RMRE387Y–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. Coleosporiacese Cronartiacese (Endophyllum-like). Melampsoracese 6-2. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Grove, W. B. (William Bywater), 1848-1938. Cambridge, University Press
RMPG1RCH–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. THALLOPHYTA. 685 is a further justification for the inclusion of all these families—at first sight so different—in a single alliance. Uredinece.—These are the Rust-fungi, parasites for the most part on the foliage of higher plants. They are outwardly manifest in the form of yellow or brown ^S^.. Fig. 390.—Basidioraycetes. ^ Clavaria aurea. ^ Dcedalia querciTia. ^Marasmius tenerrimus. ^ Marasmius perforates. ^ Craterellus clavatus. ^Amanita phalloides. 7 a portion of the basidial layer of the last-nam
RFT5RAJ7–A picture showing different parts of Rust Fungus. These parts include Cassia, nictitans, parasite, Ravenelia, teleutospores, Uredinales, uredospores,
RMRE3883–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. Ustilaginales Rhodophycese Pucciniacese Endophyllum. Coleosporiacese Cronartiacese (Endophyllum-like). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Grove, W. B. (William Bywater), 1848-1938. Cambridge, University Press
RMPFXCD8–. The care of trees in lawn, street and park, with a list of trees and shrubs for decorative use. Trees; Trees. 302 Trees for Shade and Ornament aspiring; the foliage very heavy and dense, of darker color, oblong to roundish, and charactenstically disposed in horizontal layers. These forms are seemingly less liable to rust fungi, very rapid growers, and thoroughly hardy.. Fig. 107 — Japanese Flowering Cherry. Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus Lmdl. P. Razumofskiana (270 Us) is another Russian, with oblong foliage, which seems little known in this country, but in its native habitat is considered by far the
RMRE3893–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. Fig. 32. iEcidia of En- dophyllum on leaf of Sempervivum monta- num (reduced).. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Grove, W. B. (William Bywater), 1848-1938. Cambridge, University Press
RMPG44XR–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. RUST FUNGI 213 spores on germination produce a four-celled basidium (Fig. 78), or promycelium, from which are cut off basidiospores, which infect the. partially developed apple leaves, or apple fruits (Fig. 79). The dis- ease apparently does little damage to the red cedar trees, but the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble t
RMRE38AA–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. Fig. 27. P. Poai-um. An seoidio- spore germinating on leaf of Poa annua, x 180.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Grove, W. B. (William Bywater), 1848-1938. Cambridge, University Press
RMPG44YK–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. RUST FUNGI 209 CACE^) while the three-, four or five-celled teliospores are found on CuPRESSiNEiE (ChamcBcyparts, Cupressus, Juniperus, Libocedrus). One autcecious species is G. bermudianum which produces both its aecia and teliaon junipers (7. bermudianum). Kern gives thirty-two species as the number for North America and in vol. 7, North American Flora, part 3, pages 188-190, gives a useful key for the identification of the species. Gymnosporangium botryapites causes fusiform swelling
RMRDXGWA–. Introduction to the study of fungi; their organography, classification, and distribution, for the use of collectors. Fungi. RUST FUNGI—UREDINEAE 245 - , c latter. In the one remaining genus of the section, that of Cronartium, the teleutospores surround a vertical columella, but in external appearance the species resemble Uredines as little as possible, and are not unlike persistent tendrils of some member of the Melanconieae. The Didymosporae are well typified by the large and important genus Pioccinia, with its transversely septate teleuto- spores. The grades are like those of Uromyces, viz
RMPG451W–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. RUST FUNGI 193 the teliospore reaches maturity, the nuclei fuse, and the uninucleate condition then continues again until the formation of the aecia. In the micro- and lepto-iorms, which have no aecium or uredinium, we find that the association takes place at points in the ordinary mycelium, but. Fig. 67.—Portion of a section of cedar apple about 5 mm. below a teliosorus. Note (i) Binucleate intercellular inyceliiim; (2) the haustoria in various stages of development; (3) the doubling o
RM2ARK4F0–damage, higher plants, fungi, pine rust Date: undated Keywords: higher plants, damage, fungi Personal name: pine rust
RMRE1HYG–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. Pla-te III.. West ,NewmaTi&Co.Iith.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Plowright, Charles Bagge, 1849-1910. London, Paul, Trench & Co.
