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Reproduction vegetative Stock Photos and Images
RM2M2NN89–One of the commonest of the lichen family, the Golden Crust is found on a wide range of substrates from coastal rocks to twigs.
RM2K7X8AG–Marine Golden Crust lichen is one of the best known and colourful of the lichens. They are most often seen on rocks close to the high-tide mark
RM2K6CNTH–A miniature microcosm of lichens and mosses grow in between patches of Heather on Powys Mountain. They are predominantly Usnea and Cladonia species
RMAC37DT–String of Hearts, Rosary Vine (Ceropegia woodii, Ceropegia linearis ssp. woodii), storage bulb at the sprout
RM2K6CNTC–Lichens are a plant-like mutualistically symbiotic fungus and algae living together. They are hardy and are the first living organism to colonise.
RMRR277X–. Advanced biology. Biology; Physiology; Reproduction. CHAPTER XXVII VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION. Leaf with little plants. A sandworm with buds. What is vegetative propagation f What processes in animals may be comparable to vegetative propagation of plants f An individual organism begins its independent life when it becomes separated from a preexisting individual. Roots, stems, and even leaves sometimes develop into new plants, although ordinarily their functions are for purposes of nutrition and not reproduction. When a portion of a plant, ordinarily used for nutrition, is separated and used for
RM2K6CNTN–Lichens are a plant-like mutualistically symbiotic fungus and algae living together. They are hardy and are the first living organism to colonise.
RMRE8AAM–. Coral and atolls: a history and description of the Keeling-Cocos Islands, with an account of their fauna and flora, and a discussion of the method of development and transformation of coral structures in general. Coral reefs and islands. Vegetative Reproduction in Corals, a. Further stage of incom{)lete separation of zooids b. Meaiidrine type of division. localised portion of the surface of the colony ; or it may be a real alteration of vegetative habit. It is an outstanding fact m all the colonies observed for long intervals that the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned
RM2KEYXNF–Cone Flower daisy and wand Sage put on a magnificent display of contrasting colour. Both are plants adapted to summer heat and well suited to drought
RM2J148HX–A dense mix of lichens and moss flourishes in the cool damp coastal climate of Anglesey. These were the first organism to start colonising dry land
RMARJCT9–Mother-of-Thousands, Creeping Saxifrage (Saxifraga stolonifera), potted plant on plant column
RMRDTK0T–. Science of plant life, a high school botany treating of the plant and its relation to the environment. Botany. CHAPTER SIXTEEN REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS: FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND SEEDS. Fig. I19. The plants in flower have reached the reproductive phase of their life. The development of roots, stems, and leaves makes up the first period of the life of a flowering plant. These parts form the vegetative body of the plant, and are all primarily con- cerned, as we have seen, with the production, distribution, and accumulation of food materials. The period of growth of the vegetative parts and
RM2HXP143–A vivid orange patch of Golden Crust lichen grows in the profusion of feather-moss and rosette lichens on an old wooden hand rail.
RM2HMNJAA–Golden Crust lichen is one of the first rugged organisms to colonise the shorelines. Being salt tolerant it can grow just above the high-tide mark on
RM2HTR01E–Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between fungus and algae. They are extremely hardy and grow on a wide range of substrates
RM2HJEP9T–Xanthoria, or Golden Crust Lichen, is one of the the hardiest in the family of these amazing symbionts.
