelia. 534, Ueceptacle, vertical sec- tion. 535, A portion (highly magnified) with thecffi and paraphases. 536, A spore (double). numerous spores. In ferns they grow on the back of the fronds i
RMRE1MNC–. Elementary botany. Botany. 382 Ecology. figures of varied color. Disintegrating rock, debris of plants and animals, join to form the virgin soil. Certain of the blue- green algae, as well as some of the mosses, are able to gain a foothold on rocks and assist in this process of soil formation.. Fig. 481. Rock lichen (Parmelia contigua). A view of rocks thrown down by the melting and retreating edge of a glacier in Greenland is shown in fig. 482. These rocks at the time the photograph was taken had no plant life on them. At other places in the vicinity of this glacier, rocks longer un- covered
RMRDTPKP–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 49. Parmelia caperata Ach. (S. H., Photo.). The felted medulla is characteristic of most lichens and is formed of loose slender branching septate hyphae with thickish walls. This interwoven hyphal texture provides abundant air-spaces. Hue^ has noted that the walls of the medullary hyphae in Parmeliae are smooth, unless they have been exposed to great extremes of heat or cold, when they become wrinkled or scaly. They are very thick-walled in Pelti- gera (Fig. 50). /I' 0 I J. Fig. 50. Hyphae from lower medulla of Peltigera canina DC. x 600. 1 Hue 1808.. Please note that
RMRDX2YW–. Lichens. Lichens. B Fig. III. Immersed spermogonia. A, globose m Parmelia acetabulum Dub. x 600; B, with infolded walls in Lecidea (Psora) testacea Ach. x 144 (after Gliick). A second series, also immersed, are borne in small protuberances of the thallus. These very prominent forms are rarely found in crustaceous lichens, but they are characteristic of such well-known species as Ramalina fraxinea, Xanthoria parietina, Ricasolia amplissima, Baeomyces roseus, etc. Other sper- mogonia project slightly above the level of the thallus, as in Cladoniapapillaria and Lecidea lurida; while in a few in
![. Lichens. Lichens. ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass together. Meyer says that " wanderers " have been noted as belonging to Parmelia acetabulum, Platysmaglaucum and Anaptychia ciliaris. The most notable instance in Britain of the "erratic" habit is that of Parmelia revoluta y-ax. concentrica (Fig. 121), first found on Melbury Hill â - ^ V ft;/i«.>x^:^ iM^MrM.. ^K .5; â¢>i'^ %' ^l^SlSSS^i :H,'. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX2RH/lichens-lichens-erratic-lichens-259-bind-the-mass-together-meyer-says-that-quot-wanderers-quot-have-been-noted-as-belonging-to-parmelia-acetabulum-platysmaglaucum-and-anaptychia-ciliaris-the-most-notable-instance-in-britain-of-the-quoterraticquot-habit-is-that-of-parmelia-revoluta-y-ax-concentrica-fig-121-first-found-on-melbury-hill-v-ftigtx-immrm-k-5-gti-lslsssi-h-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-RDX2RH.jpg ". Lichens. Lichens. ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass together. Meyer says that " wanderers " have been noted as belonging to Parmelia acetabulum, Platysmaglaucum and Anaptychia ciliaris. The most notable instance in Britain of the "erratic" habit is that of Parmelia revoluta y-ax. concentrica (Fig. 121), first found on Melbury Hill â - ^ V ft;/i«.>x^:^ iM^MrM.. ^K .5; â¢>i'^ %' ^l^SlSSS^i :H,'. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations Stock Photo")
RMRDX2RH–. Lichens. Lichens. ERRATIC LICHENS 259 bind the mass together. Meyer says that " wanderers " have been noted as belonging to Parmelia acetabulum, Platysmaglaucum and Anaptychia ciliaris. The most notable instance in Britain of the "erratic" habit is that of Parmelia revoluta y-ax. concentrica (Fig. 121), first found on Melbury Hill â - ^ V ft;/i«.>x^:^ iM^MrM.. ^K .5; â¢>i'^ %' ^l^SlSSS^i :H,'. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations
RMRDTPK5–. Lichens. Lichens. A B Fig- 53. Rhizoid of Parmelia exasperata Carroll (P. aspidota Rosend.). A, hyphae growing out from lower cortex x 450. B, tip of rhizoid with gelatinous sheath x 335 (after Rosendahl). provided with a lower cortex of plectenchyma. In foliose lichens they are frequently abundant, though by no means universal, and attach the spreading fronds to the support. They originate, as Schwendener^ pointed out, from the outer cortical cells, exactly as do the cilia, and are scattered over the 1 Darbishire 1897. 2 Schwendener i860.. Please note that these images are extracted from sc
RMRDW9TM–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. Fig. 9X&.—Parmelia aipolia. A, a portion of a thallus with two apothecia a», and several spermasonia. «, a. B, transverse section of tiiallus tlirough an apothe- cium ; cc, cortical layer of pseudo-parenchyma; j7, g', sonidial Inyery ; cm, medul- lary layer j h,h, liypothecium ; ^,/, ^. ^thc hymeriiimi ; jfA, asci (thecae) witli ascospores. (7, section through three spermai;onia, s..', s; rh, rh. rhizoids. D, ctcrigmata from the interior of a spermagouium, bearing speriuaLia s' 8', AftQt'. Please note that these images are extracted from scan
RMRDEG03–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 8o MYCOtOGY. Fig. 26.—A foliaceous lichen, Parmelia perlata. i, Plant slightly reduced in size; a, apothecia; b, lobe of thallus; c, patches of soredia; 2, longitudinal section of apothecium and cross-section of thallus; o, ascus; b, c, hypothecium; d. upper gonidial (upper algal) layer; e, medullary layer; /, lower gonidial layer; g, lower cortical layer; I, 3, cross-section of vegetative thallus. (From Gager. After Schneider.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned
![. Lichens. Lichens. 196 REPRODUCTION In size they vary from such minute bodies as those in Parmelia exasperata which measure 25-35 A'' i" diam., up to nearly i mm. in Lobaria laetevirens. As a rule, they range from about 150/i to 400 yu, across the widest part, and are generally rather longer than broad. They open above by a small slit or pore called the ostiole about 20 yii to 100 /x wide which is frequently dark in colour. In one in- stance, in Icmadophila aeruginosa, Nien- burg' has described a spermogonium with a wide opening, the spermatiophores being massed in palisade formation alo Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX2YP/lichens-lichens-196-reproduction-in-size-they-vary-from-such-minute-bodies-as-those-in-parmelia-exasperata-which-measure-25-35-a-iquot-diam-up-to-nearly-i-mm-in-lobaria-laetevirens-as-a-rule-they-range-from-about-150i-to-400-yu-across-the-widest-part-and-are-generally-rather-longer-than-broad-they-open-above-by-a-small-slit-or-pore-called-the-ostiole-about-20-yii-to-100-x-wide-which-is-frequently-dark-in-colour-in-one-in-stance-in-icmadophila-aeruginosa-nien-burg-has-described-a-spermogonium-with-a-wide-opening-the-spermatiophores-being-massed-in-palisade-formation-alo-RDX2YP.jpg ". Lichens. Lichens. 196 REPRODUCTION In size they vary from such minute bodies as those in Parmelia exasperata which measure 25-35 A'' i" diam., up to nearly i mm. in Lobaria laetevirens. As a rule, they range from about 150/i to 400 yu, across the widest part, and are generally rather longer than broad. They open above by a small slit or pore called the ostiole about 20 yii to 100 /x wide which is frequently dark in colour. In one in- stance, in Icmadophila aeruginosa, Nien- burg' has described a spermogonium with a wide opening, the spermatiophores being massed in palisade formation alo Stock Photo")
RMRDX2YP–. Lichens. Lichens. 196 REPRODUCTION In size they vary from such minute bodies as those in Parmelia exasperata which measure 25-35 A'' i" diam., up to nearly i mm. in Lobaria laetevirens. As a rule, they range from about 150/i to 400 yu, across the widest part, and are generally rather longer than broad. They open above by a small slit or pore called the ostiole about 20 yii to 100 /x wide which is frequently dark in colour. In one in- stance, in Icmadophila aeruginosa, Nien- burg' has described a spermogonium with a wide opening, the spermatiophores being massed in palisade formation alo