RMPG4FAT–. Diseases of economic plants . Plant diseases. 16 DISEASES OF ECONOMIC PLANTS Mildew upon any plant surface consists of a whitish pow- dery fungous growth. Burn is a general term applied to all cases where the leaves turn red or brown, especially if the edge first shows the symptom. Smut consists of a mass of spores, usually black and pow-. FiQ. 6. — Clustercups of rust enlarged. After Clinton. dery. It is most common in the ovaries and other floral parts of the cereals. Rust should properly be applied only to cases where the special rust fungi (Uredinales) are present. Rusts usually show the
RM2APTGPT–damage, higher plants, fungi, pine rust Date: undated Keywords: higher plants, damage, fungi Personal name: pine rust
RMRE37XR–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON COMPOSITE 143 22—28 X 19—24 /*, with three more or less equatorial germ- pores each provided with a thickening.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Grove, W. B. (William Bywater), 1848-1938. Cambridge, University Press
RMPG3N8J–. Manual of fruit diseases . Fruit. PEAR DISEASES 343 by brown depressed scars. In the late spring dark-brown, wedge-shaped horns, which later become yellowish, are devel- oped. Cause. The eastern pear rust is caused by the fungus Gym7iospo- rangium globosum. Like other rust fungi it has two distinct host plants, the pear and the red cedar. If the spots of an affected pear leaf be examined, the upper surface will show small black fruiting bodies known as pycnia. These do not function in the life-history of the pathogene so far as is known, but are mentioned for their diagnostic value. They are
RMRE1J19–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. Formation of Teleutospores of Ustilaginece. 63 entering the ovary through the flower-stalk, sends its hyphse through the funiculus into the ovule, which becomes permeated by densely interwoven hyphae. The micro- pylar end of the integuments alone escapes and remains, as a cap on the top of the diseased ovule, for some time,. 1 J^S- ^-âSpliaceMheca. hydnpifens
RMPG45D5–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. 54 Minnesota Plant Diseases. individual, formed by the partnership of a fungus and certain branches of the host, and living at least partially as a parasite upon the remainder of the host plant. It behaves as does a par- asitic mistletoe plant and is not unlike it in appearance. Most of the witches'-brooms of Minnesota trees are due to rust fungi. One of the most common is the birds-nest broom upon red. Fig. 24.—Witches'-broom on white spruce, caused by a mistletoe (Razoumofskya pusilla). The spruce is badly affected. Numerous brooms are seen below a
RMRE1J0F–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. io6 British Uredinecs and Ustilaginecs. and putting into this drop of water the spores whose germination it is desired to watch ; as, howeyer, the spores do not germinate for several hours, the drop of water would evaporate, unless means be taken to prevent it, before the germination takes place. This is easily done by placing the glass slide under a bell-glas
RMPG4FEJ–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Minnesota Plant Diseases. 159 Rusts (UredinecB). The rust fungi constitute a larger group of plants than the smuts and exhibit more variety of structure and habit. They may be considered as relatives of the smuts in that the winter spores of the latter may be compared with. Fig. 73.—Spores of rust fungi. 1. A cluster of winter spores of wheat rust (Puccinia graminis) on wheat plant. 2. A winter spore germinating to a thread of four cells (promycelium—basidium), each of which bears a small spore (sporidium) on a stalk. The winter spore germinates in t
RMRE38D8–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 12 TELEUTOSPOEES O is much thicker at the apex than elsewhere (Fig. 13). While the spores are standing in a densely crowded sorus, the apex is the part most exposed to the weather, and therefore most needing protection. There is a thin endospore to each cell: the contents are granular and at first oily; there is a large and conspicuous nucleus in the centre of each. This nucleus, in its resting stage, is almost homogeneous except for its nucleolus, and was mistaken by the older observers for a " vacuole.&q
RMPG4504–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. RUST FUNGI 207. Fig. 77.—Longitudinal section of a partly gelatinous teliosortis after the exten- sion of the tentacles. {After Reed. H. S., and Crabill, C. H., Techn. Bull. 9, Va. Agric. Exper. Slat., May, 1915.). Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Harshberger, John W. (John William), 1869-1929. Philade
RMRE1HY6–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. Pla-te V.. Wast.Neraiuoi&Co liti,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Plowright, Charles Bagge, 1849-1910. London, Paul, Trench & Co.
RMPG44YA–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. RUST FUNGI 211 teliospores appear on irregular spheric swellings or excrescence on Juniperus virginiana. The mycelium of G. juniperi-virginiance is annual, or biennial, producing globose swellings known as cedar apples on the leaves of the. Fig. 8i.—Magnified view of apple rust roestelia, or aecia. {After Jones and Bartholomew, Bull. 257, Agric. Exper. Stal. Univ. Wise, July, 1915.) red cedar, Juniperus virginiana. The cluster cups appear on the leaves of native species of apples {Malus
RMRE38C9–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS 27 nuclear membrane, the chromatin in each falls together in little masses, the nucleolus lying by the side of the mass ; these then separate, a spindle is formed with an equatorial plate and the chromatin masses pass at different rates towards the poles. The nucleoli then disappear, and four chromatin balls are formed which are the daughter nuclei. Only after this is com- pleted, do they separate into two pairs, and the formation of a cell-wall begins (Dittschlag). The Alternation of
RMPG14RP–. Manual of tree diseases . Trees. CEDAR DISEASES 131 by a ground fire. The same disease affects similarly spruce, fir, juniper, arbor-vitse and hemlock. It is described under spruce diseases, on page 317.. Fig. 16. — Brown felt-blight on inceusa cedar. Eastern Witches'-Bkoom Caused by Gymnosporangium myricaium (Schw.) Fromme Witches'-brooms are found on white cedar along the At- lantic Coast from Massachusetts to Delaware and in northern Florida and southern Alabama. The witches'-broom and branch-swelling diseases, both caused by similar rust-fungi,. Please note that these images are extracte
RMRE36XR–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. GYMNOSPOEANGIUM 307 ^cidia on leaves, branches and fruits of Crataegus Oxy- acantha, C. monogyna, Mespilus ger- manica, Gydonia vulgaris, June— August; teleutospores on Juniperus Sabina, April and May; uncommon. (Fig. 232.) The course of the life history of this species is identical with that of the pre- ceding. It is distinguished by its shorter and broader teleutospores, which resemble those of 6. Sahinae, but the aecidia are quite different from those of that species and resemble those of 0. clavariaeforme..