RM2FX14E7–A common Crustose form of Lichen that forms on rocks close to the high water mark in coastal areas, the spore bearing ascocarps are orange
RM2FX14EG–The Golden Lichen is a beautiful for that can be found on trees as well as rocks. The whole lichen body is a rick golden yellow
RM2EPC4K2–The distinctive orange lichen, Xanthoria polycarpa, is comon growing on twigs and bark and particulalry in coastal areas. The fruiting bodies, or asoc
RM2EHTMP1–The distinctive yellow/orange of the Xantheria parientina lichen is one of the commonest lichens in the UK and is particularly fond of coastal habitat
RMARJCT5–Mother-of-Thousands, Creeping Saxifrage (Saxifraga stolonifera), potted plant on plant column
RM2DHHYPK–A twig can have a complex saprophytic community of lichens that form a micro-environment for a wide diversity of microscopic plant and invertebrates
RMREKM02–. The classification of flowering plants. Plants. CISTACEAE 201 Cistus umbellatus and Helianthemum Chamaecislus have well- developed sterns capable of vegetative reproduction. The plants are especially characteristic of the Mediterranean region. They love open dry sunny places with a chalky or sandy subsoil and, especially in the Spanish peninsula and North Africa, cover wide areas and are a characteristic feature of the evergreen bush vegetation of the Maqui. There is also a very much less. Fig. 96. A. Flower of Cistus polymorphus; the sepals and petals have been cut away to shew the basipeta
RM2DE24DX–Lecidea macrocarpus is a common grey crustose lichen found on rocks. The thallus can have patches of green or rust colour with black spore bodies
RM2DAK0T7–Old graveyards are excellent places to find well established lichens. Egg-yolk Lichen is particularly common on graves and headstones
RM2DATMAG–The common yellow lichen, Candelariella vitelline, grows on many surface types ranging from wood to rock and masonry. Ranging from a yellow to orange
RMAGG4GD–peote, piotl, challote, mescal, rais diabolica, dry whiskey, dumpling cactus, tunade tierra (Lophophora williamsii var. caespit
RMRE8AN1–. Coral and atolls: a history and description of the Keeling-Cocos Islands, with an account of their fauna and flora, and a discussion of the method of development and transformation of coral structures in general. Coral reefs and islands. GROWTH OF THE COKAL COLONY 77 characters to which undue importance has been attached are disphxyed here. The interspaces may be smooth or rough, they may be sculptured in various fashions, and they may Fig. 15. ^^5^^Sf?^.. Vegetative Repeoductiok in Corals. Diagram to illustrate reproduction by equal budding: the transverse lines show the surface-level at th
RM2DB38CT–A common and widespread yellow lichen, Candelariella vitellina, grows on bark as well as rock surfaces particularly on surfaces enriched
RMAGG4GF–peote, piotl, challote, mescal, rais diabolica, dry whiskey, dumpling cactus, tunade tierra (Lophophora williamsii var. caespit
RMRE1K4F–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. CHAPTEE VI REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. It will be remembered that nutrition and reproduction are the two great functions of plants. In discussing foliage leaves, stems, and roots, they were used as illustra- tions of nutritive organs, so far as their external relations are concerned. We shall now briefly study the reproductive organs from the same point of view, not describing the processes of reproduction, but some of the external relations. 71, Vegetative multiplica- tion.—Among the very lowest plants no special organs of reproduction are developed, bu
RM2DAAC3Y–Black Shields lichen is a common encrusting lichen of the coastal areas above the high-tide mark. It is tolerant of salt spray
RM2NJY1P1–dragon sagewort, tarragon, estragole, esdragol, esdragon (Artemisia dracunculus), twigs of tarragon in soil in a hand
![. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Scientific expeditions. Arctic Plants: Morphology and Synonymy 57 B crown of the root, and most of these shoots are flower-bearing, terminated by the dense, capitate inflorescence; usually some few purely vegetative shoots develop from the crown of the, root, but these do not grow any further, nor do they winter over. The vegetative reproduction is effected by means of the persisting stem-bases with their auxiliary buds, thus representing a pseudo- rhizome. Pedicularis [Tourn.] L. With respect to the habit of the species collected, four types Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDD4H6/report-of-the-canadian-arctic-expedition-1913-18-scientific-expeditions-arctic-plants-morphology-and-synonymy-57-b-crown-of-the-root-and-most-of-these-shoots-are-flower-bearing-terminated-by-the-dense-capitate-inflorescence-usually-some-few-purely-vegetative-shoots-develop-from-the-crown-of-the-root-but-these-do-not-grow-any-further-nor-do-they-winter-over-the-vegetative-reproduction-is-effected-by-means-of-the-persisting-stem-bases-with-their-auxiliary-buds-thus-representing-a-pseudo-rhizome-pedicularis-tourn-l-with-respect-to-the-habit-of-the-species-collected-four-types-RDD4H6.jpg ". Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Scientific expeditions. Arctic Plants: Morphology and Synonymy 57 B crown of the root, and most of these shoots are flower-bearing, terminated by the dense, capitate inflorescence; usually some few purely vegetative shoots develop from the crown of the, root, but these do not grow any further, nor do they winter over. The vegetative reproduction is effected by means of the persisting stem-bases with their auxiliary buds, thus representing a pseudo- rhizome. Pedicularis [Tourn.] L. With respect to the habit of the species collected, four types Stock Photo")
