RM2HA4K9E–a wild green water frog in krka national park,croatia
RM2BNM5JR–Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) young seal opens its moutfh towards the camera, while swimming over a shallow bed of seaweeds (Fucus serratus) Lundy Is
RF2PWJPDG–Moss and lichens on the bark of a tree in a spruce taiga forest. Karelia, Orzega. Lobaria Lobaria is a genus of lichenized ascomycetes belonging to th
RM2BNM5JF–Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) young male swimming above Kelp / Oarweed (Laminaria hyperborea) Farne Islands, Northumberland, UK, North Sea, August
RMRDXTJJ–. A textbook of botany for colleges and universities ... Botany. MORPHOLOGY evident, and represents all the organization that has been found in this group. This apparently simple structure of the protoplast is in striking contrast with that found in the true algae and in all higher plants. The division of the cell is of equal simplicity, for it takes place by the development of a ringlike wall which grows inward and cuts the protoplast in two, the central body (or nucleus) also playing a part. This process of cell-division is the only method of reproduction among the Cyanophyceae, a method kno
RM2BNM61X–Grey seal (Haichaoerus grypus) young female opens her mouth playfully while she looks up from a bed of shallow seaweeds (Fucus serratus) Lundy Island,
RM2F7TY9H–Spider Conch Shell, Lambis lambis, is a large spider conch from the Indo-West Pacific area.
RM2BNM66Y–Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) young male swims over a kelp forest (Laminaria hyperborea) Farne Islands, Northumberland, UK, North Sea, August
RF2E684HJ–Close up True Iceland lichen Moss gray branches
RMM49FBT–Aggregation of Golden jellyfish (Mastigias sp.) in a marine lake in Palau, the golden colour of this species comes from symbiotic algae in its tissues. Jellyfish Lake, Eil Malk island, Rock Islands, Palau. Tropical north Pacific Ocean.
RF2E683X2–Iceland moss lichen fungus background
RM2BNDY54–Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) and algal bloom in sinkhole, Casa Cenote, near Tulum, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, August
RMAMYF18–Bull Frog through the grass at Volo Bog State Natural Area Illinois
RM2J1WBMH–Split level of a Lion's mane Jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) and Feather-boa kelp (Egregia menziesii), Seven-tree Island, Browning Pass, Queen Charlotte
RF2B925YF–Strombus luhuanus, Print, Conomurex luhuanus, common name Strawberry conch or Tiger conch, is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Strombidae, the true conchs. C. luhuanus is found in sandy habitat among corals in the Indopacific region. They feed on algae or detritus, move with a modified foot, and have complex eyes compared to other gastropods., Reimagined by Gibon, design of warm cheerful glowing of brightness and light rays radiance. Classic art reinvented with a modern twist. Photography inspired by futurism, embracing dynamic energy of modern tech
RMK8J7KH–Indonesia. Bali. Nusa Lembongan island. The people of the island have specialized in the cultivation of algae in creating true algae farms. Farmer ha
RMG9XN0G–Ephydrid flies (Ephydra sp) that eat microscopic algae and survives during the winter in thermal pools. Biscut Basin, Yellowston
RF2WGB8GD–Frog in water. Pool frog swimming in water. One green Pelophylax lessonae. European frog.
RF2WNYTER–Moss and lichens on the bark of a tree in a spruce taiga forest. Karelia, Orzega. Lobaria Lobaria is a genus of lichenized ascomycetes belonging to
RF2X308F6–Frog in water. Pool frog swimming. Close-up of Pelophylax lessonae. One European frog.
RF2T75J1E–a canyon tree frog in the water in the gila national forest
RF2PX3KYH–Moss and lichens on the bark of a tree in a spruce taiga forest. Karelia, Orzega. Lobaria Lobaria is a genus of lichenized ascomycetes belonging to th
RME1TDKG–Gentoo Penguins and Southern Elephant Seals at the pinnacle, Barrientos Island (Aitcho, Antarctica)
RM2AKT1Y1–Phycologia britannica, or, A History of British sea-weeds, containing coloured figures, generic and specific characters, synonymes, and descriptions of all the species of algae inhabiting the shores of the British Islands . s in a new cell, formed, it is true, by the elongationof an original cell, but subsequently separated from it by aseptum : this occurs in Tiresias, Bulbockate, and Coleochcete. InBraparnaldia, on the contrary, and its immediate allies thediaphanous prolongations of the filaments are septate, each con-sisting of a series of elongated cells. The sporangia, also, inBraparnaldi
RMPG4E6J–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRUE FUNGI 43 gradations which preclude an absolute pronouncement as to whether a plant is a saprophyte, or a parasite.' Botanists generally concede that the true fungi have been derived from filamentous algal ancestors and the groups of algae from which the principal forms of fungi have. Fig. 12.—Russula nigricans parasitized by Nyclalis aslerophora. (After Brefeld.) been derived are fairly well known. For example, it is beUeved that such fungi as belong to the o
RM2F7TYAE–Spider Conch Shell, Lambis lambis, is a large spider conch from the Indo-West Pacific area.