RMPG4FE1–. Minnesota plant diseases. Plant diseases. Fig. 74.—More spores of rust fungi. 1. A pycnidium (from wheat rust on barberry), a capsular spore-bearing fruiting body showing dust of spores at r. 2. Spores and spore-bearing threads from 1 greatly enlarged. 3. Same spores germinating. These spores are probably the relics of male reproductive cells which have fallen into disuse. They appear to be functionless since they do not usually germinate and have never been known to cause infection. 4. A cluster-cup of an Anemone rust; s spores, formed in chains; p, threads forming the cup of the cluster-cu
RMRDXGTA–. Introduction to the study of fungi; their organography, classification, and distribution, for the use of collectors. Fungi. RUST FUNGI—UREDINEAE 247 species in which only teleutospores are known, and these do not germinate for a long time after the foster-plant is dead; and the Lepto-pucciniae, in which also the species only possess teleutospores, but the sori are compact, and germination takes place at once and whilst the foster-plant is living. Of course, outside of all these groups there still remain a rather large number of species, of uncertain place, mostly with only the teleutospores
RMPG451H–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. Fig. 68.—Portion of a. teliosorus of cedar apple in February showing mycelia stroma and the binucleate condition of the cells of young teliospores. (After Reed. H S , and Crabill, C. H., Techn. Bull. 9, Va. Agric. Exper. Slat., May, 191S-) basidiospores teleutospore uredospore.. uredospore secidiospore intercalary cell spermatium s gamete ¥ gametes fusion-cell Fig. 69.—Diagram of the alternation of generations of a typical rust. (After Grove, W. B., The British Rust Fungi, 1913, 27.). P
RMRE1WPT–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON GRAMINEJi; 261 Eriksson has divided this species into a number of forms which show certain differences, chiefly biological: they are given in what follows, but it must be understood that they are distinguished almost entirely by their host-plants. They all show the same scattered, brownish-orange uredo- sori. Some, it is true, have cecidia, others are not known to have them, but this is a difference which time may remove ; also Pole-Evans (1907) has shown that they present minute differences in the mode of g
RMPG450W–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. RUST FUNGI 203 Phalaris arnudituicea; (3) f. sp. agroslis on Agrostis mdgaris and A, stolonifera. Yellow Rust of Wheat, Puccinia glumarum, without any known aecial stage. It has according to Eriksson the following specialized forms: (1) f. sp. tritici on wheat; (2) f. sp. secalis on rye; (3) f. sp. hordei on barley; (4) f. sp. Elymi on dymus arenarius; (5) f. sp. agropyri on couch grass, Agropyron repens.. Fig. 72.—Hollyhock rust. Puccinia mals/acearum. {Nantucket, August 19, 1915.) Bro
RMRE377N–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 246 PUCCINIA hetercecioiis and autcecioiis species respectively, though this is certainly not always true. The only British species of Carex which have been proved by cultures to be connected with this EBcidium are C. caryophyllea (praeoox) and 0. arenaria, but it is supposed to grow also on a large number of other species. The matter is, however, complicated by the fact that there are two other Pucciniae (P. arenariicola and P. Schoeleriana) which are very closely allied and differ chiefly in having their seci
RMPG4502–. The mushroom book. A popular guide to the identification and study of our commoner Fungi, with special emphasis on the edible varieties. Mushrooms; Cookery (Mushrooms); cbk. Com smut. Leaf rust on Hepaiica triloba. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Marshall, Nina L. (Nina Lovering). New York, Doubleday, Page & Co.
RMRE38D2–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 14 GERMINATION OF TELEUTOSPOEES Germination of the Teleutospore. We now approach the consideration of a process which has been in the past much discussed, and upon the right inter- pretation of which the whole question of the systematic position of the Uredinales depends. Each cell of the teleutospore of P. Caricis has one germ-pore, though some genera alhed to Puccinia have teleutospores with more than one germ-pore to each cell, e.g. Phragmidium, JJropyods, Calliospora. The germ- pore of the upper cell is in
RMPG3NP8–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 397 advances. These spores are 20-35 * T5â22/*> an<i a spore ger- minates by the production of the characteristic promycelium, di- vided ordinarily into four cells, each producing its sporidium. The germination of the teleutospore would seem to take place ordinarily several weeks prior to the appearance of the spermogonium and aecidium, both of which arise only from teleutosporic infection. Sydow accepts the separation of the rust of clovers into two spe-
RMRE1HXY–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. Plate VI.. West, Newman 5tCo.il th.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Plowright, Charles Bagge, 1849-1910. London, Paul, Trench & Co.