RMRDD4H6–. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Scientific expeditions. Arctic Plants: Morphology and Synonymy 57 B crown of the root, and most of these shoots are flower-bearing, terminated by the dense, capitate inflorescence; usually some few purely vegetative shoots develop from the crown of the, root, but these do not grow any further, nor do they winter over. The vegetative reproduction is effected by means of the persisting stem-bases with their auxiliary buds, thus representing a pseudo- rhizome. Pedicularis [Tourn.] L. With respect to the habit of the species collected, four types
RM2DAAC5D–Black Shields lichen is a common encrusting lichen of the coastal areas above the high-tide mark. It is tolerant of salt spray
RM2DC6BEE–The grey and indistinct lichen, Lecanora dispersa is one of the commonest lichens in the family and in the UK. It grows on all surfaces
RM2NJY4JW–dragon sagewort, tarragon, estragole, esdragol, esdragon (Artemisia dracunculus), twigs of tarragon in soil in a hand
RMRH3A1K–. The British Charophyta. Characeae -- Great Britain. 38 BRITl SH OHAEOPH YTA. vegetative reproduction, embryonic and pro-embryonic branches. When first noticed, before their function was ascertained, they were assumed to be of calcareous substance. The presence of bulbils has been satisfac- torily established in the case of comparatively few species, but upon further investigation these processes will probably be found to occur in many others. In collecting Charophytes the rooting portion is often neglected, moreover bulbils are apparently produced only under certain conditions of growth. Tho
RM2DAAC6T–The Sunburst Fungus or Orange Lichen is a common lichen of trees and rocks. As they mature the lobes develop into spore bearing structures
RM2CWBYJ2–Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between algae or cyanobacteria and fungus. The fungus gets food from photosynthesis and the algae gets nutrients
RM2HXR0MC–Lichen that form on graveyard headstones, like this Golden Crust Lichen give us a very good indication of their rate of growth and longevity
RM2G8CDD9–Golden Crust lichen is particularly common in coastal areas, growing on rocks and trees just above the tide line.
RM2DFCM1D–Commonest of the Yellow Lichens, Golden Crust is highly tolerant to salt spray from the sea and will thrive on rocks and trees close to the high tide
RM2NJY0C6–dragon sagewort, tarragon, estragole, esdragol, esdragon (Artemisia dracunculus), twigs of tarragon in soil in a hand
RMRE1K49–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 110 PLANT STUDIES. 72. Spore reproduction.âBesides vegetative multiplica- tion most plants develop special reproductive bodies, known as spores, and this kind of reproduction is known as spore reproduction. These spores are very simple bodies, but have the power of producing new individuals. There are two great groups of spores, differing from each other not at all in their powers, but in the method of their production by the parent plant. One kind of spore is produced by dividing certain organs of the parent; in the other case two special bodies
RM2DF6J1N–The cup-like structures in the Yellow Twig Lichen are the ascocarps, or the spore producing bodies. This Yellow Lichen is one of the most common
RM2NJY4KP–dragon sagewort, tarragon, estragole, esdragol, esdragon (Artemisia dracunculus), twigs of tarragon in soil in a hand
![. The British Charophyta. Characeae. 38 BRITISH CHAROPHyTA. vegetative reproduction, embryonic and pro-embryonic branches. "When first noticed, before their function "was ascertained, they were assumed to be of calcareous substance. The presence of bulbils has been satisfac- torily established in the case of comparatively few species, but upon further investigation these processes will probably be found to occur in many others. In collecting Charophytes the rooting portion is often neglected, moreover bulbils are apparently produced only under certain conditions of growth. Those who Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RD9PJ9/the-british-charophyta-characeae-38-british-charophyta-vegetative-reproduction-embryonic-and-pro-embryonic-branches-quotwhen-first-noticed-before-their-function-quotwas-ascertained-they-were-assumed-to-be-of-calcareous-substance-the-presence-of-bulbils-has-been-satisfac-torily-established-in-the-case-of-comparatively-few-species-but-upon-further-investigation-these-processes-will-probably-be-found-to-occur-in-many-others-in-collecting-charophytes-the-rooting-portion-is-often-neglected-moreover-bulbils-are-apparently-produced-only-under-certain-conditions-of-growth-those-who-RD9PJ9.jpg ". The British Charophyta. Characeae. 38 BRITISH CHAROPHyTA. vegetative reproduction, embryonic and pro-embryonic branches. "When first noticed, before their function "was ascertained, they were assumed to be of calcareous substance. The presence of bulbils has been satisfac- torily established in the case of comparatively few species, but upon further investigation these processes will probably be found to occur in many others. In collecting Charophytes the rooting portion is often neglected, moreover bulbils are apparently produced only under certain conditions of growth. Those who Stock Photo")
RMRD9PJ9–. The British Charophyta. Characeae. 38 BRITISH CHAROPHyTA. vegetative reproduction, embryonic and pro-embryonic branches. "When first noticed, before their function "was ascertained, they were assumed to be of calcareous substance. The presence of bulbils has been satisfac- torily established in the case of comparatively few species, but upon further investigation these processes will probably be found to occur in many others. In collecting Charophytes the rooting portion is often neglected, moreover bulbils are apparently produced only under certain conditions of growth. Those who
RM2DF6J1C–This species of Caloplaca lichen is the only one of the family to have orange ascocarps (spore bodies) with the encrusting grey thallus (main body).