RMB7P6JC–Polystomella magnified 200 diameters skeleton microscope In taxonomy, Polytomella is a genus of algae, specifically of the Chlam
RMBP76AP–Floating heart, fringed water lily, yellow floatingheart.
RMMA73WB–. Elementary botany . produce the vegetative thread of oedogonium directly, but first forms four zoospores, each of which is then capable of developing into the thread. On the other hand we found that in spirogyra the zygo- spore develops directly into the thread form of the plant. 245. Position of oedo- gonium.—CEdogonium is one of the true thread-like algae, green in color, and the threads are divided into distinct cells. It. along with many relatives, was once placed in the old genus conferva. These are all now placed in the group CcmfervoidecE, that is, the conferva-like algcr. 246. Relati
RMT1H67G–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae diseasesofplant00tube Year: 1897 24 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITKJ ATTACK. True atrophy is best seen in those cases where flower-forma- tion is suppressed. This effect of parasitic fungi on their host is by no means uncommon, the fungus alone reproducing itself, while the assimilating host-plant remains sterile. This atrophy is found not only in annual plants, but also in those where the symbiosis might be designated as perennial. The
RMA91868–Bull Frog and green reflections at Volo Bog State Natural Area Illinois
RFAAN46X–Detail of lichen in a pinetree trunk
RMK8J7KK–Indonesia. Bali. Nusa Lembongan island. The people of the island have specialized in the cultivation of algae in creating true algae farms. Farmer ha
RF2WNYN9K–Moss and lichens on the bark of a tree in a spruce taiga forest. Karelia, Orzega. Lobaria Lobaria is a genus of lichenized ascomycetes belonging to
RF2X308F4–Frog in water. Pool frog swimming. Close-up of Pelophylax lessonae. One European frog.
RF2T75J1J–a canyon tree frog balancing on the edge of a cattle tank in the Gila National Forest
RF2PX3M10–Moss and lichens on the bark of a tree in a spruce taiga forest. Karelia, Orzega. Lobaria Lobaria is a genus of lichenized ascomycetes belonging to th
RM2AKRDP0–Phycologia britannica, or, A History of British sea-weeds, containing coloured figures, generic and specific characters, synonymes, and descriptions of all the species of algae inhabiting the shores of the British Islands . ictly accords with the properstructure of that genus; but it may remain in that convenientreceptacle until its true structure is fully made out. Should iteventually be made the type of a new genus, I fear KiitzingsGoniotrichum can scarcely be adopted, because he confoundsunder that name both Bangia ? elegans, Chauv., and Bangiaciliaris, Carm., two very distinct plants, and
RMPG1717–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. 146 THALLOPHYTA. [CH. evidence for including them among the select class of true fossil algae. Sollas' has shown that the structure known as Oldhamia radiata is not merely superficial but that it extends across the cleavage-planes. Oldhamia is recorded from Lower Palaeozoic rocks in the Pyrenees^ by Barrois, who agrees with Salter, Goppert and others in classing the fossil among the algae. The photograph accompanying Barrois' description does not, however, add further evidence in favour of accepting Old- hamia as a genus of fo
RMBP7429–Floating heart, fringed water lily, yellow floatingheart.