RMPG44YW–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 208 MYCOLOGY Belonging to the genus Gymnoconia (Fig. 92) is the orange rust of raspberry and blackberry which is found throughout the United States and Canada. It is also widely distributed in Europe and Asia. The genus Phragmidium, which is confined entirely to plants of the rose family, is autcecious. Warts are formed on the teliospores by the contraction of an outer gelatinous layer which with a rigid middle lamina and the arrangement of the germ pores distinguishes Phrag-. Fig. 78.—
RMRE38CE–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 20 BASAL CELLS OF ^CIDIA Again, in 1911, Hoffmann investigated a Uredine of a lower type than most of those previously considered, viz. Endophyllum Sempervivi. This genus differs from all the other Uredinales in its mode of development. It has only spermatia and secidio- spores, the latter functioning also as teleutospores in that their conjugate nuclei fuse, and then on germination they produce a basidium and basidiospores. These basidiospores reinfect the host and produce both spermogones and secidia. On the
RMPG3NNN–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 405 resistance being particularly noticeable when the varieties are grown side by side for a period of years. The final effect of the rust upon the plant from year to year is a determining factor in adapt- ability. Sirrine was unable to confirm the observations as to the high resistance of the Palmetto as grown on Long Island, but it is suggested that a weaker strain is there in use. Conover's Colossal and the various forms related to this, or the selections fro
RMRE1HYP–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. Plate II.. West.'Newmaii&Co. jith.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Plowright, Charles Bagge, 1849-1910. London, Paul, Trench & Co.
RMPG3NKY–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 425 XXI. CEDAR APPLES AND APPLE RUST Gymnosporangium macropus Lk. This is one of the most widespread and economically important of this genus. It produces the large cedar apples on Junipenis virginiana (Fig. 207). This fungus occurs practically throughout. Fig. 207. Gymnosporangium macropus: Cedar Apple the range of the red cedar and its other hosts. The aecidial stage occurs on the apple (Pyrns Mains) and also on Pyrus coronaria, and was originally described as
RMRE1J00–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. Vft»t,Newiima&Co.lit}].. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Plowright, Charles Bagge, 1849-1910. London, Paul, Trench & Co.
RMPG3NM6–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 423 There are about fifteen species of these fungi, all but one of which have the aecidial or rust stage (Rcestelia) on some member of the tribe Pomese, generally apple, pear, or crab (Pyrus), quince (Cydonia), shad bush or service berry (Amelanchier), or hawthorn (Crataegus). The teleutosporic stage, which is commonly produced on hypertrophied parts in the nature of " cedar apples," witches' brooms, and other deformities of the host, generally occurs
RMRE385D–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. Fig. 50. v. Fabae. Teleutospores and uredospore on Vicia Crncca.. Fig. 51. V. Fabae. Telento- spores and uredospore on Vicia septum.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Grove, W. B. (William Bywater), 1848-1938. Cambridge, University Press
RMPG4B3X–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 360 UREDINEAE. This rust is indigenous to Chili, and was introduced into France about 1868, whence it rapidly extended throughout the whole of Europe, and during the last ten years has made its appear- ance in the United States. In many places it has completely exterminated both wild and cultivated mallows, and rendered the cultivation of garden hollyhocks impossible. It appears in. Fio. 192.—Puccinia matvaceai'um.