RM2DF6HTJ–Commonest of the Yellow Lichens, Golden Crust is highly tolerant to salt and will thrive on rocks and trees close to the high tide mark.
RMA18JDF–saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea, Cereus giganteus), detail, USA, Arizona, Saguaro NP, Apr.04.
RM2DE24E8–Yellow Twig lichen specialises growing on twigs and fence posts. It has a strongly developed tuft like growth that distinguishes it from other yellows
![. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] SPHAERIALES 159 rotia which originate in the cortex of the host root; reproduction is by means of conidia formed in summer on the surface of the soil, and further by ascospores produced in perithecia. Hartig has found that the perithecium is initiated by the development of a pair of thick hyphae rich in contents. These become enclosed within a mass of vegetative tissue, but their subse- quent behaviour has not been determined, and no details of development are known either here or in other members of the family. SPHAERIACEAE : BIBLIOGR Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDTNA8/fungi-ascomycetes-ustilaginales-uredinales-fungi-v-sphaeriales-159-rotia-which-originate-in-the-cortex-of-the-host-root-reproduction-is-by-means-of-conidia-formed-in-summer-on-the-surface-of-the-soil-and-further-by-ascospores-produced-in-perithecia-hartig-has-found-that-the-perithecium-is-initiated-by-the-development-of-a-pair-of-thick-hyphae-rich-in-contents-these-become-enclosed-within-a-mass-of-vegetative-tissue-but-their-subse-quent-behaviour-has-not-been-determined-and-no-details-of-development-are-known-either-here-or-in-other-members-of-the-family-sphaeriaceae-bibliogr-RDTNA8.jpg ". Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] SPHAERIALES 159 rotia which originate in the cortex of the host root; reproduction is by means of conidia formed in summer on the surface of the soil, and further by ascospores produced in perithecia. Hartig has found that the perithecium is initiated by the development of a pair of thick hyphae rich in contents. These become enclosed within a mass of vegetative tissue, but their subse- quent behaviour has not been determined, and no details of development are known either here or in other members of the family. SPHAERIACEAE : BIBLIOGR Stock Photo")
RMRDTNA8–. Fungi, ascomycetes, ustilaginales, uredinales. Fungi. V] SPHAERIALES 159 rotia which originate in the cortex of the host root; reproduction is by means of conidia formed in summer on the surface of the soil, and further by ascospores produced in perithecia. Hartig has found that the perithecium is initiated by the development of a pair of thick hyphae rich in contents. These become enclosed within a mass of vegetative tissue, but their subse- quent behaviour has not been determined, and no details of development are known either here or in other members of the family. SPHAERIACEAE : BIBLIOGR
RM2DDRAK3–One of the commonest and most distinguishable lichens, the Golden Crust is common in many habitats and especially on rocks above the tide line
RMAF9NFJ–hen-and-chickens, house-leek, houseleek, common houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum), Houseleek with little Terracottahead, Germany
RMRDCWBW–. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Scientific expeditions. Arctic Plants: Morphology and Synonymy 25 b rhizome and may remain active for several years. There is no leafy rosette as the cushion is formed only by the numerous branched shoots with their inter- nodes very distinct, and with the leaves opposite. Halianthus peploides (L.) Fr. This is known best under this name; it is Arenaria peploides L., but the genus has also been called Ammodenia Patrinj Honkenya Ehrh., and Adenarium E,af. The vegetative reproduction is effected by means of long subterranean stolons with membran
RM2DDRAJP–This species of Caloplaca lichen is the only one of the family to have orange ascocarps (spore bodies) whilst the encrusting grey thallus.
RM2DCC37F–A familiar and colourful lichen, Yellow Scales is particularly spectacular at the coast where it proliferates on rocks and sea walls
RM2DCG6E0–One of the best known and most common of the Lichen family, Orange Crust is found on a wide variety of surfaces from rocky seashores to tree bark
RMA18JCF–saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea, Cereus giganteus), detail, USA, Arizona, Saguaro NP, Apr.04.