RMRDWABR–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. Kg. WSa.—Parmelia aipolia. A, a portion of a thallus with two apothecia, ap, and several spermagonia. fi, fi. 5, transverse section of thallus through an apothe- cinm ; cc, cortical layer of pseudo-parenchyma ; g, g gonidial layers ; cm, medul- lary layer ; h. h, hypothecium ; t, t^ t, t, the hymenium ; t?i, asci (thecae), with ascospores. C, section through three spermagonia, s.s,s; rh'.rh, rhizoids. D, stcrigmata from the interior of a spermagonium, bearing spermalia, s «'.—After Tulasne.. Please note that these images are extracted from scan
RMRE1FN6–. La biologie des plantes ... Plant ecology. UNE AUDACIEUSE ENTREPRISE 71 predilection, I'algue habituelle sur laguelle puisse s'appliquer le crampon suipoir par lequel debute cette domestication. A d^faut d'algue, la spore germe, mais s'arrSte dans son d^veloppementT mSme sur les milieux les plus nutritifs. Et, comme il faut k chaque espfece de lichen une categoric d'algues, les chances de r^ussir paraissent bien minimes. Cependant, cesalgues lib^r^es se mul-. Fig. 35. — Lichens de divers genres. A, Peltigera, lichen foliac^, dont on voit les fruits en B ; C, Solorina; D, ParmeliA sur une fco
![. A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. Parmelia parietina. Spermatia of -^ to ^^^ (Tul Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTN0P/a-general-system-of-botany-descriptive-and-analytical-in-two-parts-part-i-outlines-of-organography-anatomy-and-physiology-part-ii-descriptions-and-illustrations-of-the-orders-by-emm-le-maout-and-j-decaisne-with-5500-figures-by-l-steinheil-and-a-riocreux-translated-from-the-original-by-mrs-hooker-the-orders-arranged-after-the-method-followed-in-the-universities-and-schools-of-great-britain-its-colonies-america-and-india-with-additions-an-appendix-on-the-natural-method-and-a-synopsis-of-the-orders-by-jd-hooker-botany-parmelia-parietina-spermatia-of-to-tul-RDTN0P.jpg ". A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. Parmelia parietina. Spermatia of -^ to ^^^ (Tul Stock Photo")
RMRDTN0P–. A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. Parmelia parietina. Spermatia of -^ to ^^^ (Tul
RMRDWAC6–. Botany for high schools and colleges. Botany. 296 BOTANT. examples, while of the latter TJsnea, Parmelia (Kg. 203), and Sticta (Fig. 201) may be taken as illustrations.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Bessey, Charles E. (Charles Edwin), 1845-1915. New York : H. Holt
RMRDDC30–. Photomicrographs of botanical studies. Photomicrography. Limiting tissue of thallus. Pr(jtective hairs. Oogonia in varicius stages of development. iMouth of conceptacle. 4.—Y.S. Apothecia, Parmelia parietina.. Apothecia containing spores. Mycelium. Unicellular alga:. Rhizoides or root-hairs.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Flatters, Milborne & McKechnie Ltd. Manchester : Flaters, Milborne & McKe
RMRDHNCP–. Outlines of plant life : with special reference to form and function . Botany. Ftg. 215.—A lichen {Parmelia co-nspersa) growing on a stone, showing the leaf-like thallus (mycelium), with many cup-like fructiiications. Natural size.—After Frank.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Barnes, Charles Reid, 1858-1910. New York : Henry Holt and Company
![. A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. i^, Parmelia IUiacea. Vertical section of an ap Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTN11/a-general-system-of-botany-descriptive-and-analytical-in-two-parts-part-i-outlines-of-organography-anatomy-and-physiology-part-ii-descriptions-and-illustrations-of-the-orders-by-emm-le-maout-and-j-decaisne-with-5500-figures-by-l-steinheil-and-a-riocreux-translated-from-the-original-by-mrs-hooker-the-orders-arranged-after-the-method-followed-in-the-universities-and-schools-of-great-britain-its-colonies-america-and-india-with-additions-an-appendix-on-the-natural-method-and-a-synopsis-of-the-orders-by-jd-hooker-botany-i-parmelia-iuiacea-vertical-section-of-an-ap-RDTN11.jpg ". A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. i^, Parmelia IUiacea. Vertical section of an ap Stock Photo")
RMRDTN11–. A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. i^, Parmelia IUiacea. Vertical section of an ap