RMRE388Y–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. Fig. 33. Two plants of Sempervivum, one (left) affected by Endophylluvi Sempervivi, the other not. of the conjugate nuclei. On germination, when the fusion- nucleus divides into four, the first division shows slight differences from the others so as to make it certain that it is bhe reducing division.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the origina
RMPG40M0–. Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany. Botany. FUNGI 389 The surprising thing about early spring spores is that usually they do not attack wheat; they attack other plants. It was in England that the life history of wheat rust was discovered, and there it was found that these early. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Cou
RMRE3885–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. PHYLOGENY 83 From these considerations the probable phylogeny of the Uredinales may be represented as in the following schemes. Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Uredinales. Ustilaginales Rhodophycese Pucciniacese Endophyllum. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Grove, W. B. (William Bywater), 1848-1938. Cambridge, University Press
RMPG3NN9–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 409 Probably the most important species of the rust family, both from an economic point of view and also from the point of view of the development of mycological research, is the common species, Puccinia graminis, upon cereals. It was upon this species that the classical researches of De Bary (1865 et seq.) were based, throwing light upon many phenomena of parasitism. In more recent times this species has served further as a means of developing a knowledge of bi
RMRE37G5–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON UMBELLIFEEiE 191 between the two forms. Conium maculatum took the infection very- weakly. Lindroth and Fischer both describe the teleutopores as furnished with numerous minute embedded granules, otherwise even or with low rounded undulations, but Fischer figures them as perfectly smooth, as they certainly are i-n the cases 1 have seen. The uredospores are spiny in the upper part, nearly smooth below. When the few spines on the basal part are not to be discerned (as sometimes happens), they closely resemble t
RMPG41F6–. Essentials of botany. Botany; Botany. THE FUNGI 259 335. Discussion. — The wheat rust is interesting to the botanist on account of its singular variety of methods of asexual spore formation. It is also of great practi- cal importance, as it is a very dangerous enemy of the grain farmer. Comparatively rust-proof species of wheat are much in demand. Barberry bushes should never be allowed to grow in wheat-raising regions, and in many parts of England they have been nearly or quite exter- minated by farmers. Where no barberries are found the rust is carried from one wheat crop to the next by ur
RMRE37A3–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON POLYGONACEvE 223 scattered singly : those of the Puooinia are in largish orbicular clusters and are rarely found singly; if not clustered, they spread over the whole leaf. In Plowright's herbarium are some leaves of Lychnis diurna, covered with uredo-sori, which he mistakenly assigned to P. Lychnidearum : there are no teleutospores of the latter, however, but a very few of P. Behenis were found in the same sori. See under P. Lychnidearwn. The circinate arrangement of the sori, on paler spots, is very similar
RMPG447P–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 538 SPECIAL PLANT PATHOLOGY has been considered to be of such great importance, that strict quaran- tine regulations were established in order to keep it out of the country, but the result of a thorough exploration of the New England States during the summer of 1916 has shown its general distribution through- out them and even as far west as Minnesota. It appears to have been. Fig. 193.—White pine blister-rust, Cronarliutn ribicola. yl. Diseased tree with £ecial blisters broken open fro
RMRE38CK–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. STERILE CELLS 19 Christman, occurring side by side. All the conjugating cells had an upper sterile cell which he calls a " buffer" cell; but the passage of the nucleus only he put down, as others have done, as a pathological phenomenon, caused perhaps by the method of fixing. In November of the same year Dittschlag, investigating Puccinia Falcuriae, tried to settle the question and decide definitely the function of the spermatia. This Puccinia is an -opsis form, having spermogones and secidia, followe
RMPG3NMN–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 413 germ pores equatorially disposed and opposite. Upon many hosts the uredospores are produced throughout a very long season. They may appear upon grain or blue grass in the early spring before the aecidiospore may be developed in the same region. In many cases it is evident that the rust may be propagated from year to year by continuous generations of the uredospores. Again, it has been experimentally shown that uredospores may retain the power of. Fig. 203. P
RMRE1HYB–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. Plate IV,. C.B.P.6U. Weet,WewTixaji&Co lith.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Plowright, Charles Bagge, 1849-1910. London, Paul, Trench & Co.
RMPG3D0X–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. THALLOPIIYTES: FUNGI 281 wall, and forms wliat is called the "black rust,"which ap- pears late in the summer on wheat stubble. These spores are the resting spores, Avhich last through the winter and germinate in the following spring. They are called Icleuto- spores, meaning the " last spores " of the growing season. They are also called " winter spores," to distinguish them from the urcdospores or " summer spores." At first this teleutospore-bearing mycelium was not recognized to bo identical with tlie uredo
RMRE386K–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 92 UROMYCES the leaves. The mycehum of the seoidial stage is said to be perennial in the host; Dietel says that in some localities the secidiospores can re- produce themselves, and that then the uredo is suppressed. Both this species and the preceding are distinguished from U. Jkctens in the fact that the sori are smaller, distributed more uniformly over the leaf, and do not cause distortions. The Eeoidium is rare in Britain (I have seen specimens only from Perth); most of our records of Uroinyces on T. repens
RMPFYEG4–. A text-book of botany for secondary schools. Botany. FUNGI 159 balls; but it is thought that a basidium is represented also in the life-history of the rusts, and hence they are now included among the Basidiomycetes. This supposed ba- sidium of the rust is the little filament produced by the winter spore, which sends out branches that bear the small early spring spores (§ 84). 88. Mycorhiza.âThis name means root-fungus, and refers to an association that exists between certain Fungi of the soil and the roots of higher plants. It was thought once that this association of fungus and root occurr
RMRE3724–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. PHRAGMIDIUM 291 The uredospores of this species are distinguished from those of its allies by being densely and rather coarsely verruculose and very similar to the cseoma-spores, from which, in fact, they differ almost solely in being abstricted singly and not in chains. The oseoma-stage is one of the earliest Uredines of spring, showing on the leaves as soon as they are well developed, and extending even to the calyx. The teleutospores are entirely devoid of papilla on the apical cell ; the gelatinous outer co
RMPG3NKP–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 428 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS frequently appear spindling from the beginning. Nevertheless, the affected shoots or canes may not be killed, and the disease may reappear upon such affected plants the following year from the growth of the mycelium into young shoots. In the end, practically all affected plants are killed, and their vitality is from the outset so diminished that productiveness is impossible.. Fig. 208. Blackberry Rust, C^eo-ma Stage To the left, normal shoots; to the
RMRE38BP–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. TELEUTOSPORES 35 The teleutospores are generally produced in sori like those of the uredospores; they frequently arise on the same mycelium, and very often on the same spore-bed, mingled with the uredo- spores. If both are found in any species, the teleutospores are always formed at least not earlier, and usually later than the uredospores. Their primary function now is to tide over an unfavourable period; for this reason they are sometimes called, in England, tuinter-spores. They may be one-celled as in. I'ig.