RMRDWPXP–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. l82 STRUCTURE OF CHLAMYDOMONAS The movement of the Clilajnydomonas-individusds is accom- pHshed by means of two delicate thread-hke outgrowths, the cilia (Fig. 96, a and d), whicli can be detected arising close together at the front end, and are usually as long, or longer than, the body of the cell. They are recognisable under the high power in stationary individuals, but are more readily seen after adding a drop of iodine, which has the effect of killing. Fig. 96.—Individuals and vegetative reproduction of C
RM2DC0JKD–Xanthoria parientina is a very common orange lichen that will grow on many types of substrate. It is more deeply orange in sunlight and paler in shade
RMRDWBRA–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. CHAPTER VI. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. It will be remembered that nutrition and reproduction are the two great functions of plants. In discussing foliage leaves, stems, and roots, they were used as illustra- tions of nutritive organs, so far as their external relations are concerned. AVe shall now briefly study the reproductive organs from the same point of view, not describing the processes of reproduction, but some of the external relations. 71. Vegetative multiplica- tion.—Among the very lowest plants no special organs of reproduction are developed, but mo
RM2DC0JHF–Xanthoria parientina is a very common orange lichen that will grow on many types of substrate. It is more deeply orange in sunlight and paler in shade
RMAF9NFK–hen-and-chickens, house-leek, houseleek, common houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum), Houseleek with little Terracottahead an in ba
RMRDWP6M–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. REPRODUCTION OF LYCOPODIUM 315 The spoi'ophylls (Fig. 179, B) are similar to the foliage-leaves, and are commonly in whorls ; they are readily recognised by the single large, somewhat kidney-shaped, sporangium which each bears on its upper surface. In most species the sporophylls are aggregated in cones, as in Eqtiisetuni, although in L. selago, for ex- ample, the reproductive region is not clearly marked, zones of sporo- phylls usually alternating with vegetative leaves. Another pecu- liarity' of this specie
RM2DC0JPG–Xanthoria parientina is a very common orange lichen that will grow on many types of substrate. It is more deeply orange in sunlight and paler in shade
RM2BY6T07–A slow-growing, patch forming Shield Lichen grows on a boulder of black lava, a very inhosptitable enviroment to grow as it is prone to extremes
RMRE098A–. The Protozoa. Protozoa. CHAPTER V THE SPOROZOA The Sporozoa are unicellular animal parasites living in the cells, tissues, and cavities of various hosts and, as the name indicates, char- acterized by reproduction through spore-formation. If we except the bacteria, they are the most widely distributed of all parasites, and are found in every class of animals, frequently in Vermes, Arthrop- oda, Mollusca, and Vertebrata, rarely in Protozoa, Ccelenterata, and Echinodermata. They may infest the alimentary tract, and all. Fig. 77- — The vegetative phase in the life-history of a gregarine (schemat
RM2BY6T7N–A slow-growing, patch forming Shield Lichen grows on a boulder of black lava, a very inhosptitable enviroment to grow as it is prone to extremes
RM2T722X6–Golden Crust Lichen has become well-established on the ruins of a WW2 training facility. Lichens where the first orangaisms to move onto dry land and
RMRHK30A–. The biology of the Protozoa. Protozoa; Protozoa. REPRODUCTION 209 are grouped according to the distribution of the three main types of the Protozoa-jNIastigophora, Sarcodina and Infusoria. A. Division and Reorganization in Mastigophora.—With very few exceptions division in flagellates is longitudinal, beginning as a rule at the anterior or flagellar end, the cleavage plane passing down through the middle of the body. As the halves separate the two daughter cells usually come to lie in one plane so that final division. Fig. 95.—Euglena nociahilis Dang. Vegetative individual (A) and simple and
![. Plants and their ways in South Africa. Botany; Botany. Fig. 109.—Grafting ; d, the stock to which the graft is attached. The various elements in the process of budding. (From ThomiJ and Bennett's "Structural and Physiological Botany".) Vegetative reproduction is sure and economical, a disad- vantage arises from the close crowding of new plants,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stoneman, Bertha. L Stock Photo](https://c8.alamy.com/comp/RDWDND/plants-and-their-ways-in-south-africa-botany-botany-fig-109grafting-d-the-stock-to-which-the-graft-is-attached-the-various-elements-in-the-process-of-budding-from-thomij-and-bennetts-quotstructural-and-physiological-botanyquot-vegetative-reproduction-is-sure-and-economical-a-disad-vantage-arises-from-the-close-crowding-of-new-plants-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scanned-page-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-stoneman-bertha-l-RDWDND.jpg ". Plants and their ways in South Africa. Botany; Botany. Fig. 109.—Grafting ; d, the stock to which the graft is attached. The various elements in the process of budding. (From ThomiJ and Bennett's "Structural and Physiological Botany".) Vegetative reproduction is sure and economical, a disad- vantage arises from the close crowding of new plants,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stoneman, Bertha. L Stock Photo")