![. A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. XII. LICHENES. 943. Parmelia parietina. Spermat Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTN0X/a-general-system-of-botany-descriptive-and-analytical-in-two-parts-part-i-outlines-of-organography-anatomy-and-physiology-part-ii-descriptions-and-illustrations-of-the-orders-by-emm-le-maout-and-j-decaisne-with-5500-figures-by-l-steinheil-and-a-riocreux-translated-from-the-original-by-mrs-hooker-the-orders-arranged-after-the-method-followed-in-the-universities-and-schools-of-great-britain-its-colonies-america-and-india-with-additions-an-appendix-on-the-natural-method-and-a-synopsis-of-the-orders-by-jd-hooker-botany-xii-lichenes-943-parmelia-parietina-spermat-RDTN0X.jpg ". A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. XII. LICHENES. 943. Parmelia parietina. Spermat Stock Photo")
RMRDTN0X–. A general system of botany, descriptive and analytical. In two parts. Part I. Outlines of organography, anatomy, and physiology. Part II. Descriptions and illustrations of the orders. By Emm. Le Maout [and] J. Decaisne. With 5500 figures by L. Steinheil and A. Riocreux. Translated from the original by Mrs. Hooker. The orders arranged after the method followed in the universities and schools of Great Britain, its colonies, America, and India; with additions, an appendix on the natural method, and a synopsis of the orders, by J.D. Hooker. Botany. XII. LICHENES. 943. Parmelia parietina. Spermat
. followed in South Tyrol: a layer of th Stock Photo")
RMRDX2KX–. Lichens. Lichens. 4it ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL various dye-species, and Hoffmann, as already stated, gives illustrations of colours that can be obtained. It has been once and again affirmed that Parmelia saxatilis yields a red colour, but Zopf denies this. It contains saxatillic acid which is colourless when extracted but on boiling gives a clear reddish-yellow to reddish-brown solution which dyes wool and silk directly without the aid of a mordant. ZopP observed the process of dyeing. 'U : «*-: . Fig. 135. Parmelia omphalodes Ach. (S. H., Photo."). followed in South Tyrol: a layer of th
RMRDN235–. Natural history. Geology; Zoology; Botany. Fig. 2.. Fig. 4. West, Newman proc. Fig. 5. Fig. 1. LECANORA LAV^. Fig. 2. LECANORA EXPECTANS. Fig. 3. BUELLIA QUERCINA. Fig. 4. BUELLIA FRIGIDA. Fig. 5. PARMELIA QUARTA.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. National Antarctic Expedition, 1907-1904; Fletcher, Lazarus, Sir 1854-1921; Bell, F. J. (Francis Jeffrey), 1855-1924; British Museum (Natural History). London, Pr
![. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 113 A. Types of lichen " sporophores " and pycnidiospores. 1, Peltigera rufescens Hoffm. x 910; 2, Lecidea (I'sora) testacea Ach. xnoo; 3, C/flrfbKia ca«'oja Spreng. X 1000; 4, Pyrenula nitida Ach. X 1130; 5, Parmelia iristis Nyl. X700; 6, Lobaria pulmo- naria Hoffm. x ] 000 (after Gliick). >â Gliick 1899. 'â Steiner 1901.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Smith, Annie L Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDX2XD/lichens-lichens-fig-113-a-types-of-lichen-quot-sporophores-quot-and-pycnidiospores-1-peltigera-rufescens-hoffm-x-910-2-lecidea-isora-testacea-ach-xnoo-3-cflrfbkia-caoja-spreng-x-1000-4-pyrenula-nitida-ach-x-1130-5-parmelia-iristis-nyl-x700-6-lobaria-pulmo-naria-hoffm-x-000-after-gliick-gt-gliick-1899-steiner-1901-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-smith-annie-l-RDX2XD.jpg ". Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 113 A. Types of lichen " sporophores " and pycnidiospores. 1, Peltigera rufescens Hoffm. x 910; 2, Lecidea (I'sora) testacea Ach. xnoo; 3, C/flrfbKia ca«'oja Spreng. X 1000; 4, Pyrenula nitida Ach. X 1130; 5, Parmelia iristis Nyl. X700; 6, Lobaria pulmo- naria Hoffm. x ] 000 (after Gliick). >â Gliick 1899. 'â Steiner 1901.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Smith, Annie L Stock Photo")
RMRDX2XD–. Lichens. Lichens. Fig. 113 A. Types of lichen " sporophores " and pycnidiospores. 1, Peltigera rufescens Hoffm. x 910; 2, Lecidea (I'sora) testacea Ach. xnoo; 3, C/flrfbKia ca«'oja Spreng. X 1000; 4, Pyrenula nitida Ach. X 1130; 5, Parmelia iristis Nyl. X700; 6, Lobaria pulmo- naria Hoffm. x ] 000 (after Gliick). >â Gliick 1899. 'â Steiner 1901.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Smith, Annie L
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