RMPG3NNA–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. 408 FUNGOUS DISEASES OF PLANTS is one of the most common, yet it may not be considered of any special economic importance. The aecidiospores are almost twice as long as broad, 40 X 17-26 p. The uredospores are subspherical, and the teleutospores are conspicuous by their long, hyaline, and relatively thick pedicels, papillate apex, red-brown color, and verru- cose outer wall.. Fig. 200. jEcidial Stage of the Grain Rust on Barberry XIII. BLACK RUST OF GRAIN Puccinia graminis Pers. Bo
RMRE1HXK–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. 12 .^-. W^ ^' V.) rjt:. '0. 'West,Kewma.n&£o Ijth,. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Plowright, Charles Bagge, 1849-1910. London, Paul, Trench & Co.
RMPG26F4–. Southern field crops (exclusive of forage plants). Agriculture. OATS 23 Enemies 29. Weeds. — The same weeds are troublesome in oats as in wheat. Chief among these is cheat or chess. The use of clean seed, that has been carefully fanned and screened, is the best means of avoiding weed pests. In purchasing seed oats, care should be taken that they con- tain no seed of Johnson-grass. 30. Fungous diseases of oats. — Chief among diseases caused by fungi is rust, for which there is no treatment. The Red Rust-proof variety and its various strains are the most rust-resistant varieties, but even thes
RMRE3746–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ox GRAMINE^ 273 It was Plowright who first proved, by a long series of cultures, that the aeoidium of this species is produced only on the two species of Ranunculus given above; Klebahn and Fischer have since abundantly confirmed his results. The fecidia belonging to Vromyces Poae and U. Dactylidis occur on the same hosts and are morphologically quite indistinguishable, but begin to appear earlier in the spring. P. Mugnvsiana is distinguished from the two following species by its numerous small teleuto-sori, an
RMPG1Y3M–. Lectures on the evolution of plants. Botany; Plants. THE FUNGI 89 that in order for the plant to complete its. life-cycle, it was necessary that it should grow in turn upon both hosts. In the eastern United States there is another very conspicuous case of this heteroecism in the fungus caus- ing the enlargements on the twigs of the red cedar known as " cedar-apples " (Fig. 23, A). These mor- bid growths are due to the attacks of a fungus (Gymnospo- rangium) related to the wheat-rust, and in the spring the large orange-colored masses of spores are exceedingly conspic- uous, especial
RMRE388P–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 56 CRONAETIUM RIBICOLA of Rihes (Fig. 34); they have been recorded on 26 out of about 50 known species. The sperniogones and secidia are formed on stems and branches of the five-leaved species of Pinus: they have been found on five out of the eighteen Pines of that group, but do not attack species having 2 or 3 leaves in a fascicle. The following account is founded on that of Spaulding (1911). The basidiospores are formed about the beginning of August, and if they are blown by the wind, and adhere to moist youn
RMPG4DHW–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. 672 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES "Dflute this stock resin solution with 8 parts of water before adding to the Bordeaux mbcture, that is in preparing a so-gallon barrel of the mixture, the copper sulphate and lime are diluted enough to make 40 gallons after which 2 gallons of stock resin solution are diluted to 10 gallons, then added to the Bordeaux." This solution exceeds ordinary Bordeaux in adhesive properties and has been highly recommended for asparagus rust. Method of Malting Sma
RMRE388D–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 78 PHYLOGENY are always, or usually, so placed. For instance, in Melam- psoridium betulinum the teleuto-sori almost invariably originate directly below the stomatal pore. The cause of this cannot be merely the need of oxygen for respiration, since it has been shown that the intercellular spaces of a leaf are all well supplied in that respect. Fig. 37 is drawn from the lower epidermis of a leaf of Betula alba in which teleuto-sori were just beginning to be produced. The same thing is true of the teleuto-sori of
RMPG3NMD–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 419 XVIII. HOLLYHOCK RUST Pncrinia malvacearum Mont. Dudley, W. R. The Hollyhock Rust. Cornell Agl. Exp. Sta. Built. 25: 154-155. 1890.. Fig. 204. Puccinia malvacearum: Rust of Hollyhock. (Photograph by H. H. Whetzel) The hollyhock rust is known to infest a large number of genera and species of the mallow family (Malvaceae). It is at present widely distributed throughout a large portion of the world, and is in the United States most important on the cultivated h