RMMCKF6K–. |! I u iri: i Fig. V, Algae, A, D, E, green algae; B, a red alga; C, a brown alga. ALGAE (Green "Moss", Brovm "Moss") The zone of fouling just below the water line is usually composed of Algae. These are true ma- rine plants, and cLside from microscopic forms and a few flowering plants, the only members of the vegetable kingdom that occur in the sea. Since they cannot grow without light, they are seldom found on the deeper portions of the hull between the bilge keels. The commonest types are green in color, but others are various shades of red, brown, and purple. (in the
RMRYR373–Electron-microscopic structure of protozoa (1963) Electron-microscopic structure of protozoa . electronmicrosco00pite Year: 1963 108 ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF PROTOZOA species formerly called C. pusilla is a true uniflagellate but it has been transferred to the green algae and to the new genus Micro- ?nonas by Manton and Parke [I960].). The ultrastructure of C. psammobia may be described here as generally typical of chrysomonads (Text-fig. 6). Text-figure 6. Schematic drawing of a longitudinal section through the anterior half of Chromulina psammobia. C, chloroplasts; G, Golgi body
RMA91867–Bull Frog and green reflections at Volo Bog State Natural Area Illinois
RFAAN46H–Detail of lichen in a pinetree trunk
RF2WNYYNT–Moss and lichens on the bark of a tree in a spruce taiga forest. Karelia, Orzega. Lobaria Lobaria is a genus of lichenized ascomycetes belonging to
RF2PWW2C3–Moss and lichens on the bark of a tree in a spruce taiga forest. Karelia, Orzega. Lobaria Lobaria is a genus of lichenized ascomycetes belonging to th
RM2AKG8ER–Natural history of animals; . stIndies, and the true Wentletraps of the tropical andtemperate seas, belong in this group. The RoyalStaircase, or Wentletrap, Figure 390, was formerlyvery valuable, and has been sold for a hundred poundssterling, although now worth only a few dollars. Periwinkles. Periwinkles live in the sea near the shore. Twospecies are shown in Figures 392 and 393. They feedon algae, — marine plants. River Snails. These live in fresh water, have the shell coveredwith a green skin, bring forth their young alive, andthe embryo snails, even before birth and when so smallthat they
RMPFYM3J–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE FRESH-WATER ALGAE 153 13s (i33> 134) 136) Characteristics as in Pleurococcus, but sometimes forming short filaments Pseudo-pleurococcus Snow. This form may remain indefinitely in either a filamentous or unicellular state according to the conditions in the environment. In the filamentous state it resembles a small form of Stigeodonium, but is distinguished from it by the absence of zoospores. Chodat regards a form, similar to this as a true Pleurococcus and believes that short filaments are characteristic of that genus. Fig. 176. Pseudo-pleuroco
RMRWPHFA–Electron-microscopic structure of protozoa (1963) Electron-microscopic structure of protozoa electronmicrosco00pite Year: 1963 108 ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF PROTOZOA species formerly called C. pusilla is a true uniflagellate but it has been transferred to the green algae and to the new genus Micro- ?nonas by Manton and Parke [I960].). The ultrastructure of C. psammobia may be described here as generally typical of chrysomonads (Text-fig. 6). Text-figure 6. Schematic drawing of a longitudinal section through the anterior half of Chromulina psammobia. C, chloroplasts; G, Golgi body;
RF2WNYFW0–Moss and lichens on the bark of a tree in a spruce taiga forest. Karelia, Orzega. Lobaria Lobaria is a genus of lichenized ascomycetes belonging to
RM2CDEWP5–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . act. The time elapsing beforethe fusion of the nuclei is apparently variable, being much shorter in somespecies than in others. According to Kurssanow (11) the male chloroplastsdisintegrate immediately after the formation of the zygote-walls. The nucleus(fusion nucleus) of the zygote thereupon divides twice, three of the nucleidegenerating and one assuming the characters of the true zygote-nucleus.Kurssanow states that there is no conjugation
RMPG430P–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 24 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. True atrophy is best seen in those cases where flower-forma- tion is suppressed. This effect of parasitic fungi on their host is by no means uncommon, the fungus alone reproducing itself, while the assimilating host-plant remains sterile. This atrophy is found not only in annual plants, but also in those where the symbiosis might be designated as perennial. The last-mentioned
RMT1H6F4–Diseases of plants induced by Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamuc parasites; introduction to the study of pathogenic fungi, slime-fungi, bacteria, and algae. English ed. by William G. Smith diseasesofplants00tubeuoft Year: 1897 â 24 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. True atropliy is best seen in those cases where ilower-forma- tion is suppressed. This effect of parasitic fungi on their host is by' no means uncommon, the fungus alone reproducing itself, while the assimilating host-plant remains sterile. This atrophy is found not only in annual plants, but also in those where the sym