RMRDWDND–. Plants and their ways in South Africa. Botany; Botany. Fig. 109.—Grafting ; d, the stock to which the graft is attached. The various elements in the process of budding. (From ThomiJ and Bennett's "Structural and Physiological Botany".) Vegetative reproduction is sure and economical, a disad- vantage arises from the close crowding of new plants,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Stoneman, Bertha. L
RMRD3HRF–. The cytology and life-history of bacteria. Bacteria. 120 THE CYTOLOGY AND LIFE-HISTORY OF BACTERIA Resting Stages. Swarm Vegetative Reproduction THE LIFE-CYCLE IN EUBACTERIA AND MYXOBACTERIA be too keen to permit of the immediate success of a single transplant, of this kind. New substrates are more frequently introduced to micro-organisms already present, than vice versa, and are thus inoculated with a considerable number of spores or resting cells, derived from the last period of growth in the same area. In effect, therefore, the unit of growth and reproduction, in eubacteria as in myxobact
RMRDB790–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE FRESH-WATER ALGAE l6l 192 (193) Plant cylindrical, flattened, or branched, of a sinniple layer of cells, reproduction by zoospores and isogametes. Enteromorpha Link. Frequently branched and variable in shape; chromatophore parietal, with one pyrenoid. Zoospores with four ciha and a pigment spot. Gametes with two cilia. Both zoospores and gametes are formed in the vegetative cells except those at the base. The greater number of species of Enieromorpha. are marine, though E. inkslinalis is found in the fresh water. Many of the salt-water forms are
RMRDJEHX–. Outlines of plant life : with special reference to form and function . Botany. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. I97 The parts and functions of the flower of seed plants are now to be discussed. The Flower. 278. A flower usually consists of a shortened axis, the torus, bearing several floral leaves (figs. 66, 152). The spore leaves are known as essential organs, the accessory leaves as the perianth and bracts. The essential organs are of two sorts, stamens and carpels. In any flower they may be all stamens or all carpels, or may include both sorts. The , - 1 r FrG. 152.—A flower of linden, halved; sh
RMRDHNMH–. Outlines of plant life : with special reference to form and function . Botany. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. 211 III. Brood buds, etc. 297. Simple forms.—In their simplest form brood buds consist of a single cell, though more commonly they are two- to several-celled. Like spores, they are supplied with re- serve food. The shape of brood buds is various. When not furnished with distinct organs, they are club-shaped, lentic- ular, or spherical. In some thalloid liverworts (^Marchantia and Lunularia) they are produced on the surface of the thal- lus, surrounded wholly or on one side by an outgrowth
RMRR275D–. Advanced biology. Biology; Physiology; Reproduction. 260 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION. Layering is a modification of cutting. It consists in bending down a stem and covering it with earth. Deep- notching or ringing the bark of the part buried usually hastens the rooting of the stem. part of the organism may be grafted on to the diseased bone. But, to a large extent, grafting of tissues, bones, and even organs is still in an experimental stage and has not proven suc- cessful in all instances. Natural methods of vegetative propagation. Layering, another method of propagation, often occurs without th
RMRDWBR6–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. no PLANT RELATIONS. 72. Spore reproduction.—Besides vegetative multiplica- tion most plants develoj) special reproductive bodies, known as spores, and this kind of reproduction is knovi^n as spore reproduction. These sfiores are very simple bodies, but have the power of joroducing new individuals. There are two great groups of spores, differing from each other not at all in their powers, but in the method of their production by the parent plant. One kind of spore is produced by dividing certain organs of the parent; in the other case two special bodies
RMRDB77D–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. i66 FRESH-WATER BIOLOGY 224 (227) Branches abundant 225 225 (226) Plants large, tufted; reproduction by zoospores. CladopkoraKvLtzing. Plant frequently very large; diameter of the filaments much greater at the base than at the ends; the length of the cells one to twenty times the diameter; reproduction by zoospores, many being formed from a vegetative cell; these with two or four ciha. The number of species of Cladophora is very large, and they are found in fresh, brackish, and salt water, but prob- ably in the greatest abundance along the shores of l
RMRHK25W–. Biology; the story of living things. THE STAGE SETTING 21 Life in the Water Plants are adapted for lite in water hy a mucli reduced root system, by leaves which either float, are ribbonlike, or are finely divided with air passages and air spaces. The latter spaces help buoy up the plant and also allow for an accumulation of oxyu-en and carbon (hoxidc Green coloring matter is abundant, such plants being better fitted for vegetative propagation than reproduction by flowers and fruits, as is shown by their numerous horizontal and thickened stems. In general, aquatic plants are restricted to rel