RMRE2FXP–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. UREDINOPSIS 379 UREDINOPSIS Magnus. Teleutospores solitary, extracellular, hyaline, septate. Uredo- sori subepidermal, with a distinct peridium; uredospores hyaline, pedicellate, without germ-pores. On Ferns. This genus is distinguished from all others by the fact that the teleutospores are dispersed without order among the cells of the mesophyll. There are three known forms of spores, which seem to occur simultaneously, and not in a fixed order of succession as in most pleomorphic Uredinales. It is one of the
RMPG463R–. The fungi which cause plant disease . Plant diseases; Fungi. 330 THE FUNGI WHICH CAUSE PLANT DISEASE aecia are on pines (Peridermium), while the other stages are on dicotyledons. In the Gymnosporangiums the pycnial and secial stages are on Rosacese; the telial on Juniperus and its kin. While a few general rules can be worked out concerning host relations there are many exceptions and to know one stage of a heteroecious rust generally gives little or no clue to what its complementary host may be. The mycelium of the rusts is usually intercellular and local though in a few instances it is exte
RMRE38C2–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. SPOROPHYTE (2n generation) uredospore secidiosppre intercalary cell GAMETOPHYTE (w generation). '^spermatium i gamete ¥ gametes fusion-cell The n generation is that in which the nucleus has the haploid number of chromosomes or, if there are no distinct chromosomes visible, the single amount of chromatin; in the 2?? generation each cell has the double (diploid) number of chromosomes or the double amount of chromatin, at first sur- rounded by two nuclear membranes, afterwards by one.. Please note that these image
RMPG4B0P–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. CRONAETIUM. 381 host-plants, and several species produce blister-rust on the bark of species of pine. Gronartium asclepiadeum (Willd) (U.S. America). Uredo- and teleutospores occur on Cynanchum Vincetqxicum (perhaps. Fig. 214.—Cronai'tium asclepiadeum oji Ct/nanch^m Vincetoxicum. The uredo- sori sliow as spots, the teleutospore-sori as processes on the leaves, (v. Tubeuf del) also on Gentiana asclepiadea). The aecid
RMRE1J1D–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. 42 British Uredinecs and Ustilagine<2. like Puccinia spores, but have, in the European species, generally two germ-pores in each cell, and these are placed. Fig. 3.—Chrysomyxa rJwdodendri. Section of spore-bed showing the compound teleu- tospores (a), one of which is in the act of germination, having emitted a promycelium (^) from upper corner of its super
RMPG44E4–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. DETAILED ACCOUNT OF SPECIFIC DISEASES OF PLANTS 489 bases as well, and the mycelium finally grows into the stem killing its tissue which becomes soft and broken down (Fig. 170). The variety known as Mrs. Thomas W. Lawson is especially susceptible. Rust {Uromyces caryophyllinus (Schrank). Wint.—This disease was practically unknown in the United States prior to 1890, but now it. Fig. 170.—Carnation alternariose (AUernaria dianlhi). i, Branched, septile my- celium; 2, hyphEE below surface
RMRE38CX–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. GERMINATION OF BASIDIOSPORES 15 If one of these easily detached basidiospores or conidia is conveyed to the surface of a leaf or young stem of Nettle, its germ-tube bores through the cuticle and enters the tissues (Fig, 17), where it ramifies and forms a my- celium. The teleutospore is large and heavy, and firmly attached to its spore-bed on the leaf of Gareoc; the basidiospores enable its con- tents to be transferred easily to ^^8- ^1-. Endophyllum Sem- â ' pervivi. (Terminating basi- the surface on which alon
RMPG3NJA–. Fungous diseases of plants : with chapters on physiology, culture methods and technique . Fungi in agriculture. Fig. XXVIII. RUST OF POPLAR Melampsora tremula? Tul. Tulasne applied the above name to a rust of the poplar (Popidus tremula) occurring throughout a considerable range in Europe. It would seem that this name would now in- clude at least three forms, or species, as dis- tinguished by Klebahn, viz., Melampsora Pinitorqua Rostr., Melampsora Larici-tremula Kleb., and Melampsora Mag- nusiana Wagn. These. Fig. 214. Melampsora tremula*. : Uredospores and teleutospores. Please note that th
RMRE3816–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON COMPOSITE 129 This genils occupies an intermediate position between Uromyces and the less advanced genera, Phragmidium, etc., as is shown by the fact that many species tend to form one-celled teleutospores (mesospores) indistinguishable from those of Uromyces, while others have spores with three or more cells, arranged as in Phragmidium, Triphragmium, Sphaerophrag- mium, etc. The number of species is enormous, more than 1300 are already known. The genus must therefore be subdivided, but no quite satisfactory
RMPG4ARA–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 408 UBEDINEAE. cone rust. This disease is found on the cones of spruce. The aecidia are brown somewhat flattened spheres, and appear in large numbers on cones distinguished by their scales standing stiffly open even in damp weather (Fig. 243). The germ- tubes of the fungus find entrance in spring into the flowers or young spruce-cones, and the mycelium lives parasitic in the green scales without causing any marked c