RM2CDFCD7–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . [Inoderma Kiitzing is very doubtful.] It has been asserted by various recent authors (Gerneck, 07 ; Wille 09 ; etc.) thatNagelis genus Glceocystis merely includes developmental stages of members of the Chlamy-domonadese and Ulotrichales, and should therefore be deleted. This is very likely true ofa number of the so-called species which were at one time described, but there is as yet noproof that this is so in other cases. In Glceocystis gigas
RMPG4B0W–. Botany for agricultural students . Botany. ASPERGILLUS 375 higher Red Algae, such as Polysiphonia, for as the ascogenous hyphae develop from the ascogonium, sterile hyphae, growing up from below the ascogonium, form a compact hard wall which makes a case for the asci and ascospores, just as the filaments growing up from below the carpogonium produce a case for the carpospores in Poly- siphonia. The Blue and Green Molds (Plectascales). — S u p e r fi- cially these Molds resemble the true Molds discussed under the Mucorales, but their spore masses are gen- erall)' green or blue, while those of
RMT1H3JK–Docking report manual quide Docking report manual : quide to fouling organisms and instructions regarding the docking report dockingreportman00unit Year: 1942 |! I u iri: i Fig. V, Algae, A, D, E, green algae; B, a red alga; C, a brown alga. ALGAE (Green 'Moss', Brovm 'Moss') The zone of fouling just below the water line is usually composed of Algae. These are true ma- rine plants, and cLside from microscopic forms and a few flowering plants, the only members of the vegetable kingdom that occur in the sea. Since they cannot grow without light, they are seldom found on the deeper portions of
RM2CGK908–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . The time elapsing beforethe fusion of the nuclei is apparently variable, being much shorter in somespecies than in others. According to Kurssanow (11) the male chloroplastsdisintegrate immediately after the formation of the zygote-walls. The nucleus(fusion nucleus) of the zygote thereupon divides twice, three of the nucleidegenerating and one assuming the characters of the true zygote-nucleus.Kurssanow states that there is no conjugation of t
RM2CH7BTF–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . l, 1908. [Inoderma Kiitzing is very doubtful.] It has been asserted by various recent authors (Gerneck, 07 ; Wille 09 ; etc.) thatNagelis genus Gloeocystis merely includes developmental stages of members of the Chlamy-domonadeae and Ulotrichales, and should therefore lie deleted. This is very likely true ofa number of the so-called species which were at one time described, but there is as yet noproof that this is so in other cases. In Gloeocy
RM2CDG6XE–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . of thecentral body being larger and as a rule only observable by appropriate staining.During the last thirty years this so-called central body has received muchattention from cytologists, largely with the view of determining whetheror not it should be considered as a true nucleus with functional activitiesof a similar nature to those exhibited by the nuclei of more highly organizedcells. It occupies in most cases about one-quarter or one-thir
RM2CHBG2T–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . Podolampas, in which there is no true transverse furrow, the missing girdle isrepresented by a narrow band fused to the lowerends of the precingular plates. On the surfaceof this band, which is in the place along whichthe transverse flagellum passes, is a very shallowfurrow (Kofoid, 09 B). Crossing the transverse furrow on theventral side of the organism is a rathermore open longitudinal furrow, which isbest seen from an anterior or posterior
RM2CDG5HN–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . only of the intercellular portion of theinvestment. This may also be true with regardto the supposed protoplasmic connections betweenthe cells of Nostoc and other genera. Gardner(06) entirely failed to demonstrate any proto-plasmic continuity between the cells in the variousforms he examined. In certain species of Stigonema the proto-plasmic connections are rather more conspicuousthan in other blue-green forms, a condition beingpresented whic
RM2CHDC3A–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . ntral body being larger and as a rule only observable by appropriate staining.During the last thirty years this so-called centred body has received muchattention from cytologists, largely with the view of determining whetheror not it should be considered as a true nucleus with functional activitiesof a similar nature to those exhibited by the nuclei of more highly organizedcells. It occupies in most cases about one-quarter or one-third the vo
RM2CDFKPF–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . hot springs, and have beenobtained in a living state at a temperature of certainly as high as 55° C. Somespecies are cosmopolitan, occurring in all parts of the world, but there are onthe contrary many species and genera which occur only in certain seas andclimates. The same is true to a lesser extent of freshwater forms, and whenthese forms are more fully and accurately investigated from a systematicpoint of view, many marked geographical pe