RMRDWP66–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. 3ib SPORES OF SELAGINELLA These features are readily observed in longitudinal sections through the cones, which also show the presence of a small outgrowth (the ligule, Fig. i8i, /.) from the upper surface of each sporophyll, between its upturned tip and the sporangium. Such ligules, though most conspicuous on the sporophylls, oc- cur also on all the vegetative 1 e a ^f e s , but their function is altogether obscure. A ligule is not met with in the genus Lycopo- diiiin, but ap- pears to ha'e been character-
RMRH8DNB–. Botany of the living plant. Botany; Plants. 364 BOTANY OF THE LIVING PLANT numerous motile spermatozoids. The series will be found to run parallel in these respects to those in other groups of Algae. In organisms such as Chlamydomonas and Sphaerella there may be a brief, non-motile phase at the time of vegetative reproduction. In the Chlorococcales this non-motile phase tends to be prolonged, the zoo sporic phase being of comparatively brief duration. The common soil alga, Chlorococcum humicolum, Fig. 269, consists of small spherical cells. Please note that these images are extracted from sc
RMRDHKBH–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. STEMS 677 in which considerable surplus food accumulates; the rhizomes of bul- rushes, cattails, and flags, though much smaller, are large as compared with most rhizomes, yet they migrate with some rapidity. The remarkable capacity of water plants for vegetative reproduction is due chiefly to the ready detachability of aquatic stems, whose frag- ments float to a more or less distant locality, where a new growth center is established. A striking case of vegetative reproduction among hydro- phytes is seen in Eichhornia (the water h
RMRR2751–. Advanced biology. Biology; Physiology; Reproduction. Layering is a modification of cutting. It consists in bending down a stem and covering it with earth. Deep- notching or ringing the bark of the part buried usually hastens the rooting of the stem. part of the organism may be grafted on to the diseased bone. But, to a large extent, grafting of tissues, bones, and even organs is still in an experimental stage and has not proven suc- cessful in all instances. Natural methods of vegetative propagation. Layering, another method of propagation, often occurs without the assistance of man. In many
RMRE8AB3–. Coral and atolls: a history and description of the Keeling-Cocos Islands, with an account of their fauna and flora, and a discussion of the method of development and transformation of coral structures in general. Coral reefs and islands. Vegetative Reproduction in Corals. a. Type in which the daughter zooids become completely separated. I. Type in which separation of the daughter zooids is less complete. that certain groups of zooids are more active than their fellows. The special activity of these zooids may be due to purely local causes ; it may be called forth merely by irritation of a Fi
RMRDJ2D0–. Outlines of plant life : with special reference to form and function . Botany. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. i8g set free by the rupture or by the solution of a portion of the enclosing wall (fig. 140). They may begin to move before the rupture of the wall, in accomplishing which their activity may materially assist. They then work their way out and swim freely in the water. After a time of movement they usually lose their cilia, either withdrawing them into the protoplasm or dropping them off, come to rest, and begin to grow into a new plant. 265. Non-motile spores are formed by all classes of l
RMRDWNJG–. Science of plant life, a high school botany treating of the plant and its relation to the environment. Botany. Reproduction in Relation to Agriculture 229. Fig. 144. Fiber from new varieties of long-fibered cotton at the right, obtained by hybridizing and selecting progeny from the two forms producing the shorter fibers at the left. The hybrid offspring excel both parents in the length of fiber produced. desirable plants. Weeds as a class are plants in which re- production has reached the highest degree of efl&ciency. The sequoia may stand for the culmination of vegetative efl&ciency
RMRDY99H–. Plant life, considered with special references to form and function. Plant physiology. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION. 241 the carpels may be united to form a single cmnpuund pistil. This union is commonly brought about ( i ) by the actual growing together of the parts in a very young stage, so that the cells interlock and become partially or completely united; or (2) the carpels develop, not as separate jjarts, but as a ring of tissue growing up from the surface of the axis; or, fs), a portion of each carpel develops separately, and later these distinct parts may be lit'ted by the growth of the ri