RMRDGAHE–. The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution;. Botany. THALLOPHYTA. 685 is a further justification for the inclusion of all these families—at first sight so different—in a single alliance. Uredinece.—These are the Rust-fungi, parasites for the most part on the foliage of higher plants. They are outwardly manifest in the form of yellow or brown ^S^.. Fig. 390.—Basidioraycetes. ^ Clavaria aurea. ^ Dcedalia querciTia. ^Marasmius tenerrimus. ^ Marasmius perforates. ^ Craterellus clavatus. ^Amanita phalloides. 7 a portion of the basidial layer of the last-nam
RMPG4B0J–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. Fig. 214.—Cronai'tium asclepiadeum oji Ct/nanch^m Vincetoxicum. The uredo- sori sliow as spots, the teleutospore-sori as processes on the leaves, (v. Tubeuf del) also on Gentiana asclepiadea). The aecidial stage, known as Peridermium Oornui Eostr. et Kleb. produces a blister-rust on the bark of Pinus sylvestris.. Fig. 215.—Ci-onartium asclepiadeum. Section of a Cynanchum leaf. The leaf-parenchyma is permeated with m
RMRE1J13–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. 8o British Uredinecs and Usiilaginecs. abundantly. As the teleutospores are of pretty large size, their germination is easily observed. I have found them germinate much more freely in summer than in late autumn (Plate VII. Fig. 18). U. tragopogi (Pers.) {U. receptaculorum, Fries).—The germination was observed by Tulasne,* and by Von Wald- heim.t to consist in
RMPG4BD0–. Minnesota mushrooms ... Botany; Mushrooms. GILL FUNGI 59 CLArnoi'u.s Distinguished bv the ahiiost complete absence of the stem and the pink sjjores. The last feature separates it from Pleurotus. The species grow on wood, usually with the gills turned upward. For the most part, they are small and infrequent, and of little value. The name means "lame foot," referring to the short or absent stem. Key to the Species 1. Cap and gills yellow or yellowish C. nidiilaiis 2. Cap white ; gills rosy or rust-colored C. Viiriahilis Claiidopus nidulans Nest Cap Cap 2-8 cm. wide, in- verted, steml
RMRE3792–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. ON LILIACE^: 233 Plowright observed that the spores would not germinate at once, but, by securing the affected leaves during the winter near some plants of N. poeticus, he found the Puocinia reproduced next year and for eight or nine years afterwards, though only on the tips of the leaves. The reticulation of the spores varies in character, sometimes resolving itself into longitudinal ridges or rows of warts. Mesospores and other abnormal spores are recorded by Fischer. Distribution : Belgium, Italy, Garniola.
RMPG00Y3–. Lessons in botany. Botany. FUNGI: WHEAT KUST, 131 ous spores, composed of two cells, and having thick, brownish walls as shown in fig. 108. Usually there is a slender brownish stalk on one end. These spores are called ieleutospores. They are somewhat oblong or elliptical, a little constricted where the septum separates the two cells, and the end cell varies from ovate. Fig. 107. Head of wheat showing black .rust spots on the chaff and awns.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance o
RMRE1WPE–. The British rust fungi (Uredinales) their biology and classification. Rust fungi. 264 PUCCINIA membrane marked with about nine (7—10) germ-pores, which are each surrounded by a little thickening of the cell-wall, so that they look some- what like a " bordered pit" ; the teleuto-soi'i mostly on the lower leaf-surface or sheath, black, covered by the epidermis ; the teleutospores oboonical or with nearly parallel sides, truncate, rounded, or pointed (obtusely and often obliquely) at the apex ; the slightly thickened apical wall and a broad band at the base chestnut-brown, but the rem
RMPG00XN–. Lessons in botany. Botany. FUNGI: WHEAT RUST. 133 For a fuller study of the wheat rust and of other fungi see the author's larger " Elementary Botany," Chapters XX, XXI.. Wheat rust. Fig. 113- Section through leaf of barberry at point affected with the cluster-cup stage of the wheat rust; spermagonia above, aecidia below. (After Marshall-Ward.) Synopsis. A parasite on grains, grasses, and on the barberry. Vegetative part of plant; mycelium growing within the tissues of the host. Fruiting part of the plant. 1st. Red rust (one-celled spores in pustules on blades and stems of the whea
RMRE1HXD–. A monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, with an account of their biology including the methods of observing the germination of their spores and of their experimental culture. Smut fungi; Rust fungi; Smut diseases; Fungi. Plate TOL. 03 P.del. Vfest.lfewitum&Colitb.. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.. Plowright, Charles Bagge, 1849-1910. London, Paul, Trench & Co.
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