RM2CH8G0B–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . hot springs, and have beenobtained in a living state at a temperature of certainly as high as 55° C. Somespecies are cosmopolitan, occurring in all parts of the world, but there are onthe contrary many species and genera which occur only in certain seas andclimates. The same is true to a lesser extent of freshwater forms, and whenthese forms are more fully and accurately investigated from a systematicpoint of view, many marked geographical pe
RM2CDG0HD–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . s, in which there is no true transverse lurn>v, the missing girdle isrepresented by a narrow band fused to the lowerends of the precingular plates. On the surfaceof this band, which is in the place along whichthe transverse flagellum passes, is a very shallowfurrow (Kofoid,09 B). Crossing the transverse furrow on theventral side of the organism is a rathermore open longitudinal furrow, which isbest seen from an anterior or posteriorview o
RM2CDFNRH–. Algæ. Vol. I. Myxophyceæ, Peridinieæ, Bacillarieæ, Chlorophyceæ, together with a brief summary of the occurrence and distribution of freshwat4er Algæ . new valve.Owing to the formation of a pair of new valves within the girdle of the oldones, and since the cells when once formed are incapable of growth, thenewer half of every successive generation becomes reduced in size by thedouble thickness of a connecting band. This statement, however, is not Cell-division 105 altogether true, as it has been shown in some of the filamentous species, andis possibly the case in many other solitary forms, t
RMRE0EP6–. Ecological and systematic studies of the Ceylon species of Caulerpa. Marine algae. 134 CEYLON MARINE BIOLOGICAL REPORTS. However it is evident that the most important difference between C. peltata and C. nummtdaria lies in the structure of the shoots. An examination of both Harvey's original types and others shows that nummularia always has this mode of growth and the accompanying structure of the shoots. That also an occasional crenulate disc can be met with seldom is true, but this contributes much less to its character than the mode of growth itself. The diameter of the assimilation discs
RMRE1JM8–. Plant studies; an elementary botany. Botany. THALLOPIIYTES : FUNGI 265 have been so modified by their parasitic and saprophytic habits that they have lost all likeness to the Algae, and their connection with them is very obscure. 178. The plant body,—Discarding certain problematical forms, to be mentioned later, the bodies of all true Fungi are organized upon a uniform general plan, to which they can all be referred (Fig. 232). A set of colorless branching. s^ Fig. 232. A diagrammatic representation of Mucor, showing the profusely branching mycelium, and three vertical hyphae (sporophores),
RMRDWFJB–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 272 STRUCTURE OF RICCIOCARPUS or dichotomous branching of the thallus, so characteristic of these plants (Fig. 179, A, B). The appearance of many of these hepatics is suggestive of the algae. Especially is this true of the aquatic Ricciocarpus and Riccia. (a) Structure of Ricciocarpus.—^An examination of the struc- ture of one of these will show, however, that extensive changes have been induced in even the simplest forms. The new stimuli to which the terrestrial conditions expose them cause a remark- able series of transformations in the cells that
RMRE1PX1–. Nature and development of plants. Botany. 272 STRUCTURE OF RICCIOCARPUS or dichotomous branching of the thallus, so characteristic of these plants (Fig. 179, A, B). The appearance of many of these hepatics is suggestive of the algae. Especially is this true of the aquatic Ricciocarpus and Riccia. (a) Structure of Ricciocarpus.—^An examination of the struc- ture of one of these will show, however, that extensive changes have been induced in even the simplest forms. The new stimuli to which the terrestrial conditions expose them cause a remark- able series of transformations in the cells that
RMRDEG78–. A text-book of mycology and plant pathology . Plant diseases; Fungi in agriculture; Plant diseases; Fungi. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRUE FUNGI 43 gradations which preclude an absolute pronouncement as to whether a plant is a saprophyte, or a parasite.' Botanists generally concede that the true fungi have been derived from filamentous algal ancestors and the groups of algae from which the principal forms of fungi have. Fig. 12.—Russula nigricans parasitized by Nyclalis aslerophora. (After Brefeld.) been derived are fairly well known. For example, it is beUeved that such fungi as belong to the o
RMRD2HMB–. Elementary botany. Botany. produce the vegetative thread of oedogonium directly, but first forms four zoospores, each of which is then capable of developing into the thread. On the other hand we found that in spirogyra the zygo- spore develops directly into the thread form of the plant. 245. Position of oedo- gonium.—CEdogonium is one of the true thread-like algae, green in color, and the threads are divided into distinct cells. It. along with many relatives, was once placed in the old genus conferva. These are all now placed in the group CcmfervoidecE, that is, the conferva-like algcr. 246.