RMRE8AAX–. Coral and atolls: a history and description of the Keeling-Cocos Islands, with an account of their fauna and flora, and a discussion of the method of development and transformation of coral structures in general. Coral reefs and islands. Vegetative Reproduction in Corals. a. Type in which the daughter zooids become completely separated. I. Type in which separation of the daughter zooids is less complete. that certain groups of zooids are more active than their fellows. The special activity of these zooids may be due to purely local causes ; it may be called forth merely by irritation of a Fi
RMRG3T19–. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 84 The Canadian Field-Naturalist Vol. 111 Goodyera tesselata Loddiges Tessellated Rattlesnake-plantain Goodyerie panachee Goodxera tesselata is a species of shaded forests and swamps, particularly on the Shield, that can form small, dense patches by vegetative reproduction. It can be recognized by its basal rosette of tessellated leaves with nar- row greenish white lines bordering the median vein. The most definitive, but not most convenient, character is the rostellar beak length, which lies between 0.5 mm and 2 mm (Kallunki 1976). Description
RMRDTKE6–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. OVULES AND SEEDS ^M Cycads (Fig. 191B), except that each possessed, in addition to the integument, a second protective covering. This took the form of a lobed cup-hke structure {Cii.), comparable with the cupule of a Hazel-nut, and beset with the same glands as occur on the vegetative organs of this plant (cf. Fig. igiA). The robust integument (Fig. 19IB, /.) was fused with the nucellus (sporangium-wall, n.), except for the apical portion, which was pierced by the narrow canal- like micropyle. The tip of the
RMRDWP48–. An introduction to the structure and reproduction of plants. Plant anatomy; Plants. VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF LYGINOPTERIS 329 Each leaf was supplied by one of the primary xylem strands which, as it passed outwards, became associated with phloem. Fig. 188.—The foliage {formerly known as Sphenopteris hccninghausii) of Lyginopteris oldhamia. (From a drawing, after Potonie, lent ^by Prof. F. W. Oliver, F.R.S.) and, on entering the pericycle, divided into two. The double bundle (Fig. 189, Bs.) traversed several internodes before bending. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page i
RMRDHH81–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. 11(1 PLANT STUDIKS. 72. Spore reproduction.—Besides vegetative multiplica- tion most plants develop special reproductive bodies, known as spores, and this kind of reproduction is known as spore reproduclion. These spores are very simple bodies, but have the jiower of producing new individuals. There are two great groui^s of spores, diilering from each other not at all in their powers, but in the method of their production by the parent plant. One kind of spore is produced by dividing certain organs of the jiarent ; in the other case two special bo
RMRHKAEK–. Biology. Biology. 78 ORGANISMS OF TISSUES tive or somatic cells, and reproducing or reproductive cells. The differentiation is carried a step farther in the case of Pleo- dorina where twenty-eight of the cells are capable of reproduc- ing, while the remaining four cells, making up the thirty-two cell colony, are purely vegetative and do not reproduce. Here there is a permanent differentiation in the colony and a long step toward the metazoan condition. In some colonies finally, as in Gonium pectorale, the method of development approaches. k FIG. 32.—Reproduction of Gonium pcctorale. Each of
RMRDX32M–. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 173 branches push up between them and gradually a compact sheath of para- physes is built up. The ascogenous hyphae meanwhile spread radially at the base of the paraphyses and the asci begin to form. The apothecia may be further enlarged by intercalary growth, and this vigorous development of vegetative tissue immediately underneath raises the whole fruit structure well above the surface level. Sattler^ in his paper on Cladoniae'^ cites as an argument in favour of fertilization the relative positions of carpogonia and spermogonia on the podetia.
RMRHK2M6–. The biology of the Protozoa. Protozoa; Protozoa. REPRODUCTION 229 funnel-like peristome. The nucleus divides equally, one-half passing into the swelling which, with only partial peristomial development, breaks away from the parent and then completes its peristomial differentiations.. Fig. WQ.—Councilmania lafleuri, a parasitic intestinal amcsba. A, normal, vegetative individual; B, to E, encysted individuals and formation of eight endo- genous buds which escape one by one (B, C). (After Kofoid and Swezy.) In Suctoria similar exogenous buds, either single or multiple, are formed from the oral
RMRDX3F3–. Lichens. Lichens. REPRODUCTION IN DISCOLICHENS 16s firmly attached to the trichogyne cell but without any plasma connection between the two. The changes in the trichogyne described by Stahl and Baur in Collemaceae were not seen in Anaptychia; the peculiar swelling of the septa seems to be a phenomenon confined to gelatinous lichens. During the trichogyne stage in this lichen the vegetative hyphae from the medulla grow up and surround the young carpogonia, and, at the same time, very slender hyphae begin to branch upwards to form the paraphyses. Darbi- shire's^ examination of Physcia pulverul
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