RMRD2KBB–. Elementary botany. Botany. NUTRITION; MEMBERS PLANT BODY. 73 applied to the plant body of all the lower plants, the algae and fungi. The algae and fungi together are sometimes called the thallophytes^ or thallus plants. The word thallus i- also sometimes applied to the flattened body of the liver- worts. In the foliose liverworts and mos& - there i> an axis with Leaf-like expansions! These are believed by some to represent true stems and leaves, by others to represent a flattened thallus in which the margins are deeply and regularly divided, or in which the expansion has only taken pl
RMRDWB1T–. Plants; a text-book of botany. Botany. THALL( )PHYT£S : FL'N(41 49 have been so modified by their parasitic and saprophytic habits that they hare lost all likeness to the Algae, and their connection with them is very obscure. 37. The plant body,—Discarding certain problematical forms, to be mentioned later, the bodies of all true Fungi are organized upon a uniform general plan, to which they can all be referred (Fig. 33). A set of colorless branching. Fig. S2 a diagrammatic representation of M'icor. showing the profusely branching mycelium, and three vertical hyphse (sporophores), sporangia
RMRHKRJ9–. The Biological bulletin. Biology; Zoology; Biology; Marine Biology. NEOMYSIS FEEDING 201 was well digested and macerated prey. The role of detritus in the nutrition of Ncoinysis incrccdis requires further study. The selectivity patterns of nivsids ingesting phytoplankton represent captur- ability based on size rather than true preference. Mclosira and Coscinodi.^ its, the most frequently ingested ph toplankters, represent two of the largest algae available, with Coscinodiscns occurring as single cells that often exceed 50 ^m in diameter and Mclosira occurring as filaments of relatively larg
RMRR26PH–. Adventures with animals and plants. Biology. PROBLEM 2. The Kinds of Plants of the Earth Flowerless Plants 73 PHYLUM - THALLOPHYTES The simplest plants. The first division, or phylum, of the plant kingdom con- tains plants which differ widely among themselves in appearance and in size. Som.e are single celled and microscopic; others grow to an enormous size. All are alike in that they do not have true roots or stems or leaves and that they never produce flowers or seeds. Some contain the green coloring matter so characteristic of plants. They are called Algae (aPjee). Those that lack the gre
RMRJ6AW8–. The chain of life in geological time [microform] : a sketch of the origin and succession of animals and plants. Paleontology; Paleobotany; Paléontologie; Paléobotanique. THE AGE OF INVERTEBRATES OF THE SEA. S3 that Geinitz has described two species from the Permian which he believed to be early precursors of the Spongillae, or fresh- water spopges; but more recently he seems to regard them as probably Algae. Young has, however, recently found true spicules of Spongilla in the Purbeck beds.^ A stage higher than the sponges are those little polyp-like animals with sac-like bodies and radiating
RMRE0PHE–. Elementary botany. Botany. NUTRITION; MEMBERS PLANT BODY. 73 applied to the plant body of all the lower plants, the algse and fungi. The algae and fungi together are sometimes called the thallophytes, or thallus plants. The word thallus is also sometimes applied to the flattened body of the liver- worts. In tlie foliose liverworts and mosses there is an axis with leaf-like expansions. These are believed by some to represent true stems and leaves, by others to represent a flattened thallus in which the margins are deeply and regularly divided, or in which the expansion has only taken place at
RMRDYRWE–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. 77ie Plant Kingdom - 597. CHLAMYDOMONAS DESMIDS Fig. 31-2. Some green algae (Chlo- rophyta). Note the varied form, which may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. Also notice the nuclei and chloroplasts in the cells. Most green algae reproduce both sexually and asexually. ULOTHRIX (chlorophyll a and b, carotene, and xantho- phyll) are similar in the green algae and higher plants; and true starch is usually the intracellular storage product. The evolutionary status of the Chloro- phyta is still quite primitive, however. Only a few of the species ca
RMRDTX3R–. Gray's school and field book of botany. Consisting of "Lessons in botany," and "Field, forest, and garden botany," bound in one volume. Botany; Botany. SECTION 17.] THALLOPHYTBS. 167 their decay. True as these general distinctions are, it is no less true that these orders run together in their lowest forms ; and that Algae and Fungi, may be traced down into forms so low and simple that no clear line can be drawn between them; and even into forms of which it is uncertain whether they should be called plants or animals. It is as well to say that they are not high enough iu
RMRG0F72–. The Canadian field-naturalist. Wilson: Geology of the Ottawa District 47 PART THREE SOME TYPES OF FOSSILS FOUND IN THE AREA The fossils described here are those which are most often found in field trips in the neighbourhood. There are many other rarer forms, but they often involve a long and frequently frustrating search. In addition most of them are farther afield than one day's outing would permit. Plantae ? (Plate I, Fig. 12). Some primitive plant-like forms are found in the rocks deposited by the seas that invaded our basin again and again. If they are true plants they are algae, but man
RMRDB7C4–. Fresh-water biology. Freshwater biology. THE FRESH-WATER ALGAE 153 13s (i33> 134) 136) Characteristics as in Pleurococcus, but sometimes forming short filaments Pseudo-pleurococcus Snow. This form may remain indefinitely in either a filamentous or unicellular state according to the conditions in the environment. In the filamentous state it resembles a small form of Stigeodonium, but is distinguished from it by the absence of zoospores. Chodat regards a form, similar to this as a true Pleurococcus and believes that short filaments are characteristic of that genus. Fig. 176. Pseudo-pleuroco
RMRDBCP6–. Fossil plants : for students of botany and geology . Paleobotany. 146 THALLOPHYTA. [CH. evidence for including them among the select class of true fossil algae. Sollas' has shown that the structure known as Oldhamia radiata is not merely superficial but that it extends across the cleavage-planes. Oldhamia is recorded from Lower Palaeozoic rocks in the Pyrenees^ by Barrois, who agrees with Salter, Goppert and others in classing the fossil among the algae. The photograph accompanying Barrois' description does not, however, add further evidence in favour of accepting Old- hamia as a genus of fo
RMRE0N39–. A manual of botany. Botany. THALLOPHYTA—LIOHENE S 95 Class III.—LICHENES. The propriety of considering the Lichens as a separate class is perhaps open to discussion. Before their true nature was understood they ranlsed as such, but when they were ascertained to be largely fungal in their composition, and to contain algae in their tissues, they were perhaps liastily relegated to the Fungi, assuming them to be parasitic on the algae within them. Further study has shown them to be symbiotic organisms, the Fig. 855.. f % J 'iv • V. ' wV 'J ' Fig. 855. A. Vmea harhata, a fniticose liclieu (natur
RMRH83DG–. Botany; principles and problems. Botany. THE TI/ALLOPUYTA 303 pushed upward at the end of a stalk. Tlic rank odor a1 tracts to those fungi many carrion-loving insects. Lichens. In addition to the algae and fungi, the thallophytcs include a remarkable group of composite plants, the Uchem. The.se are fungi in the mycelium of which groups of algal cells are entangled (Fig. 181). The advantage to the fungus of this intimate association is evident, and the alga is also probably benefited to some extent. Instead of regarding this as a case of true symbiosis, however, most botanists look upon the f
RMRDXNXP–. An introduction to the study of seaweeds. Algae. CHLOROPHYCB^ 125 of its multinucleate character to guide us in assigning it a position here. The numerous species have been carefully examined without the discovery d. Fig. 32.—a, Cattlerpa Ugjilata natural size; &, C. JIulmeBiann natural size; c, transverse, and d, longitudinal section of stem, highly magnifled. of any reproductive organs, which alone could show us its true position among the siphoneous Algae. By an error there has been described a genus. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have b
RMRDWGE5–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 103. Fertilized egg of cedogonium after a period of rest escaping from the wall of the oogonium, and dividing into the four zoospores. (After Juranyi.) produce the vegetative thread of cedogonium directly, but first forms four zoospores, each of which is then capable of developing into the thread. On the other hand we found that in spirogyra the zygo- spore develops directly into the thread form of the plant. 245. Position of cedo- gonium:—CEdogonium is one of the true thread-like algae, green in color, and the threads are divided into distinct cells. It, alon
RMRDYRW9–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. CHLAMYDOMONAS DESMIDS Fig. 31-2. Some green algae (Chlo- rophyta). Note the varied form, which may be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. Also notice the nuclei and chloroplasts in the cells. Most green algae reproduce both sexually and asexually. ULOTHRIX (chlorophyll a and b, carotene, and xantho- phyll) are similar in the green algae and higher plants; and true starch is usually the intracellular storage product. The evolutionary status of the Chloro- phyta is still quite primitive, however. Only a few of the species can be regarded as multi- ce
RMRD69J8–. Electron-microscopic structure of protozoa. Protozoa; Electron microscopy. 108 ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF PROTOZOA species formerly called C. pusilla is a true uniflagellate but it has been transferred to the green algae and to the new genus Micro- ?nonas by Manton and Parke [I960].). The ultrastructure of C. psammobia may be described here as generally typical of chrysomonads (Text-fig. 6).. Text-figure 6. Schematic drawing of a longitudinal section through the anterior half of Chromulina psammobia. C, chloroplasts; G, Golgi body; I, invagination of the cell surface enclosing the int
RMRPX7D1–. The algae. Algae. EUPHYCOPHYTA 155 dwarf plantlets with the plurilocular sporangia may be regarded as haploid gametophytes. The brown, flattened, spongy adherent plants of Petrospongium can be regarded as a still more reduced form of the spherical cushion. Elachistaceae : Elachista (very small). Fig. 85 Church (1920) regarded this genus as being exphcable morpho- logically on the cable type of construction, although it must be regarded as a degenerate type in which the true structure is only seen in the sporeling. This possesses a horizontal portion from. Fig. 85 Elachista fucicola. A, plant
RMRDWGE9–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 103. Fertilized egg of cedogonium after a period of rest escaping from the wall of the oogonium, and dividing into the four zoospores. (After Juranyi.) produce the vegetative thread of cedogonium directly, but first forms four zoospores, each of which is then capable of developing into the thread. On the other hand we found that in spirogyra the zygo- spore develops directly into the thread form of the plant. 245. Position of cedo- gonium:—CEdogonium is one of the true thread-like algae, green in color, and the threads are divided into distinct cells. It, alon
RMRPWNCM–. The algae. Algae. Fig. 129 Galaxaura. Left, G. marginata ( x 3); middle, assimilators of G. marginata ( x 200); right, assimilators of G. lapidescens ( x 160). (After Borgesen.) Other Nemalionales that it may be necessary to remove the genus to a separate order. Liagora tetrasporifera, Helminthocladia hudsoni and Galaxaura do, however, show how the sporophyte may have been intercalated into the Ufe cycle. Gelidiales This is a small but relatively imiform order. The thallus is more compact than in most of the NemaHonales and all members are uni- axial in construction. True auxiliary cells are
RMRE2NBC–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig 152. Fertilized egg of cedogonium after a period of rest escaping from the wall of the oogonium, and diiding into the four zoospores. (After Juranjd.) produce the vegetative thread of cedogonium directly, hut first forms four zoospores, each of which is then capable of developing into the thread. On the other hand we found that in spirogyra the zygo- spore develops directly into the thread form of the plant. 330. Position of cedo- gonium.—CEdogonium is one of the true thread-like algae, green in color, and the threads are divided into distinct cells. It, along
RMRPX98X–. The algae. Algae. EUPHYCOPHYTA 23 Carteria ovata (cf. also p. 427), but it has now been demonstrated that the two species represent the haploid and diploid somatic phases respectively of one species. Whether these examples repre- sent a true alternation of generations or whether they must be regarded as possessing a special type of zygote will be considered later (seep. 312). The genus is widespread, the various species occurring prin- cipally in small bodies of water, in sewage oxidation lakes (see p. 453) and in the soil. Within the family Chlamydomonadaceae there is a considerable variety
RMREF5F4–. Comparative morphology of Fungi. Fungi. hacidialcs Pezlzales—^Hemisphaeriales Hysteriales Laboulbenialcs Hypocreales—*. Dothideales Taphrinales Oonivoftos. Perisporiales, Plectascales T Endomycetalcs T Zygomycetes T • Chytridiales Chlorophyceae Diagram XLIII. Archimycetes t Myxoniycetcs Flagellatae cetes (p. 17) whose representatives, probably only on historical grounds because of their parasitism on plants, found a refuge in the fungi to which they are otherwise entirely foreign. All true fungi are derived from green algae in monophyletic line. They first divide into two series: an oogamous
RMRDDWY7–. Diseases of plants induced by cryptogamic parasites : introduction to the study of pathogenic Fungi, slime-Fungi, bacteria, & Algae . Plant diseases; Parasitic plants; Fungi. 24 REACTION OF HOST TO PARASITIC ATTACK. True atrophy is best seen in those cases where flower-forma- tion is suppressed. This effect of parasitic fungi on their host is by no means uncommon, the fungus alone reproducing itself, while the assimilating host-plant remains sterile. This atrophy is found not only in annual plants, but also in those where the symbiosis might be designated as perennial. The last-mentioned
RMRD2HMC–. Elementary botany. Botany. Fig. 103. Fertilized egg of oedogonium after a period of rest escaping from the wall of the oogonium, and dividing into the four zoospores. (After Juranyi.). produce the vegetative thread of oedogonium directly, but first forms four zoospores, each of which is then capable of developing into the thread. On the other hand we found that in spirogyra the zygo- spore develops directly into the thread form of the plant. 245. Position of oedo- gonium.—CEdogonium is one of the true thread-like algae, green in color, and the threads are divided into distinct cells. It. alo
RMRDXY70–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. 168 - The Cell. Fig. 9-8. One complete cell in a filament of the green alga, Spirogyra. The nu- cleus, with a distinct darkly stained nucleolus, lies at the center, suspended in place by delicate strands of cytoplasm. The chloroplast has the form of a spiral ribbon, on which numerous small stained bodies, the pyrenoids, are discernible in this re- touched photograph. (Copyright, General Biological Supply House, Inc.) such as Nitella (Fig. 13-2), are true multi- cellular organisms. Algae differ from the simple animals in that they all possess chlo- rophy
RMRDXY6T–. Principles of modern biology. Biology. Fig. 9-8. One complete cell in a filament of the green alga, Spirogyra. The nu- cleus, with a distinct darkly stained nucleolus, lies at the center, suspended in place by delicate strands of cytoplasm. The chloroplast has the form of a spiral ribbon, on which numerous small stained bodies, the pyrenoids, are discernible in this re- touched photograph. (Copyright, General Biological Supply House, Inc.) such as Nitella (Fig. 13-2), are true multi- cellular organisms. Algae differ from the simple animals in that they all possess chlo- rophyll, and most hav
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